第一篇:2017版高考英语一轮总复习 创新模拟题分类试题 专题4 动词的时态和语态
专题四 动词的时态和语态
根据高考命题大数据软件分析,重点关注第1、2、4、6、12、14、16、23、24题
模拟精选题
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2016·湖南四县联考)I sat down on the edge of a curb(路缘)and________(listen).
答案 listened [考查时态。and连接了两个并列的谓语动词,和前面的sat down并列。] 2.(2016·天水一中模拟)—Have you been to the United States? —Yes, only once.I________(stay)there only for seven days.答案 stayed [考查动词的时态。据句子 Have you been to the United States? Yes, only once.我去过美国,但已经回来,所以I________there only for seven days是过去的事,所以应用一般过去时态。] 3.(2016·济宁模拟)I________(think)about what you’ve said and I’ve decided to take your advice.答案 have been thinking [考查时态。句意:我一直都在考虑你所说的话而且我已经决定了采纳你的建议了。用现在完成进行时表示动作由过去的某一刻开始持续,直到说话的时候才刚好结束。] 4.(2016·福建泉州三月质检)I wondered why John kept it a secret.It was not until he________(ask)three times that he told me the truth.答案 had been asked [考查时态和语态。句意:直到我问了他三次,他才告诉我实情。主语he和ask之间是被动关系,并且发生在told之前,用过去完成时。] 5.(2016·陕西临潼华清中学模拟)—The constant noise around here ________(drive)me crazy!—Calm down.It’s no use complaining.答案 is driving [句意:——这里连续不断的吵闹声要把我逼疯了!——冷静点。抱怨也没用。根据谈话内容可知:使用现在进行时。] 6.(2016·兰州联考)—I wonder if you could go with me to the supermarket.1 —Don’t disturb me.I ________(write)my daily report this morning and haven’t finished yet.答案 have been writing [考查时态。句意:——我想知道你能否和我一起去超市。——不要打扰我,我今天早晨一直在写每日报告,现在还没有完成。根据句意,此处表示的从过去起一直持续的动作,用现在完成进行时。] 7.(2016·湖南浏阳一中期中)It was the fourth time she ________(shop)online for hours.答案 had shopped [考查固定句型中的时态。It was the fourth time...从句中应该用过去完成时态。] 8.(2015·福州八中质检)Being too anxious to help an event develop often ________(result)in the contrary to our intention.答案 results [考查一般现在时。从句子结构分析,动名词短语Being too anxious to help an event develop作主语,result是谓语动词,应当考虑时态;根据句子意思“急于求成,往往事与愿违”,是客观真理,应当用一般现在时,故填results。] 9.(2015·保定六市六校联盟)By April 2008,over 10 million articles ________(put)on Wikipedia.答案 had been put [考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意:到2008年4月份,1千多万文章已经登在维基百科上。和时间状语by April 2008连用谓语动词要用过去完成时,而且主语articles和动词put之间是被动关系。] 10.(2015·吉林一中月考)For thousands of years,the festival ________(mark)by eating Zongzi and racing dragon boats in honour of Qu Yuan.答案 has been marked [考查时态。由时间状语for thousands of years可知,谓语动词要用现在完成时,表示端午节一直以来都以吃粽子和赛龙舟的方式进行庆祝。] 11.(2015·内蒙古包钢一中月考)I’m so sorry,but sometimes the bus can ________(delay)by some problems.答案 be delayed [考查语态。the bus和delay之间是被动关系,故用被动语态。] 12.(2015·海南中学月考)Now college graduates ________(encourage)to start their own business,which sounds really good for us.答案 are being encouraged [考查时态和语态。句意:现在大学毕业生正在被鼓励自主创业,对我们来说这听起来不错。根据时间状语now可知是正在进行时,学生与鼓励之间是被动关系,故用现在进行时的被动语态。] 13.(2015·宁夏银川一中月考)So far I ________(adopt)and taught children for over 35 years.答案 have adopted [考查时态。根据时间状语so far“到目前为止”可知,该状语要与现在完成时连用。] 14.(2015·广东揭阳一中、潮州金山中学联考)So the questions must ________(deal)with carefully,the same way you would handle any other hot potato.答案 be dealt [考查语态。主语questions和动词deal with之间是被动关系。] 15.(2015·内蒙古师大附中月考)As a child,I lived in a poor family...the worst impression is that I ________(feel)hungry all the time.答案 was feeling [考查时态。根据时间状语all the time 可知此处要用进行时态,表示“一直”,这里是过去的事情,所以用过去进行时。] 16.(2015·黑龙江双鸭山一中月考)Sandy:What about his sister,Kate? Did she pass? Tom:Oh,yes.It seems she________(get)good marks.答案 got [考查时态。答句意为“好像她得了高分”。发生在过去的事要用一般过去时。] 17.(2015·河南洛阳一高月考)I think Chinese people choose chopsticks,rather than knives and forks,because Chinese people,under the influence of Confucianism,________(consider)knives and forks as symbolizing a type of violence traditionally.答案 have considered [考查时态。中国人在儒家思想的影响下,传统地认为刀和叉是暴力的象征。此处表示对现在造成的影响和结果,故要用现在完成时。] 18.(2015·辽宁锦州市质量检测一)He jumped out of the car,________(seize)a boy and pushed him up against the parked car.答案 seized [考查一般过去时。他从汽车里面跳了出来,抓住一个男孩。和jumped,pushed构成并列谓语,故要用一般过去时。] 19.(2014·河北邯郸市一模)Simon:Right.And how many people are coming? Did you say about 8? Linda:Yes,they said 8 at first,but________(change)to 6 this morning.解析 changed [考查一般过去时。他们一开始说是8个人,但是后来改成了6个。根据时间状语this morning可知此处要用一般过去时。] 20.(2014·山西太原五中模拟)He goes to a Buddhist monk for advice and expects to ________(tell)how to live a more simple life.答案 be told [考查被动语态。此人到庙里拜见高僧寻求指点,期望被告知如何过更简朴的生活。expect sb to do sth 期望某人做某事,因为he和tell之间为被动关系,故要用be told。] 21.(2014·辽宁锦州市质量检测一)“He ________(hurt),and he’s too heavy for me”. 答案 is hurt [考查一般现在时的被动语态。句意:他受伤了,对我来说他太重了。he和动词hurt之间是被动关系,且说的是客观事实,故要用一般现在时的被动语态形式。] 22.(2014·黑龙江大庆一中段考二)He ________(work)hard at his lessons every evening for months.He wants to go to Oxford University next year.答案 has been working [考查现在完成进行时。这几个月他一直在努力学习。用现在完成进行时表示最近一直在做的事情。] 23.(2014·黑龙江哈三中一模)If you ________(happen)meet a girl online who is intelligent,kind,honest,and you get a good feeling of her,won’t you have the desire to get to know her in person? 答案 happen to [考查动词的时态和固定表达。条件状语从句要用一般现在时表将来,happen to do sth碰巧做某事。] 24.(2014·山西太原五中模拟)There ________(be)more than 100 million references to the word “tuhao” on social media since early September this year.答案 have been [考查现在完成时。九月份上旬以来,“土豪”一词在中国社交网络上出现了1亿多次。和时间状语since early September this year 连用,要用现在完成时。] 25.(2014·黑龙江哈三中二模)All the discoveries in human history have ________(make)as a result of curiosity.答案 been made [考查被动语态。the discoveries和动词make之间为动宾关系,空格前的have表明句子用现在完成时,故要用现在完成时的被动语态。] Ⅱ.语篇语法填空
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
(2016·济南外国语学校质检)George Washington was the first President of the United States of America.His first term__1__president was from 1789 to 1793 and his second term from 1793 to 1797.__2__he became president, he played important roles in the army,__3__(lead)the American Continental Army to victory over the British in 1783.Washington is often seen as the father of the United States and is probably the best__4__(know)American politician ever.The likeness and name of George Washington can still be seen in many places.There is the portrait of__5__(he)and three other American presidents carved into Mount Rushmore National Memorial.His image is also used on__6__one-dollar bill and the quarter-dollar coin.At least three universities__7__(name)after him.4 Washington’s Birthday was first celebrated as a holiday in Columbia in 1880.It was made a federal holiday in 1885.The holiday was__8__(original)held on the anniversary of Washington’s birth, on February 22.In 1971, this holiday was moved to the__9__(three)Monday in February.This holiday is legally designated as “Washington’s Birthday”.Though other institutions such as local governments and private__10__(business)may use other names, it is the federal government’s policy to always refer to holidays by the names designated in the law.