第一篇:(英语毕业论文)英剧《唐顿庄园》中委婉语的汉译研究
最新全英原创毕业论文,都是近期写作 家庭环境对孩子成长的影响--以《我弥留之际》中三个儿子的悲剧为例 2 从劳伦斯及其作品《儿子与情人》看恋母情结 3 合作学习在初中英语写作教学中应用的可行性研究 4 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 心灵探索之旅——析《瓦尔登湖》的主题 6 马斯洛需要层次理论下的《奥兰多》 7 英汉动物习语中隐喻用法的对比分析 8 对《一小时的故事》的批评分析 论《小伙子古德曼布朗》中象征主义的使用 10 On Dreiser’s View of Womanhood in Sister Carrie 11 试析《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义色彩 12 从《嘉莉妹妹》看本性与理性的斗争 幸福婚姻中爱情与金钱并重——论《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观 14 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森 15 《简爱》中的女性主义意识初探 谭恩美《喜福会》中人物对话含义及其功能分析 17 译前准备对交替传译效果的影响 《了不起的盖茨比》中乔丹贝克的人物分析 欧内斯特海明威《雨中猫》和田纳西威廉斯《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》中的女主人公的对比分析 20 原创21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
⑦+⑨+⑨+⑦+⑤+⑦+⑨+③+⑧
中外酒文化差异分析 美国影视剧中的俚语翻译
中国英语与中式英语的对比研究——从英汉民族思维差异的角度
从新闻用语特点对比中西方文化差异 浅析电影《沙漠之花》中的妇女主义
论莎士比亚《仲夏夜之梦》中的人文主义思想
跨文化视角下中西方选秀文化对比研究——以达人秀为例 英语电影片名的汉译要求及赏析
温和的反叛者——论《小妇人》中的女性群像 从冲突到和解—解析《接骨师之女》中的母女关系 从黑人女性主义解读《宠儿》中塞丝的觉醒 教师在初中教学中对学生的评价
从归化和异化理论分析英语影视剧字幕翻译策略——以《绯闻女孩》为例()小议约翰多恩的奇思妙喻
克莱夫斯坦普斯路易斯对《圣经》寓言的应用及意义研究——以《纳尼亚传奇》为例 爱恨共辉煌——浅析《呼啸山庄》中的男主人公 《老人与海》象征主义探究 英语委婉语的内涵
从《简爱》看知识改变女性命运
因 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 企业网络营销策略分析
英汉形状类量词的隐喻认知分析 论《红字》中的清教主义思想 论《弗兰肯斯坦》的叙事技巧
基于关联理论的英式幽默研究--以《哈利波特》为例 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 大学生英语学习归因倾向的调查研究 欧亨利短篇小说艺术手法浅析
从纽马克的交际翻译和语义翻译理论论英语新闻标题的翻译 彼得潘--孩子和成人共同的童话 文化差异对习语翻译的影响
法律英语中的情态动词shall的翻译 《彼得潘》中彼得潘形象分析 从女性主义解读《威尼斯商人》
《尤利西斯》与《春之声》中意识流手法的不同 英汉“拉”类动词的语义成分和词化模式的对比分析 《纯真年代》中社会与个人的碰撞 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 英汉含文化植物词谚语对比研究 浅析中学英语写作教学
Purity and Doom: on Thomas Hardy’s Tess’s of the d’Urbervilles 论概念隐喻视角下的隐喻翻译
The Problem of Evil---A Universal Issue Seen From Western Perspectives 英语广告的批评性话语分析
外贸英语句子分隔的研究及其翻译 中英文谚语的对比
爱米丽的挣扎与终结——论《献给爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》中爱米丽毁灭的间接和直接原论中美两国的现代中年女性观念之差——以美剧《欲望都市》为例
精神分析理论观照下的《道林格雷的画像》 论《厄舍古屋的倒塌》的哥特式写作风格
(英语系经贸英语)浅析国际资本流动——以中国为例
A Probe into Three Phases for Effective Business Negotiations 如何增强小学生英语课堂教学的趣味性 传统教法与交际法结合的英语教学探讨 生态视角下《红楼梦》中动植物名称的翻译
关联理论视角下《生活大爆炸》中言语幽默的汉译 Social Causes for Tess’s Tragedy
论《荆棘鸟》中德罗海达的寓意及其对命运的影响 从《西风颂》初析雪莱的反传统人格特征 商务英语中缩略词的运用及翻译 英语新闻标题的前景化
从成长教育理论视角解读奥利弗退斯特的生活经历
游戏教学在小学英语课堂中的运用
《红字》中珠儿与《雷雨》中周萍之比较 86 语用模糊及语用功能
英汉动物习语的文化差异研究
浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森 89 汉语公示语英译之跨文化交际研究
论考琳麦卡洛《荆棘鸟》中的女性形象 91 浅谈《圣经》故事与英语学习
男权制度下的悲剧——论《德伯家的苔丝》 93 浅析汉英动物词的文化内涵及其翻译 94 浅析卡夫卡小说中的荒诞意识 95 论中美商务谈判风格的差异 96 礼貌原则在商贸信函中的应用
从心理学角度探析爱米莉的爱情悲剧 98 论汉语成语中数字英译的语用等效性 99 论《爱玛》中的反讽
从《大卫科波菲尔》的女性人物塑造看现实主义与浪漫主义的结合 101 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读
Approaching English Vocabulary Teaching—a Lexicological Perspective 103 跨文化背景下广告汉英翻译策略研究 104 重复在儿童英语教学中的重要性 105 文化视角下的商标语翻译策略
从文本类型角度看企业外宣材料的翻译 107 论爱伦坡五本恐怖小说中恐怖效果的营造 108 世纪年代鲁迅与梁实秋之间的翻译论战 109 英语文化中身势语的性别差异 110 商务谈判中的语言技巧
英语演讲语篇中的parallelism及其汉译策略—以奥巴马就职演说稿为例 112 《呼啸山庄》中爱与恨的冲突与交融
《潜鸟》女主人公——皮格特托纳尔悲剧的探析
Effects of First Person Narration on Thematic Expression in Araby 115 《榆树下的欲望》中艾比普特曼悲剧的根源
从语言学的角度解析幼儿双语教学中存在的误区
General Principles and Features of Legal English Translation 118 译者主体性视角下的翻译策略—杨氏夫妇《聊斋志异》英译本个案研究
西方人文主义的关怀与局限--爱德华摩根福斯特《印度之行》后殖民主义解读 120 杰克的悲剧与海明威的世界观 121 “反偶像的偶像”乔治奥威尔
从生态翻译学的角度分析网络新词翻译 123 英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究
A Comparative Study of the Auspicious Culture in Wedding Custom between China and the West 125 浅析英语语言中的性别歧视及消除语言歧视的策略 126 《荆棘鸟》中的三位女性形象——追寻荆棘的女人
浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森
华尔华兹《我似一朵流云独自漂浮》中的自然观 129 中英植物习语中的文化差异分析
A Comparative Study of “Two Roses” in Wuthering Heights--Catherine Earnshaw and Catherine Linton 131 以国际商务谈判为视角分析中西文化差异 132 小学英语课堂互动式教学研究
残酷的战争和脆弱的爱情----再读《永别了,武器》 134 视听说结合提高大学英语听力教学效果之设想 135 论贫困对简爱性格发展的影响 136 中英颜色词的比较
从目的论角度看英语新闻标题的翻译
