第一篇：Ogj-di_o研究生英语综合教程上 unit 9-10 reading focus 精校文字版文库
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吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也；吾尝而望矣，不如登高之博见也。
－－《荀子·劝学》
THE HOUSING CRISIS GOES SUBURBANSeventy years after President Franklin D.Roosevelt declared that the Depression had left one-third of the American people “ill-housed, ill-clothed and ill-nourished,”2 Americans are well-clothed and increasingly over nourished.But the scarcity of affordable housing is a deepening national crisis, and not just for inner-city families on welfare.The problem has climbed the income ladder and moved to the suburbs, where service workers cram their families into overcrowded apartments, college graduates have to crash with their parents, and firefighters, police officers and teachers can't afford to live in the communities they serve.Home ownership is near an all-time high, but the gap is growing between the Owns and the Own-Nots —as well as the Owns and the Own-80-Miles-From-Work.One-third of Americans now spend at least 30% of their income on housing, the federal definition of an “unaffordable” burden, and half the working poor spend at least 50% of their income on rent, a “critical” burden.The real estate boom of the past decade has produced windfalls for Americans who owned before it began, but affordable housing is now a serious problem for more low-and moderate-income Americans than taxes, Social Security4 or gas prices.America used to care a lot about affordable housing.Roosevelt signed housing legislation in 1934 and 1937, providing mortgages, government apartments and construction jobs for workers down on their luck.In 1949, Congress.set an official goaljjf “a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family,” and in 1974, President Richard M.Nixon began offering subsidized rent vouchers to millions of low-income tenants in private housing.For half a century, most housing debates in Washington revolved around how much to expand federal assistance.4 But for the past two decades, the only new federal housing initiative has been HOPE VI5, a Clinton administration program that has demolished 80,000 units of the worst public housing and built mixed-income developments in their place.The program has eliminated most of the high-rise hellholes that gave public housing a bad name and has revived some urban neighborhoods.But it has razed more subsidized apartments than it has replaced.Overall, the number of households receiving federal aid has flatlined since the early 1990s, despite an expanding population and a ballooning budget.Congress has rejected most of President Bush's proposed cuts, but there has been virtually no discussion of increases;affordable-housing advocates spend most of their time fighting to preserve the status quo.And it's a tough status quo.Today, for every one of the 4.5 million low-income families that receive federal housing assistance, there are three eligible families without it.Fairfax County has 12,000 families on a waiting list for 4,000 assisted apartments.“It's golden when you get one—nobody wants to give it up,” says Conrad Egan, chairman of the Fairfax housing authority.It sounds odd, but the victims of today's housing crisis are not people living in “the projects”, but people who aren't even that lucky.Some liberals6 dream of extending subsidies to all eligible low-income families, but that $100 billion-a-year solution was unrealistic even before the budget deficit ballooned again.So even some housing advocates now support time limits on most federal rent aid.The time limits included in welfare reform 10 years ago were controversial, but studies suggest they've helped motivate
recipients to get off the dole.And unlike welfare, housing aid is not a federal entitlement, so taking it away from one family after a few years would provide a break for an equally deserving family.“It's a no-brainer,” says David Smith, an affordable-housing advocate in Boston.“You can't sustain the internal contradiction of no limits.”The root of the problem is the striking mismatch between the demand for and the supply of affordable housing —or, more accurately, affordable housing near jobs.Fifteen million families now spend at least half their income on housing, according to Harvard's Joint_CenterfOTHousing Studies: many skimp on health care, child care and food to do so.Others reduce their rents by overcrowding, which studies link to higher crime rates, poorer academic performance and poorer health;Los Angeles alone has 620.000 homes with more than one person per room.Other workers are enduring increasingly long commutes from less expensive communities, a phenomenon known as “driving to qualify”.This creates all kinds of lousy outcomes—children who don't get to see their parents, workers who can't make ends meet when gas prices soar, exurban sprawl, roads clogged with long-distance commuters emitting greenhouse gases.“I don't think we're creating strong communities by forcing people into their cars four hours a day,” says Cathy Hudgins.chairwoman of the housing committee for the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors.Affordable housing also helps make communities competitive;it's not clear how Fairfax can keep creating jobs if workers can't afford to live there.The best thing local officials can do to promote affordable housing is to get out of the way—stop requiring one-acre lots and two-car garages, and stop blocking low-income and high-density projects.Washington politicians, on the other hand, have the federal budget at their disposal.But Congress hasn't supported new construction since the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit of 1986, which creates nearly 100,000 units of affordable housing a year, enough to replace half the units that are torn down or converted to market rents.Bush proposed a home-ownership tax credit during his 2000 and 2004 campaigns, but it turned out to be the rare tax cut he didn't pursue.A bill pending in Congress would divert a percentage of profits from federally chartered institutions such as Fannie Mae to a national affordable-housing trust fund8, but it seems stalled.The only affordability ideas with any traction at the national level are not really housing ideas;for example, one way to make housing more affordable to workers would be to raise their incomes—through higher minimum wages, lower payroll taxes or an expanded Earned Income Tax Credit.There is one clear solution to the affordable-housing crisis: a real estate crash.It's the one housing issue that attracts media attention—because it would hurt the Owns.But while an easing of prices could be devastating for lower-income Owns with risky mortgages, it probably wouldn't bring home ownership within reach for many Own-Nots.Prices have too far to fall;in 2000, two-thirds of the home sales in Fairfax were for $250,000 or less, but last year, fewer than one-twentieth were.And even a modest price slump could trigger a construction slowdown that would make shortages of affordable housing for moderate-income families even worse.Eventually, politicians may rediscover housing—not as an urban poverty issue, but as a middle-class quality-of-life issue, like gas prices or health care.Home ownership is often