英国首相选举制度和美国总统选举的区别

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第一篇:英国首相选举制度和美国总统选举的区别

英国首相选举制度和美国总统选举的区别

英国是世界上较早实行普选制的国家,其选举制度不仅对英国自身的民主政治体系具有十分重要的意义,而且对美国等西方国家民主政治体系也具有十分广泛而深远的影响。本文简单扼要的介绍了英国选举制度,及其存在的问题,并对其对中国选举制度的改革的借鉴之处,也就是英国选举制度的优点,做了重点的分析。

一、英国三大立法主体

在英国,君主(monarch)以及下议院(又称平民院)和上议院(又称贵族院)两院(House of Commons and House of Lords)是法定的三大立法主体。当然君王的立法地位只是流于形式,而两院中的下议院又具有主导地位。

至今为止,上议院还不是通过选举产生,其中一部分议员是执政党政府建议英女王授封的终身贵族;另一部分则是世袭贵族,也就是说,他们的议员身份是由其祖先一代一代传下来的。在英国的政治议事日程上,有关上议院的改革以及是否废除上议院的争论已持续多年。经过改革,上议院中世袭贵族议员的数目已经大大减少,但其变革现仍处于进行当中。

历史上,英国议会上、下两院之间一直存在着权力斗争。这方面可以追溯到中世纪,一直延续到17世纪,下议院的权力才逐渐变得越来越大。到了20世纪初,第一次世界大战之前,英国政府处在自由党执政时期,下议院的优势已是毋庸置疑的了。在立法方面,只要是下议院通过的法案,上议院能做到的最多也只是拖延一段时间,但是却很难完全推翻有关的法案。

所以,在立法方面来说,上议院虽然仍然具有修订法律的职能,但是议会权力的中心已集中在由选民选出的659名议员所组成的下议院。下议院议员的工作是就政府提出的法案进行辩论和投票。如果这些法案在下议院得到通过的话,法案将送交上议院进行审议和最后批准。可见,一项法案的批准,经常要通过冗长的立法程序。英国并没有正式的宪法,政府执政是基于习惯法(即以过往法院判例和惯例作为依据)。所以英国最终的立法权基本上掌握在下议院。

二、英国选举制度

下议院议员是通过普选产生的。凡英国公民以及爱尔兰共和国公民(其公民为选举目的时不视为外国人),年满18周岁或自选举登记公布日起12个月内将满18岁者,在没有法定的丧失选取权的情况下,并且居住在规定选举登记的选区内(根据Representation of the People Act 2000),均可以参加下议院的选举投票。投票人要参加议会选举必须在所在选区(a parliamentary constituency)进行登记,并列名在选举登记(electoral register)之中。

那么,下议院选举制度的基础又是什么样呢?整个英国被分为659个选区(parliamentary constituency),每个选区的选民人数约为五万名,每一个选区

都要选出一名代表成为下议院中的议员(MP)。所以,下议院一共由659名成员组成。根据最新的《2000政治党派、选举及全民投票法案》(Political Parties,Elections and Referendums Act 2000),规定原来由几个边界委员会(Boundary Commission)共同履行的职权现通归选举委员会执行(Electoral Commission),再由选举委员会根据《政治党派、选举及全民投票法案》建立四个边界委员会,在英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各有一个。每个边界委员会由2到4名成员组成,只有选举委员会的委员或副委员才有资格担任其成员。选举委员会直接对英国议会负责,而并非对任何政府部门负责的独立机构,其最明显的功能是在大选中的规划角色:包括各选区候选人的登记功能,以及全民投票和政府行政区域划定等有关选举的重大事宜。

选举委员会将定期对每一个选区的选民进行核查,并对选区进行调整。比如说,某一个选区的选民人数增多就可能需要增加一个新的选区,而某一个选区的选民人数减少,则可能需要废弃这个选区或将其并入其他的选区。选举委员会对选区的划分以及选民登记等事项的决议,一般来讲都会得到英国各政党的认可。对选举委员会决定的诉讼在历史上来说也鲜有成功的案例。如案例:R v Boundary Commission for England,ex parte Foot [1993] QB 600。

英国下议院选举的原则是每一个选区都有数目相等的选民,每一个选民都有平等的选举权,用一句话概括来讲就是:“一人,一票,一价”(one man,one vote,one value)。选举的方法是 “简单多数票当选”(first-past-the-post),即每一个选民只能投一票给一个候选人,在这个选区内获得最多数票的候选人当选为本选区的下议院议员。

选举委员会各项准备工作就绪后,包括工党、保守党以及自由民主党三个主要政党在内的英国各政党将会在整个英国各选区逐一争夺每一个议席。各政党的地方组织首先负责挑选本党在659个选区的候选人。候选人一旦确定下来,各政党就要展开激烈的竞选活动,核心是宣传自己的候选人和攻击竞选对手。竞选中,候选人会不断走访选民,发表演说。各政党还将以政治集会、设宣传车以及通过新闻媒体进行广告宣传等形式,扩大本党的影响,替本党候选人拉选票。在英国选举中,政党的影响度非常重要,候选人如果没有政党的帮助,通常根本不可能获胜。选民一般不看重候选人,反而更看重他(她)所代表的政党的总体表现。竞选一般仅持续3—4周,时间虽短,却很激烈。议会选举结束后,国王(或女王)召见多数党领袖,邀请他出任首相并着手组阁。照例,内阁名单早已拟好,议会表决通过后,新政府即告成立。最大的在野党依法成为正式的反对党,组成“影子内阁”。

三、英国选举制度的缺点和优点

英国一直坚持的“简单多数票当选”(first-past-the-post)的选举方法向来争议颇多。批评者认为,这种选举方法有失公正,因为按照这种方法,一个候选人在本选区内即使有大多数选民没有投他票的情况下,他(她)也有可能当选。比如说,A 获得了10,000张选票,B获得了7,000张选票,C获得了6,000张选票,结果就是A以最多票数当选,但是在这个选区内还是有大多数选民是不支

持他的。而且从另一方面来讲,对A来说,超过7001张选票以后的选票其实都是废票。

这样的选举系统最终将导致一个政党在全国范围内所获得的选票总数和其在下议院所拥有的议席数之间没有必然的联系。比如,在1992 普选中,保守党仅获得了全国41.9%的选票,然而在下议院中却占51.6%的议席。而少数党在这种选举系统中举步履维艰,如自由民主党虽然获得了全国17%的选票,而在下议院中却只占到3.2%的议席。又如绿党在全国的得票总数可以数以万计,但是却不足以赢得某一个特定选区而没有赢得下议院议席。

在2001年6月的普选中,统计数字如下:

政党议席所占议席%所占总选票%

保守党1662

532工党41262

41自由民主党52818

其他29410

这个统计再次说明一个党在普选中的总得票数和其在下议院中所占议席数是不平衡的。在各选区普选的竞争中,成为第二名没有太大的意义。一些党派在很多选区成为第二名,反映在下议院中占的议席数与获得第三、第四名的没有什么区别。对于小党派而言,他们要在选区中胜出的唯一的可能性之一,就是具有强烈的地方代表性,例如:苏格兰人民民族主义党的候选人在苏格兰的某选区就极有可能胜出而获得议席。

但应当指出的是,“简单多数票当选”(first-past-the-post)的选举方法也具有其优越性。这个选举方法简单易行、容易理解,能够简单迅速的获得各选区及全国的选举结果。并且议员(MP)与选区之间有着直接的联系,议员更能在下议院中代表其选区的利益发出声音,而这在其他某些选举系统中却并非如此。议员与其选区的这种联系,也使得其他一些机构,如议会行政委员(Parliamentary Commissioner for administration)的工作更有效率,因为议员能直接将本选区的不满和建议向议会行政委员提出来。另外,一个议员也能考虑到本区的实际问题来寻求解决方案。例如:一名来自拥有很多外国移民人口选区的议员,很有可能会提出一个有利于移民的议案。从另一方面来说,议员只有尽其所能地代表其选区的利益,才能在下一届为自己或本党的其他候选人赢得更多的选票。

进一步说,这种选举系统的优点还有,它一般会选出一个在下议院中占大多数议席的政党,并由这个政党组成内阁。所以当普选结束,政府以及首相实际上也随即产生了。英国现行的选举制度可以让一个政党赢得绝对多数的席位,成为执政党,而不需要与其他政党组织联合政府。因此首相、政府和议会之间会有更好的合作关系,更能有效率地开展工作。而在有些国家情况并非如此,如在有些选举制度下,更有必要由几个政党组成联合政府,而联合政府较难获得共识,对解决急迫的政治难题上很难满足人民的要求。

虽然也有人抱怨现行的选举方法对小党派不公平,但现行的选举方法却成功的阻止了一些小的极端主义党派进入下议院。比如,在1930年由Oswald Mosley领导的“英国法西斯党”在普选中虽然在全国范围内获得了一定的选票,但是这些选民分散在全国各地,未能在任何一个选区获得最多数票,所以此党没有在当年的下议院中获得议席。而在某些国家的议院以一党的全国总得票数比例来决定在议院的议席的情况下,一些极端主义党派极有可能在议会占有一定数目的议席。

尽管如此,对于英国选举系统变革的呼声近来仍然很高。这些改革方案主要有包括选择性投票(alternative vote)、政党排名表(party list)、单一可转移投票(single transferable vote)等。一般来说,要求选举制度变革呼声最高的主要是如自由党这样一些在议会选举中一无所获的小党。而对于象工党这样的大党派来说似乎就没有太大的兴趣。引用一位英国法学家的一句话说:“我们的选举方法也许是不公平的和不令人满意的,但是别人的也一样!”