从缓解语言石化角度分析背诵式语言输入对英语写作的影响
On Differences Between Chinese and American Polite Expressions from Politeness Principle 140 论翻译的艺术
浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森
《一位女士的画像》伊莎贝尔婚姻悲剧的原因分析 143 英文外贸合同中表时间介词的使用和翻译 144 《红字》中海斯特性格分析
从语境理论角度分析奥巴马就职演说词语篇 146 从《达罗卫夫人》看弗吉妮娅伍尔夫的个性 147 从美国汽车看美国文化 148 英汉俚语特色对比研究
论《序曲》反映的威廉华兹华斯的辩证想象观 150
151 《基督山伯爵》与亚历山大大仲马的金钱观 152 中西方常用标语分析
153 从麦田里的守望者到中国的青少年
154 从《狼图腾》和《野性的呼唤》中狼的意象比较中西方生态意识 155 An Analysis of Symbolism in Tess of the D’Urbervilles 156 《无名的裘德》中裘德的悲剧探析 157 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 158 论凯瑟琳﹒曼斯菲尔德作品中的彼得﹒潘情结 159 英汉动物习语的文化差异研究 160 约翰.邓恩诗歌艺术陌生化
161 中餐菜名英译中的文化亏损现象探析 162 英语电影片名翻译微探
163 隐转喻名名复合词的语义分析
164 从福柯的权利/知识理论讨论《心是孤独的猎手》中的自我身份认同 165 浅析《还乡》中爱格敦荒原的象征意义
166 《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观和中国后婚姻观的比较研究 167 从跨文化交际中的语用失误看中西文化差异 168 外交语言策略中的合作原则
169 Text Memorization and English Learning
170 A Comparison of Advertising Culture in China and Western Countries 171 从《哈克贝利费恩历险记》中儿童的观察和语言分析世纪的美国社会 172 浅析英语习语的翻译原则和方法
173 维多利亚•希斯洛普《岛》中的人文情怀及哲学思考 174 拒绝话语跨空间映射的认知解读—以商务洽商为例 175 中英文法律谚语比较及互译技巧
176 以《喜福会》中的母女关系为例试析跨文化交际中的“失语”现象 177(英语系经贸英语)中华老字号品牌的传承与创新研究 178 《圣经》对英语习语的影响
179 从《肖申克的救赎》看体制化对个人的影响 180 《红与黑》中司汤达的爱情观 181 解析《爱玛》中女主人公的形象
182 A Study of the Causes of Tess's Tragedy 183 论黑暗中的光明在《八月之光》中的体现 184 以《最后一片叶子》为例论欧亨利的创作风格
185 A Lonely but Strong-willed Soul A Character Analysis of Ellen Weatherall in The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 186 解读《简.爱》的帝国主义意识 187 从功能翻译理论谈美剧字幕翻译
188 An Analysis of Space in In the Heart of the Country 189 从《荆棘鸟》中三个女性形象解读女性主义发展 190 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 191 《廊桥遗梦》中罗伯特詹姆斯沃勒的爱情审美取向研究 192 简析《傲慢与偏见》中简奥斯汀的女性意识 193 英语电影的中文名称翻译 194 《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义
195 美国总统就职演说中隐喻的语用功能分析 196 从文本类型角度看旅游宣传资料的汉英翻译 197 从摩尔弗兰德斯看世纪英国女性地位
198 海明威的生态意识在《老人与海》中的体现 199 中英日委婉语语言特征
200 A Comparison of the English Color Terms
第二篇:英语中的委婉语
(1)Death(死亡)
to be asleep in the Arms of God(本义)安睡在上帝的怀中
to be at peace(本义)平静了
to be at rest(本义)在休息
to be called to God(本义)被召唤到上帝那
to be called home(本义)被召回家
to be home and free(本义)到家自由了
to be taken to paradise(本义)被送进天堂
The call of God(本义)上帝的召唤
to depart(本义)离去
The final departure(本义)最后离去
final sleep(本义)最后一觉
to go home(本义)回家
to go to heaven(本义)进天堂
to go to one's long home(本义)回到永久之家
to go to one's own place(本义)回老家
happy land(本义)乐土
to have fallen asleep(本义)入睡了
to have found rest(本义)得到安息
to have gone to a better place(land,world,life)到一个更好得地方
in heaven(本义)在天堂
to join one's ancestors(本义)加入先人的行列
join the Great majority(本义)加入大多数
to leave this world(本义)离开今世
to pay one's fee(本义)付费
to rest(本义)休息
to rest in peace(本义)安息
to return to dust(本义)归之尘土
to sleep(本义)长眠
with God(本义)和上帝在一起
with their Father(本义)与圣父在一起
to fall(本义)倒下了
to do one's bit(本义)尽职了
to lay down one's life(本义)放下自己的生命
to be no longer with us(本义)不再与我们在一起了
to be out of pain(本义)摆脱痛苦
to breathe one's last(本义)呼了最后一口气
to cancel one's account(本义)销帐
pay one's last debt(本义)付最后一笔债
kick the bucket 翘辫子
pop off(the hooks)翘辫子
get off the hooks 脱身了
to fade away(本义)消失
to make one's exit(本义)退场
to kick off(本义)开球
to be free(本义)解脱了
to be gone(本义)去了
to be no more(本义)不复存在to close one's eyes(本义)瞑目
to come to an end(本义)结束
to go beyond(本义)到远方去
to expire(本义)呼气
to go off(本义)离去
to go one's last(本义)走到自己的终点
to go one's place(本义)回老家
to go to one's resting place(本义)到休息地去
to go to west(本义)西去
to kick the bucket(本义)踢翻水桶
to lose one's life(本义)失去了生命
to pass away(本义)离去
to stop living(本义)停止生存
to take one's rest(本义)休息
to shut up the shop(本义)关门(4)灰色职业
shoe maker 补鞋匠 → shoe rebuilder 重整鞋者
dish washer 洗盘子的人 → utensil maintenance 器皿保全工 garbage man 清扫垃圾的人 → sanitation engineer 清洁工程师 butcher 屠夫 → meat technologist 肉类技术专家 hair-dresser 理发师 → cosmetologist
美容师 undertaker 承办丧事的人 → funeral director 殡仪负责人 prostitute 妓女 → pavement princess