【语篇导读】 乔治·华盛顿是美国历史上第一位总统,也是刻入拉什莫尔山国家纪念公园的四位伟大总统之一。美国人民非常崇拜华盛顿,将他的诞辰纪念日定于二月份的第三个星期一。1.as [考查介词。根据上下文语境分析,此处表示作为总统的第一个任期是从1789年到1793年,第二个任期是从1793年到1797年。as“当作,作为”。] 2.Before [考查连词。根据语境可分析,他在当总统之前,在军中起着重要作用。故需填入从属连词before。] 3.leading [考查非谓语动词。此处表示他在军中担任要职,他领导的美国大陆军于1783年战胜英军。主语he与动词lead之间是主谓关系,故用现在分词短语作伴随状语。] 4.known [考查形容词。由语境和句式结构分析,空格处缺少形容词,表示“知名的”。结合提示词可知应填known。此处表示华盛顿通常被看作美国之父,他也可能是美国最著名的政治家。] 5.him [考查代词。根据语境分析,介词of缺少宾语,且此处指代华盛顿,故用him。] 6.the [考查冠词。由下文的“the quarter-dollar coin”可判断,此处为特指,即特指华盛顿的图像印在the one-dollar bill上。] 7.are named [考查动词时态、语态。本段的主体时态为一般现在时,且此处没有明确的表示其他时态的时间状语,由此可分析,此处应用一般现在时,而句中的主语“three universities”与动词name之间存在动宾关系,故应用一般现在时的被动语态,即are named。] 8.originally [考查词形转换。根据句子结构分析,此处的一般过去时的被动语态was held缺少副词修饰,故该填入形容词original的副词形式,即originally。] 9.third [考查序数词。根据语境和上文的定冠词the可判断出,此处该填入基数词three的序数词,即third。在1971年,这一节日移到了二月的第三个星期一。] 10.businesses [考查名词单复数。根据文中的关键信息“other institutions...local governments”可判断出,此处应用名词的复数形式businesses,表示多家私人企业。]
创新导向题
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(关注一般过去时表过去的事实)—You’ve got your flat furnished, haven’t you? —Yes,I________some used furniture and it was a real bargain.答案 bought [句意:——你的房子装修好了,不是吗?——是的,我买了一些二手家具,确实便宜。从后面的was可知,买家具是过去的动作,故用一般过去时。] 2.(关注现在完成时和过去完成时的区别)John and I________(be)friends for eight years.We first got to know each other at a Christmas party.But we________(meet)each other a couple of times before that.答案 have been;had met [根据第一空后面的“for eight years”可知,第一空应用现在完成时;根据第二空前面的“got”及后面的“before that”可知,meet这一动作发生在got之前,故第二空应用过去完成时。] 3.(关注过去进行时表过去一段时间内正在进行的动作)—Hey,Gary,did Linda see you come in? —I don’t think so.She________(review)her lessons then.答案 was reviewing [句意:——嗨,加理,刚才琳达看见你进来了吗?——我认为没有。她当时正在复习功课。根据答语第二句中的then可知应用过去进行时。] 4.(关注各种时态的被动语态)A lot of attention________(pay)to greenhouse gas emission.Look at those posters for environmental protection.答案 is being paid [句意:温室气体的排放得到了很多关注。看那些关于环境保护的海报。根据“Look at”可知此处指的是现在的情况,且pay与attention之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,故用现在进行时的被动语态。] 5.(关注不用在被动语态中的词)—Does China have cultural relics? —Yes,it is admitted that many cultural relics in the world,such as the Great Wall,the Potala Palace and the Mogao Grottoes,________(belong)China.答案 belong to [belong to不用于被动语态和进行时态。“许多世界文化遗产,如长城、布达拉宫、莫高窟等属于中国”,这是一个客观事实,应该用一般现在时。从句的主语是many cultural relics,所以谓语动词要用复数形式。] Ⅱ.语篇填空
用括号内动词的适当形式填空。
Welcome to our school.I’d like to introduce you to plans for our school.A lot of work __1__(do)in the past few years.The library __2__(complete)and is ready for use.But we still have to do more work.A new biology lab __3__(build)this year.But we don’t have enough money for the equipment.Students in all grades __4__(collect)money.The money which is collected __5__(spend)on new equipment.At present,a plan __6__(make)for a party at the end of the term,at which wonderful performances __7__(put)on.The gardens of the school __8__(improve)this year.New trees __9__(plant)which will soon give shade in summer.The whole school __10__(paint)during the summer holidays.In fact,our school is becoming more and more beautiful.答案 1.has been done 2.has been completed 3.is being built 4.are collecting 5.will be spent 6.is being made 7.will be put 8.are being improved 9.are being planted 10.is going to be painted
第二篇:2014高三英语一轮语法练习(6)动词的时态和语态范文
(6)动词的时态和语态
1.(2012·唐山质检)—What's that terrible noise,David?
—Oh,I forgot to tell you.The new machines in the nearby plant________.A.were testedB.will be tested
C.are being testedD.have been tested
2.(2012·烟台检测)The attackers were arrested and didn't know where they________.A.would takeB.are taken
C.were being takenD.will be taken
3.(2012·南京调研)People begin to know that most environmental problems exist because necessary measures for preventing them________ taken in the past.A.are notB.were not
C.hadn't beenD.wouldn't be
4.(2012·淮阳检测)—Monitor?
—I'm not monitor of our class.I________ with the teacher until the monitor is elected.A.will just helpB.am just to help
C.am just helpingD.have just helped
5.(2012·南京检测)—I hear you________ at Smith's.—Yes,I________ there for about three months.A.work;had been working
B.worked;was working
C.are working;have been working
D.worked;have worked
6.(2012·徐州调研)—Why didn't you come to the cinema with us last Saturday?
—Oh,sorry.But I________ the film.A.seeB.saw
C.have seenD.had seen
7.A big step ________ to strengthen China health care systems since we launched an effort in 2008.A.has been takenB.is being taken
C.was takenD.had been taken
8.(2012·汕头模拟)I have been on diet for months and next time you see me,I ________ five pounds.A.will have lostB.will lose
C.have lostD.am losing
9.(2012·启东模拟)—Are you going to further your studies after graduation?
—Well,I________ yet.I might make some other choices.A.didn't decideB.haven't decided
C.don't decideD.hadn't decided
10.(2012·信阳质检)Mary,I should tell you it is the third time that you________ your homework.A.forgot to doB.forgot doingC.have forgotten to doD.had forgotten doing
11.—We thought he would have won the game.—What a pity!He ________ too nervous when playing.A.had beenB.has been
C.wasD.would have been
12.(2012·长春质检)—When did you move to Sanya?
—In 2008.But I________ in Tibet for 8 years.A.has workedB.has been worked
C.have been workingD.worked
13.—Can you give some advice on what I said just now?
—Sorry.My mind ________.A.is wanderingB.was wandering
C.has wanderedD.has wandered
14.(2012·荆门二模)—Look!What a mistake!Why?
—Sorry,I________ on it.A.don't concentrate
B.hadn't concentrated
C.haven't been concentrating
D.wasn't concentrating
15.(2012·大连二模)After moving for a while, the driver realized that he ________ in the wrong direction.A.is drivingB.was driving
C.droveD.would drive
16.(2012·南京调研)—Jim, can you get in touch with Peter?
—I'm sorry, but I ________ his telephone number.A.don't knowB.didn't know
C.haven't knowD.won't know
17.—That must have been a challenging examination.—Yes.It ________ me half a year to get ready for it.A.takesB.took
C.has takenD.was taking
18.(2012·漳州模拟)—Mike left the airport two minutes ago.—Oh, can you tell me when he ________ home?