结论:

总而言之,英国的选举制度虽然有一定缺点,但也不可否认其具有重要的一些优点,比如:1)简单易行,能相对节省普选的时间和费用;2)议员(MP)和选区之间有着直接的联系,议员更能在议院中代表其选区的利益发出声音;3)可以让一个政党赢得绝对多数的席位,成为执政党,而不需要与其他政党组织联合政府,首相、政府和议会之间会有更好的合作关系,更能有效率的工作,因此能保持政局的稳定,和有利于政府高效;4)另外可以阻止一些小的极端主义党派进入议会。

英国选举制度的上述优点对于中国政治制度改革有着重要的借鉴作用,因为这四个主要的特征和优点,恰恰也是中国的实际情况最需要的,完全可能结合中国的现状而被借鉴与吸收。

美国 实行总统制,总统选举 每四年举行一次。美国总统选举制度复杂,过程漫长。选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选举人”成立选举人团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等几个阶段。

预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段,通常从大选年的年初开始,到年中结束。预选有两种形式,分别是政党基层会议和直接预选。前者是指两党在各州自下而上,从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议,最终选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表。后者在形式上如同普选,一个州的两党选民同一天到投票站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表,这是大多数州目前采用的预选方式。

预选结束后,两党通常将分别在七、八月份召开全国代表大会。会议的主要任务是最终确定本党总统、副总统候选人,并讨论通过总统竞选纲领。

全国代表大会之后,总统竞选活动便正式拉开帷幕。这一过程一般要持续8至9周。在此期间,两党总统候选人将耗费巨资,穿梭于全国各地,进行广告大战、发表竞选演说、会见选民、召开记者招待会以及进行公开辩论。此外,候选人还将通过多种形式阐述对国内外事务的政策主张,以赢得选民信任,争取选票。

全国选民投票在选举年11月份的第一个星期一后的第一个星期二举行

(2008年是11月4日),这一天被称为总统大选日。所有美国选民都到指定地点进行投票,在两个总统候选人之间作出选择(在同一张选票上选出各州的总统“选举人”)。一个(党的)总统候选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜,他就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”票,这就是全州统选制。全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日。由于美国总统选举实行“选举人团”制度,因此总统大选日的投票结果,产生的实际上是代表50个州和哥伦比亚特区的538位“选举人”。另外,在总统大选日,选民还要在联邦范围内进行参议院和众议院选举。根据美国1787年宪法,两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生。

选举人票的数量,体现州权平等原则,根据各州在国会的议员数量而定。例如,每个州都在国会有2名参议员和至少1名众议员,所以,任何州都至少有3票。但人口多的大州,除了这3票以外,众议员人数越多,选举人票数也就越多。1961年,美国宪法修正案批准华盛顿特区可以像州一样有总统选举人。这样,美国国会有100参议员(任期6年,每两年改选三分之一)、435名众议员(任期两年,期满后全部改选),加上华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的3票,总统选举人票总共为538票。一位候选人赢得的选举人票超过总数的一半(270张),即当选总统。

真正的总统选举是在12月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一举行(2008年是12月15日)。届时,各州和哥伦比亚特区被推选出的“选举人”将前往各州的首府进行投票。获270张选票以上的候选人将当选总统,并于次年1月20日宣誓就职。

就职典礼是美国总统选举的最后一道程序,只有到当选总统于次年1月20日手抚《圣经》,宣誓就职时,美国的总统选举才告结束。

第二篇:英国首相选举制度和美国总统选举的区别

英国首相选举制度和美国总统选举的区别

英国是世界上较早实行普选制的国家,其选举制度不仅对英国自身的民主政治体系具有十分重要的意义,而且对美国等西方国家民主政治体系也具有十分广泛而深远的影响。本文简单扼要的介绍了英国选举制度,及其存在的问题,并对其对中国选举制度的改革的借鉴之处,也就是英国选举制度的优点,做了重点的分析。

二、英国选举制度

下议院议员是通过普选产生的。凡英国公民以及爱尔兰共和国公民(其公民为选举目的时不视为外国人),年满18周岁或自选举登记公布日起12个月内将满18岁者,在没有法定的丧失选取权的情况下,并且居住在规定选举登记的选区内(根据Representation of the People Act 2000),均可以参加下议院的选举投票。投票人要参加议会选举必须在所在选区(a parliamentary constituency)进行登记,并列名在选举登记(electoral register)之中。

那么,下议院选举制度的基础又是什么样呢?整个英国被分为659个选区(parliamentary constituency),每个选区的选民人数约为五万名,每一个选区都要选出一名代表成为下议院中的议员(MP)。所以,下议院一共由659名成员组成。根据最新的《2000政治党派、选举及全民投票法案》(Political Parties,Elections and Referendums Act 2000),规定原来由几个边界委员会(Boundary Commission)共同履行的职权现通归选举委员会执行(Electoral Commission),再由选举委员会根据《政治党派、选举及全民投票法案》建立四个边界委员会,在英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各有一个。每个边界委员会由2到4名成员组成,只有选举委员会的委员或副委员才有资格担任其成员。选举委员会直接对英国议会负责,而并非对任何政府部门负责的独立机构,其最明显的功能是在大选中的规划角色:包括各选区候选人的登记功能,以及全民投票和政府行政区域划定等有关选举的重大事宜。

选举委员会将定期对每一个选区的选民进行核查,并对选区进行调整。比如说,某一个选区的选民人数增多就可能需要增加一个新的选区,而某一个选区的选民人数减少,则可能需要废弃这个选区或将其并入其他的选区。选举委员会对选区的划分以及选民登记等事项的决议,一般来讲都会得到英国各政党的认可。对选举委员会决定的诉讼在历史上来说也鲜有成功的案例。如案例:R v Boundary Commission for England,ex parte Foot [1993] QB 600。

英国下议院选举的原则是每一个选区都有数目相等的选民,每一个选民都有平等的选举权,用一句话概括来讲就是:“一人,一票,一价”(one man,one vote,one value)。选举的方法是 “简单多数票当选”(first-past-the-post),即每一个选民只能投一票给一个候选人,在这个选区内获得最多数票的候选人当选为本选区的下议院议员。

选举委员会各项准备工作就绪后,包括工党、保守党以及自由民主党三个主要政党在内的英国各政党将会在整个英国各选区逐一争夺每一个议席。各政党的地方组织首先负责挑选本党在659个选区的候选人。候选人一旦确定下来,各政党就要展开激烈的竞选活动,核心是宣传自己的候选人和攻击竞选对手。竞选中,候选人会不断走访选民,发表演说。各政党还将以政治集会、设宣传车以及通过新闻媒体进行广告宣传等形式,扩大本党的影响,替本党候选人拉选票。在英国选举中,政党的影响度非常重要,候选人如果没有政党的帮助,通常根本不可能获胜。选民一般不看重候选人,反而更看重他(她)所代表的政党的总体表现。竞选一般仅持续3—4周,时间虽短,却很激烈。议会选举结束后,国王(或女王)召见多数党领袖,邀请他出任首相并着手组阁。照例,内阁名单早已拟好,议会表决通过后,新政府即告成立。最大的在野党依法成为正式的反对党,组成“影子内阁”。

三、英国选举制度的缺点和优点

英国一直坚持的“简单多数票当选”(first-past-the-post)的选举方法向来争议颇多。批评者认为,这种选举方法有失公正,因为按照这种方法,一个候选人在本选区内即使有大多数选民没有投他票的情况下,他(她)也有可能当选。比如说,A 获得了10,000张选票,B获得了7,000张选票,C获得了6,000张选票,结果就是A以最多票数当选,但是在这个选区内还是有大多数选民是不支持他的。而且从另一方面来讲,对A来说,超过7001张选票以后的选票其实都是废票。

这样的选举系统最终将导致一个政党在全国范围内所获得的选票总数和其在下议院所拥有的议席数之间没有必然的联系。比如,在1992 普选中,保守党仅获得了全国41.9%的选票,然而在下议院中却占51.6%的议席。而少数党在这种选举系统中举步履维艰,如自由民主党虽然获得了全国17%的选票,而在下议院中却只占到3.2%的议席。又如绿党在全国的得票总数可以数以万计,但是却不足以赢得某一个特定选区而没有赢得下议院议席。