马路天使
maid/ housekeeper(女仆/ 女管家)→domestic help / day-help 家务助手,day-help 白天帮工,live-in help 住家帮手 optician(眼镜商)→vision engineer(视力工程师
bedding manufacturer(床具制造商)→ mattress engineer(床垫工程师)或sleep engineer(睡眠工程师)School principal(中小学校长)→ educational engineer(教育工程师)tree surgeon
花木外科医师 beautician
美容师
street orderly / sanitary engineer 街道清洁师/卫生工程师 maintenance engineer(维修工程师)→房屋管理员; landscape-architect(风景建筑师)→园林工人; tree-surgeon(树木手术师)→修树剪枝的工人; shoe-rebuilder(鞋子再造者)→修鞋匠; sanitation engineer(卫生工程师)→垃圾工人; pipe engineer(管道工程师)→ 管道工 heating engineer(水暖工程师)→管工;
telephone engineer(电话工程师)→修理电话的技工; extermination engineer(除害工程师)→灭鼠工人; beautician(美容师)→理发师;
household executive(家政委员)→家庭妇女(7)排泄物
to be caught short(本义)给了个冷不妨
the call of nature(本义)自然的需要
Can I add some powder?(本义)我可以茶点粉吗?
to cash(write)a check(本义)兑(开)张支票
to do a job for oneself(本义)做点私事
do one's business(本义)干自己的活
to do one's duty(本义)尽职
to ease oneself(本义)自我轻松一下
to eliminate(本义)逐出
evacuation(本义)排空
to excrete(本义)排泄
to find a haven of rest(本义)寻找安息所
to fix one's face(本义)化装
to freshen up(本义)梳洗打扮
to get some fresh air(本义)去呼吸一点新鲜空气
to give oneself ease(本义)使自己舒服一下 to pass water(去排水)→ 小便 to see the stars(看星星)→方便 to get some fresh air(呼吸新鲜空气)to relieve or to relieve nature(去空身)、to wash one’s hand(去洗手或净手)to see one’s aunt(去看阿姨)answer nature’s call(响应自然的召唤)go to wash-room(去洗手间)go to the bank(去银行)spend a penny(去花点小钱)to pay a call(拜访)see john(去看约翰)
to go somewhere(到什么地方去一下)、consult Mr.Jones(请教琼斯先生)pow-der one’s nose(在鼻子上擦点粉)o have a BM(=bowel movement大便)
want to make oneself comfortable(想去使自己舒服点)
to go(本义)
to go into retreat(本义)去僻静
to go somewhere(本义)出去一下
to go to Egypt(本义)到埃及去
to go to one's private office(本义)到私人办公室去
to go to bathroom(本义)到洗澡间
May I adjourn?(本义)我可以变换一下地方吗?
May I please be excused?(本义)失陪了
natural necessity(本义)自然的需要
nature stop(本义)自然需要停车
to pluck a rose(本义)摘朵玫瑰
powder one's nose(本义)搽点粉
to relieve oneself(本义)轻松一下
to wash one's hands(本义)洗洗手 厕所
powder room(化妆室)、convenience(方便去处)、cloakroom(存衣室)、loo(=waterloo, 滑铁卢)、toilet(盥洗室)、gentlemen(男士)、gents’(男士房间)、ladies(女士)、ladies’(女士房间)bathroom(浴室)、restroom(休息室)、men或men’s(男士或男士房间)、women或women’s(女士或女士房间)、comfort station(休息处)
ugly:
homely 不好看 plain 平常
plain-looking 长相一般 ordinary looking
长相一般 fat: heavyset 敦实的,富态 chubby
丰满的 plump丰满的 , 圆胖的 stout
壮实的 thin: slender 苗条的 slim 苗条的 willowy 苗条的
svelte 亭亭玉立的,身材细长的 lean
精干的
lithe
敏捷的,轻快的
她怀孕了。
She has cancelled all her social engagement.She is in an interesting condition.She is in a delicate condition.She is knitting bootees.She is in the family way.She is expecting.She is in a hn~ly way. 她快要当家了。She is knocked up. 她有了。A hole out in one(本义)一击入洞 An accident(本义)事故 Awkward(本义)行动不便的 To be caught(本义)被捉住 to be gone(本义)已过去了 to beget(本义)产生
break one's ankle(本义)脚骨折了 clucky(本义)抱窝的
eating for two(本义)吃双份饭 full of heir(本义)怀有继承人
to have a hump in the front(本义)前身有块隆肉 fragrant(本义)香喷喷的 full of heir(本义)怀有继承人
to have a hump in the front(本义)前身有块隆肉 to have one watermelon on the vine(本义)藤上有瓜了 to have one on the way(本义)有人要来 in a bad shape(本义)身体不佳
in a certain condition(本义)身处某种状态 in a delicate condition(本义)身体虚弱 in a(the)family way(本义)家常打扮 in a familiar way(本义)熟悉地
in a particular condition(本义)处于特殊状态
in an interesting condition(situation, state)(本义)处于有趣状态 in trouble(本义)惹上麻烦 infanticipating(本义)期望得子 irregularity(本义)不规则现象 knitting(本义)绒衣 to knock up(本义)敲门叫人
lady-in-waiting(本义)有所期待的女子 to learn all about diaper folding(本义)学叠尿布 a mother-to-be(本义)未来的母亲 on the nest(本义)在抱窝
preparing the bassinet(本义)准备摇篮 rattle shopping(本义)采购玩具 rehearing lullabies(本义)练唱催眠曲 to spoil a woman's shape(本义)坏了女子体型 to sprain an ankle(本义)扭伤脚踝
to swallow a watermelon seed(本义)吞了棵西瓜子 that way(本义)那样
waiting for the patter of little feet(本义)等待小脚丫声 to wear the apron high(本义)围裙系高 a waiting woman(本义)等待中的妇女 with a baby window(本义)有个凸窗肚 with child(本义)怀孩子了 未婚先育