A.getsB.will get
C.gotD.has got
19.(2012·淮阳月考)With the sharp drop of the share prices all around the world, some economists predicted that the second economic crisis ________ soon.A.cameB.has come
C.would comeD.had come
20.(2012·深圳调研)The famous writer ________ in a coal mine for 15 years.When he was 36, a person was to change his life.A.has workedB.had worked
C.workedD.works解析:考查动词的时态。根据问句中的What's that terrible noise 可知,这里应该用进行时态,噪音是机器正在被检测时发出的,所以用现在进行时的被动语态。
答案:C解析:句意为:袭击者被捕了,他们不知道正被带往何处。根据didn't know 可知,空格处也应该用过去的某种时态,所以B、D不正确;根据句意可知此处用被动语态,故选C。
答案:C解析:句意为:人们开始了解到由于在过去没有采取必要的预防措施从而造成了大多数的环境问题。in the past暗示出用过去时态;hadn't been 指在一个过去的动作或时间之前发生的事情;wouldn't be 表过去将来,故B项正确。
答案:B解析:考查时态。下句意为:我只是在帮助老师,直到选出班长为止。根据上下句语意可知,此处用现在进行时,表示答话者当时所处的状态。
答案:C解析:本题考查时态。听说你正在Smith's 上班,因此应该使用现在进行时态;我在那里已经工作大约三个月了(可能还会持续下去),因此需要使用现在完成进行时态。
答案:C解析:考查动词的时态。由语意可知,这个电影在上周六(last Saturday)之前就已经看过了,也就是说动作发生在“过去的过去”,因此应该用过去完成时。
答案:D解析:考查时态。since(自从)所在的从句用了一般过去时,主句一般用现在完成时。
答案:A解析:本题考查动词时态。句意为:我已经减肥好几个月了,等下次再见我时,我就会轻五磅。根据语境知句子要用将来完成时,故A项正确。
答案:A解析:本题考查动词时态。从答语:也许还有别的打算可知,目前还没有做出决定,故用现在完成时。答案:B解析:考查时态和非谓语动词。“It is(was)the+序数词+time+that从句”,表示“是某人第几次做某事”,在此句型中,若前面为it is,则that 从句用现在完成时,若前面为it was,则that 从句用过去完成时;而forget to do sth.表示忘了应去做某事,forget doing sth.表示忘了已做过某事。根据语意可知此题应选C。
答案:C解析:考查动词时态。句意为:他当时太紧张了。答语是对过去事实的陈述,用一般过去时。答案:C解析:考查时态。由题干可知答话人在2008年搬到三亚之前曾在西藏工作过8年,叙述的是过去的事实,故应用一般过去时。
答案:D解析:考查动词的时态。从语境可知“刚才你说话的时候,我走神了”,此处强调“过去某个时刻正在进行”的状态,所以用过去进行时,答案选B项。
答案:B解析:考查时态。此处表示的是在说话之前的那段时间内没有专心,因此用过去进行时。
答案:D解析:考查时态。用过去进行时态表示过去某段时间正在发生的事情。司机意识到他正开往错误的方向。
答案:B解析:考查时态。此处强调目前的状况,故用一般现在时态。
答案:A解析:考查时态。句中的must have been表示的是对过去情况的肯定推测,可推断考试发生在过去,故用一般过去时态。
答案:B解析:考查时态。when引导一个宾语从句,根据语意可知此处讲的是将来的事情,故用一般将来时态。
答案:B解析:考查时态。根据时间状语soon可知此处用将来时态,本句的主句谓语动词为一般过去时态,故此处应用过去将来时态。
答案:C解析:考查动词的时态。根据语意可以判断此处描述的是过去发生的事情,故用一般过去时态。此处不强调一个动作对另一个动作的影响或动作的先后顺序,不用过去完成时。
答案:C
第三篇:2015高考英语复习2014高三真题_动词时态与语态解析
2015年高考英语3天迅捷提分密码详情请到百度文库中输入”沈阳高分英语家教”或”沈阳英语家教查询”!
2014全国高考汇编之动词时态与语态
一(2014安徽卷)23.The twins, Whotheir homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.A.will finishB.finishC.have finishedD.had finished
考点】考察时态【答案】D【解析】句义:已经完成了他们的家庭作业,这对双胞胎被允许在操场上打羽毛球。根据句义可知他们完成作业是在被允许到操场上打羽毛球之前。而他们被允许打羽毛球已经使用了一般过去时,所以完成作业应该使用过去完成时。故D正确。
【举一反三】---Peter, do you know who____ my dictionary ?A.has taken awayB.was taking away
---Sorry , I don’t know.I didn’t do it.C.had taken awayD.is taking away
【答案】A试题分析:句意:--皮特,你知道谁把我的字典拿走了吗?--对不起,我不知道,我没有拿。这里拿走发生在过去,强调对现在造成的影响,不知在什么地方,故用现在完成时。
二(2014北京卷)22.---Hi, let’s go skating.A.fillB.have filled---Sorry, I’m busy right now.I ___ in an application form for a new job.C.am fillingD.will fill
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】句意:—喂,我们五滑冰吧!—对不起,我现在很忙,我正在填写一份新的工作申请表。根据句意可知本句是在叙述说话时正在进行,正在发生的事情,所以使用现在进行时。故C正确。【试题延伸】时态题的考查关键是抓住句子的上下文含义和句中的时间状语。要根据时间状语来选择合适的时态,在平时的学习中要注意积累有关时态的用法和各种时态的特殊之处。
【举一反三】——I hear youin a pub.what’s it like?A.are workingB.will work
——Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind.C.were workingD.will be working
【答案】A【考点】考查动词的时态。【解析】句意为“——我听说你在酒吧里上班,这份工作怎么样?——咳,这是份辛苦活,老感到累,不过我不介意。”对话所用的现在时表明现在还在酒吧里上班,用现在进行时描述现阶段长期重复的一个动作。故选A。
三(2014北京卷)23.Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves _______ half an hour.A.byB.inC.forD.until
【考点】考察将来时和介词使用【答案】B
【解析】本题的关键是the train to the airport leaves火车将要离开;在这句话里使用了一般现在时代替将来时,表示按照车站的时间表列车进出。实际上本句是一个将来时,四个选项里只有“in+一段时间”可以和将来时连用。句意:Jane很着急,因为去机场的火车半小时以后就要出发了。故B正确。
四(2014北京卷)31.---What time is it?A.checkB.checked---I have no idea.But just a minute, I ______ it for you.C.will checkD.would check
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】本题考察的是will的一个特殊用法。句意:—现在几点了?—我不知道。可是请你稍等,我现在就帮你看一下。根据句意可知不可能是过去发生的事情,排除BD项。我为你去看时间属于将要发生的事情,所以使用will表示临时决定要做某事。故C正确。
五(2014北京卷)32.I found the lecture hard to follow because it _______ when I arrived.A.startedB.was startingC.would startD.had started
【考点】考察时态【答案】D【解析】句意:我发现这个报告很难懂,因为当我到的时候,它已经开始了。根据句意可知这个报告是在我到达之前就开始看,而句中我到达使用了arrived,而报告是在这之前发生的,所以使用过去完成时。故D正确。
【举一反三】—Peter , where did you guys go for the summer vacation?
—We________ busy with our work for months, so we went to the beach to relax ourselves.A.wereB.have beenC.had beenD.will be
〖答案〗C.〖考点〗考查时态题.〖解析〗我们去海边发生在过去.而我们忙于工作在此之前.因此用过去完成时.六(2014大纲卷)22.Unless extra money____, the theatre will close.A.was foundB.findsC.is foundD.found
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】本题考察的是时态。句义:除非找到另外的投资,否则这个电
2015年高考英语3天迅捷提分密码详情请到百度文库中输入”沈阳高分英语家教”或”沈阳英语家教查询”!