described as the American dream, but these days many workers would settle for a decent rental that won't bankrupt their families.ACADEMY IN TIMES OF CRISISToday the academy holds a highly privileged place in American society because of a about the long-standing national consensus about the value of education.One of my predecessors, President Harold Dodds, said in his inaugural address in 1933 that “No country spends money for education, public or private, so lavishly as does the United States.Americans have an almost childlike faith in what formal education can do for them.” That faith is based on a conviction that the vitality of theUnited States, its creative and diverse cultural life, its is national security and the robustness of its democratic institutions owe much to the quality of institutions of higher education.Our society’s confidence in its institutions of higher education is expressed through the generous investments of the federal and state government in basic and applied research, investment that wisely couple support for research with support for graduate education.It is also expresses through federal and state investments that subsidize the cost of higher education for those who cannot afford to pay, investments by private foundations and charities who see collegesand universities as the best routes for achieving their strategic goals, and investments by individuals and by the private sector, who see universities as the incubators of future health and prosperity.In return for this broad support, society rightfully expects certain things from us.It expects the generation of new ideas and the discovery of new knowledge, the exploration of complex issues in an open and collegial manner and the preparation of the next generation of citizens and leaders.In times of trouble, it is especially important that we live up to these expectations.The medieval image of the university as an ivory tower, with scholars turned inward in solitary contemplation, immunized from the cares of the day, is an image that has been superseded by the modern university constructed not of ivory, but of a highly porous material, one that allows free diffusion in both directions.The academy is of the world, not apart from it.Its ideals, crafted over many generations, are meant to suffuse the national consciousness.Its scholars and teachers are meant to move in and out of the academy in pursuit of opportunities to use their expertise in public service, in pursuit of creative work that will give us illumination and insight and in pursuit of ways to turn laboratory discoveries into useful things.Our students engage the world with a strong sense of civic responsibility, and when they graduate they become alumni who do the same.This is as it should be.The search for new ideas and knowledge is not and cannot be motivated by utilitarian concerns.Rather it depends on the ability to think in new and creative ways.When the Nobel laureate John Nash developed the mathematical concepts underlying non-cooperative game theory8 as a graduate student at Princeton, he could not foresee that those concepts would be used today to analyze election strategies and the causes of war and to make predictions about how people will act.When Professor of Molecular Biology Eric Wieschaus' set out as a young scientist to identify genes that pattern the body plan of the fruit fly embryo, he could not know that he would identify genes that play a central role in the development of human cancer.We have learned that we cannot predict with any accuracy how discoveries and scholarship will influence future generations.We also have learned that it is unwise to search only in predictable places, for new knowledge often depends upon preparing fertile ground in^obscure places where serendipity and good luck, as well as deep intelligence, can sprout.Freedom of inquiry, which is one of our most cherished organizing principles, is not just a moral imperative, it is a practical necessity.Just as we have an obligation to search widely for knowledge, so we also have an obligation to ensure that the scholarly work of the academy is widely disseminated, so that others can correct it when necessary, or build on it, or use it to make better decisions, develop better products or construct better plans.In the days ahead, I hope that our country's decision-makers will draw on the knowledge that resides on our campuses, on historians who can inform the present through deep understanding of the past, philosophers who can provide frameworks for working through issues of right and wrong, economists whose insights can help to get the economy back on track, engineers who know how to build safer buildings, scientists who can analyze our vulnerabilities to future attack and develop strategies for reducing those vulnerabilities, and scholars in many fields who can help us understand the motivations of those who would commit acts of terrorism here and throughout the world.Let me now turn to the third obligation that we have to society: the education of the next generation of citizens and leaders.Princeton's view of what constitutes a liberal arts education was expressed well by Woodrow Wilson, our 13th President, whose eloquent words I read at Opening Exercises:“What we should seek to impart in our colleges, is not so much learning itself as the spirit of learning.It consists in the power to distinguish good reasoning from bad, in the power to digest and interpret evidence, in the habit of catholic observation and a preference for the non-partisan point of view, in an addiction to clear and logical processes of thought and yet an instinctive desire to interpret rather than to stick to the letter of reasoning, in a taste for knowledge and a deep respect for the integrity of the human mind.”Wilson, and the presidents who followed him, rejected the narrow idea of a liberal arts education as preparation for a profession.While understanding the importance of professional education, they made it clear that at Princeton we should first and foremost cultivate the qualities of thought and discernment in our students in the belief that this will be most conducive to the health of our society.Thus we distinguish between the acquisition of information, something that is essential for professional training, and the development of habits of mind that can be applied in any profession.Consequently we celebrate when the classics scholar goes to medical school, the physicist becomes a member of Congress, or the historian teaches primary school.If we do our job well as educators, each of our students will take from a Princeton education a respect and appreciation for ideas and values, intellectual openness and rigor, practice in civil discourse and a sense of civic responsibility.During these troubled times, our students and our alumni will be called upon to exercise these qualities in their professions, their communities and their daily lives.By so doing, and through their leadership, their vision and their courage, they will help to fulfill Princeton's obligation to society and bring true meaning to our motto, “Princeton in the nation's service and in the service of all nations.”
第二篇：研究生英语综合教程(上)Unit9_TextB
Is Affordable Housing Becoming An Oxymoron?