She is in trouble. 她碰到麻烦。She has been unwise. 她不够明智。She has been too friendly.她过于友善。
老年人———高级市民(senior citizens)、年长者(the elderly)、the mature(成熟),不再很年轻(no longer very young)
distinguished gentleman(尊贵的先生,婉指老人);grande dame(贵妇人,婉指老年妇女,老妇);seasoned man(经验丰富的人,历经沧桑的人,婉指老人);senior citizen(高龄公民,资深公民,婉指老人
capital punishment
死刑
industrial action /industrial dispute 劳工行动/ 劳资纠纷
失业现象→underutilization(未充分利用人才)或human es underdevelopment(人力资源未充分开发)。pension(救济金)→ welfare bene一 6ts(社会福利)
poor nations(穷国)→ back nations(滞后国家), underdeveloped nations(欠发达国家), developing nations(发展中国家), emerging nations(新兴国家); wiretapping or bugging(偷听电话或窃听)→“electronic surveillance”(电子监督);
wiretappers(窃听者)→“ESE”(Electronic Surveillance Experts)economic crisis 经济危机→recession(经济衰退),depression; strike(罢工)→industrial action,industrial dispute(工业上的争端); dismiss解雇→lay off / ease out / give sb.the walking ticket
停止雇用/免职/把解雇书给某人
unemployed mother失业的母亲→ welfare mother(领取福利金的母亲)侵略战争→ international armed conflict(国际武装冲突),air attack(空袭)→ air support(空中增援),air strike(空中打击),overflight(越 界飞行)nuclear bomb(核弹)→nuclear device(核装置);
War Department(战争部门)→Defense Department(国防部)
be defeated(战败)→light and scattered action(溃散行动),incomplete success(不圆满的胜利);
对别国的入侵invasion →rescue mission(营救使命),wasting the enemy(消耗敌人),pacification(安抚,平息),active defense(积极防御),preventive war(防御战争)。
Walt"(战争)→ massive exchange(大规模的交火)steal或embezzle(贪污)→They misuse public funds(滥用公共资金)
cancer(癌)→
the Big C,long illness leprosy(麻风病)→ Hansen S disease,mad(疯了)→ mentaproblem,a little confused(有点反常,神志迷乱)Blind(盲的)→ sightless,constipation(便秘)→ irregularity,crippled(残疾)→physically handicapped,disabled;
crippled(瘸子)→physically handicapped(有生理缺陷的); disabled/the inconvenience the deaf(聋子)→imperfect hearing(听觉不完美的),hard of hearing(耳沉)the blind(瞎子/盲人)→visually retarded(视力有障碍的); retarded(智力迟钝的)→men tal lhandicapped(心智有缺陷的)AIDS(艾滋病)→social disease(社会疾病)Tuberculosis(肺结核)→lung trouble(肺部毛病)pneumonia(肺炎)→the old man’s friend(老年之交)
poor students(学习成绩差的学生)→below average students(低于一般水平的学生);
stupid or lazy students(愚笨或懒惰的学生),而说→underachievers(未充分发挥出自己潜力的学生);
poor(穷)→needy(拮据)、underprivileged(经济状况低下的)、disadvantage(处于不利地位的);
sloppy and careless(粗心大意的人)→absent-minded(心不在焉的); lie(撒谎)→not tell the truth(没讲实话);
what horror!(多可怕!)→rather a nuisance!(真讨厌!);
A fire has broken out.(失火了。)→There has been a fire situation.(出现火情。); steal(偷)→take other people’s things without permission(未经许可拿了别人的东西); cheat in class(课堂考试作弊)→depend on others to do his or her work(考试靠别人),
第三篇:《唐顿庄园》女主人教英式餐桌礼仪(英语阅读)
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《唐顿庄园》女主人教英式餐桌礼仪(英语阅读)
It is enough to make a butler lose his composure.For Downton Abbey has been accused of basic etiquette errors – by the lady of the house.《唐顿庄园》因在最基本礼仪方面犯错而受到批评,这件事足以让男管家卡森先生无法镇定吧!而批评者正是取景地的真正女主人。The Countess of Carnarvon, the mistress of Highclere Castle where the series is filmed, has criticised the ITV1 drama’s repeated faux pas.《唐顿庄园》拍摄于海克利尔城堡,城堡女主人卡那封郡伯爵夫人日前批评这部ITV1电视剧,说剧中相似错误层出不穷。
Among them, says Lady Carnarvon – who writes a blog in which she reveals how a stately home should really be run – are the incorrect setting of the table for dinner and the lack of servants.卡那封夫人有一个博客,专门写名门贵族家庭的正确生活方式。博客中指出《唐顿庄园》所犯的错误,其中就包括正餐餐具摆放错误、仆人数量过少等问题。
‘It’s the little details,’ she says.‘Glasses are back to front and things are set wrong.Setting up the table is an art.Knives, forks and spoons are set from the outside in, beginning with the bread knife and working through each course to cheese.她说:“那些都是细枝末节的错误,比如说酒杯是从后往前放的。但摆放餐具是门艺术。刀子、叉子和勺子”要从外向内放好,首先是面包刀,然后一按照上菜顺序一次摆放,最后是奶酪。”
‘A pat of butter is impressed with the intertwined Cs and coronet and placed in front of each guest.The wine glasses and water tumbler are arranged to the top right of each setting.Downton prefer a different arrangement.’