影院就监视被关闭。本句中Unless引导的是一个条件状语从句,使用一般现在时代替将来时,后面的主句
使用将来时。根据句义可知mony和find构成被动关系,所以也要使用被动语态。故C正确。
七(2014大纲卷)32.The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody ______ them since.A.seesB.sawC.has seenD.had seen
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】句义:这些报告在2012年就不见了,从那以后没有人看见过它
们。本句的关键词是since自从那时。根据句义可知是指自从2012年这些文件不见是开始,到现在为止没
有人看见。Since经常和现在完成时连用的。故C正确。
【举一反三】—The window is dirty.A.hasn’t cleanedB.didn’t clean
— I know.It ________ for weeks.C.wasn’t cleanedD.hasn’t been cleaned
〖答案〗D〖考点〗该题是根据交际情景中考查动词时态与语态。
〖解析〗关键词for weeks, 考虑现在完成时, 表示到目前为止的结果, 好几周不擦了;窗户与擦的关系是
被动关系, 故被动语态。句意;“窗户很脏了。”“我知道。好几周没有擦了。”注:由终止性动词leave, arrive,come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等构成的完成时不能与for或
since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。如:I haven’t met him
for two years.八(2014福建卷)23.—Haven't seen you for ages!Where have you been?A.stayedB.stay
—I went to Ningxia and there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.C.had stayedD.am staying
【考点】考察时态【答案】A
【解析】句义:—很久没有看见你了!你到哪里去了?—我去了宁夏,并在那里待了一年时间,作教书的志愿者。本句只是叙述我过去在宁夏待了一年,没有强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。而且也没有持续
到现在,因为我已经回来了。所以不需要使用完成时,使用一般过去时陈述事实即可。故A正确。
【举一反三】----Where_____the recorder ?I can not see it anywhere.-----I_____it right here.But now it is gone!
A.did you put,have putB.have you put, putC.had you put,was puttingD.were you putting,have put
【答案】B 【解析】试题分析:考查时态。句意:—你把录音机放在什么地方了?我找不到。—我就放
在这儿。但是现在不见了。根据句意说明第一空询问的是过去发生的事情对现在的影响,故使用现在完成时。第二空就是陈述过去发生的事情,使用一般过去时。故B正确。
九(2014湖南卷)28.Since the time humankind started gardening, we _____to make our environment more
beautiful.A.tryB.have been tryingC.are tryingD.will try
【考点】考察时态【答案】B【解析】本题考察时态,关键词是since….自从…;since引导的从句经
常要和现在完成时以及现在完成进行时连用。句义:自从人类开始搞园艺活动到现在,我们一直都在让我们的环境更美丽。本句使用现在完成进行时,强调动作的持续性和反复性。故B正确。
【试题延伸】关键是抓住句子的上下文含义和句中的时间状语。要根据时间状语来选择合适的时态,在平
时的学习中要注意积累有关时态的用法和各种时态的特殊之处。如since,so far等经常与现在完成时连用。在条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时等等。
【举一反三】He_____ articles for our wall-newspaper these years, and he____ about thirty articles.A.has written;wrote B.has been writing;wroteC.is writing;has been writing D.has been writing;has written
【答案】D 【解析】试题分析:第一个空表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在,并且有可能持
续下去,故用现在完成进行时;第二个空表示自过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历,用现在完成时。
十(2014湖南卷)34.Whenever you, a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of
view.A.bought B.have boughtC.will buy D.buy
【考点】考察时态【答案】D【解析】本题考察的是时态。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,通常
使用一般现在时代替将来时,后面的主句通常使用将来时。句义:无论何时你购买礼物的时候,你都应该
从接受者的角度来考虑问题。故D正确。
【举一反三】Frank_____ London by train which ____ at 8:30 next morning.A.is leaving for;will leaveB.is leaving for;leavesC.will leave for;will leaveD.leaves for;leaves
【答案】B试题分析:考查将来时的表达法。现在进行时代替将来时表示按照计划安排要发生的事情。
用一般现在时代替将来时表示按照机场,车站的时间表要发生的事情。本题第一空是指按照安排要发生的事情,第二空指按照时刻表要发生的事情。故B正确。
十一(2014江苏卷)23.—How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing?
—Well, the media ________ _________it in a variety of forms.A.cover B.will cover C.have covered D.covered
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】句意:—你对即将在南京举行的青奥会了解多少?—很好,媒
体以多种形式对青奥会举行了报道。根据本句中的well,可知后者对青奥会很了解。这主要是因为媒体多
种形式的报道,本句使用现在完成时体现出过去所发生的事情对现在的影响。故C正确。
【试题延伸】动词时态是高考的热点,英语的时态多,又很复杂,现在的高考不是纯粹考时态的问题,而
是把它们放在一定的语言环境里,让考生根据特定的环境来确定答案。
【举一反三】---Peter, do you know who____ my dictionary ?A.has taken awayB.was taking away
---Sorry , I don’t know.I didn’t do it.C.had taken awayD.is taking away
【答案】A试题分析:句意:--皮特,你知道谁把我的字典拿走了吗?--对不起,我不知道,我没有拿。这里拿走发生在过去,强调对现在造成的影响,不知在什么地方,故用现在完成时。
十二(2014江西卷)----Tony , why are your eyes red ?A.cutB.was cutting
---I __ up peppers for the last five minutes.C.had cutD.have been cutting
【考点】考察时态【答案】D【解析】本题考察的是现在完成进行时。句义:—Tony,为什么你的眼
睛那么红啊?—在过去的的5分钟里,我一直都在切辣椒。根据句义可知本句表示在过去的一段时间里一
直都在做某事,所以使用现在完成进行时表示动作的持续性和反复性。故D正确。
【举一反三】---We've spent too much money recently.---Well,it isn't surprising.Our friends and relatives ______ around all the time.A.are comingB.had comeC.were comingD.have been coming
【答案】D试题分析:考查时态:句意:--最近我们花了很多钱。--不奇怪。我们的朋友和亲戚一直过来。可知最近一段时间一直有亲戚朋友来,用现在完成进行时。选D。
十三(2014山东卷)1.Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-consuming than we______.A.will expectB.are expectingC.expectD.had expected
【答案】D【解析】本题考察的时态。句义:手工写下所有的邀请函要比我们预料的花去更多的时间。根据句义可知我们预料是在实际上写之前发生的,而本句中实际写花去的时间使用了过去时was,所以
expect使用过去完成时。故D正确。【试题延伸】时态题的考察要特别注意动词发生的先后顺序,尤其是
现在完成时或者过去完成时,这一点特别明显。
【举一反三】-----We didn’t find Smith attending the lecture.A.told;there to beB.had told;there to be
------No one _____ him about ______ a lecture the following day.C.told;there wasD.had told;there being
【答案】D【解析】考查时态和非谓语。根据前面一句可知told动作发生在didn’t find之前,故用过去
完成时;而about是个介词,故后面应用there being.十四(2014山东卷)5.They made up their mind that they______ a new house once Larry changed jobs.A.boughtB.would buyC.have boughtD.had bought
【考点】考察时态【答案】B【解析】本题考察的是时态。句义:他们决定,一旦larry 换了工作,他们就买一个新房子。本句中的would表示的是过去将来时。他们是在过去决定一个将要发生的事情,所
以使用过去将来时。故B正确。
十五(2014陕西卷)22.During his stay in Xi’an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends ________,A.would recommendB.had recommendedC.have recommendedD.were recommending
【考点】考察时态【答案】B【解析】句义:在Jerry待在西安期间,他尝试了他的朋友向他推荐的几乎所有的食物。根据句义可知他的朋友向他推荐食物是在Jeery尝试的食物之前,句中已经使用了
tried,所以推荐使用过去完成时。故B正确。
十六(2014四川卷)9.She ______ someone, so I nodded to her and went away.A.phonedB.had phonedC.was phoningD.has phoned
【考点】考察上下文语境时态【答案】C【解析】句意:她正在和一个人打电话,于是我向她点了下头便走了。根据后句I nodded to her and went away“我只向她点了下头”说明她正在打电话。所以使用过去进行时表示在过去某个时间正在进行的事情。故C正确。