这个统计再次说明一个党在普选中的总得票数和其在下议院中所占议席数是不平衡的。在各选区普选的竞争中,成为第二名没有太大的意义。一些党派在很多选区成为第二名,反映在下议院中占的议席数与获得第三、第四名的没有什么区别。对于小党派而言,他们要在选区中胜出的唯一的可能性之一,就是具有强烈的地方代表性,例如:苏格兰人民民族主义党的候选人在苏格兰的某选区就极有可能胜出而获得议席。

但应当指出的是,“简单多数票当选”(first-past-the-post)的选举方法也具有其优越性。这个选举方法简单易行、容易理解,能够简单迅速的获得各选区及全国的选举结果。并且议员(MP)与选区之间有着直接的联系,议员更能在下议院中代表其选区的利益发出声音,而这在其他某些选举系统中却并非如此。议员与其选区的这种联系,也使得其他一些机构,如议会行政委员(Parliamentary Commissioner for administration)的工作更有效率,因为议员能直接将本选区的不满和建议向议会行政委员提出来。另外,一个议员也能考虑到本区的实际问

题来寻求解决方案。例如:一名来自拥有很多外国移民人口选区的议员,很有可能会提出一个有利于移民的议案。从另一方面来说,议员只有尽其所能地代表其选区的利益,才能在下一届为自己或本党的其他候选人赢得更多的选票。

进一步说,这种选举系统的优点还有,它一般会选出一个在下议院中占大多数议席的政党,并由这个政党组成内阁。所以当普选结束,政府以及首相实际上也随即产生了。英国现行的选举制度可以让一个政党赢得绝对多数的席位,成为执政党,而不需要与其他政党组织联合政府。因此首相、政府和议会之间会有更好的合作关系,更能有效率地开展工作。而在有些国家情况并非如此,如在有些选举制度下,更有必要由几个政党组成联合政府,而联合政府较难获得共识,对解决急迫的政治难题上很难满足人民的要求。

虽然也有人抱怨现行的选举方法对小党派不公平,但现行的选举方法却成功的阻止了一些小的极端主义党派进入下议院。比如,在1930年由Oswald Mosley领导的“英国法西斯党”在普选中虽然在全国范围内获得了一定的选票,但是这些选民分散在全国各地,未能在任何一个选区获得最多数票,所以此党没有在当年的下议院中获得议席。而在某些国家的议院以一党的全国总得票数比例来决定在议院的议席的情况下,一些极端主义党派极有可能在议会占有一定数目的议席。

尽管如此,对于英国选举系统变革的呼声近来仍然很高。这些改革方案主要有包括选择性投票(alternative vote)、政党排名表(party list)、单一可转移投票(single transferable vote)等。一般来说,要求选举制度变革呼声最高的主要是如自由党这样一些在议会选举中一无所获的小党。而对于象工党这样的大党派来说似乎就没有太大的兴趣。引用一位英国法学家的一句话说:“我们的选举方法也许是不公平的和不令人满意的,但是别人的也一样!”

结论:

总而言之,英国的选举制度虽然有一定缺点,但也不可否认其具有重要的一些优点,比如:1)简单易行,能相对节省普选的时间和费用;2)议员(MP)和选区之间有着直接的联系,议员更能在议院中代表其选区的利益发出声音;3)可以让一个政党赢得绝对多数的席位,成为执政党,而不需要与其他政党组织联合政府,首相、政府和议会之间会有更好的合作关系,更能有效率的工作,因此能保持政局的稳定,和有利于政府高效;4)另外可以阻止一些小的极端主义党派进入议会。

英国选举制度的上述优点对于中国政治制度改革有着重要的借鉴作用,因为这四个主要的特征和优点,恰恰也是中国的实际情况最需要的,完全可能结合中国的现状而被借鉴与吸收。

美国 实行总统制,总统选举 每四年举行一次。美国总统选举制度复杂,过程漫长。选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选举人”成立选举人团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等几个阶段。

预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段,通常从大选年的年初开始,到年中结束。预选有两种形式,分别是政党基层会议和直接预选。前者是指两党在各州自下而上,从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议,最终选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表。后者在形式上如同普选,一个州的两党选民同一天到投票站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表,这是大多数州目前采用的预选方式。

预选结束后,两党通常将分别在七、八月份召开全国代表大会。会议的主要任务是最终确定本党总统、副总统候选人,并讨论通过总统竞选纲领。

全国代表大会之后,总统竞选活动便正式拉开帷幕。这一过程一般要持续8至9周。在此期间,两党总统候选人将耗费巨资,穿梭于全国各地,进行广告大战、发表竞选演说、会见选民、召开记者招待会以及进行公开辩论。此外,候选人还将通过多种形式阐述对国内外事务的政策主张,以赢得选民信任,争取选票。

全国选民投票在选举年11月份的第一个星期一后的第一个星期二举行

(2008年是11月4日),这一天被称为总统大选日。所有美国选民都到指定地点进行投票,在两个总统候选人之间作出选择(在同一张选票上选出各州的总统“选举人”)。一个(党的)总统候选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜,他就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”票,这就是全州统选制。全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日。由于美国总统选举实行“选举人团”制度,因此总统大选日的投票结果,产生的实际上是代表50个州和哥伦比亚特区的538位“选举人”。另外,在总统大选日,选民还要在联邦范围内进行参议院和众议院选举。根据美国1787年宪法,两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生。

选举人票的数量,体现州权平等原则,根据各州在国会的议员数量而定。例如,每个州都在国会有2名参议员和至少1名众议员,所以,任何州都至少有3票。但人口多的大州,除了这3票以外,众议员人数越多,选举人票数也就越多。1961年,美国宪法修正案批准华盛顿特区可以像州一样有总统选举人。这样,美国国会有100参议员(任期6年,每两年改选三分之一)、435名众议员(任期两年,期满后全部改选),加上华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的3票,总统选举人票总共为538票。一位候选人赢得的选举人票超过总数的一半(270张),即当选总统。

真正的总统选举是在12月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一举行(2008年是12月15日)。届时,各州和哥伦比亚特区被推选出的“选举人”将前往各州的首府进行投票。获270张选票以上的候选人将当选总统,并于次年1月20日宣誓就职。

就职典礼是美国总统选举的最后一道程序,只有到当选总统于次年1月20日手抚《圣经》,宣誓就职时,美国的总统选举才告结束。

The Electoral College system in America was a compromise at the 1787 Constitutional Convention between allowing Congress to elect the president and allowing the American people to elect the president.Instead, citizens in each state essentially vote for electors when they cast their vote for the presidential and vice-presidential candidates in the general presidential election.Each state is awarded electors equal to its number of representatives in Congress plus two electors for each senator.In 48 out of 50 states, the candidate who wins the popular vote, even if by a small margin, receives all of that state's Electoral College votes.Read on to learn how to understand the U.S.electoral system.Instructions

Choose electors for each state.Electors are usually chosen by the political parties of each state for their party allegiance or for their relationship with a presidential candidate.Each political party chooses its own electors before the general presidential election in November of an election year.Cast your vote for President of the United States in the general election.The electors for the candidate who wins the most popular votes in each state meet in December.As noted above, the vast majority of states award all of their Electoral College votes to the popular vote winner in the state.Receive at least 270 of the Electoral College votes to be elected President.Total Electoral College votes equal 538--435 from the House of Representatives, 100 from the Senate and three allocated to the District of Columbia.Count the Electoral College votes.Each state's electors certify their votes and send them to Washington, D.C.In January, a joint session of Congress convenes and the votes are officially tallied.Of course, the American public usually knows who won a presidential election long before this official tally due to news coverage, calculation of Electoral College votes based on the popular election in each state and concession speeches by losing candidates.Win the popular vote but not the presidency.Since all the Electoral College votes are granted to the winner of the general election in 48 out of 50 states, it's actually possible to win the popular vote but not with the presidency.Just look at what happened in the 2000 election between George W.Bush and then Vice-President Al Gore.Don't fix it if it isn't broken.Although it has its critics, the system has lasted quite a long time which means it either works, or no one in Washington can agree on a better system to elect the President.The sixth comparison is the electoral system.The electoral system plays an important part in western political system.It promotes democratization process.Britain's electoral system has the following some characteristics like the election cost is less, the campaign is simple, voters’ variability and political extremists are not among voters.However, the characteristics of the electoral system in America are more electoral expenses and the complex of campaigning.In addition, America has a unique TV political phenomenon.Not only have their system similarities, but also differences.Turnout at both national/general elections is poor.In both 2001(UK)and 2004(US), 1/3rd of those who could have voted did not.The announcement of an election in the UK in April 05 was described in one British broadsheet as “the lull before the lull.”