“小块黄油要做成扭曲的C形和皇冠状,再端到每位客人面前。酒杯和水杯要放到右上角的位置。但《唐顿庄园》似乎更喜欢不符常规的摆放方式。”
‘I don’t want to step on people’s toes so I’ve tried a few times to say, “Do you know you’re setting the table wrong?” I do feel, after all, that it’s my dining table and obviously we wouldn’t set it like that.’
“我不想触怒他人,所以我好几次都试着说:‘你们知道餐具摆错了吗?’ 毕竟那是我的餐桌,而且很显然我们不会那样放餐具。”
‘They look at me blankly and I sort of try once more and then I give up… and now I try not to look because it’s easier.’ “他们会茫然地看看我,尝试着再摆一次,然后我只得放弃不管了„„现在我尽量不去看餐桌,因为这样更简单些。”
Other tips from Lady Carnarvon, whose husband the 8th Earl of Carnarvon owns Highclere, near Newbury in Berkshire, include butlers wearing white gloves to keep fingerprints off the glasses.海克利尔城堡位于伯克郡纽伯里附近,卡那封夫人的丈夫是这座城堡的现任主人第八代伯爵。她还给我们别的建议,其中包括男管家要戴白手套,以防指纹弄脏玻璃杯。
She has previously said a stately home of Downton Abbey’s size would, in the early 20th century 洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩,是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英语是中国专业在线英语培训机构,通过电话英语、视频英语与外教一对一的模式提高学员英语口语水平,提供英语口语培训,成人英语培训,商务英语培训,企业英语培训等课程。
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when the programme is set, have had up to 60 domestic staff.At the end of the third series, the fictional Crawley family had only about a dozen servants.她之前还说过,电视剧设定场景是20世纪初期,那时像唐顿庄园一样大的名门望族至少要有60名佣人。而在第三季结尾时,虚构的克劳利家族大概只有十几个仆人。
Her observations will delight the small group of Downton fans that takes to the internet after each episode to point out anachronisms.卡那封夫人的评论一定会让一小部分《唐顿庄园》的粉丝欣喜欲狂,这些人最爱干的事儿就是在每集电视剧播出后到网上说剧中犯了哪些年代错误。
A spokeswoman for Carnival Films said: 'The team behind Downton Abbey applies the highest production values and the programme's historical advisor is on hand at all times to ensure that all elements of the productionare as authentic as possible and in keeping with what was considered appropriate at the time.嘉年华电影公司女发言人则表示:“《唐顿庄园》的幕后制作团队追求最真实的制片效果,剧组还聘请历史顾问随时指导,以确保剧中布景、服装、道具等所有元素都尽量接近真实历史,符合那个时代的思想与潮流。”
'As the drama is a fictional series, the two footmen depicted are representative of a larger number of staff that would have existed at the time.' “因为这是一部虚构连续剧,出现在屏幕上的两个男仆就已代表那个时代众多的仆人。”
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第四篇:英语中的委婉语
英语中的委婉语
委婉来自希腊语,eu 是好的意思,phemism 是speech(言语)的意思,整个字面的意思是word of good omen(吉祥)或好的说法。一般认为,凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的语言,均属委婉语。由此可知,委婉语不仅是人们交际的需要,更是言语交际中维系人们社会关系和人际关系的重要手段。随着社会的进步,人类文明的发展,委婉语始终伴随着整个社会的言语交际过程,且表现出极强的言语交际功能。由于委婉语在英语中应用比较广泛,所以了解委婉语的交际功能对于我们学好英语、进行有效的跨文化交际有很大帮助。本文从社会语言学的角度,试图通过具体的语言实例,探究在特定的语言环境下英语委婉语的交际功能。
一、委婉语的“避讳”功能
语言禁忌起源于古希腊,古罗马时期人们对神的敬畏。在人类文明的早期,科学尚不发达,人们对一些自然现象还不能认识和解释,对人的自身也认识不足,常常因感某种神秘力量而内心深怀恐惧,在口头语言表达上为一种不愿言、不敢言,久而久之就成为一种语言的禁忌,但因相互交流的需要,有时又不得不表达出此种意思,于是人们逐渐学会了用避讳的话委婉地表达;委婉语也因而产生,并被广泛应用。这样,避讳禁忌、消除恐惧便成了委婉语的第一功能。例如Satan 被称为the good man,the great fellow,Devil 被称为the Big D 及Lord of the Flies.人们对“死亡”的恐惧必然导致大量有关“死亡”的委婉语的产生。讲英语国家的人们和许多其他民族的人民一样,忌讳直接说“死”(to die)字,创造了很多表达“死”的意思的委婉语。例如,人们常用“去了”(to pass away),“离别了”(to depart),“离开了我们”(to leave us),“睡着了”(to go to sleep),“去天国”(to go to heaven),“心脏停止了跳动”(one’s heart has stopped beating),等词来代替说某人“死了”(to die),因为“死”太神秘、太痛苦、太让人恐怖了。人们在交流时,在涉及某种不便表达的生理器官或生理行为的情况下,如直言不讳地述说,往往会令人感觉不舒服,受话人也会认为对方没涵养,很粗俗。事实上,英语中有很多委婉的表达可以化解这种尴尬。如某先生急冲冲跑出办公室,某小姐问声“急啥?”通常他不会说“尿尿”(to urinate or defecate)而说“去洗手间”(go to the bathroom),“有事”(do business);“方便”(answer nature’s call)。“Men’s lavatory”(男厕所)也因此被委婉地说成“Gent’s”(gentlemen 的缩写)“the washroom”(洗手间)“water closet”(W.C)(盥洗间),“Women’s lavatory”(女厕所)被委婉地说成“Ladies’”,“lade’s room”,“the powder room”,“Mrs.Jones”(女用盥洗间)。美国妇女们常用powder room 表示厕所,并风趣地说I’d like to powder my nose.(我想往鼻子上擦粉。)表示“我想上厕所”。再有妇女的“月经”则婉称为monthly,blue days,period friend。妇女“怀孕”(pregnancy)也有很多委婉的说法,如: in the family way,eating for two,in a delicate condition,a motherbe 等。
二、委婉语的“礼貌”功能
委婉语的第二个主要功能是在交际中避免伤害他人的面子,当迫不得已要涉及令人不快的事情时,应选择委婉的表达法以避免伤害对方的感情,这就是它的“礼貌”功能。
在西方年龄是比较敏感的话题,人们竭力避用“old”一词,因而英语中有关“老”的委婉语特别多,如the elderly,senior citizen,golden age,venerable people,get on years,pass one’s prime,feel one’s age 等。