Hal R.Varian
现在，房子似乎贵得没人买得起。当然，经济学家更了解情况。从短期来看，大部分地区的住房供应或多或少是固定的。因此，房价主要取决于市场的需求力——即人们在住房方面愿意花多少钱。在过去的几年里，抵押贷款利率降至历史最低点，而这直接刺激了住房需求。在一些地区，特别是在东南海岸，这些地区受到用地限制影响，住房供应量很难再增加，房价已被推高到前所未有的水平。
抵押贷款利率是否造成了房价泡沫，这一直是个有争议的问题。经济学对“泡沫”一词，并没有一个公认的定义，但有种观点称，住房需求的一个重要部分基于人们对未来房价增值的预期，房价越是走高，越有人愿意购买，以便从他们预期会增值的未来房价中获取收益，这进一步推动了房价上涨。
引用艾伦·格林斯潘的话来说，市场中很可能存在一些“泡沫”，特别是在沿海地区。但即使泡沫退去，那些地区的住房仍然相当昂贵。有什么解决办法吗？
一些城市已经启动住房补贴计划，为新的业主提供各种类型的资助。不幸的是，这些计划恰恰进一步扩大需求，推动房价上涨。事实上，在一个持续供应住房的理想市场，对大部分买卖提供10%的补贴，只会使房价上涨10%。这种先自付、后补贴的房价政策，其结果又回到了起点。
如果你真想让房价下降，你会增收房产税，与强行补贴类似，房产税增加10%会使房价下跌10%。当然，住房的总费用（购买价加上税的当前价值）将保持不变，所以这也没有真正解决住房费用问题。
在加利福尼亚州，税收政策在房价动态变化方面已发挥出重大作用。1978年通过的13号议案将业主自住房的房产税增幅限制在每年2%。但是当住房出售时，房产税是根据售价评估的，这意味着新业主通常面临着显著高于旧业主的房产税。
13号议案被称为“搬家税”。事实上确实如此，因为对于加州房主来说，改造原有住房要比搬离原住房实惠得多。对比装修和买卖的税收费用，在原有三间卧室的房子里再添一间卧室要比买一套类似的四间卧室的房子便宜得多。出于同样的原因，“空巢一族”的最佳做法是卖掉住房搬住俄勒冈州。这似乎已经成为相当普遍的做法，至少在某些特定群体中已经相当普遍。
那么，高房价的问题怎么解决？基础经济学告诉我们，要想房价下降，我们必须减少住房需求或增加住房供给。在需求方面还有希望做到。随着利率的上升，我们会看到需求减缓；的确，一些地区的房价走势开始趋于平缓。
最后，要使人们买得起房，唯一可靠的方法是增加住房供应量。但是，建一座新房子需要一块被划为住房用地的土地。我们不能制造更多的土地，因此，我们必须加强现有土地的使用，或者在离工作更远的地方建房子。这两个选项都不吸引人，在加州的城市里，交通日益拥挤，这就限制了人们的住所与工作场所间的距离。在许多理想的住宅区，土地的使用受到严格的限制，而且各种政治力量一致反对放宽这些限制。
想象一下，有人精打细算省下钱，在一块一英亩的地皮上买下了理想的住房。他最不想看到他邻居的地被二次分割，建成两三座新房子。这样做不仅会影响到他的生活质量，更重要的是，也将影响他住房的价值。因为土地划分法和土地使用限制推高了房价，所以寻求便宜住房的人不喜欢。但出于同样的原因，一旦这位寻房者成为了房主，他往往变成这些限制政策的狂热支持者。正如谱戈所说的那样：“我们所遇到的敌人就是我们自己”。
第三篇：研究生英语综合教程(下)单词表
adversity n 逆境、不幸、厄运 aftermath n 后果、余波 alleyway n 小巷、胡同 altruism n 利他主义、无私
anodyne adj 不冒犯他人的、四平八稳的 aspire v 最求、渴望、有志于
bliss n 极乐，无上幸福 bona fide adj 真正的、真实的
bromide n 意在使人消气却没有效果的话 dazed adj 茫然的、迷乱的、恍惚的
encompass v 覆盖、围住
excruciating adj 剧烈疼痛的
gratifying adj 令人高兴的、使人满足的 harrowing adj 折磨人的、可怕的、令人痛苦的 ineffable adj 难以名状的、不可言喻 legacy n 遗留下来的状况
mind-blowing adj 令人极度的、非常奇怪的 neurological n 神经的
nostalgia n 对往昔事物的留恋、怀旧情绪 ordeal n 可怕的经历、痛苦的折磨
paramountadj 至高无上的、最重要的 province n 范围、领域、职责范围 preoccupied adj 全神贯注的、入神的
refrain n 一再重复的话
rheumatoid arthritis n 类风湿性关节炎 shrivel v 皱缩、干枯、干瘪
steroid n 类固醇
tranquil adj平静的、宁静的、安谧的
traumatic adj 痛苦难忘的、造成精神创伤的 tribulation n 苦难
ultramarathoner n 超级马拉松 vomit v 呕吐、呕出、吐出
wimp n 懦弱无用的人
anecdote n
趣闻、轶事
auditory adj 听觉的 boon n
恩物、有用之物
circuitry n 电路系统 conduit
n
渠道、通道 consortium n
财团、联合企业
curtail
v
缩减、消减 decoder n 解码器
disengaged
adj 自由的、未约束的
duly adv 适当的、恰当的 etch v 蚀刻、fidgety
adj 烦躁的、坐立不安的
footnote n 脚注 forage
v
四处搜寻 godsend v 及时雨 hyperlink n 超文本链接 ideogram n 表意文字
longish adj 略长的、相当长的 neural
adj 神经的、神经系统的
pithy adj 精辟的 remap
v
重新绘制
staccato adj 断音的、断奏的 telltale
adj 暴露真相
terse adj 简短的 thicket
n
灌木丛、小树丛
voracious adj 贪吃的 wayward adj 倔强的 adversary n 对手 almighty god n 全能的上帝
anew adv 重新 beachhead n 滩头堡 belabor v 强调
embattled adj 问题缠身 engulf v 严重影响
foe n 敌人
forebear n 祖先、祖宗 heed v 听从
invective n 咒骂 invoke v 唤起 outpace v 超过、胜过
reverend adj 值得尊敬的 subversion n 颠覆 symbolize v 象征 tribulation n 苦难 twilight n 曙光暮色 tyranny n 暴政 unleash v 释放出、发泄
writ n 书面命令
anemic adj 没有活力的
awash adj 被水或其他液体浸过的 bawl v 叫嚷、大喊 bawl n 叫嚷、大喊 bleach v 使变淡、变白 coyote n 丛林狼 decipher v 辨认、解释
defiant adj 违抗的、挑衅的
defoliate v 使….落叶
dictum n 断言、意见、宣言
doe n
雌兔、雌鹿
dust bowl n
干旱尘暴区 extirpate v 消灭、根除
fang n 尖牙
ford v
涉水而过
gleanings n 费力搜索到的零星信息 juniper n
刺柏、maul v 撕…的皮肉、抓裂 maze n
迷宫似得的街道/小路 melee n 混乱局面 molder v
腐烂、腐朽
rattle n
格格声
requisite n 必需品
sage n 鼠尾草 scuffle
n
扭打 seedling n 种苗、幼苗 shears n 大剪刀
spruce v
显得更加整齐干净
supple adj 灵活的 tingle v 感到刺痛 torrent n
湍流、急流
tyro n 新手、生手 wag v 狗摇尾巴 whinny nv（马）撕叫 willow n 柳树
writhe v 剧烈地扭动身体
affective adj 感情
anecdotal adj 轶事的、趣闻的 arousal
n
唤起 beset v 困扰、使苦恼
缺乏兴趣
pretest n 预先测试
adj 避免引人注目的 微妙的思想 取代、代替 蝌蚪 adj 难吃的 disinterest n fester v irritant 恶化 n
self-effacing subtlety n 烦躁的事物 心态 讣告
强烈感情的不断流露
supplant v tadpole
n mentality n obituary n outpouring n
unpalatable peripheral adj 次要的、非主要的
populist adj 声称代表人民的、平明主义的 sermon n 布道、讲道
通过报业联合会安排出售给多家报刊syndicate v 发表
audible adj 声音听得见
auspicious adj 吉利的、吉祥的 bulky adj 庞大的、宽大的 circumscribe comport v v 约束、限制
行动、表现
举止、行为 comportment n cosmopolitan adj 见识广的、兼容并包的 delineate v 描绘、描写
人口统计数据 demographics n detergent n distaste n 洗涤剂、洗衣粉 不喜欢 特许经营权 franchise n garish adj 过于艳丽的
普遍性、共同性 generality n ingrained adj 根深蒂固的、难以改变的 jolly adj 欢乐的、愉快的 miniscule（minuscule）nuance n 细微差别 adj 很小
第四篇：研究生英语综合教程(上)翻译