第三篇:党内选举 党内选举制度 党内权力 党内民主

党内选举论文:改革和完善党内民主选举制度问题研究

【中文摘要】党内选举制度是党内民主制度的一个重要组成部分,这项制度建设得好坏直接关系到党内选举是否规范科学,关系到党内民主发展是否顺利,间接地影响人民民主发展的历史进程。所以党内选举制度建设具有非常重要的意义。中国共产党对党内选举制度建设进行了长期的探索,可以说既取得了一些成绩,也存在着不容忽视的问题。自从党的十三大提出要改革和完善党内选举制度以来,党内选举制度建设发展较快。为了推进党内民主,建设社会主义民主政治,党的十七大和十七届四中全会多次提出要改革和完善党内选举制度。本文在研究学术界专家学者对改革和完善党内选举制度有关论述的基础上,运用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法,认真剖析现阶段党内选举制度存在的问题,总结各地改革党内选举制度的实践经验,提出了进一步改革和完善党内选举制度的初步构想。文章共分三部分:第一部分,简要论述党内选举制度的一般理论,包括党内选举制度的基本内涵、基本原则和主要功能。明确党内选举制度的一般理论,是为分析中国共产党党内选举制度存在的问题提供理论支撑,为提出改革和完善党内选举制度的构想奠定理论基础。第二部分,通过分析改革开放以来中国共产党党内选举制度改革和完善的实践,归纳概括出党内选...【英文摘要】The inner-Party electoral system is an important part of the inner-party de-mocracy.The effect of the

inner-Party electoral system determines the scienti-ficity of the inner-Party electoral system, concerns the development of the inner-party democracy, and affects the course of the people’s democratic history.So the inner-Party electoral system is meaningful.The Communist Party of China have been studying the electoral system for a long time, we have made progress but remained some questions.Since the o...【关键词】党内选举 党内选举制度 党内权力 党内民主 【英文关键词】the inner-party electoral the inner-party electoral system inner-party power inner-party democracy 【索购全文】联系Q1:138113721 Q2:139938848

【目录】改革和完善党内民主选举制度问题研究3-47-12Abstract4-

5内容摘要

一、党内民主选举制度的一般理论

(二)党内民(一)党内民主选举制度的涵义7-9主选举制度的基本原则9-1111-1

2(三)党内民主选举制度的功能

(一)二、党内民主选举制度的现状分析12-20党内民主选举制度改革和完善取得的成就12-15党内民主选举制度存在的问题15-17存在问题的原因分析17-20举制度的基本路径20-33完善党内选举程序22-2

4(二)现阶段

(三)党内民主选举制度

三、进一步改革和完善党内民主选(一)以改进候选人提名制度为重点(二)以完善差额选举制度为突破口

优化党内选举机制24-26党内选举层次26-2727-28

(三)以扩大直选范围为着力点提升(四)深入探索党内竞选机制

(六)(五)建立健全党内选举的监督机制28-29

结束语建立健全与党内选举相配套的相关制度29-3333-34参考文献34-36

致谢36

第四篇:希拉里退出总统选举演讲中英文

希拉里退出总统选举演讲(中英文)

Thank you so much.Thank you all.非常感谢各位!谢谢你们!

Well, this isn't exactly the party I'd planned, but I sure like the company.(APPLAUSE)

这场聚会并不是我事先计划好的哦,但是我很感谢有你们的陪伴。

I want to start today by saying how grateful I am to all of you--to everyone who poured your hearts and your hopes into this campaign, who drove for miles and lined the streets waving homemade signs, who scrimped and saved to raise money, who knocked on doors and made calls, who talked and sometimes argued with your friends and neighbors,(APPLAUSE)who e-mailed and contributed online, who invested so much in our common enterprise.To the moms and dads who came to our events, who lifted their little girls and little boys on their shoulders and whispered in their ears, “See, you can be anything you want to be.”(APPLAUSE)

从今天开始我想要感谢所有的人——感谢那些倾注了你们的热情和希望在这次竞选活动中的人们,感谢那些长途跋涉,在街上挥舞自制标语的人们,感谢那些省吃俭用,踊跃募款的人们,感谢那些到各家各户敲门,给每个人打电话,并且和你的朋友邻居们讨论甚至争论起来的人们。(鼓掌)感谢那些通过电子邮件和网络进行捐助的人们,感谢那些在我们的公共事业上大量投资的人们。更要感谢那些带着小孩子参加我们活动的父亲母亲,他们轻声地告诉肩膀上的孩子们:―看啊,有梦想就能实现!‖

To the young people, like 13-year-old Ann Riddle from Mayfield, Ohio, who had been saving for two years to go to Disney World, and decided to use her savings instead to travel to Pennsylvania with her mom and volunteer there as well.To the veterans and the childhood friends, to New Yorkers and Arkansans who traveled across the country, telling anyone who would listen why you supported me.我也应该感谢像安这样的年轻人们,她今年刚13岁,来自俄亥俄州的梅菲尔得市,她决定把过去两年中本为去迪士尼攒下的钱用来去宾夕法尼亚和妈妈一起充当志愿者。还有那些退伍老兵,孩提时的朋友,以及纽约和阿肯色地区的人 1 们,感谢他们不远万里来到这里,是他们告诉那些愿意聆听的人们为什么要支持我。

To all those women in their 80s and their 90s, born before women could vote, who cast their votes for our campaign.I've told you before about Florence Steen of South Dakota, who was 88 years old, and insisted that her daughter bring an absentee ballot to her hospice bedside.Her daughter and a friend put an American flag behind her bed and helped her fill out the ballot.She passed away soon after, and under state law, her ballot didn't count.But her daughter later told a reporter, “My dad's an ornery old cowboy, and he didn't like it when he heard mom's vote wouldn't be counted.I don't think he had voted in 20 years.But he voted in place of my mom.”(APPLAUSE)感谢那些在女性可以有选举权之前出生的八、九十岁并在竞选活动中投票的女士们。我在之前提到过来自南达科他州的88岁的Florence Steen, 坚持让他的女儿带一张缺席选举人票到她的床边。她女儿和朋友在她的床边放了面美国国旗并帮助她填选票。没多久,她离开了人世。根据国家法律,她的选票不能生效。后来她的女儿对记者说:―我爸是个脾气不大好的老牛仔,听到我妈的选票失效时他很失落。我想他有二十多年没有投过票了,但他这次代替我妈妈投上了一票。‖

To all those who voted for me, and to whom I pledged my utmost, my commitment to you and to the progress we seek, is unyielding.You have inspired and touched me with the stories of the joys and sorrows that make up the fabric of our lives, and you have humbled me with your commitment to our country.感谢所有支持我的人们,那些我发誓过要尽我所能对他们奉献的人们,还要感谢我们坚韧不屈共同前进的过程。你们那些充满喜悦和悲伤的故事编织着我们的人生,并且激励和感动着我,你们对国家的承诺和担当使我自惭形秽。

Eighteen million of you from all walks of life--women and men, young and old, Latino and Asian, African-American and Caucasian, rich, poor and middle-class, gay and straight--you have stood strong with me.And I will continue to stand strong with you, every time, every place and every way that I can.The dreams we share are worth fighting for.2

你们这1800万人来生活的各个阶层——无论男人和女人,年轻人和老年人,拉丁裔和亚裔,非裔美国人和高加索人,富足的、贫穷的和中产阶级的人,也无论同性恋者和非同性恋。你们给与我有力的支持。无论何时何地,我将尽我所能,坚定地和你们站在一起。我们拥有同样的梦想,值得我们一起为之奋斗,为之拼搏。

Remember--we fought for the single mom with a young daughter, juggling work and school, who told me, “I'm doing it all to better myself for her.” We fought for the woman who grabbed my hand, and asked me, “What are you going to do to make sure I have health care?” and began to cry, because even though she works three jobs, she can't afford insurance.记住——我们奋斗,为了那个在学校和工作间不断奔波独自抚养年幼女儿的单身母亲,她说:―我所做的一切都是让我这个母亲更称职‖。我们奋斗,为了那个抓住我的手问我:―你打算怎样来保证我的医疗保障?‖,然后痛哭的妇女,那个同时做着三份工作,却依旧不能支付保险的女人。

We fought for the young man in the Marine Corps T-shirt who waited months for medical care and said, “Take care of my buddies over there--and then, will you please help take care of me?”(APPLAUSE)We fought for all those who've lost jobs and health care, who can't afford gas or groceries or college, who have felt invisible to their president these last seven years.我们奋斗,为了那个身着海军陆战队T恤的年轻人,那个为了医疗护理等待了数月的青年,他告诉我说:―请照顾好我在那里的朋友,然后请你也护理一下我好吗?‖我们奋斗,为了所有失去工作和医疗保障的人,为了所有不能支付油费、杂货费或学费的人,为了所有过去7年被他们的总统所忽略的人!

