欧洲复兴计划

第一篇：欧洲复兴计划

《欧洲复兴计划》的通称。第二次世界大战后美国争夺全球战略的重点—欧洲的扩张计划。1947年6月5日，国务卿G．C．马歇尔在哈佛大学发表演说，首先提出援助欧洲经济复兴的方案，故名。他说。当时欧洲经济濒于崩溃，粮食和燃料等物质极度匮乏，而其需要的进口量远远超过它的支付能力。如果没有大量额外援助，就会面临性质非常严重的经济、社会和政治的危机。他呼吁欧洲国家采取主动，共同制订一项经济复兴计划，美国则用其生产过剩的物资援助欧洲国家。1947年7-9月，英、法、意、奥、比、荷、卢、瑞士、丹、挪、瑞典、葡、希、土、爱尔兰、冰岛16国的代表在巴黎开会，决定接受马歇尔计划(1948年4月，德国西部占领区和的里雅斯特自由区也宣布接受)，建立了欧洲经济合作委员会，提出了要求美国在4年内提供援助和贷款224亿美元的总报告。1948年4月3日美国国会通过《对外援助法案》，马歇尔计划正式执行。计划原定期限5年(1948-1952)，1951年底，美国宣布提前结束，代之以《共同安全计划》。美国对欧洲拨款共达131．5亿美元，其中赠款占88％，余为贷款。马歇尔计划实施期间，西欧国家的国民生产总值增长25％。马歇尔计划是战后美国对外经济技术援助最成功的计划，它为北大西洋公约组织和欧洲经济共同体的建立奠定了基础，对西欧的联合和经济的恢复起了促进作用，同时，也缓和了美国国内

即将发生的经济危机。

Mr.President, Dr.Conant, members of the Board of Overseers, Ladies and Gentlemen:I am profoundly grateful, touched by the great distinction and honor and great compliment accorded me by the authorities of Harvard this morning.I am overwhelmed, as a matter of fact, and I am rather fearful of my inability to maintain such a high rating as you've been generous enough to accord to me.In these historic and lovely surroundings, this perfect day, and this very wonderful assembly, it is a tremendously impressive thing to an

individual in my position.But to speak more seriously, I need not tell you that the world situation is very serious.That must be apparent to all intelligent people.I think one difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous complexity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by press and radio make it exceedingly difficult for the man in the street to reach a clear appraisement of the situation.Furthermore, the people of this country are distant from the

troubled areas of the earth, and it is hard for them to comprehend the plight and consequent reactions of the long-suffering peoples of Europe and the effect of those reactions on their governments in connection with our efforts to promote peace in the

world.In considering the requirements for the rehabilitation of Europe, the physical loss of life, the visible destruction of cities, factories, mines, and railroads was correctly estimated, but it has become obvious during recent months that this visible destruction was probably less serious than the dislocation of the entire fabric of European economy.For the past ten years conditions have been highly abnormal.The feverish preparation for war and the more feverish maintenance of the war effort engulfed all aspects of national economies.Machinery has fallen into disrepair or is entirely obsolete.Under the arbitrary and destructive Nazi rule, virtually every possible enterprise was geared into the German war machine.Long-standing commercial ties, private institutions, banks, insurance companies,and shipping companies disappeared through loss of capital, absorption through nationalization, or by simple destruction.In many countries, confidence in the local currency has been severely shaken.The breakdown of the business structure of Europe during the war was complete.Recovery has been seriously retarded by the fact that two years after the close of hostilities a peace settlement with Germany and Austria has not been agreed upon.But even given a more prompt solution of these difficult problems, the rehabilitation of the economic structure of Europe quite evidently will require a much

longer time and greater effort than had been foreseen.There is a phase of this matter which is both interesting and serious.The farmer has always produced the foodstuffs to exchange with the city dweller for the other necessities of life.This division of labor is the basis of modern civilization.At the present time it is threatened with breakdown.The town and city industries are not producing adequate goods to exchange with the food-producing farmer.Raw materials and fuel are in short supply.Machinery, as I have said, is lacking or worn out.The farmer or the peasant cannot find the goods for sale which he desires to purchase.So the sale of his farm produce for

money which he cannot use seems to him an unprofitable transaction.He, therefore, has withdrawn many fields from crop cultivation and he's using them for grazing.He feeds more grain to stock and finds for himself and his family an ample supply of food, however