Unit One
核心员工的特征
1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。”
2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。
3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。”
5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从 “单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。6特征2：紧迫感
唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。
7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。”
8特征3：风险容忍度
企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。
9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。” 10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。11特征4：善于处理人际关系 瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。” 12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。
Unit Four
下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。
爱和情感连系
奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯 1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源。众所周知，缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题，如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病，这些病有时会伴随他们一生。而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快，哭得少，而笑得多。到了五岁时，他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多。
2很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。
3对自己的爱，或者说自爱，对我们的社会性和情感发展也是至关重要的。女演员梅·韦斯特曾说过，“我从没有像爱自己那样爱过别人。”虽然这样的话听起来似乎有些以自我为中心，实际上却是相当有见地。社会学家将自爱描述为自尊的一个重要基础。从别的方面来说，自我喜欢的人更乐于接受批评，对别人的要求也不那么苛刻。弗罗姆(1956)认为自爱是爱别人的先决条件。不喜欢自己的人也许不懂得回报爱，而却有可能不停地寻找爱的关系来改变卑微的自我形象。那么到底什么是爱?是什么让人们走到一起?
4爱是一个难以描述的概念。我们都经历过爱，觉得我们知道爱是什么，然而当被问到什么是爱时，人们给出的答案却不尽相同，比如一个九岁的男孩说，“爱像雪崩，你必须快跑才能活命。”爱对我们来说意味着什么，这取决于我们所指的是家人之间、朋友之间还是恋人之间的爱。几百年来爱都是灵感、俏皮的揶揄、甚至是政治活动的来源。
5爱有很多层面，它可能是浪漫的，令人激动的，让人着迷的，或者是非理性的。它也可能是柏拉图式的，令人平静的，无私的，或者理智的。许多研究者觉得爱没有一个唯一的定义，它有程度和强度之分，并且跨越了社会背景。拥有恋爱关系至少需要具备三个元素：1)愿意取悦和迁就另一方，即使需要妥协或牺牲；2)能接受另一方的错误和缺点；3)关心爱人的幸福像关心自己一样。而且，说自己
“处于恋爱中”的人们重视相互之间的关心、亲密和忠诚。6不管是哪种类型的爱，关心另一方是非常必要的。虽然爱可能包含激情的渴望，然而相互尊重才是更重要的品质。相互尊重是所有爱的共性：“我想要我爱的人为他自己成长发展，并且用他自己的方式，而不是为了迎合我。”如果没有尊重和关怀，两人的关系就不是建立在爱的基础上；反而成为一种不健康的或者是具有占有欲的依赖，而这会限制爱的双方在社会、情感和智力方面的发展。7爱，特别是长久的爱，和我们从好莱坞、电视、或爱情小说中获得的对爱和狂热的性爱的印象完全不同。由于这些印象的缘故，许多人对爱有各种各样的误解，这些误解常常会导致不现实的期望、固定模式或幻觉破灭。事实上，“真”爱更接近于一位作家(约翰逊，1995)所称的“搅燕麦粥之爱”。这种爱既不令人激动也不能令人兴奋，但是它却是实实在在的，不浪漫的。它是付账单，倒垃圾，刷马桶，孩子生病时守夜，以及完成其他各种各样不那么性感的“搅燕麦粥”的任务。
8有些伴侣们轮流来“搅燕麦粥”，其他人则寻求一种能带来浪漫的烛光美餐的恋爱关系。不管我们是否决定建立认真的恋爱关系，是什么样的爱让我们走到一起? 9一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。
10从童年开始，父母们就通过选择某个街区和学校，或是鼓励或是限制孩子未来的情感关系。在青少年早期，同伴们的标准也会影响青少年决定哪些情感关系是可以接受的(“你想和谁约会?”)。甚至在13岁之前，情感经历就由社会和群体的活动和期望所决定和培养起来了。虽然爱情可以跨越文化和民族的界线，但批评和赞同教会了我们什么是可以接受的浪漫行为和与谁发生浪漫行为。一个人也许会对另一个人产生“欲望”，但是如果有强烈的文化或族群反对，我们中的大多数人即使有这样的渴望也不会因此而爱上某人的。
11里根和波谢德(1999)曾把贪欲、性欲和浪漫的爱加以区分。他们把贪欲描述为身体上的而非情感上的兴奋，是一种有意识的或无意识的状态。相反性欲是一种心理状态，在这种心理状态下，一个人想建立一种目前还不具有的恋爱关系，或者是想进行一种目前还没有进行的行为。性欲可能会成为或不会成为浪漫的爱情(作者把浪漫的爱情等同于充满激情或性欲的爱)。里根和波谢德认为：性欲是点燃并维持浪漫爱情的必要成分。一旦性爱消失了，一个人就不能再说成是还处在浪漫恋情中。一旦欲望消失了，失望的恋人就会诧异原来他们关系中的“火花”去哪儿了，他们可能会很遗憾地(而且渴望地)怀念“过去的美好时
光”。
12然而，我们不应就此得出性欲总是以身体的亲密接触告终，或性与浪漫爱情是同一回事的结论。结了婚的伴侣们可以深爱对方，即使很少或从来没有身体的亲密接触。此外，爱，尤其是长期的爱，和浪漫的爱是有很大区别的。健康的恋爱关系，不管它们是有性的或是无性的(比如对家人的爱)都反映了关怀、亲密和忠诚的平衡。Unit Five
“瑜伽”这个词源于梵语，意思是“结合”或“联合”，传统上瑜伽是一种把个人和神，万物之灵或无穷的意识联合在一起的方法。为了帮助达到这个也被称为“自我超越”或“启蒙”的目的，设计了身体上和精神上的锻炼方法。在身体上，设计了各种瑜伽姿势来使人的身体结实、强壮，有协调性，练习这些体位能使脊柱变得柔软健康，血液更通畅地到达各器官、腺或人体组织，从而使身体各系统更健康穹在精神上，瑜伽使用呼吸法和冥想使心境平和、澄净，精神得到很好的修养。但是专家们很快指出瑜伽不是一种宗教，而是将健康与平和的心境结合在一起的一种生活方式。
瑜伽在美国
道格拉斯·多普勒 1瑜伽起源于古印度，是世界上最古老的哲学体系之一。一些学者估计，瑜伽至少有5,000年的历史；印度曾出土过3,000年前的表现瑜伽姿势的手工艺品。瑜伽师们认为，经过几千年的考验和完善，瑜伽已经发展成为一门养生的成熟科学。19世纪晚期，印度学者、瑜伽师斯瓦米·维韦卡南达在芝加哥做了一场关于冥想的演讲，从此瑜伽传人了美国。慢慢地有人开始练习瑜伽，并在20世纪60年代东方哲学热盛行的时候形成了学习瑜伽的高潮。从此，瑜伽知识在美国传播开来，许多学徒专程前往印度学习，很多印度瑜伽师也来到美国教学，创办了大量瑜伽学校。今天的美国，瑜伽已十分盛行，瑜伽教练和练习者随处可见。最近一项由《瑜伽月刊》委托洛普民调机构所做的调查显示，有1,100万的美国人至少会偶尔做一次瑜伽，另有600万的美国人会经常做瑜伽。瑜伽已被广泛应用于身体治疗和专业运动队的日常训练，做瑜伽的好处也被电影明星和《财富》杂志世界500强企业的总裁们争相吹捧。许多医学名校已经研究并提出能够有效缓解疾病和压力的瑜伽术了。包括加州大学洛杉矶分校在内的一些医学院甚至还为内科医学专业的学生开设了瑜伽课程。
2美国有许多不同的哈他(传统)瑜伽学派，其中影响最大的是艾扬格派和阿斯汤加派。艾扬格瑜伽的创立者是波·可·斯·艾扬格，他是世界上目前仍健在的最伟大的瑜伽改革者之一。艾扬格瑜伽十分注重姿势的精准，它采用新的方式和顺序练习传统瑜伽。艾扬格瑜伽有助于身体治疗，因为它允许练习者使用瑜伽伸展带、瑜伽砖等辅助器材来减少做瑜伽动作的难度。阿斯汤加瑜伽有着更精准的要求，练习者要用舞蹈般流畅的动作来练习传统瑜伽，从而使身体发热，并通过出汗和深呼吸来净化自己的身体。
3做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度，这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。4能向瑜伽教练或身体治疗师学习瑜伽是最好不过了，但因为瑜伽入门并不难，所以也可以从大量的介绍瑜伽的正规书籍中自学它的基本动作。瑜伽课的学费一般不贵，平均一堂课10美元，学员们在几节课内就能学会基础的瑜伽动作。许多地方的基督教青年会、大学和社区健康协会都开办有瑜伽入门学习班，而且通常只象征性地收取一点儿费用。如果是作为身体治疗项目的一部分，瑜伽费用还能算在医疗保险的范围之内。