I entered this race because I have an old-fashioned conviction: that public service is about helping people solve their problems and live their dreams.I've had every opportunity and blessing in my own life--and I want the same for all Americans.Until that day comes, you will always find me on the front lines of democracy--fighting for the future.(APPLAUSE)The way to continue our fight now--to accomplish the goals for which we stand--is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama the next president of the United States.(APPLAUSE)

我参加这场竞选是因为我有一个古老而又传统的信念:公共事业应该帮人们解决问题,实现理想。在我的人生中,我得到了许多机会和祝福。但我希望所有美利坚民众也能够跟我一样。在那一天到来之前,你们都能看到我站在民主阵线的前沿,为着未来而奋斗。现在继续我们的战斗并实现我们所秉持的目标的方式就是拿出我们的精力、我们的信念、我们的力量,尽我们所能去帮助奥巴马成为美国下一任总统。

Today, as I suspend my campaign, I congratulate him on the victory he has won and the extraordinary race he has run.I endorse him, and throw my full support behind him.(APPLAUSE)And I ask all of you to join me in working as hard for Barack Obama as you have for me.(APPLAUSE)

今天,在我宣布退出我的竞选之际,我祝贺他的胜利和他所参与的不平凡的竞选。我赞同他,并尽我所能在背后支持他。我恳求你们加入到我的这项工作来,就像你们曾经为我所做的那样,坚定的支持奥巴马。

I have served in the Senate with him for four years.I have been in this campaign with him for 16 months.I have stood on the stage and gone toe-to-toe with him in 22 debates.I have had a front row seat to his candidacy, and I have seen his strength and determination, his grace and his grit.我已经和他在议会里共事了四年,在竞选里战斗了16个月,在台前近距离对峙了22场战役。我对他的参选了如指掌,也见识了他的力量与决心,他的风度与毅力。

In his own life, Barack Obama has lived the American Dream.As a community organizer, in the state senate, as a United States senator--he has dedicated himself to ensuring the dream is realized.And in this campaign, he has inspired so many to become involved in the democratic process and invested in our common future.奥巴马的一生都在追求美国梦。从一个社区组织人做起,到国会参议院,再到美国参议员,每走下的一步都确保着梦的实现。这次竞选中,他鼓励很多人参与到民主进程中来,并激励他们为我们共同的将来出力献策。

Now, when I started this race, I intended to win back the White House, and make sure we have a president who puts our country back on the path to peace, prosperity and progress.And that's exactly what we're going to do by ensuring that Barack Obama walks through the doors of the Oval Office on Jan.20, 2009.(APPLAUSE)当我开始竞选时,我的目的就只有一个,那就是赢回白宫,保证我们中走出一名总统,把我们的国家带回到和平,繁荣和发展的轨道上来。这就是我们为什么要力挺奥巴马2009年1月20日入主椭形办公室的原因。

I understand that we all know this has been a tough fight.The Democratic Party is a family, and it's now time to restore the ties that bind us together and to come together around the ideals we share, the values we cherish and the country we love.现在,我明白,我明白这将会是一场艰难的斗争,但民主党本身是一家的。现在,正是时候,重新拉上把我们绑在一起的纽带,为我们同样的理想,珍视的价值,热爱的祖国而献身吧。

We may have started on separate journeys--but today, our paths have merged.And we are all heading toward the same destination, united and more ready than ever to win in November and to turn our country around, because so much is at stake.我们曾经殊途,但今日终于同归!我们朝同一目标前进,为了赢得11月的选举,我们更加团结,更加胸有成竹,看看我们的国家,因为这一切早已刻不容缓!

We all want an economy that sustains the American Dream, the opportunity to work hard and have that work rewarded;to save for college, a home, and retirement;to afford that gas and those groceries and still have a little left over at the end of the month.An economy that lifts all of our people and ensures that our prosperity is

broadly distributed and shared.我们都想要维护美国之梦,想要劳有所得,为大学、家庭、退休存钱,能够付得起汽油和杂货,到月底还有点存款的经济。想要一个能够鼓舞我们所有人,确保基本上共同繁荣的经济!

We all want a health care system that is universal, high-quality and affordable,(APPLAUSE)so that parents no longer have to choose between care for themselves or their children or be stuck in dead-end jobs simply to keep their insurance.This isn't just an issue for me, it is a passion and a cause, and it is a fight I will continue until every single American is insured--no exceptions, no excuses。(APPLAUSE)

我们都想要一个普遍的,高质量的、负担得起的医保系统,父母们不再要考虑照顾他们自己还是他们的孩子,或则不用为了保险而没日没夜地工作。这不仅仅是我的问题,这是激情,是事业,是我要继续奋斗的,为了让每个美国人,没有例外,没有借口的每个美国人都投保的斗争!

We all want an America defined by deep and meaningful equality--from civil rights to labor rights,(APPLAUSE)from women's rights to gay rights, from ending discrimination to promoting unionization to providing help for the most important job there is: caring for our families.我们都希望有一个美国所界定的深入和有意义的平等;民事权到劳动权,妇女权到同性恋权,结束歧视到促进统一,再到为最重要的事情--关怀家庭--提供帮助。

We all want to restore America's standing in the world, to end the war in Iraq and once again lead by the power of our values(APPLAUSE), and to join with our allies to confront our shared challenges, from poverty and genocide to terrorism and global warming.我们都希望重塑美国在世界的形象,终止伊拉克战争,再一次让我们的价值观引导我们,同我们的盟友一起面对我们共同的,贫穷,杀戮,恐怖主义和全球变暖的挑战。

You know, I've been involved in politics and public life in one way or another for four decades.(APPLAUSE)During those 40 years, our country has voted 10 times for president.Democrats won only three of those times.And the man who won two of those elections is with us today.(APPLAUSE)

对我来说,这样或那样的公众生活和政治生涯已经有四十年了。在这四十年里,我们的国家举行了十次总统选举。民主党只赢得了其中三次。今天,赢得这三次中的两场的人就和我们在一起。

We made tremendous progress during the 90s under a Democratic president, with a flourishing economy, and our leadership for peace and security respected around the world.Just think how much more progress we could have made over the past 40 years if we had a Democratic president.Think about the lost opportunities of these past seven years--on the environment and the economy, on health care and civil rights, on education, foreign policy and the Supreme Court.Imagine how far we could've come, how much we could've achieved, if we had just had a Democrat in the White House.90年代,在民主党的总统的领导下我们取得了极大的进步。经济的飞速发展和在和平和安全的领导地位使我们赢得了世界的尊重。可以想象,要是过去四十年我们也有一个民主党的总统,我们会取得如何巨大的进步。想一想过去的七年我们错失的良机吧,环境上的,经济上的,卫生保健上的,还有民权,教育,外交政策和最高法院上的。要是我们有一位民主党白宫主人,想一下我们走到了多远,我们取得了多少的成就。

We cannot let this moment slip away.We have come too far and accomplished too much.我们不能够让机会错失,我们期待得太久,奋斗得太长。

Now, the journey ahead will not be easy.Some will say we can't do it.That it's too hard.That we're just not up to the task.But for as long as America has existed, it has been the American way to reject “can't-do” claims, and to choose instead to stretch the boundaries of the possible through hard work, determination and a pioneering spirit.而今,前路并不平坦。有人说,那太难了,不是我们力所能及的,我们不可 7 能梦想成真。但自从美国诞生以来,我们就有一个美国式的对―不可能‖说不的方式----通过努力的奋斗,坚定的信念和积极的心态尽全力触摸那叫做可能的界限。

It is this belief, this optimism, that Senator Obama and I share, and that has inspired so many millions of our supporters to make their voices heard.这种信念,这份乐观,激励了我和奥巴马;这种信念,这份乐观,激励了百万的你们,让支持的声音响彻太空。

So today, I am standing with Senator Obama to say: Yes we can.(APPLAUSE)

因此今天,我选择和Obama参议员站在一起说:没错,我们能。

Together, we will work.We'll have to work hard to get universal health care.But on the day we live in an America where no child, no man and no woman is without health insurance, we will live in a stronger America.That's why we need to help elect Barack Obama our president.(APPLAUSE)

我们将一道奋斗,我们将全力以赴,以实现各人都可享有的医疗保健。一旦到了美国出现一个没有孩童,没有男人,没有妇女得不到医疗保健的美国的那天,我们就是生活在一个更加强大的美国里。那就是为何,我们必须帮助奥巴马去成为总统。

We'll have to work hard to get back to fiscal responsibility and a strong middle class.But on the day we live in an America whose middle class is thriving and growing again, where all Americans, no matter where they live or where their ancestors came from, can earn a decent living, we will live in a stronger America, and that is why we must elect Barack Obama our president.(APPLAUSE)

我们将全力以赴,重掌财政责任和一个强势的中产阶级。一旦到了美国出现中产阶级再次繁荣成长,不管他们或者他们的祖先来自何方,能得到一个体面收入的那天,我们就是生活在一个更加强大的美国里。那就是为何,我们必须帮助奥巴马去成为总统。

We'll have to work hard to foster the innovation that makes us energy-independent and lift the threat of global warming from our children's future.But on the day we live in an America fueled by renewable energy, we will live in a stronger America.That's why we have to help elect Barack Obama our president.(APPLAUSE)

我们将全力以赴,鼓励创新,以使能源需求独立,并让我们的孩子远离全球变暧的威胁。一旦到了美国使用了可再生能源的那天,我们就是生活在一个更加强大的美国里。那就是为何,我们必须帮助奥巴马去成为总统

We'll have to work hard to bring our troops home from Iraq,and get them the support they've earned by their service.But on the day we live in an America that's as loyal to our troops as they have been to us,we will live in astronger America and that is why we must help elect Barack Obama our President.(APPLAUSE)