short he may be on clothing and the other ordinary gadgets of civilization.Meanwhile, people in the cities are short of food and fuel, and in some places approaching the starvation levels.So, the governments are forced to use their foreign money and credits to procure these necessities abroad.This process exhausts funds which are urgently needed for reconstruction.Thus, a very serious situation is rapidly developing which bodes no good for the world.The modern system of the division of labor upon which the exchange of products is based is in danger of breaking down.The truth of the matter is that Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products--principally from America--are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and

political deterioration of a very grave character.The remedy seems to lie in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the people of Europe in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole.The manufacturer and the farmer throughout wide areas must be able and willing to exchange their product for currencies, the continuing value of which is not open to

question.Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of

disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the

consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all.It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace.Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in

which free institutions can exist.Such assistance, I am convinced, must not be on a piecemeal basis, as various crises develop.Any assistance that this Government may render in the future should provide a cure rather than a mere palliative.Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will find full cooperation, I am sure, on the part of the United States Government.Any government which maneuvers to block the recovery of other countries cannot expect

help from us.Furthermore, governments, political parties, or groups which seek to perpetuate human misery in order to profit there from politically or otherwise will

encounter the opposition of the United States.It is already evident that before the United States Government can proceed much further in its efforts to alleviate the situation and help start the European world on its way to recovery, there must be some agreement among the countries of Europe as to the requirements of the situation and the part those countries themselves will take in order to give a proper effect to whatever actions might be undertaken by this Government.It would be neither fitting nor efficacious for our Government to undertake to draw up unilaterally a program designed to place Europe on its feet economically.This is the business of the Europeans.The initiative, I think, must come from Europe.The role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the drafting of a European program and of later support of such a program so far as it may be practical for us to do so.The program should be a joint one,agreed to by a number, if not all, European nations.An essential part of any successful action on the part of the United States is an

understanding on the part of the people of America of the character of the problem and the remedies to be applied.Political passion and prejudice should have no part.With foresight, and a willingness on the part of our people to face up to the vast responsibility which history has clearly placed upon our country, the difficulties I have outlined can and will be

overcome.I am sorry that on each occasion I have said something publicly in regard to our international situation, I have been forced by the necessities of the case to enter into rather technical discussions.But, to my mind, it is of vast importance that our people reach

some general understanding of what the complications really are, rather than react from a

passion or a prejudice or an emotion of the moment.As I said more formally a moment ago, we are remote from the scene of these troubles.It is virtually impossible at this distance merely by reading, or listening, or even seeing photographs and motion pictures, to grasp at all the real significance of the situation.And yet the whole world of the future hangs on a proper judgment.It hangs, I think, to a large extent on the realization of the American people, of just what are the various dominant factors.What are the reactions of the people? What are the justifications of those reactions? What are the sufferings? What is needed? What can best be done? What must be done?

Thank you very much.