再如人体缺陷,人们也常用委婉词语来谈论,以示礼貌。像肥胖的(fat)人,常用plump,stout,out-size 或over-weight 来形容。对于一位身体清瘦的妇女称之为slender 或slim。而一位相貌丑陋的(ugly)人则说成homely 或plain。耳朵聋的(deaf)人说成hard of listening。盲人(the blind)叫做the visually challenged。如果你是教师,千万不要当着家长的面说他的孩子“笨”(stupid),你得小心地说成“他学得慢”(a slow learner),“他尚未发挥潜力”(under-achiever),因为每个父母都认为自己的孩子是很有潜力的。“发疯”(mad/ feebleheaded),“神志不健全”(of unsound mind/ unsoundminded)。另外,当人们谈到低层的服务性行业或职业时也往往采用委婉的说法。现在服务性行业常用industry 来代替trade。如: the tourist industry 旅游业、the hotel industry 旅馆业、the clothing industry 服装业、the garbage industry 垃圾清运业、the woman’s beauty industry 美容业、the motor vehicle industry 摩托车行业等。从事这些职业的人常冠以engineer 来代替worker,像pipe engineer 实际上就是plumber 管道工,sanitary engineer 是garbage collector 或dustman 清洁工,packing engineer 是porter 搬运工,dwelling engineer 是保姆,美容师则称为appearance engineer,等等。对于诸如种族、性别、国籍、宗教和年龄等这些敏感问题,委婉语的使用不仅体现出文明社会的文明风尚,还可以促进多民族社会的相互容忍和理解。
三、委婉语的“掩饰”功能
随着社会的发展,在现代社会中委婉语的使用也发生了很大的变化。对性、死亡等传统的禁忌有所放松,委婉语也有明显减弱的趋势,使用委婉语的动机已不单纯是避讳或照顾听者或读者的感情,而往往是为了达到说话者自身难以告人、无法直言的目的。因此在政治事务中,多借用委婉语来混淆视听,歪曲真相,掩盖某些事情的本质。例如把invasion,raid(侵略)叫做incursion,involvement(进入)或military action(军事行动)。把战争中成千上万的人流离失所叫做transfer of population(人口转移)。越战时,美国入侵越南被称为卷入U.S.involvement in Vietnam,空袭利比亚为surgical strikes(外科手术式的打击),海湾战争时又出现了air operation(空中手术)和ground operation(地面手术)这类表示空中轰炸和地面战争的代用语,在战争中的伊拉克平民的伤亡civilian casualties 被轻描淡写为collateral damage(附带的损伤)。这类拐弯抹角、歪曲事实真相的委婉语的使用掩盖了战争的残酷性并为其侵略战争提供合法的理由。在经济领域委婉语也比比皆是,如英语中把economic crisis(经济危机)说成depression(萧条)或recession(衰退),商品匮乏是have the low availability factor ;商品降价/ 涨价是downgrade economic readjustment / upward price readjustment。英语里看不到穷国poor nations,有的只是backward nations(滞后国家),underdeveloped nations(欠发达国家),developing nations(发展中国家)和emerging nations(新兴国家)。在西方,工人罢工go on strike 被说成industrial action(工业行动),没有了一点“罢工”的痕迹。总之,英语委婉语在实际交际中起的是一种润滑剂的作用
英语委婉语的构成方法各种各样,丰富多彩。一般可分为下面几种类型:构词手段,拼写手段,词汇手段,语法手段和修辞手段等。
(1)合词法(compounding):如:gezudna(goes+under+“床下放”,即夜壶)。
(2)反成法(backformation): 反成法是通过删除假想中的词缀来构成委婉词。由于这种构词法产词是不大,所以造出的词大多新颖别致,用来代替常见的敏感词,也能收到委婉的效果。如:bugle(盗窃,由burglar[夜盗]盗删去“词尾”而成,用以替代。(3)首字母组合法(acronym):首字母组合法是将禁忌词语或敏感词语的第一个字母抽出来拼合在一起借以掩饰。如:BM(bowel movement,大便)the Big C(癌症)(4)截短法(clipping):截短法是将一些词语斩头去尾以掩饰。如:gents(Gentlement's Room)(男厕所)lav(lavatory,厕所)
(5)曲读异拼法(phonetic distortion):曲读异拼法是有意将禁忌词语的发音略加变动,借以避讳。如:god, gosh(god 上帝)
(6)压韵替代法(rhyming slang):压韵替代法是利用一些词语与禁忌词语押韵的特点来取而代之。如:sis,(piss 小便)
(7)逆拼法(backslang):逆拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感的单词自后向前拼写,以便避讳。如:elly-bay(belly肚子)
(8)首字母异拼法(respelling of initials):首字母异拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感单词的首字母按照发音拼写出来,效果委婉。如:dee(damn,该死)
(9)标点符号法(punctuation):如:d--(damn该死的)son of a--(son of a bitch,狗娘养的)(10)同义词替代法(synonyms)如:slim(苗条的,即skinny,皮包骨头)
(11)借词法borrowing):一般认为,英语中的本族词-盎格鲁撒克逊词-多为平民百姓的口语词,不登大雅之堂。所以很多人,尤其是知识分子和学生都喜欢借用法语词或拉丁词来婉指那些令人尴尬的事物。如:lingerie(内衣 underwear)
(12)模糊词语法(fuzzy words):如:affair(事物,即桃色事件)
(13)儿语法(nurseryism):借用儿童用语来充当委婉语。小孩子讲话天真无 邪,如果大人,尤其是中年人模仿儿语,有时效果是既委婉又幽默。如:pee-pee(小便)poo-poo(大便)(14)反面着笔法(negation):从相反的角度去表达那些令人不快的事物,效果有时会比正面直说婉转些。如:unwise(不聪明,即,愚蠢的)
(15)比喻法(metaphorical transfer):根据禁忌事物的特点,将其描绘成具有相同特点的可以接受的事物。如:go to sleep forever(长眠,即die死去)
(16)借代法(metonymical transfer):用整体来代替那些不便直言的局面。如:chest(胸部,即 breast乳房)
(17)低调说法(understatement):如 一种明抑实扬、言轻义重的含蓄的说法,用来表达不愉快的事情时,效果委婉,听者易于接受。smelly(有味道,即stinking,发臭)
(18)迂回说法(periphrasis):迂回说法是将不便直言的事物用转弯抹角的方式表达出来。其结果是短词长写,“短话长说”。如:adjustment downward(向下调整,即drop下跌)(19)首字母曲解法(reinterpretation of initials):首字母曲解法是有意对首字母词作出别的解释,效果不仅委婉,而且还带有幽默色彩。如:hot and cold(heroin and cocaine,海洛因可卡因合剂)
以上这些方法,大体上都贯穿了两个原则:一是若即若离的原则,一是美好中听的原则。一般说来,委婉语有三个方面的作用。一是避免刺激,给人以安慰;二是消除粗俗,给人以文雅;三是摒弃陈腐,给人以新颖。善于委婉,这是心灵美、修养高的表现。英语中一些委婉的说法
在英语中,象生、死、如厕等话题直说很不文雅,这时我们可以用委婉的说法,下面是笔者收集的一些有关这些话题的说法。1)Being in Love(恋爱)assignation(本义)指定
to be gone on(本义)一去不返 to be shock up(本义)被震撼的 to be taken(本义)被吸引住 H2(本义)hot and heavy to have a crush on(本义)捣碎 meeting(本义)会面
to set one's cap for(本义)指向某人 to set one's sights at(本义)目光落在身上 to take a fancy to(本义)喜欢上 to walk out 出去溜达
to cut one's eye at(本义)瞥一眼 the glad eye(本义)高兴的眼光 to look sweet on(本义)
to make eyes at(本义)对某人使眼色 wandering eye(本义)游荡的眼光 2)Pregnancy(怀孕)