我们必须要继续奋斗,实现从伊拉克撤军,并让他们获得应有的支持。直到有一天,美国人对军队像军人们对我们那样忠诚,那将是一个更为强大的美国。这也是为什么我们要选择奥巴马做我们的总统的原因。

This election is aturning point election and it is critical that we all understand what our choice really is.Will we go forward together or will we stall and slip backwards.Think how much progress we have already made.这场选举具有决定性的意义。我们都理解我们的选择有多么重要。我们将会继续前进,抑或是停滞后退?现在,想想我们已经实现了多大的进步。

When we first started,people everywhere asked the same questions:Could awoman really serve as Commander-in-Chief?Well,I think we answered that one.(APPLAUSE)

我们刚开始的时候,到处都有人在问同样的问题——女人能够领导国家吗?我想,答案已经很清楚了。

And could an African American really be our President?Senator Obama has answered that one.(APPLAUSE)Together Senator Obama and Iachieved milestones essential to our progress as anation,part of our perpetual duty to form amore perfect union.现在,想想我们已经实现了多大的进步。我们刚开始的时候,到处都有人在问同样的问题——女人能够领导国家吗?我想,答案已经很清楚了。

非裔美国人能做我们的总统吗?奥巴马参议员同样给了我们答案。

奥巴马参议员和我一同达到我们国家历史上的里程碑,这是我们建立更完美联盟的恒久使命的一部分。Now,on a personal note– when I was asked what it means to be awoman running for President,I always gave the same answer:that I was proud to be running as a woman but I was running because I thought I'd be the best President(APPLAUSE)

就我个人而言,在我曾被问到参与竞选总统对一个女人意味着什么时,我总是给出同样的答案——我很骄傲我能作为女人去竞选总统,但是,我参与竞选是因为我认为我将是最棒的总统。

.But I am a woman,and like millions of women,I know there are still barriers and biases out there,often unconscious.I want to build an America that respects and embraces the potential of every last one of us.(APPLAUSE)

然而,我是一个女人,和其他许许多多的女人一样,我知道社会上依然存在着障碍与偏见,很多时候甚至是潜意识的。因而,我想要美国成为一个尊重并能够使每个人的潜力得到发挥的地方。

I ran as a daughter who benefited from opportunities my mother never dreamed of.I ran as a mother who worries about my daughter's future and a mother who wants to lead all children to brighter tomorrows.我作为一个女儿,享有许多我母亲从未梦想过的权利。我作为一个母亲,又担心女儿的未来,并想要给所有的孩子更光明的未来。

To build that future I see,we must make sure that women

and men alike understand the struggles of their grandmothers and mothers,and that women enjoy equal opportunities,equal pay,and equal respect.(APPLAUSE)要实现这样的未来,我们必须要确保每一个人——无论男女——都了解他们的祖母和母亲们曾经的奋斗,并明白妇女享有平等的机会、公平的报酬和同等的尊重。Let us resolve and work toward achieving some very simple propositions:There are no acceptable limits and there are no acceptable prejudices in the twenty-first century.(APPLAUSE)

让我们下定决心去解决这样简单的命题:在21世纪的美国不会有任何能够被接受的限制与偏见。

You can be so proud that,from now on,it will be unremarkable for a woman to win primary state victories,unremarkable to have a woman in aclose race to be our nominee,unremarkable to think that a woman can be the President of the United States.And that is truly remarkable.(APPLAUSE)

从现在起,你可以如此骄傲,一个女人赢得主要大州的胜利很平凡,一个女人差一点赢得提 名很平凡,一个女人能够成为美国的总统很平凡。而这一切是如此不平凡,我的朋友们。To those who are disappointed that we couldn't go all the way– especially the young people who put so much into this campaign-it would break my heart if,in falling short of my goal,I in any way discouraged any of you from pursuing yours.我想告诉那些因为我们不能走完全程而失望的人们,特别是那些为选举倾注心力的年轻人,如果你们因此而丧失追求个人目标的动力,我会真的感到伤心。

Always aim high,work hard,and care deeply about what you believe in.When you stumble,keep faith.When you're knocked down,get right back up.And never listen to anyone who says you can't or shouldn't go on.(APPLAUSE)

永远要志存高远,永远要努力工作,永远执着于你相信的。当你遭遇挫折的时候,坚持信仰。当你被打倒的时候,马上站起来,不要听从那些说你做到或你不应该继续的人们。

As we gather here today in this historic magnificent building,the 50th woman to leave this Earth is orbiting over head.If we can blast 50 wo men into space,we will someday launch a woman into the White House.(APPLAUSE)

今天,当我们在这里集会的时候,第50位飞离地球的妇女,正在我们的头顶的天空环绕地球飞行。而如果我们能够将50个妇女送入太空,那么总有一天我们也会将一个妇女送入白宫。

Although we weren't able to shatter that highest,hardest glass ceiling this time,thanks to you,it's got about 18 million cracks in it.(APPLAUSE)And the light is shining through like never before,filling us all with the hope and the sure knowledge that the path will be alittle easier next time.虽然这一次我们无法打破那最高、最坚硬的玻璃天花板,但是由于你们,它出现了1800万道裂缝:光明从未像现在这样耀眼,使我们充满希望,确信下一次这条道路将变得更容易一些。

That has always been the history of progress in America.Think of the suffragists who gathered at Seneca Falls in 1848 and those who kept fighting until women could cast their votes.这已经写入了美国的历史进程。想想1848年在塞内卡瀑布集会的女权主义者和那些为妇女投票权奋斗终身的人们。Think of the abolitionists who struggled and died to see the end of slavery.Think of the civil rights heroes and foot-soldiers who marched protested and risked their lives to bring about the end to segregation and Jim Crow.(APPLAUSE)

想想那些没能看到奴隶制终结却为之奋斗的废奴主义者们。想想那些冒着生命危险最终终结种族隔离制度的民权斗士和步兵们,还有吉姆•克劳法案。

Because of them,I grew up taking for granted that women could vote.Because of them,my daughter grew up taking for granted that children of all colors could go to school together.因为他们,我自然认为女性拥有投票权;因为他们,我的女儿自然认为不同肤色的孩子们能够一同上学。

Because of them,Barack Obama and Icould wage ahard fought campaign for the Demo cratic nomination.Because of them,and because of you,children today will grow up taking for granted that an African American or awoman can yes,become President of the United States.(APPLAUSE)

因为他们,巴拉克•奥巴马和我能够为民主党的提名进行激励的竞争。因为他们和你们,今天的孩子们自然认为非裔美国人和女性能够成为美国总统。

When that day arrives and awoman takes the oath of office as our President,we will all stand taller,proud of the values of our nation,proud that every little girl can dream and that her dreams can come true in America.因此,当那一天到来时,当一名女性宣誓成为总统时,我们可以站得更高,为这个国家的价值观而自豪,为每一个小女孩都可以有宏伟的梦想并且这个梦想能在美国实现而自豪。And all of you will know that because of your passion and hard work you helped pave the way for that day.So I want to say to my supporters,when you hear people saying– or think to yourself–“if only”or“what if,”I say,“please don't go there.” Every moment wasted looking back keeps us from moving forward.(APPLAUSE)

你们都会知道,你们今日的激情付出和努力工作,铺下通往那一天的道路。所以我要告诉我的支持者们:当你们听到人们对你说或者你自己想“要是„„”或者“如果„„”的时候,你们一定不要那样。浪费在后悔的每一秒都会阻止我们前进的脚步。

Life is too short,time is too precious,and the stakes are too high to dwell on what might have been.We have to work together for what still can be.And that is why Iwill work my heart out to make sure that Senator Obama is our next President.生活如此短暂,时间因而如此珍贵,纠缠在那些没什么可能性的事情上赌注太高。我们要一起为能够实现的事情携手努力。我正是我全心支持奥巴马参议员做下一任总统的原因。And I hope and pray that all of you will join me in that effort.(APPLAUSE)我希望并祈祷你们全都能加入我,以贡献你们的全部力量。

To my supporters and colleagues in Congress,to the governors and mayors,elected officials who stood with me,in good times and in bad,thank you for your strength and leadership.感谢我在国会的支持者和同僚们,也感谢与我患难与共的公务员们,感谢你们的能力和领导力。

To my friends in our labor unions who stood strong every step of the way– I thank you and pledge my support to you.感谢一路支持我的来自工会的朋友们,我将一直支持你们。

To my friends,from every stage of my life– your love and on going commitments sustain me every single day.感谢我生命各个阶段的朋友们,你们的爱和恒久的承诺伴我度过每一天。

To my family– especially Bill and Chelsea and my mother,you mean the world to me and I thank you for all you have done.(APPLAUSE)