5瑜伽还能带来和精心设计的练习一样的效果，使人增强体质、焕发活力，并帮助人们舒缓压力和久坐带来的疲劳。瑜伽的另一个优点是，除了地心引力外，它不需承担额外的阻力，这使它成为身体治疗方法的不二之选；特定的瑜伽动作能安全有效地增强人的力量，提高身体的平衡度。6研究表明，冥想能帮助人们缓解压力。哈佛心脏医学家赫伯特·班森在他划时代的著作《放松反应》里说道，冥想和呼吸技巧能使身体放松，达到与压力相反的效果，并使血压等一系列指标回落。从那以后，越来越多的研究都重申了冥想对减压和身体健康的积极影响。现在，美国医学协会已推荐把冥想疗法替代药物治疗用于治疗疑似高血压的第一步了。
7现代心理学研究表明，即使细微的表情变化也会引起神经系统的自主改变；而瑜伽正是身体和心灵的绝妙结合——瑜伽练习的中心思想就是，身体的姿态将影响人的心情和自我意识，而人的精神又能塑造和治愈人的身体。瑜伽练习者认为，精神／体质的加强最终将为生活的各方面都带来好处。
8虽然有些姿势并不适合所有人练习，但是任何年龄段的人在任何条件下都能练习瑜伽。练瑜伽的准备工作也很简单；只需一块可以伸展肢体的平地、一块草垫或毛巾和一个足以抬起手臂的空间就可以展开练习了。对去不了体育馆、不喜欢其他体育运动和十分忙碌的人来说，瑜伽是一项再好不过的活动了。练习时应穿着宽松舒适的服装并保持空腹，瑜伽师推荐饭后三小时以上为宜。
9初学者在练习时应集中注意力，小心动作不要做得太过太快，以免受伤。一些高阶的瑜伽动作，如头倒立式和全莲花坐式，需要有很好的力量、柔韧性和日积月累的练习作准备，因此初学者应在瑜伽师的指导下做这些动作。10瑜伽不是竞技体育；练瑜伽不需要和别人比，练瑜伽的目的是提高自己的觉悟和身心自律能力。做瑜伽必须保持姿势的正确，一旦感到疼痛、头晕或疲劳就必须停止。做瑜伽时，身体和精神一样重要，要注意集中精力去感受呼吸。练习时必须心胸开阔、平和；当你伸展肢体做每一个瑜伽动作时，你就是在接受挑战去达到自己的极限。不耐烦、自责和与他人相比都不利于这一过程中自我认识的实现。当练习呼吸法(调息)和冥想法(禅定)时，最好由经验丰富的瑜伽师来指导，因为一旦练习不当，这些技巧性很强的动作会使人感到头晕不适。
11虽然瑜伽的发源地与现代美国文化迥异，但它却得到了认同，并很快地传播开来。许多世纪以来，瑜伽只是在极少信徒的言传身教中得以流传，而今它在美国快速普及，这使许多瑜伽师感到很惊异。
12也有一些人反对瑜伽，因为勤奋忙碌的美国人很难相信这项要他们放慢速度、集中精力进行深呼吸的运动会比举重或慢跑更有效。然而，越来越多的来自顶尖医学院的研究结果表明，瑜伽对全身健康和特殊病症都有好处，这也使越来越多的人接受这项健康的运动。
Unit Seven
我对人类的了解越多，对他们的期望就越低。和以前相比，我现在常常以较宽松的标准把一个人叫做好人。
——塞缪尔〃约翰逊博士 论人性
弗兰克，莉迪亚·汉默尔
1人性是性格、气质和性情的基础，性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的，它必须以这种基质的形式存在，并将它保留终生，这种基质，我们称之为一个人的本性。2人类的本性不会也不能改变，只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升；我们可以改变人们的风格、举止、衣着和习惯。一项历史研究表明，曾经行走在地球上的古人们和今天的男男女女们受着同样的基本力量驱使，被同样的激情左右并有着同样的抱负，时至今日，对幸福的追求仍然是全世界人类全身心投入的事业。
3此外，没有人希望改变自己的本性，有人可能会觊觎总统或国王的职位，但不会和他们交换位置，除非那意味着他自己身份的继续。每个人都把自己看成是独特个体，而且，就他而言，他就是宇宙的中心，有别于其他任何人。如果有人把史密斯先生误认作琼斯先生，这人就该道歉。4每个人都表现出一种与众不同的性格，而环境和教育对性格的影响都极其有限。两个人从相同的经历中也不会得出相同的结论，但是两个人会各自分析这些事件并将它们融合到自己丰富的生活模式中去。人性总是忠于它本身，而不受信仰或教育体制左右。一个人的个性和他独特的天性在出生时就已经形成了，而且不会改变。一个人与生俱来的品质，无论是否有机会发展，都保持为潜力。在遭受压力或兴趣变化的情况下，他们会部分或全部地消失相当一段时间，但是没有什么能永久地改变他们，也没有什么
能把他们抹去。
5人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能
够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝啬鬼也不可能变成慈善家。而且，一个人不会在五六十岁的时候变成谎话精、懦夫或叛徒，如果那时候他是，那么早在他性格形成的时候他就已经是了。大罪犯最初都是小罪犯，正如大橡树最初都是小橡果。
6尽管人类有完美的潜质，但事实上他远远没有达到完美。如果事实上他已经是完美的，那么那些神父、教师和人道主义者便会无事可做；那些教堂、学校、法庭和监狱便会无所用处。因此虽然人性是不可能改变的，但是人们可以研究它、控制它和引导它。而且这应该是我们的宗教机构、教育机构和社会机构的最高职能。
7人类在胚胎期是完美的，就好比一粒种子，在幼芽期是完美的一样。精神是完美的，但它栖居到人类肉体结构中后，便参与其中，表现出后者的不完美。在它与物质的联系过程中呈现出凡人的弱点、欲望和局限。但是精神，也就是人的内在，却仍能免遭邪恶的染指和玷污。只有外在的人——个性和躯体，由于无知、思想错误和违反自然规律而变得不完美。外在的人，原本也是完美的，但是由于人类如此的亵渎和滥用，今天，它已经与原型相去甚远。8人们想当然地认为人类是伟大和高尚的，尽管他的过错和弱点不断地暴露在我们面前。只有当人类行为偏离常规时才会引起人们的注意。人们对好邻居、良民、慈父和贞夫视而不见，但杀人犯、抢劫犯或殴打妻子的人却成为公众瞩目的焦点。因为这些行为非同寻常。
9人类固有的优点还体现在不计其数的英雄主义行为、充满无私和牺牲精神的举动上，每天我们都会读到人们冒着生命危险挽救他人生命的事迹：有人跃入水中拯救溺水的泳者；有人冲进火场将陌生人带出险境；有人从死亡的车轮下救出孩子；许多人献出鲜血使他人生命得以延续。数不胜数的不知姓名、不被记载的人们，不仅在战场上，而且还在战争的大后方，为了他们的同胞献出了生命。10人性不会也不能改变，它只展现它固有的模式。它有天性而且这种天性的规律是可知的。我们只能尽力去了解人类的真实面貌。
Unit Ten
普林斯顿大学校长在其任职演说中提到：与接受高等教育这项权利相伴的是各种义务。
危机时代，大学该扮演的角色 雪莉·M．泰夫曼
1今天，由于长期以来美国人对教育价值的共识，大学在美国社会中占有得天独厚的地位。一位前任校长哈罗德·多兹1933年在就职演说中曾提到，“没有哪个国家像美国这样，不论对公立教育还是私立教育的投入都是如此
地慷慨大方。美国人民对正规教育所能起到的作用抱有一种近乎天真的信念。”这一信念是在这样一个深信不疑的基础上确立的，即美国的活力、它富有创造性和多样化的文化生活、它具有惊人独创力的经济、它的国家安全以及它健全的民主制度——极大地依赖于其高等教育机构的质量。
2我国社会对高等教育机构的信心通过以下几点表现出来：联邦政府和州政府对基础研究和应用研究给予大量投资，这些投资明智地将对研究的支持与对研究生教育的支持结合起来；联邦政府和州政府对无力负担高等教育学费的学生给予资助；一些私人基金会和慈善机构给予投资，他们认为高等院校是达成其战略目标的最佳途径；一些个人和私人部门给予投资，他们认为高等院校是未来健康发展和富裕繁荣的孵化器。社会当然期望我们能有所作为以回报这种广泛的支持。社会期望我们产生新思想，开发新知识，以一种开放和共同协作的方式探索复杂的问题，培养未来一代公民和领导者。当处于困境的时候，我们不辜负这些期望就尤为重要。
3中世纪大学的形象是一座象牙塔，学者们远离社会进行孤独的沉思，不关心窗外之事——这一形象已被现代大学所取代——现代大学不是象牙构筑的，而是高度开放的机构，允许内外自由交流。高校是属于社会的，而不是游离于社会之外的。高校的理想，经由多少代人的铸造，旨在渗入国民意识之中。学者和教师必定要周旋于学院内外以寻觅运用他们的才能为公众服务的机会，寻觅能给我们带来启发和见识的创造性工作，寻觅把实验室的研究发现转化为实际应用的途径。我们的学生在从事社会活动时怀有一种强烈的公民责任意识，并且当他们毕业若干年后成为老校友时仍然会这样做。这些都是理所当然的。4探索新思想和新知识不是依靠也不应该依靠功利主义动机，而是依靠以新颖的和创造性的方式进行思考的能力。当诺贝尔奖获得者约翰·纳什在普林斯顿大学读研究生时推动了构成“非合作博弈论”基础的数学概念的发展时，他可能根本不会想到这些概念会在今天被用于分析选举策略、战争起因及预测人的行为表现等方面。当还是一名年轻科学家的分子生物学教授埃里克·维绍斯着手识别决定果蝇胚胎身体结构模式的基因时，他可能不知道他会识别出在推动对人类癌症的研究中起到关键性作用的基因。由此得知，我们无法准确地预测科学发现及学术成就将如何影响未来一代又一代的人们。同时，我们也得知，只在可预知的领域来挖掘知识是不明智的，因为新知识往往依赖于在未知领域准备好肥沃的土壤，在那些领域，好运气同深奥的智慧一样能开花结果。我们最珍视的组织原则之一——探索的自由，不仅仅从道德上说是必需的，而且它也是一个实际需要。