【举一反三】I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn't get through.Her brother ______ on the phone all the time.A.has been talkingB.was talkingC.has talkedD.talked
【答案】B试题分析:考查时态:句意:我昨天晚上给汉娜打了几次电话,但一直打不通,他弟弟一直在打电话,说明是昨天晚上我打电话的时候,她的弟弟一直在打电话.用过去进行时,选B。
十七(2014天津卷)11.We won’t start the work until all the preparations __________.A.are being madeB.will be madeC.have been madeD.had been made
【考点】考察时态【答案】C【解析】通常说来, 在时间状语从句中使用一般现在时代替将来时,前面的主句中使用将来时。在高中英语中也使用现在完成时代替将来时,表示到将来某个时间已经完成的事情。句义:直到所有的准备工作都做好以后,我们才开始工作。故C正确。
十八(2014浙江卷)11.Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she _____ most of the guests before.A.has seenB.had seenC.sawD.would see
【考点】考察时态【答案】B【解析】句意:Sofia回顾四周所有的脸庞,她有印象她之前见过大部分的客人。根据句意可知她见过这么多的客人是在她拥有这个印象之前发生的事情,本句中had说明看见这么多客人应该使用过去完成时。故B正确。
【举一反三】-----We didn’t find Smith attending the lecture.A.told;there to beB.had told;there to be------No one _____ him about _____ a lecture the following day.C.told;there wasD.had told;there being
【答案】D 【解析】考查时态和非谓语。根据前面一句可知told动作发生在didn’t find之前,故用过去完成时;而about是个介词,故后面应用there being.十九(2014重庆卷)4.You’d better write down her phone number before you ___ it.A.forgetB.are forgettingC.forgotD.will gorget
【考点】考察时态【答案】A【解析】本题考察的是时态题中的一个常考的用法。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,常常使用一般现在时代替将来时。本句中的连词before引导的就是一个时间状语从句,所以使用一般现在时代替将来时。句意:在你忘记之前最好把他的电话号码写下来。故A正确。
【举一反三】The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people_______ to eat more fruit and vegetables.A.persuadeB.will persuadeC.be persuadedD.are persuaded
【答案】D【解析】考查时态和语态。在条件句和时间状语从句中,使用一般现在时代替将来时,主语用将来时。而且人们是被说服吃更多的水果和蔬菜。故D正确。
二十(2014重庆卷)8.James has just arrived, but I didn’t knowhe ___until yesterday.A.will comeB.was comingC.had come D.came
【考点】考察时态【答案】B【解析】本题考察的是过去进行时表示过去将来时的用法。当表示事先计划好的,安排好的要发生的事情,且谓语动词是一些表示位置变化的动词,如:leave, come等的时候,可以使用进行时表示将来时。句意:James已经到了,但是知道昨天我才知道他要来。根据句意可知他要来这里是计划好的事情,且动词come表示的是位置变化。故B正确。
【举一反三】The moment ____ soon, he thought to himself, waiting nervously.A.cameB.has comeC.was comingD.is coming
【答案】D【解析】本题考查时态。【解析】根据soon可知为将来的事情,且是直接引语,应为现在,所以选D,进行时态表将来。动词的时态 现在进行时态表将来。
第四篇:高三英语复习教学案语法时态和语态
曹州一中高三英语复习教学案
(五)专题五 动词时态和语态
一动词时态概述及基本用法
一、时态中的一般体 【精华知识巨献】
1一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或表示现在、过去的状态。所谓一般体表示不“进行”。It was Bob that broke the window(完成)。
We have meals three times a day.我们一日三餐。(现在的习惯)He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park.在我小时候,常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)2一般现在时还可表示客观真理、科学事实。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
3一般现在时还可用在if,unless,even if引导的条件状语从句,由when,before,until(till),as soon as,the moment,once引导的时间状语从句,由no matter what/who/which/when/where/how或whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however引导的让步状语从句中,这时主句往往表将来(出现will/shall/can/must)或主句是祈使句。I'll go with you as soon as I finish my work.我一完成作业就跟你去。—Can I join your club,Dad?
我可以参加你的俱乐部吗?爸爸? —You can when you get a bit older.当你长大点时你可以参加。
If city noises are not kept from increasing,people will have to shout to be heared even at the dinner table 20 years from now.如果城市的噪音不得以控制而上升的话,从现在算起,20年后人们在餐桌上吃饭时为了让对方听到自己也将不得不大声地喊。Whatever you say,I will not change my mind.不论你说什么,我都不会改变我的想法。
4语境中的一般过去时往往表示“刚才,刚刚”之意,暗示现在已“不再这样”。—Come in,Peter.I want to show you something.彼特,过来。我想给你件东西。
—Oh,how nice of you!I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.哦,你真好!我没想到你会给我带来一件礼物。Your phone number again?I didn't quite catch it.再说一遍你的电话号码好吗?我没有听清楚。5一般将来时的用法
(1)“will/shall+动词原形”表示从现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态;事
物的固有属性或必然趋势。
Tom will come back next week.汤姆将在下周回来。
Fish will die without water.离开水,鱼就会死。
(2)“be going to+动词原形”多用在口语中,表示“计划、打算、即将做某事”,此外,be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。
He is going to speak on TV this evening.他计划今晚到电视台讲话。Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看这乌云,要下雨了。
(3)“be about to+动词原形”表示立即的将来(immediate future),因此,该句型不与具体的时间状语连用,但可与when引导的时间状语从句连用。
The train is about to start.火车就要开了。
(4)有些动词如come,go,stay,arrive,leave,begin,start等,其一般现在时、现在进行时亦可表示按计划、安排将来要发生的动作或状态。
He comes here tonight.他打算今晚来这儿。
I arrive in Beijing at 3:00 p.m.Tomorrow.我明天下午3点到北京。
What are you doing next week?下周你打算做什么?(5)be to+动词原形
①表示按计划或安排要做的事。
When are you to leave for New York?你什么时候去纽约? She is to get married next month.她下个月结婚。
这种结构也可用于过去。was/were to do sth.表示曾经计划做某事,但不表明计划是否被执行,或表示命运(即命中注定要发生的事);was/were to have done sth.表示未曾实现的计划。
I felt excited because I was soon to leave home for the first time.我感到很激动,因为我很快就要首次离开家了。We were to have told you,but you were not in.我们本来想告诉你的,但是你不在家。
②表示“指令”,相当于should,ought to,must,have to。What is to be done?应该怎么办呢?
This medicine is to be taken three times a day.这种药一天要服三次。The books in this room are not to be taken outside.(=The books in this room mustnt be taken outside.)这个房间里的书籍不得带出室外。
③表示“想,打算”,相当于intend,want。
If we are to be there before ten,well have to go now.如果我们想在十点前到,我们现在就得走。④用于第一人称疑问句,表示征求对方意见。Am I to go on with the work?要我继续这项工作吗? What are we to do next?我们下一步该怎么办?
⑤在与be to连用的结构中,see,find,congratulate的不定式的被动式有特殊的用法。The news is to be found in the evening paper.这条消息可以在晚报上见到。
He is nowhere to be seen.在哪里也见不到他。You are to be congratulated.应该向您表示祝贺。
二时态中的进行体
【精华知识巨献】
1一个长动作作为背景,被一个短动作打断,长动作往往用进行体,短动作用一般体。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我弟弟骑自行车时从车子上摔了下来,伤了自己。
The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.同学们在忙着写作,这时布朗老师去取她忘在办公室的书。Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.当没人注意的时候,汤姆溜进了那所房子。2表示动作的未完性、暂时性。
—Have you moved into the new house?
你搬进新房了吗?