感谢我的家庭,特别是比尔、切尔西和我的母亲,你们是我的全部,我对你们所做的一切表示感谢。

And to my extraordinary staff,volunteers and supporters,thank you for working those long,hard hours(APPLAUSE).Thank you for dropping everything– leaving work or school– traveling to places you'd never been,sometimes for months on end.And thanks to your families as well because your sacrifice was theirs too.All of you were there for me every step of the way Being human,we are imperfect.That's why we need each other.To catch each other when we falter.To encourage each other when we lose heart.Some may lead;others may follow;but none of us can go it alone.感谢我杰出的竞选团队成员、志愿者和支持者们。感谢你们在这漫长而艰难的岁月里付出的时间。感谢你们放弃所有,离校或者离职,去到你们从未到过的地方,有时长达数月之久。更感谢你们的家庭,因为你们的付出也是他们的牺牲。感谢你们一路上坚定地支持我。虽然作为人,我们注定不完美,但这也正是我们需要彼此的原因,我们相互扶持走过困境,相互鼓励走出沮丧。一些人领路,另一些人追随,因为我们不可能独自到达。

The changes we're working for are changes that we can only accomplish together.Life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness are rights that belong to each of us as individuals.But our lives,our freedom,our happiness,are best enjoyed,best protected,and best advanced when we do work together.我们为之奋斗的改变只有通过我们携手共进才能实现。人生、自由和对幸福的追求是我们作为个体享有的权利。但是我们的人生、我们的自由、我们的快乐只有在我们携手时,才能被我们更好的享受,得到更好的保护,并达到更高的程度。

That is what we will do now as we join forces with Senator Obama and his campaign.We will make history together as we write the next chapter in America's story.We will stand united for the values we hold dear,for the vision of progress we share,and for the country we love.There is nothing more American than that.这就是我们加入奥巴马参议员和他的阵营后要做的。我们一同创造历史,一同书写美国历史的新篇章。我们将站在同一战线,为我们珍视的价值观,为我们共有的愿景,为这个我们所爱的国家。

再没有比这更美国的了。

And looking out at you today,I have never felt so blessed.The challenges that I have faced in this campaign are nothing compared to those that millions of Americans face every day in their own lives.今天看着你们,我从未感到这么有福。我在竞选过程中面临的困难与你们在各自日常生活中面临的相比,是微不足道的。

So today,I'm going to count my blessings and keep on going.I'm going to keep doing what Iwas doing long before the cameras ever showed up and what I'll be doing long after they're gone:Working to give every American the same opportunities I had,and working to ensure that every child has the chance to grow up and achieve his or her God-given potential.因此今天我要祈祷并继续走下去。无论在面对公众时,还是在日常生活里,我要继续做我一直以来做的事情:努力使每个美国人和我用相同的机会,努力保证每一个孩子无论男女都有机会长大去实现自己的潜力。I will do it with aheart filled with gratitude,with adeep and abiding love for our country– and with nothing but optimism and confidence for the days ahead.我将带着一颗感恩的心,对这个国家深沉的爱,和对往后日子的了关于自信继续我的路。This is now our time to do all that we can to make sure that in this election we add another Democratic president to that very small list of the last 40 years and that we take back our country and once again move with progress and commitment to the future.Thank you all and God bless you and God bless America.这是我们尽全力去使另一位民主党总统当选以充实过去40年来的短小名单的时候,这是我们将这个国家带回正轨,再一次带着希望与梦想向未来前进的时候。

感谢你们。上帝保佑大家,上帝保佑美利坚。

第五篇:希拉里退出总统选举演讲(中英)

希拉里退出总统选举演讲(中英文)

Thank you so much.Thank you all.非常感谢各位!谢谢你们!

Well, this isn't exactly the party I'd planned, but I sure like the company.这场聚会并不是我事先计划好的哦,但是我很感谢有你们的陪伴。I want to start today by saying how grateful I am to all of you--to everyone who poured your hearts and your hopes into this campaign, who drove for miles and lined the streets waving homemade signs, who scrimped and saved to raise money, who knocked on doors and made calls, who talked and sometimes argued with your friends and neighbors,(APPLAUSE)who e-mailed and contributed online, who invested so much in our common enterprise.To the moms and dads who came to our events, who lifted their little girls and little boys on their shoulders and whispered in their ears, “See, you can be anything you want to be.” 从今天开始我想要感谢所有的人——感谢那些倾注了你们的热情和希望在这次竞选活动中的人们,感谢那些长途跋涉,在街上挥舞自制标语的人们,感谢那些省吃俭用,踊跃募款的人们,感谢那些到各家各户敲门,给每个人打电话,并且和你的朋友邻居们讨论甚至争论起来的人们。(鼓掌)感谢那些通过电子邮件和网络进行捐助的人们,感谢那些在我们的公共事业上大量投资的人们。更要感谢那些带着小孩子参加我们活动的父亲母亲,他们轻声地告诉肩膀上的孩子们:“看啊,有梦想就能实现!”

To the young people, like 13-year-old Ann Riddle from Mayfield, Ohio, who had been saving for two years to go to Disney World, and decided to use her savings instead to travel to Pennsylvania with her mom and volunteer there as well.To the veterans and the childhood friends, to New Yorkers and Arkansans who traveled across the country, telling anyone who would listen why you supported me.我也应该感谢像安这样的年轻人们,她今年刚13岁,来自俄亥俄州的梅菲尔得市,她决定把过去两年中本为去迪士尼攒下的钱用来去宾夕法尼亚和妈妈一起充当志愿者。还有那些退伍老兵,孩提时的朋友,以及纽约和阿肯色地区的人们,感谢他们不远万里来到这里,是他们告诉那些愿意聆听的人们为什么要支持我。

To all those women in their 80s and their 90s, born before women could vote, who cast their votes for our campaign.I've told you before about Florence Steen of South Dakota, who was 88 years old, and insisted that her daughter bring an absentee ballot to her hospice bedside.Her daughter and a friend put an American flag behind her bed and helped her fill out the ballot.She passed away soon after, and under state law, her ballot didn't count.But her daughter later told a reporter, “My dad's an ornery old cowboy, and he didn't like it when he heard mom's vote wouldn't be counted.I don't think he had voted in 20 years.But he voted in place of my mom.” 感谢那些在女性可以有选举权之前出生的八、九十岁并在竞选活动中投票的女士们。我在之前提到过来自南达科他州的88岁的Florence Steen, 坚持让他的女儿带一张缺席选举人票到她的床边。她女儿和朋友在她的床边放了面美国国旗并帮助她填选票。没多久,她离开了人世。根据国家法律,她的选票不能生效。后来她的女儿对记者说:“我爸是个脾气不大好的老牛仔,听到我妈的选票失效时他很失落。我想他有二十多年没有投过票了,但他这次代替我妈妈投上了一票。”

To all those who voted for me, and to whom I pledged my utmost, my commitment to you and to the progress we seek, is unyielding.You have inspired and touched me with the stories of the joys and sorrows that make up the fabric of our lives, and you have humbled me with your commitment to our country.感谢所有支持我的人们,那些我发誓过要尽我所能对他们奉献的人们,还要感谢我们坚韧不屈共同前进的过程。你们那些充满喜悦和悲伤的故事编织着我们的人生,并且激励和感动着我,你们对国家的承诺和担当使我自惭形秽。Eighteen million of you from all walks of life--women and men, young and old, Latino and Asian, African-American and Caucasian, rich, poor and middle-class, gay and straight--you have stood strong with me.And I will continue to stand strong with you, every time, every place and every way that I can.The dreams we share are worth fighting for.你们这1800万人来生活的各个阶层——无论男人和女人,年轻人和老年人,拉丁裔和亚裔,非裔美国人和高加索人,富足的、贫穷的和中产阶级的人,也无论同性恋者和非同性恋。你们给与我有力的支持。无论何时何地,我将尽我所能,坚定地和你们站在一起。我们拥有同样的梦想,值得我们一起为之奋斗,为之拼搏。

Remember--we fought for the single mom with a young daughter, juggling work and school, who told me, “I'm doing it all to better myself for her.” We fought for the woman who grabbed my hand, and asked me, “What are you going to do to make sure I have health care?” and began to cry, because even though she works three jobs, she can't afford insurance.记住——我们奋斗,为了那个在学校和工作间不断奔波独自抚养年幼女儿的单身母亲,她说:“我所做的一切都是让我这个母亲更称职”。我们奋斗,为了那个抓住我的手问我:“你打算怎样来保证我的医疗保障?”,然后痛哭的妇女,那个同时做着三份工作,却依旧不能支付保险的女人。

We fought for the young man in the Marine Corps T-shirt who waited months for medical care and said, “Take care of my buddies over there--and then, will you please help take care of me?” We fought for all those who've lost jobs and health care, who can't afford gas or groceries or college, who have felt invisible to their president these last seven years.我们奋斗,为了那个身着海军陆战队T恤的年轻人,那个为了医疗护理等待了数月的青年,他告诉我说:“请照顾好我在那里的朋友,然后请你也护理一下我好吗?”我们奋斗,为了所有失去工作和医疗保障的人,为了所有不能支付油费、杂货费或学费的人,为了所有过去7年被他们的总统所忽略的人!I entered this race because I have an old-fashioned conviction: that public service is about helping people solve their problems and live their dreams.I've had every opportunity and blessing in my own life--and I want the same for all Americans.Until that day comes, you will always find me on the front lines of democracy--fighting for the future.The way to continue our fight now--to accomplish the goals for which we stand--is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama the next president of the United States.我参加这场竞选是因为我有一个古老而又传统的信念:公共事业应该帮人们解决问题,实现理想。在我的人生中,我得到了许多机会和祝福。但我希望所有美利坚民众也能够跟我一样。在那一天到来之前,你们都能看到我站在民主阵线的前沿,为着未来而奋斗。现在继续我们的战斗并实现我们所秉持的目标的方式就是拿出我们的精力、我们的信念、我们的力量,尽我们所能去帮助奥巴马成为美国下一任总统。