a hole out in one(本义)一击入洞(高尔夫术语)an accident(本义)事故 anticipating(本义)期待的 awkward(本义)行动不便 to be caught(本义)被捉住 to be gone(本义)已过去了 to beget(本义)产生
break one's ankle(本义)脚骨折了 clucky(本义)抱窝的
eating for two(本义)吃双份饭 expecting(本义)期待的
an expectant mother(本义)期待的母亲 to fall(本义)倒下了 far gone(本义)去日苦多 fragrant(本义)香喷喷的
full of heir(本义)怀有继承人
to have a hump in the front(本义)前身有块隆肉
to have one watermelon on the vine(本义)藤上有瓜了 to have one on the way(本义)有人要来 in a bad shape(本义)身体不佳
in a certain condition(本义)身处某种状态 in a delicate condition(本义)身体虚弱 in a(the)family way(本义)家常打扮 in a familiar way(本义)熟悉地
in a particular condition(本义)处于特殊状态
in an interesting condition(situation, state)(本义)处于有趣状态 in trouble(本义)惹上麻烦 infanticipating(本义)期望得子 irregularity(本义)不规则现象 knitting(本义)绒衣
to knock up(本义)敲门叫人
lady-in-waiting(本义)有所期待的女子
to learn all about diaper folding(本义)学叠尿布 a mother-to-be(本义)未来的母亲 on the nest(本义)在抱窝 P.G.(Pregnant)怀孕的
preparing the bassinet(本义)准备摇篮 rattle shopping(本义)采购玩具
rehearing lullabies(本义)练唱催眠曲
to spoil a woman's shape(本义)坏了女子体型 to sprain an ankle(本义)扭伤脚踝
to swallow a watermelon seed(本义)吞了棵西瓜子 that way(本义)那样
waiting for the patter of little feet(本义)等待小脚丫声 to wear the apron high(本义)围裙系高 a waiting woman(本义)等待中的妇女 with a baby window(本义)有个凸窗肚 with child(本义)怀孩子了 3)Defecation(如厕)
to be caught short(本义)给了个冷不妨 the call of nature(本义)自然的需要
Can I add some powder?(本义)我可以茶点粉吗? to cash(write)a check(本义)兑(开)张支票 to do a job for oneself(本义)做点私事 do one's business(本义)干自己的活 to do one's duty(本义)尽职
to ease oneself(本义)自我轻松一下 to eliminate(本义)逐出 evacuation(本义)排空 to excrete(本义)排泄
to find a haven of rest(本义)寻找安息所 to fix one's face(本义)化装 to freshen up(本义)梳洗打扮
to get some fresh air(本义)去呼吸一点新鲜空气 to give oneself ease(本义)使自己舒服一下 to go(本义)
to go into retreat(本义)去僻静 to go somewhere(本义)出去一下 to go to Egypt(本义)到埃及去
to go to one's private office(本义)到私人办公室去 to go to bathroom(本义)到洗澡间
May I adjourn?(本义)我可以变换一下地方吗? May I please be excused?(本义)失陪了 natural necessity(本义)自然的需要 nature stop(本义)自然需要停车 to pluck a rose(本义)摘朵玫瑰 powder one's nose(本义)搽点粉 to relieve oneself(本义)轻松一下 to wash one's hands(本义)洗洗手 4)Death(死亡)
to be asleep in the Arms of God(本义)安睡在上帝的怀中 to be at peace(本义)平静了 to be at rest(本义)在休息
to be called to God(本义)被召唤到上帝那 to be called home(本义)被召回家 to be home and free(本义)到家自由了 to be taken to paradise(本义)被送进天堂 The call of God(本义)上帝的召唤 to depart(本义)离去
The final departure(本义)最后离去 final sleep(本义)最后一觉 to go home(本义)回家
to go to heaven(本义)进天堂
to go to one's long home(本义)回到永久之家 to go to one's own place(本义)回老家 happy land(本义)乐土
to have fallen asleep(本义)入睡了 to have found rest(本义)得到安息
to have gone to a better place(land, world, life)到一个更好得地方去了 in heaven(本义)在天堂
to join one's ancestors(本义)加入先人的行列 join the Great majority(本义)加入大多数 to leave this world(本义)离开今世 to pay one's fee(本义)付费 to rest(本义)休息
to rest in peace(本义)安息
to return to dust(本义)归之尘土 to sleep(本义)长眠
with God(本义)和上帝在一起
with their Father(本义)与圣父在一起 to fall(本义)倒下了
to do one's bit(本义)尽职了
to lay down one's life(本义)放下自己的生命
to be no longer with us(本义)不再与我们在一起了 to be out of pain(本义)摆脱痛苦
to breathe one's last(本义)呼了最后一口气 to cancel one's account(本义)销账 pay one's last debt(本义)付最后一笔债 to fade away(本义)消失 to make one's exit(本义)退场 to kick off(本义)开球 to be free(本义)解脱了 to be gone(本义)去了 to be no more(本义)不复存在 to close one's eyes(本义)瞑目 to come to an end(本义)结束 to go beyond(本义)到远方去 to expire(本义)呼气 to go off(本义)离去
to go one's last(本义)走到自己的终点 to go one's place(本义)回老家
to go to one's resting place(本义)到休息地去 to go to west(本义)西去
to kick the bucket(本义)踢翻水桶 to lose one's life(本义)失去了生命 to pass away(本义)离去
to stop living(本义)停止生存 to take one's rest(本义)休息 to shut up the shop(本义)关门
职业的委婉说法
1.作为垃圾工,原本是garbage collector
但是,美国人却很文雅的说成了sanitation engineer或者barbologist 就是卫生工程师或者垃圾学家
当然英国人也有相应的说法disposal operative 2.gardener作为花匠。但在委婉语中,被说成landscape architect。
3.domestic engineer是佣人servant的简化
有个domestic executive就是housewife的委婉语。
4.foreman的意思是工头。但是,plant superintendent也就是所谓的工厂监管,就是它的婉转语
1.穷人
the disadvantaged;the underprivileged;the low-income group全是委婉语 2.老人
一般是senior citizens,但是作为拿养老金的人pensioner这个说法也开始流行 3.失业的人
forgotten man 4.涨价
upward prize readjustment 5.贫民窟slum