5就像我们有义务广泛寻求新知识一样，我们也有义务确保我们的学术研究能够被广泛地传播。只有这样，别人才能对其做出必要的修正，或将其发扬光大，或依据它来作
出更好的决定，开发出更好的产品，或构建出更好的规划。在日后的岁月中，我希望我们国家的决策者根据留存于大
学的知识来做决定，咨询能通过对过去的深刻理解而洞悉现在的历史学家们；咨询能提供明辨是非原则的哲学家们；咨询能以其洞察力使经济回归正轨的经济学家们；咨询知道如何建造更安全建筑的工程师们；咨询能分析我们容易招致未来袭击的软肋并能制订出弥补这些弱点的战略的科学家们；以及咨询能帮助我们弄清恐怖分子在我国及世界各地实施恐怖行动的动机的多个领域的学者们。6现在，请允许我来阐述一下我们应对社会所尽的第三项义务：培育下一代的公民与领导者。普林斯顿大学所提倡的对大学文科教育的见解，我校第13任校长伍德罗。威尔逊曾作过精辟的表述，我在开学典礼上曾诵读过他的雄辩的语句：“在大学里我们应当努力传授的，与其说是知识本身还不如说是做学问的精神。它包括：辨别正确推理与错误推理的能力，消化与阐释论据的能力，广泛观察的习惯，对于持客观见解的偏好，执着于清晰有条理的思维过程，本能地热衷于阐释内涵而不拘泥于推论的字面意思，对知识的鉴赏力，对人类健全心智的无限尊重。” 7威尔逊及其继任者们拒绝这一狭隘的观念：即大学文科教育只限于为某种职业做准备。他们在了解职业教育重要性的同时，更清楚在普林斯顿首先应该培养学生的思考能力和洞察力，坚信这才最有益于社会健全发展。因此我们对以下两方面做了区分：对职业素质的培养有重要作用的信息获取和能够应用于任何职业的思维习惯的发展。所以，当古典文学家走进医学院、物理学家成为国会议员或历史学家执教小学的时候，我们便感到庆幸。如果我们作为教育家做好我们的工作，我们的每一个学生将从普林斯顿的教育中学会尊重和欣赏各种理念与价值、思维的开放与严谨、社交实践与公民责任感。在这困难重重的年代，我们将号召我们的学生和校友们在他们的职业中、在他们的团体和日常生活中实践这些品质。通过这样做，通过他们的领导力、洞察力和勇气，他们将帮助履行普林斯顿对社会的义务和实践我们的座右铭：“普林斯顿——为国家服务，为世界服务!”
第五篇：新潮研究生英语综合教程课后作文
新潮研究生英语综合教程作文
Does Machine Translation will take the place of Literary Translation?
In recent years, all kinds of electronic dictionaries and translation software have been developed.With the development of technology, these electronic dictionaries and softwares can help us translate not only words and phrases, but even sentences and paragraphs.So some people come to the conclusion that machine translation will replace traditional human translation.However, I couldn't agree with this argument.Admittedly,translation machines and softwares bring much convenience for our study.Electronic dictionaries and softwares can assist us find some new words quickly and accurately,especially, some generic terms.It still can provide an alternative choices for our translation though it always translate word by word.What's more , with a translation software we needn't bother to live through the heavy dictionaries.However, machine translation can not take the place of literary translation due to its limitations.First, generally speaking, translation software only can give direct translation, which sometimes don't consonant with the original articles in logic and meaning,let alone the grammar.Second,Literary Translation is more elegant and fluent.Considering the above mentioned, I believe there is no possibility that machine translation can replace Literary translation until the grammatic problem are solved due to the development of artificial intelligence.But machine translation is a good complementary to Literary translation.we should combine machine translation with literary translation effectively.Celebrity effect
Nowadays,why are so many people pay attention to the opinions which are gave by celebrities?It has something to do with celebrity effect—influence which bring about or from famous persons that affect people's tendency and mentality.In my opinion, every coin has two sides, celebrity effect has both positive and negative influence on our society.Celebrities are famous for they have one or few aspects that outdistance ordinary people.Their comments are often positive for the society.Like Thomas Alva Edison once said, “Genius are one percent inspiration and ninety nine percent perspiration”As a brilliant scientist, he expresses the importance of diligence in science and inspires countless people working hard to fight for the truth.As for some celebrities their story is a encouragement for us.For instance,Yuminhong the president of New Orient school is a household celebrity.his story encouraged numerous college students to pursuit their dream.Yet, this is not always the case the point is that, not all celebrities tell the truth and they are not perfect role models for the public.we should be careful with their remarks when is comes to their unfamiliar area and negative effect occur when their lie for some reason.For example,when a celebrity who advertise for inferior product.The consequences would be too ghastly to contemplate.Maybe thousands of people will suffer fr
In summary,celebrity effect has both advantages and disadvantages.We should be rational when comes to their comments and look before you leap when we involved in some important issue.What's more celebrities should take responsibility for the whole society and be honest.A stitch in time saves nine