第二篇：欧洲30日自助游计划

说明：所有的旅馆、飞机票、火车票都是提前预定好的货币单位为人民币

旅游中所使用的火车票：五国自选欧洲火车通票（荷兰+比利时+卢森堡+德国+捷克,约3300元）

四国自选欧洲火车通票（匈牙利+奥地利+瑞士+意大利，约3400元）

三国自选欧洲火车通票（葡萄牙+西班牙+法国，约3000

元）

5月1日

由首都机场乘飞机至丹麦哥本哈根（机票约5000元）

逛步行街，参观小美人鱼雕像

晚上住宿（约400元）

5月2日

由哥本哈根飞往伦敦（机票约950元）

参观大英博物馆、泰晤士河、伦敦塔桥、国会大厦、大本钟、海德公园

晚上住宿（约400元）

5月3日

参观汉普敦宫、格林尼治天文台、白金汉宫、温莎堡

晚上住宿（约400元）

5月4日

由伦敦飞往荷兰阿姆斯特丹（机票约400元）

参观风车村、木鞋加工厂、钻石加工厂，游览水坝广场，乘船漫游运河

晚上住宿（约450元）

5月5日

乘火车前往布鲁塞尔

参观尿童像、乐器博物馆、布鲁塞尔大广场、原子能塔

乘火车前往卢森堡

晚上住宿（约650元）

5月6日

参观大峡谷、无名英雄纪念碑、大公馆、宪法广场、卢森堡古堡、亚当夫吊桥

乘火车前往法兰克福

晚上住宿（约400元）

5月7日

参观歌德故居、金融城、莱茵河

乘火车前往科隆

参观科隆大教堂

晚上住宿（约500元）

5月8日

乘火车前往汉堡

参观市政厅、反战纪念馆、教堂

乘火车前往柏林

晚上住宿（约550元）

5月9日

参观柏林墙、国会大厦、勃兰登堡门、电视塔、圣尼古拉教堂

晚上住宿（约550元）

5月10日

乘火车前往德累斯顿

参观茨温格尔宫、森伯歌剧院、圣母教堂

乘火车前往布拉格

晚上住宿（约650元）

5月11日

参观老城广场、布拉格城堡

由布拉格飞往布达佩斯（机票约1500元）

晚上住宿（约550元）

5月12日

参观英雄广场、渔夫城堡、布达皇宫

晚上住宿（约550元）

5月13日

乘火车前往维也纳

参观丽泉宫、茜茜公主博物馆、夏宫、美景宫

晚上住宿（约650元）

5月14日

参观市政厅、国会大厦、国家歌剧院、约瑟夫广场、城市花园、哈布斯堡皇宫 乘火车前往萨尔斯堡

晚上住宿（约650元）

5月15日

参观莫扎特故居、旧市政厅广场、霍亨萨尔斯堡

乘火车前往苏黎世，火车上过夜

5月16日

参观苏黎世湖、贝克里广场、圣彼得堡教堂

乘火车前往米兰

晚上住宿（约400元）

5月17日

参观米兰大教堂、圣玛利亚感恩教堂

乘火车前往威尼斯

参观圣马可广场和圣马可教堂

晚上住宿（约650元）

5月18日

参观叹息桥、总督府、水晶玻璃工厂

乘火车前往佛罗伦萨

参观阿卡迪米亚美术馆、韦基奥宫

晚上住宿（约600元）

5月19日

参观圣玛利亚教堂

乘火车前往比萨

参观比萨斜塔

乘火车前往罗马

晚上住宿（约650元）

5月20日

参观卡拉卡浴场、科恩梅丁圣母教堂、万神殿、纳沃那广场、特维特喷泉、人民广场、圣玛利亚教堂

晚上住宿（约650元）

5月21日

参观古罗马斗兽场、许愿池、西班牙广场、君士坦丁凯旋门

乘车去梵蒂冈

参观圣彼得大教堂、梵蒂冈博物馆

乘车回罗马

晚上住宿（约650元）

5月22日

由罗马飞往里斯本（机票约1000元）

参观圣乔治城、贝连塔

晚上住宿（约500元）

5月23日

乘火车前往波尔图

参观海边小城

乘火车前往马德里

晚上住宿（约500元）

5月24日

参观王宫，逛街

乘火车前往巴塞罗那

晚上住宿（约750元）

5月25日

参观神圣家族大教堂，各种古老建筑

乘火车前往马赛

晚上住宿（约500元）

5月26日

参观基督山监狱

乘火车前往波尔多

参观葡萄酒庄

乘火车前往巴黎

晚上住宿（约600元）

5月27日

参观卢浮宫、凡尔赛宫、蓬皮杜中心

晚上住宿（约600元）

5月28日

参观埃菲尔铁塔、凯旋门、巴黎圣母院、协和广场、国家歌剧院

晚上住宿（约600元）

5月29日

乘车至枫丹白露

参观枫丹白露宫

乘车返回巴黎

晚上住宿（约600元）

5月30日

逛香榭丽舍大街，购物

由巴黎飞回北京（机票约4000元）

第三篇：《欧洲古典音乐》教学实施计划要点

《欧洲古典音乐主题单元设计》教学实施计划要点

教学准备

1.开展调查，根据学生学习状况及主动性合理分配学习小组。2.设计学生专题研究的欧洲古典音乐模板发给学生。3.要求学生考虑自己对欧洲古典音乐的初步认识。

4.联系好具备上网及投影功能的多媒体教室或网络教室，教师个人准备好优盘。5.事先交给学生在多媒体教室或网络教室中的座位表。

专题1: 巴洛克时期音乐

1.准备好录音机、CD、MP3供学生播放磁带、光盘或网络音乐。2.向学生播放《哈利路亚》和《马太受难曲》

专题2: 古典主义时期音乐

1.提供给学生电子画作《最后的晚餐》及阅读物《卡通绘画中的透视原理》。2.提示学生填写《学生探究活动记录》专题二之1—4部分。

3.提醒学生各学习小组需制作多媒体演示文稿供学校电视台滚动播出，并出版宣传板报在操场作全校展示；每位同学亦需写作小论文一篇，将实践中的收获感知作全面总结

专题3: 浪漫主义时期音乐

1.告知学生做数字诗歌游戏比赛的规则。2.提醒学生携带学习工具：尺、笔、橡皮。

3.提醒学生携带包含有黄金分割特征的绘画、雕塑、摄影等作品。4.提示学生填写《学生探究活动记录》专题三之1—4部分。

专题四：理论探讨

1.安排好理论探讨时的教学环境布置。

2.提示学生填写《学生探究活动记录》专题五之1—4部分。

3.提示学生填写《科学与艺术K-W-L表》中的第3 列，说明通过“科学与艺术”的主题学习自己学会了什么，有哪些收获。4.完成综合作业：一是写作一篇议论文来综合阐述科学和艺术的关系，二是完善制作的多媒体演示报告。