culturally deprived environment 6.流落街头
urban camping委婉的多诗意
7.开除解雇firing
termination of employment或者declaring staff redundant 撒谎lie
show difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material 偷盗steal
need help in learning to respect the property rights of others 懒惰lazy
need ample supervision in order to work well 有关工人失业unemployment 社会政府人事把失业说成是layoff表示成“待业”的意思。这个也是对失业残酷现状的委婉说法。犹如,工厂裁员,委婉地说成down-sizing,把责任推卸到我们要“压缩规模上”幸免没有被裁员的工人也会很紧张,急忙寻找second career“第二职业”,或者设法a dock-and-dodge game“跳槽”,目的是为了job security“职业保障”,或者自己努力成为cross functionals“多面手”,以便可以remain employable“保持就业”。
第五篇:简要英文分析《唐顿庄园》中英式幽默(5分钟英文演讲稿)
Luo Chaoqun-分析《唐顿庄园》语言幽默
Have you ever watched American sitcoms, such as the Friends or The big bang theory? Do you know the common element in those programs? In my view, they are all full of laughter, because you may be easily tickled by some scenes or words.But when it comes to British television series, it’s hard to hear your laughter.A huge number of people may hold the point that British are serious and rigid, they don’t have much humor.In fact, only think actor’s dialogues again and again can you seize the British humor.Today I want to share you with one episode about the British
language humor in Downtown Abbey which focuses on the heir of the manor in the early 19 century.The episode occurs between Mrs.Isobel Crawley(the heroine lady Mary’s mother-in-law)and elder lady Grantham(Lady Mary’s granny)——she is my favorite actress, her real name is Maggie Smith.If you have watched the highly successful Harry Potter film series, you must know her well.She acted as the stern Professor Minerva McGonagall in the movies.In spite of her 79-year-old age, the honorary countess
Violet’s wisecracks let you know she is having the time of her life.In Downtown Abbey, as long as Mrs.Isobel Crawley and elder lady
Grantham appear together, rivalries can’t be avoided.Here we go.(The eighth episode in series four: just recovered from a heavy disease, elder lady Grantham started a new round combat against Mrs.Isobel Crawley.)
After knocked at the door, Isobel directly went into lady Grantham’s room and said, “It’s only me.” Only three syllables, showing her existence and emphasis she is the only person to look in the lady Grantham as usual.In terms of their background and relationship, I guess Isobel’s words may contain some unspoken meanings, such as “though you lady Grantham look down upon me used to be a nurse, but this time you got ill I’m glad to look after you and I even saved your life through my professional nursing care.I think we may be friends now.”
However, as a wife of earl, elder lady Grantham thought she was offended.How dare someone forget to greet her instead of saying “it’s only me.”? Even though you saved my life, our relationship won’t be closer, and our status remains the same, more importantly my dignity can’t be insulted.Therefore, she said quietly with sitting in a chair, “I always feel that greeting betrays such a lack of self worth.”
Can you see how witty the granny is? Though she wanted Mrs.Isobel to greet her, she used an impassive word, “betray”, as if she was by Isobel’s side.What a satire? Besides, she criticized Mrs.Isobel’s impoliteness with the phrase “a lack of self worth”, and also gave Isobel’s always saying “to realize self worth” a beautiful hit.Then Mrs.Isobel had to give in and followed elder lady Grantham’s remarks with a lively voice, “How are we today?”
Yet, our imperious elder lady Grantham was not satisfied.She said, “My dear, please stop talking to me, as if I were a child past hope.” You see, she kept nagging at Mrs.Isobel’s tone.Mrs.Isobel couldn’t win the ague as usual, thus, she said, “Very well.How are you feeling?”
“Like Doctor Manette.If I don’t get out of this house soon, I shall remember nothing but my number.”, finally elder lady Grantham seemed to have a chance to pour out her woes.What a lovely granny!
Each time when I recall lady Grantham’s classic expression and her clever remarks, I can’t help bursting into laughter.