In modern society ,we are always on the go and easily got into mass.To avoid being overwhelmed caught in flurry,we are supposed to patching small things up frequently ,just as the old sings goes:“a stitch in time saves nine”,or in other words ,get your house repaired timely before it rains.When comes to the real world,disorder surrounds us and entropy fills our life according to scientists.we have no choice but make a good preparation for what will happen,or disorder will get better of us.For example,there are always small things which we need to deal with.Maybe ,they won't make any difference to our daily life at the beginning.However,things will turn bad if you let them alone.You will realize that problems are too complicated to solve in the near future.On the other hand,make a good preparation in time will not only help us keep our life in order but also achieve maximum results with little effort.Imagining you will make a presentation to your classmates,you won't be confident or do a good job unless you are fully prepared.Or,it's inevitable that you will be embarrassed when you are on the stage.In summary,it consider wisely to patch up small things regularly and we should always keep in mind:“a stitch in time saves nine”.Man and disasters
In the span of human existence,human beings are continually attacked by and fighting against numerous disasters,both natural and man-made.Disasters seem to be part of human life.Are all disasters that bad?Actually not,on the contrary,disaster is a sharp double-blade-sword for human-being.On one hand,disasters both natural and man-made are all merciless and they always gives us painful lessons.Wen chuan earthquake killed more than 60000 people and one hundred thousand people lost their lives in Port-au-Prince earthquake.Thousands of people became homeless.The 2008 financial tsunamis lead to a global financial crisis.The financial crisis does not have any recovery signs in developed counties with larger government deficits, higher unemployment rate, more banks bankruptcy, more businesses shut down, higher prices and inflation pressure and all society are high unemployment even in 2009.On the other hand,disaster can promote reflection on and our society develops as we conquer one disaster after another.We probably would not appreciate each other so much until we were going through life to death.People will treasure every moment in their rest life when disasters gone.what's more,some disasters unfold important problems for when we are suffer from them.For example The 2008 ice storm in south of china.In addition,disasters can test people's character ,power of endurance,courage and w
Disasters always shoulder to shoulder with unforgettable trauma and suffering even death.Maybe,we are lost sometimes.But it wouldn't be long and we never be defeated by disasters let alone to yield.We were almost destroyed in disasters again and again.However, what's more important is that we are re-birthed in disasters again and again by conquering disasters one by one.Nevertheless, we still look forward to fewer disasters and surviving easier and happier.Career and interest
Currently, the mostly concerned problem is the ideal career and interest.People generally believe that the ideal state of life is being able to do the job that you are interested in.On the contrary,they always conflict with each other in real life.How should we deal with the conflicts between them is crucial,especially for our college student.In my opinion,interest should make way for career when they are at variance.Career is more important than interest for whose family is in poor economic condition.On one hand,The economic base determines the superstructure.The problem which we should first solve is how to survive.Only successful career can promise better life.Perhaps you get lots of reasons that interest should come to the first.You may contend that one can't do a good job without interest for he will not be passionate with his work.But it paled when comes to the reality even you get thousands of pretexts if your interest