Today, as I suspend my campaign, I congratulate him on the victory he has won and the extraordinary race he has run.I endorse him, and throw my full support behind him.And I ask all of you to join me in working as hard for Barack Obama as you have for me.今天,在我宣布退出我的竞选之际,我祝贺他的胜利和他所参与的不平凡的竞选。我赞同他,并尽我所能在背后支持他。我恳求你们加入到我的这项工作来,就像你们曾经为我所做的那样,坚定的支持奥巴马。

I have served in the Senate with him for four years.I have been in this campaign with him for 16 months.I have stood on the stage and gone toe-to-toe with him in 22 debates.I have had a front row seat to his candidacy, and I have seen his strength and determination, his grace and his grit.我已经和他在议会里共事了四年,在竞选里战斗了16个月,在台前近距离对峙了22场战役。我对他的参选了如指掌,也见识了他的力量与决心,他的风度与毅力。

In his own life, Barack Obama has lived the American Dream.As a community organizer, in the state senate, as a United States senator--he has dedicated himself to ensuring the dream is realized.And in this campaign, he has inspired so many to become involved in the democratic process and invested in our common future.奥巴马的一生都在追求美国梦。从一个社区组织人做起,到国会参议院,再到美国参议员,每走下的一步都确保着梦的实现。这次竞选中,他鼓励很多人参与到民主进程中来,并激励他们为我们共同的将来出力献策。

Now, when I started this race, I intended to win back the White House, and make sure we have a president who puts our country back on the path to peace, prosperity and progress.And that's exactly what we're going to do by ensuring that Barack Obama walks through the doors of the Oval Office on Jan.20, 2009.当我开始竞选时,我的目的就只有一个,那就是赢回白宫,保证我们中走出一名总统,把我们的国家带回到和平,繁荣和发展的轨道上来。这就是我们为什么要力挺奥巴马2009年1月20日入主椭形办公室的原因。

I understand that we all know this has been a tough fight.The Democratic Party is a family, and it's now time to restore the ties that bind us together and to come together around the ideals we share, the values we cherish and the country we love.现在,我明白,我明白这将会是一场艰难的斗争,但民主党本身是一家的。现在,正是时候,重新拉上把我们绑在一起的纽带,为我们同样的理想,珍视的价值,热爱的祖国而献身吧。

We may have started on separate journeys--but today, our paths have merged.And we are all heading toward the same destination, united and more ready than ever to win in November and to turn our country around, because so much is at stake.我们曾经殊途,但今日终于同归!我们朝同一目标前进,为了赢得11月的选举,我们更加团结,更加胸有成竹,看看我们的国家,因为这一切早已刻不容缓!

We all want an economy that sustains the American Dream, the opportunity to work hard and have that work rewarded;to save for college, a home, and retirement;to afford that gas and those groceries and still have a little left over at the end of the month.An economy that lifts all of our people and ensures that our prosperity is broadly distributed and shared.我们都想要维护美国之梦,想要劳有所得,为大学、家庭、退休存钱,能够付得起汽油和杂货,到月底还有点存款的经济。想要一个能够鼓舞我们所有人,确保基本上共同繁荣的经济!

We all want a health care system that is universal, high-quality and affordable, so that parents no longer have to choose between care for themselves or their children or be stuck in dead-end jobs simply to keep their insurance.This isn't just an issue for me, it is a passion and a cause, and it is a fight I will continue until every single American is insured--no exceptions, no excuses。

我们都想要一个普遍的,高质量的、负担得起的医保系统,父母们不再要考虑照顾他们自己还是他们的孩子,或则不用为了保险而没日没夜地工作。这不仅仅是我的问题,这是激情,是事业,是我要继续奋斗的,为了让每个美国人,没有例外,没有借口的每个美国人都投保的斗争!

We all want an America defined by deep and meaningful equality--from civil rights to labor rights, from women's rights to gay rights, from ending discrimination to promoting unionization to providing help for the most important job there is: caring for our families.我们都希望有一个美国所界定的深入和有意义的平等;民事权到劳动权,妇女权到同性恋权,结束歧视到促进统一,再到为最重要的事情--关怀家庭--提供帮助。

We all want to restore America's standing in the world, to end the war in Iraq and once again lead by the power of our values, and to join with our allies to confront our shared challenges, from poverty and genocide to terrorism and global warming.我们都希望重塑美国在世界的形象,终止伊拉克战争,再一次让我们的价值观引导我们,同我们的盟友一起面对我们共同的,贫穷,杀戮,恐怖主义和全球变暖的挑战。

You know, I've been involved in politics and public life in one way or another for four decades.During those 40 years, our country has voted 10 times for president.Democrats won only three of those times.And the man who won two of those elections is with us today.对我来说,这样或那样的公众生活和政治生涯已经有四十年了。在这四十年里,我们的国家举行了十次总统选举。民主党只赢得了其中三次。今天,赢得这三次中的两场的人就和我们在一起。

We made tremendous progress during the 90s under a Democratic president, with a flourishing economy, and our leadership for peace and security respected around the world.Just think how much more progress we could have made over the past 40 years if we had a Democratic president.Think about the lost opportunities of these past seven years--on the environment and the economy, on health care and civil rights, on education, foreign policy and the Supreme Court.Imagine how far we could've come, how much we could've achieved, if we had just had a Democrat in the White House.90年代,在民主党的总统的领导下我们取得了极大的进步。经济的飞速发展和在和平和安全的领导地位使我们赢得了世界的尊重。可以想象,要是过去四十年我们也有一个民主党的总统,我们会取得如何巨大的进步。想一想过去的七年我们错失的良机吧,环境上的,经济上的,卫生保健上的,还有民权,教育,外交政策和最高法院上的。要是我们有一位民主党白宫主人,想一下我们走到了多远,我们取得了多少的成就。

We cannot let this moment slip away.We have come too far and accomplished too much.我们不能够让机会错失,我们期待得太久,奋斗得太长。

Now, the journey ahead will not be easy.Some will say we can't do it.That it's too hard.That we're just not up to the task.But for as long as America has existed, it has been the American way to reject “can't-do” claims, and to choose instead to stretch the boundaries of the possible through hard work, determination and a pioneering spirit.而今,前路并不平坦。有人说,那太难了,不是我们力所能及的,我们不可能梦想成真。但自从美国诞生以来,我们就有一个美国式的对“不可能”说不的方式----通过努力的奋斗,坚定的信念和积极的心态尽全力触摸那叫做可能的界限。

It is this belief, this optimism, that Senator Obama and I share, and that has inspired so many millions of our supporters to make their voices heard.这种信念,这份乐观,激励了我和奥巴马;这种信念,这份乐观,激励了百万的你们,让支持的声音响彻太空。

So today, I am standing with Senator Obama to say: Yes we can.因此今天,我选择和Obama参议员站在一起说:没错,我们能。

Together, we will work.We'll have to work hard to get universal health care.But on the day we live in an America where no child, no man and no woman is without health insurance, we will live in a stronger America.That's why we need to help elect Barack Obama our president.我们将一道奋斗,我们将全力以赴,以实现各人都可享有的医疗保健。一旦到了美国出现一个没有孩童,没有男人,没有妇女得不到医疗保健的美国的那天,我们就是生活在一个更加强大的美国里。那就是为何,我们必须帮助奥巴马去成为总统。

We'll have to work hard to get back to fiscal responsibility and a strong middle class.But on the day we live in an America whose middle class is thriving and growing again, where all Americans, no matter where they live or where their ancestors came from, can earn a decent living, we will live in a stronger America, and that is why we must elect Barack Obama our president.我们将全力以赴,重掌财政责任和一个强势的中产阶级。一旦到了美国出现中产阶级再次繁荣成长,不管他们或者他们的祖先来自何方,能得到一个体面收入的那天,我们就是生活在一个更加强大的美国里。那就是为何,我们必须帮助奥巴马去成为总统。

We'll have to work hard to foster the innovation that makes us energy-independent and lift the threat of global warming from our children's future.But on the day we live in an America fueled by renewable energy, we will live in a stronger America.That's why we have to help elect Barack Obama our president.我们将全力以赴,鼓励创新,以使能源需求独立,并让我们的孩子远离全球变暧的威胁。一旦到了美国使用了可再生能源的那天,我们就是生活在一个更加强大的美国里。那就是为何,我们必须帮助奥巴马去成为总统。

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