—Not yet.The rooms are being painted.还没呢,房子还正在粉刷呢。(未完性)I dont really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我不是在此工作,我只是在帮忙,新秘书来了我就走。(暂时性)
Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.选手机供个人使用不是一件容易事因为技术变化太快。(“变化”尚未完成)
3表示按计划、安排要做的事。
Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida.I am taking my mum.我获得了一次去佛罗里达度两天假的机会。我计划带着我妈妈去。(计划)4表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况
I first met Lisa 3 years ago.She was working at a radio shop at that time.三年前我第一次见到莉萨,当时她正在一家卖收音机的商店工作。—Is this raincoat yours?这是你的雨衣吗? —No,mine is hanging there behind the door.不是,我的在门后挂着呢。
5表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作,往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always,continually,constantly连用
He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。
He is always making the same mistake.他总是犯同一个错误。
三时态中的完成体
【精华知识巨献】
一、现在完成时
1一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有:
lately,recently,so far,for two years,since last year,in the last/past few years,since then.up to now等。
I have lived here since I was born.我从出生一直住在这里。
I have known him since then.我从那时就认识他了。
2一个发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响。注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响。常用状语有already,just(刚刚),yet,never,before等。He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.)
他已经关掉了灯。The concert has started.(=The concert is on now.)
会议已经开始了。
I have already seen the film.(=I know the film now.)
我已经看过这部电影了。3This/It is the first/second...time+that从句。that从句谓语要用现在完成时。This is the first time I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。4在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.只有我亲眼看到,我才会相信你的话。(强调“看完”)I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我干完了工作就和你一起去。(强调“干完”)
二、过去完成时
1一件事情发生在过去,而另外一件事情先于它(即表“过去的过去”),那么发生在前的事情的动词须用过去完成时。这时时间状语可用before等介词 短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可通过上下文来表示。
She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她在来学院前已学过一些英语。
He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了3年了。2表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间状语有:by then,by that time,until,by the end of,before 2000,by the time+句子等。
By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时,他已学了3年英语了。
Until then he had known nothing about it.到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。3Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had...done...when...;No sooner had...done...than...,when和than从句里用一般过去时,表示“刚刚……就……”。
Hardly(No sooner)had I got home when(than)the rain poured down.我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。
Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我们才刚刚开动,汽车的轮胎就漏气了。
4It was/had been+一段时间+since从句。since从句中谓语动词用过去完成时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们十年没这么高兴了。
5That/It was the first/second...time+that从句。that从句谓语要用过去完成时。
It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。
That was the first time that I had passed the exam.那是我第一次考试及格。
6表示愿望、打算一类的词,如:hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
I had meant to help you,but I was too busy at the moment.我本想帮你的,但当时确实太忙了。
I had thought you would come tomorrow.我原以为你明天才来呢。
三、将来完成时
将来完成时表示到将来某一时间,某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为:by+将来的某个时间。
By this time of next year,all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候,你们大家就都成了大学生了。
四时态中的完成进行体 【精华知识巨献】
现在完成进行时的用法:
现在完成进行时表示一个动作开始于过去,并持续到现在,并强调现在还在进行。完成进行体是完成体和进行体的组合,因此,它具备完成体和进行体的一些因素,如:它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩等”的特点。
He has been learning English for 6 years.他学习英语有6年了。(从过去某一时间开始学英语,强调到现在还在学)
It has been raining for 3 days.雨已经下了3天了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)
五
主动与被动
【精华知识巨献】
一、被动语态
(一)被动语态的构成
英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标志的,而被动语态则是有标志的。被动语态由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成。助动词 be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表:
时 体
〖〗现在is/am/are done 〖〗过去was/were done 〖〗将来will/shall be done〖〗would/should be done 〖〗进行is/am/are being done〖〗was/were being done 〖〗完成〖〗have/has been done〖〗had been done 〖〗将来完成(will/shall have been done)〖〗(would/should have been done)
(二)被动语态的用法
1不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。如:
—George and Lucy got married last week.Did you go to their wedding?
—No,I hadnt been invited.Did they have a big wedding?
—The window is dirty.—I know.It hasnt been cleaned for weeks.2需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。如:
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.3在文章标题、广告、新闻中。如:
Girls wanted.招女工。
Millions of pounds worth of damage has been caused by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.4当动作的执行者不是人时。如:
The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables.(三)注意短语动词含有情态动词的被动语态
That old man was often laughed at.那位老人常受人嘲笑。
The plan will be given up.那计划就要被放弃了。
Bad habits have been done away with.坏习惯已经改掉了。
(在短语动词的被动结构中,切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词)
He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.计划必须尽早执行。
(含有情态动词的被动语态的谓语结构是:情态动词+be+过去分词)
(四)get+过去分词可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化
She got married last week.她上周结婚了。
The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周得到一次治疗。
He fell off the car and got killed.他从车上掉下来,摔死了。
二、主动形式表被动意义
系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep+形容词/名词构成系表结构。如:
The steel feels cold.His plan proved(to be)practical.It has gone bad.(二)表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如:begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。如:
Work began at 7 oclock this morning.The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.(三)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词,如: read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink。这类动词一般不单独使用,常有一个修饰语。如:
This coat dries easily.这种外衣容易干。
Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。
Food can keep fresh in a fridge.食物在冰箱里能保鲜。
Your speech reads well.你的演说讲得很好。
This material has worn thin.这个材料已经磨薄了。
The match wont catch.火柴擦不着。
The plan worked out wonderfully.这计划制定得很好。
The engine wont start.引擎发动不起来。
(四)少数动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动含义,如:print,cook,fry,hang,build,make。如:
The books are printing.这本书正在排印中。
The meat is cooking.肉在煮。
(五)介词in,on,under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之意,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有:under control(受控制),under treatment(在治疗中),under repair(在修理中),under discussion(在讨论中),under construction(在施工中),beyond belief(令人难以置信),beyond ones reach(鞭长莫及),beyond ones control(无法控制),beyond our hope(我们始料不及),for sale(出售),for rent(出租),in print(在印刷中),in sight(在视野范围内),on sale(出售),on show(展出),on trial(受审),out of control(失控),out of sight(超出视线之外),out of ones reach(够不着),out of fashion(不流行)。如: The rumor is beyond belief(=cant be believed).His honest character is above all praise.(=His honest character cannot be praised enough.)
Today some treasures are on show(=are being shown)in the museum.(六)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:fit,have,wish,cost,agree
with,arrive at/in,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in,walk into,belong to等。如:
This key just fits the lock.Your story agrees with what had already been heard.六
疑难、易错点
【精华知识巨献】
一、动词时态易混点
1一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别
(1)一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的,与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去,与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的以前的过去某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系,是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。
(2)比较下面几组句子,体会两种时态的不同:
He served in the army from 1952 to 1954.(这是过去的一件事)He has served in the army for 5 years.(现在他仍在军中服役,他仍是军人)
He wrote many plays when he was at college.(写剧本是他过去做的事情)
He has written many plays.(这意味着他是剧作家)
I saw Hero last year.(看《英雄》的时间是去年,与现在无关)
I have seen Hero before.(强调现在知道这部电影的内容。以前看过,但“以前”是表示一个与现在有联系的过去时间,而不是一个确定的与现在无关的过去时间)
2一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别
(1)一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的,过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而 言。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同,对过去完成时来说,这个时间参照点十分重要,它是过去完成概念以建立的基础,也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。
(2)过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示,如:by that time,by
the end of,before 2000,by the time+句子等。3过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别
(1)两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用,但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语),而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语)。(2)比较下面的说法
She had been ill for a week before she came back.(回来发生在过去某一时间,生病发生在过去的过去)
She has been ill for a week.(现在仍然病着)4现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时可以与时间状语连用,也可以不用时间状语。这一点与现在完成时不同。现在完成时通常与时间状语,如:since,ever since,for three months,just,already,yet等连用。现在完成进行时通常与all the(this)morning/afternoon/day/month或the whole day等连用。试对比以下各例:
I have been working on the experiment report this morning,but I havent
completed it yet.我今天一上午都在写实验报告,可是到现在也没写完。
They have been repairing the broken road.他们一直在维修那条被损坏的道路。(可能是刚歇息下来,也可能还在修)
They have already repaired the broken road.他们把路修完了。(动作已经结束)
现在完成进行时表示一种不间断的持续性行为。如果表示一个重复动作,或者表示动作做过的次数时,不能用现在完成进行时。如:
Ive been writing letters since breakfast.Ive written to him three times,but I havent heard from him up till now.二、固定句式易混点
1This/It is the first/second...time+that从句。that从句一般用现在完成时,如果把前边的is改为was,则that从句用过去完成时。如:
This is the first time I have come here.It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.2It is/has been+一段时间+since从句。since从句中一般用过去时,如果将前边的is改为was,则since从句中用过去完成时。如:
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.3be about to do...when...意为“即将……(这时)突然……”。如:
I was about to go out when the telephone rang.4be(was/were)+doing...when...意为“正在干……(这时)突然……”。如:
They were reading when Tom shouted in pain.5Hardly had...done...when...;No sooner had...done...than...when和than从句里用一般过去时,表示“刚刚……就……”。如:
Hardly(No sooner)had I got home when(than)the rain poured down.我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下了。6It+be+一段时间+before从句
这个句式分两种情况:如果主句用将来时,则从句用一般现在时表将来时,意为多长时间以后即将发生某事;如果主句用过去时,从句也用过去时,意为多长时间后发生了某事。如:
It wont be long before he succeeds.(=He will succeed soon.)