has nothing to do with your career.On the other hand,we have no choice the reality is cruel.High prices for living goods and houses and fierce competition for jobs provide no alternative choice for us.All we can do is make a good preparation for our career even we engage ourselves in the field that we are not interested in at all.Or,it will be tough.However,the condition really become so terrible that we do not have any chance to retrieve?No,it's not so bad.We can still develop our interests on the condition that your can make a good career for yourself.For instance,we can put the interest as a leisure.We can spend our free time to do the things we interest.In addition, we can choose the career close to our interest.Perhaps this will make our interest more extensive.In summary,We are supposed to consider a rational relationship between interest and career even you are engaged in a area which is boring.As for people who is in poor economic condition,you'd better give first rank to career and the second for interest.My View on Some Problems in China's Higher Education
With the development of our society, higher education has achieved many significant results.But there are some problems in China’s higher education.Some of them need to be solved urgently.Traditional education methods make students think the most important task is learning knowledge in books.So many college students work hard and manage to get high points.They do not care about whether they grasp it or not.It does not mean their abilities to think out creative ideas and to do practice has be improved.In fact students’
abilities to deal with problems are weak.Higher education ignores how important it is to help these young students get harmonious personnel relationship in society.Many students have high IQ but low EQ.It’s hard for these boys and girls to tolerate others’ opinions and behaviors.Many universities have not give students plenty of opportunities to do practice.Graduates find sometimes it is hard to use the knowledge into their jobs.How to solve these problems? It needs the whole society to make great efforts.Society should change their concept about higher education.People should know the destination of higher education is to make students understand how to learn, how to live and how to solve actual problems.Universities should give opportunities to students of do practice and finally solve them by themselves.Professors should conduct them but not to take the place of students.Finally there should be friendly atmosphere on campus.Boys and girls communicate smoothly and help each other.To keep good personnel relationship is very necessary in society.So now they should learn how to do during college life.My view on beauty
The desire for beautiful appearance is one of human natures.Many people operate their appearances so that they can become more beautiful ,so they pay more attention to the outside beauty instead of the inner beauty.I think the true beauty is inner beauty.It can stay long.I don’t think outside beauty is not beauty.If you have both of them ,it is better.Even though you don’t have beautiful appearance,that’s all right ,you simply improve your inner beauty.As we know ,everyone has their own appearances.They are given by God.I think they are all natural beauty.Natural beauty is the most beautiful.Outside beauty is not permanent.However,inner beauty can stay everlasting.Nowadays,many people don’t realize this point.They pursuit outside beauty all the time.Man-made beauty is concerned by people ,especially women.Women spend a lot of money on operation ,and they seek all kinds of ways to make them more beautiful.As we know every coin has two sides ,with the growth of popularity,all sort of problems come.Many women are cheatedby illegal hospital.They not only spend a lot of money but also hurt.I think it’s useless.As a twenty-one century teenager,we should know which one is more important.As far as I’m concerned,it seems necessary for us to regard beauty correctly.Finally,I want to say everyone is beautiful as long as you have eyes that can find beauty.
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