教学实施后

1.要求学生运用《学生信息素养评价量规》、《学生小组学习表现评价量规》、《多媒体演示文稿评价量规》及《学生小论文评价量规》自评、互评自身在小组合作学习中的表现、态度，分析、解决问题的能力，动手操作的能力，运用信息技术制作多媒体演示文稿的能力，以及运用支持材料以通顺的文字、清晰的结构阐述自己观点的写作能力。2.整合学生作品，做一次学习成果交流。

第四篇：欧洲音乐

对柴可夫斯基芭蕾舞剧《天鹅湖》的赏析

所学的东西学以致用，更多地却了解欧洲经典音乐，了解音乐这个奇妙而广阔的世界。相信在音乐的世界里我一定可以更好地沉淀自己，更好地看到自己内心深处的感受，在音乐的陪伴中我一定会更加努力地去生活和学习，让自己不付所需的东西。

参考文献

[1]《欧洲近现代音乐文化鉴赏与研究》赵京封 海南出版社 2013年

[2]《悲怆交响曲-柴可夫斯基传记小说》克劳斯・曼著著 王泰智等译：商务印书馆 2003-07

[3]《柴可夫斯基传》作者：侯锡瑾 沈阳出版社 2002年版

第五篇：欧洲风土人情

欧洲风土人情

欧洲国家有着西方人关于数字、颜色、花卉及动物的许多共同忌讳。西方人普遍忌讳“13”及“星期五”，其原因都源于基督教传说；西方许多国家都把黑色作为葬礼的表示；在国际交际场合，忌用菊花、杜鹃花、石竹花和黄色的花献给客人；另外，在中国分别被认为吉祥、喜庆、长寿的大象、孔雀、仙鹤等动物图案在一些西方国家也被列于忌用之列，被分别视为蠢笨（英国）、淫妇（英、法国）和蠢汉（法国）的代称。

由于民族文化的差异，欧洲各国都拥有许多各自的特点。如招手一类友好的手势，在希腊却意味着“下地狱”，希腊人表示告别，是把手背向对方招手。因此记住下述关于欧洲国家各自民族文化习俗特点的提示，对于跨国文化经贸活动的展开将是非常有益的。

匈牙利人比较迷信，新年的餐桌上不许摆放禽类制作的菜肴，认为那样的话，幸运会随禽类飞走。

挪威人讲究守时及与人谈话保持一定距离，拜访或出席家宴，要准备花或糖果送给女主人。出外郊游不要惊吓河鸟（挪威国鸟），普遍视红色为流行色。

德国人有一种名副其实的讲究效率的声誉。要习惯于在所有场合穿一套西装（不要将手放在口袋里，这被认为是无理的表现）。馈赠要针对个人，即使是以公司的名义。

希腊人爱睡午睡，为亚热带气候所致。说“午安”可包括深更半夜，最后分别才道“晚安”。希腊人做生意方法比较传统，讨价还价到处可见。

奥地利人不喜欢在新年期间食用虾类。因为虾会倒着行走，不吉利，若吃了虾，新的一年生意就难以进取。

西班牙人强调个人信誉，宁愿受点损失也不愿公开承认失误。如果你认为他们在协议中无意受到了损失而帮助他们，那么便永久地赢得了他们的友谊和信任。

法国人给人印象是最爱国的，即使英语讲得再好也会要求用法语进行谈判，且毫不让步。对穿戴极为讲究，在会谈时尽可能穿最好的服装。

卢森堡人是日耳曼人的后裔。由于国家小，多数人中午驾车回家吃饭，午间是不办公的。荷兰人曾是欧洲最传统的民族，爱清洁、讲秩序，做生意时希望你在到达荷兰前就事先约定。性格坦率，开诚布公。

葡萄牙人很像希腊人，随和，喜欢社交。尽管天气热也穿着西装，和他们谈判时，应衣着整洁，并在工作和社交场合戴上领带。

英国人凡事都循规蹈矩。基于将英语作为母语的自负，除了英语外，英国人不会讲其他语言。