三、would与used to用法异同点
1would与used to都可用来表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作,常常可以换用。如:When we were boys we used to/would go swimming every summer.小时候,每到夏天我们都要去游泳。
He used to/would spend every penny he earned on books.过去,他通常把挣来的钱全花在买书上。
2would之后要接表示动作的动词,不接表示认识或状态的动词,而used to则无此限制。如:I used to like football when I was at middle school.我上中学的时候,喜欢足球。
He used to be nervous in the exam.他过去在考试中常常紧张。3would表示反复发生的动作。如果某一动作没有反复性,就不能用would,只能用used to。如:
And from that day on,as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were gone,mother would disappear into her sewing room to practice.从那天起,只要碗盘撤掉、饭桌清理干净,妈妈就马上躲进做针线活的房间练习起来。(具有反复性)
I used to live in Beijing.我过去住在北京。(没有反复性)
4used to表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态,现在已经结束(含有较强的“今非昔比”的意思),would则只表示说话者对过去的一种回想心情,有可能再发生。如:
People used to believe that the earth was flat.过去,人们总以为地球是平的。(现在已不再这样认为)He would go to the park as soon as he was free.过去,他一有空就去公园。(现在有可能再去)
第五篇:2010高考二轮复习英语教案——专题六 动词时态和语态
2010高考二轮复习英语教案
专题六 动词时态和语态
【专题要点】动词时态和语态要点概述如下:
1.一般现在时表示习惯性、个人能力、普遍真理;表示“已经列入日程表”时常用一般现在时表示将来;
2.表示说话人始料的事,常用一般过去时;
3.进行时与某些频度副词连用时,常带有赞赏、厌烦等感情色彩; 4.时间状语从句或条件状语从句中常用一般时表将来; 5.will/be going to do/be about to do的用法区别; 6.固定句式中的时态搭配;
7.用主动形式表示被动意义常见的几种情况;
8.was/were going to do以及had intended/hoped/expected/thought等可表示本打算干某事,实际上未干成;
9.固定句式中的时态:
1)It/This is/was+the+序数词+time+that-----;It/This is/was+the+形容词最高级+名词+-----2)hardly/scarcely----when,no sooner---than结构中when,than前的主句必须用过去完成时时than,when所在的从句用一般过去时;
3)It is(high)time that-----(早)该----结构中,从句谓语动词必须用过去时,是虚拟语气的一种; 4)It will be+一段时间+before+从句(从句谓语动词一般用现在时)It was+一段时间+before+从句(从句谓语动词一般用过去时)5)It is/has been+一段时间+since从句(从句用一般过去时)It was/had been+一段时间+since从句(从句用一般过去完成时)
【考纲要求】时态与语态一直是热点,也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具备较强的语言应用能力,能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态;熟练掌握常见的8种时态,弄清16种时态,同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。
【教法指引】高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大,不易把握。大部分时态题答案的选择取决于题干语境;但也有部分时态试题较易把握,其用法相对固定,常见于特定句式结构中;还有部分常见时态用法特殊。综观近年来的高考单项填空题,动词成为考查的热点,在15个单项选择中,考查动词时态的题一般不少于2道,动词的时态常和语态、主谓一致结合在一起进行考查。教师在指导学生复习备考、答题中,要遵循如下思路: ① 这个动作可能发生在什么时间?题干句中可参照的时间信息有那些?
② 这个动作处于什么时态,是进行中,还是已经结束(完成)?限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些?
③ 这个动作与主语的关系,是主动还是被动?
只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题的答案,试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。【知识网络】
动词时态与语态
一、动词时态
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时常以动词原形表示,但当主语是第三人称单数时,应用动词的单数第三人称形式。一般现在时主要有以下几种用法:
1、一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态,常与usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。
He always sleeps with the windows open.他总是开着窗子睡觉。
2、一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。He works hard.他工作很努力
3、一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理,也用在格言中。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
4、在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作
在由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引导的状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时,但应注意,主句的谓语动词必须用一般将来时。The volleyball match will be put off if it rains.如果下雨,排球赛将推迟
5、表示安排或计划好的将来动作,通常限于表示“运动”的动词,如:go, come, leave, start等。The train starts at 10 o' clock in the morning.火车在上午10点发车
(二)一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态,常和表示过去的时间连用,yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用
1、表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态,常有明确的时间状语,如yesterday,last night, some years ago,in1890等,以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
2、表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作常与often,usually,seldom等表示频度的副词连用。When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里,经常去拜访那里的朋友。
3、在条件、时间状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息,就通知我们。
4、表示虚拟语气
这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型,表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。If only I had a better memory.要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。
If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨,比赛就会延期举行。
(三)一般将来时
1、一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。
2、一般将来时的其他表达法(1)“be going to+动词原形”表将来
①这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。They are going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面。
②还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象,认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。I think I'm going to die.我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危)
Look at the cloud.It's going to rain.瞧那乌云,天要下雨了。(乌云密布,使我断定天要下雨)
③这种结构表示“肯定、预测,注定会”。在这种情况下可以和“think, hope, want, belive, like”等表示静态的动词连用。
He failed in the exam;he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他没考及格,他一看试卷就知道考不及格。The voters aren't going to like him.选民们不会喜欢他的。“be about to+动词原形”表将来
(2)“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。
(3)“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作,这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的,或用于征求意见。
There's to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻灯。You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.到10点你得交上试卷。(4)用现在进行时来表示将来
现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词,如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等,还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。
When are you going back to your factory? 你什么时候回工厂?(5)一般现在时表示将来
用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词,如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。The plane starts at 8 o'clock in the morning.飞机上午8点起飞。When does the show begin?展览什么时候开始?
(四)现在进行时
现在进行时由“助动词be(is/am/are)+ v-ing”构成。它的用法如下:
1、表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作,它不涉及该动作的发生和结果,译成汉语“正在”,这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用,如now, at this time, at present,at the moment等。
2、表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作,这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用,如these days , this week等。
3、表示将来的动作,表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作,或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等,通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用,以区别此刻正在进行的动作。He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。
4、表达褒贬等感情色彩
和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用,表示经常、反复发生的动作,不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。He is constantly leaving his things about.他时常乱丢东西。(表责怪)She is always changing her clothes.她老是换衣服。(表责怪)He is always working hard.他总是学习很用功。(表赞赏)They're forever quarrelling about something.他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)
5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气 I'm wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚来一会儿。
(五)过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。构成过去进行时常由“助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词”构成。用法如下:
1、表示过去某一时刻正在或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。
注意:在含有时间状语从句的复合句中,延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时,另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行,而不考虑动作的先后长短,则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。
When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我进屋的时候,她正坐在书桌前面。The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书,而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。
2、用来描写故事发生的背景
在口语或记叙文中,可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景,以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。
It was a dark night.The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily.A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一个漆黑的夜晚,狂风大作,大雨倾盆,一位年轻的妇女突然出现在河岸上。
3、代替过去将来时
用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词,以表示过去将要发生的动作。She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她问我他是否第二天就走
4、表达褒贬等感情色彩
过去进行时也可以和always,constantly,continually,forever等连用,表示说话人的主观感情,如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。
He was always trying out new ideas.他总是试验一些新的设想 He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那
5、wonder, hope, think,want 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气---Excuse me, sir.Would you do me a favor?--打扰了,先生。你能帮我个忙吗?
---Of course.What is it?--当然。什么事?
---I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form.--我一直在想你是否能告诉我怎样填这张表
(六)现在完成时
现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。现在完成时的用法如下:
1、表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束,通常使用不具有延续意义的动词,arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语,如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语,如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。
I have already posted the photos.我已经把照片寄出了
2、表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态,也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词,如live, stay, work等,并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语,如for, since等
They have lived in Beijing since 2002.他们自从2002年以来就住在北京。
注意:表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法,如arrive, come, go, leave等。如,不能说:She has come to our school for 2 years.3、表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用 He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班
4、用于时间、条件状语从句中,表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。
5、用在“It(This)is(will be)the first/second/third…time+ that从句”中
在这种从句中,当主句动词为is/will be时,that-从句的动词用现在完成时,that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等;这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词;time也可由其他名词替代
This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。
6、“It(This)is the best(worst, most interesting等)+ 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时
This is the best film I've ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影 This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。
7、现在完成时可以表示反问的语气(与when连用)或感情色彩-Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利?库珀是谁呀?
-Haven't you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.你还没见过他?我看见你和他在开会时握手了。Now you've done it.你这下可闯祸了。When have I been treated like this?我什么时候吃这一套?
8、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作,但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系,它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。(我了解这部电影的内容)
I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。(只说明上星期看了这个电影,不涉及现在的情况)
He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。(他现在还住在这里)He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。(不涉及到现在是否还住在这里)
9、使用现在完成时应注意的几点
(1)现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用,但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用,如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等
She has already come.她已经来了。I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。
(2)现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如today,this year,these days,this morning等
It has been hot this summer.今年夏天一直很热。(说话时仍是夏天)I have written two letters this morning.今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)(3)表示短暂意义的动词,如open,go,come,die,leave,arrive,begin,return,stop等,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达“他离开这儿已经3年了”这一意思时,不能说“ He has left here for three years.”而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达: He has been away from here for three years.He left here three years ago.It is three years since he left here.(4)have/has been to表示到过某个地方,而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)
(七)过去完成时
过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。用法如下:
1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语,也可用when, before,after,until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时,电影已经开始了。
2、表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到过去的这一时间,而且还可能继续下去的动作,常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
3、用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你,他就会问你这件事了。
Had I known that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书,我会送来的。
4、放在像said,told,asked,thought,wondered等过去时动词的后面,表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我,他已通过了考试。
5、用在 “It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中,that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years.这是39年里他们第一次见面。It was the first time we had spoken together.这是我们第一次在一起说话。
6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时,表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等,含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你,但我来了个不速之客。
7、过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼,一颗炸弹就爆炸了。
(八)过去将来时
过去将来时一般由 ”助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形“构成。不论什么人称,美国英语皆可用would。用法如下:
1、表示对过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。I thought they would come to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。
2、表示过去的某种习惯行为
He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。
3、过去将来时的其它表达法(1)was/were going to ①表示过去的打算和意图
He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。(打算)②表示没有实现的打算和意图
He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来,但下雨了。(没实现)I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。(结果不是)(2)was/were to+动词原形
这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现,要用动词的完成式。
At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.(注定要发生的事情)那时他不知道辞职将会成为他生活的转折点。She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他说他打算上任。
She said she was to have taken up the position.(计划但未能实现)他说他本打算上任。(3)was/were about to+动词原形
was/were about to+动词原形,表示过去即将发生的事。
The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。
(4)表示位置转移的动词(如go,come,leave,start等)的过去进行时,表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。
I didn't know you were coming.我不知道你会来。
(九)其他时态
1、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由”助动词have/has been+-ing形式“构成。用法如下:
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for,since引导的时间状语连用。
They have been living here for 10 years.他们住在这里十年了。(2)表示一个动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到说话时候刚结束。
I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大约一个小时了。(说话时”等“的动作刚结束)(3)表示重复(只断断续续,而非一直不停)
We've been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论那件事。(4)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
A.现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成,或者在过去曾经发生过的动作;现在完成时往往表示仍将继续下去的动作。
I have written an article.我写了一篇文章。(已完成)
I have been writing an article.我一直在写一篇文章。(还在写)
B.当现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束时,现在完成时强调动作的结果,现在完成进行时则强调动作在不久以前持续进行的情景,并带有感色彩。
Now we have cleaned the room;we can move the things in.现在房子打扫好了,我们可以往里搬东西了。(强调打扫完了的结果)
-You look so tired.What have you been doing?你看起来很累,你干什么了?-I've been playing football.我踢足球了。(强调不久前踢球的情景)
2、将来进行时
将来进行时由”助动词shall/will+be+v-ing“构成,用法如下:(1)表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作,常与this time tomorrow, at 4 o'clock tomorrow afternoon等时间状语连用。
I'll be visiting professor Li at 2 this afternoon.今天下午2点我将拜访李教授。
At this time tomorrow we'll be flying over the Atlantic.明天此时我们正在飞越大西洋的上空。(2)表示一种已经决定或肯定的动作或情况,或表示某动作将在按计划发生而未完成。
We shall be having a meeting in a minute.我们一会儿就要开会。Will you be seeing Mr.Wang this evening? 今晚你会见王先生吗?
3、将来完成时
将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。将来完成时由”shall /will +have +v-ed“构成。用法如下:
(1)将来完成时表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作,通常与before或by连用。
By the end of this month , we'll have studied 10 units.到这月末,我们将学完10单元。(2)表示持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态,这动作或状态也可能将继续进行下去。When they move here next month, we'll have lived in the city for 5 years.下月他们搬到这里时,我们已住在该市五年了。
(3)表示对现在或将来可能完成动作的推测
It is seven.He will have got up.现在7点,他可能已经起床了
4、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由”助动词had+ been+ v-ing“构成。
(1)过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这一时间。这一动作可能己经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她己经学习法语5年了。(仍继续)
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她己经等我一个钟头了。(不再继续)
(2)表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况
You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。(感激)
I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗。(我还没懂)
二、动词的语态
(一)被动语态构成
被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为”be+及物动词的过去分词“。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时,由”情态动词(can, may must, have to等)+be +动词的-ed形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时,其构成为“be going to(be to, used to, be about to)+ be +动词的-ed形式”构成。
(二)被动语态的适用范围
1、当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。
This jacket is made of cotton.这件上衣是棉料的。
2、为了强调动作的承受者时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.要求参观者不可触摸展品。
3、出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者 You are said to be active recently.据说你最近很活跃。常用于如下短语:
It's not known that… ……不得而知
It's said that… 据说…… It's reported that… 据报道……
It's not decided that…尚未决定 It's believed that… 据认为……
It's announced that…据宣布……
(三)主动语态变为被动语态
主动语态变为被动语态要遵循以下原则:主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语(如果是人称代词,宾格变为主格);把主动句中的谓语变为被动结构;主动句中的主语变为by介词短语(如果是人称代,主格变为宾格),有时介词短语可省去。
1、含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句
在一般情况下,将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语,动词变为被动语态,主动句的主语变为by的宾语,但是短语可以不要。
Everyone likes the book.(active voice)大家都喜欢这本书。→The book is liked by everyone.(passive voice)这本书受大家喜欢。
2、含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句
有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构,这种结构被称作复合宾语。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时,只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,宾语补足语保留不动,这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing和V-ed等。
(1)行为动词
They advised her to take the medicine.(active voice)他们劝她吃这种药。→She was advised to take the medicine.(passive voice)她被劝告吃这种药。(2)感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时
在主动句中,动词不定式做感官动词(see, watch, hear等)和使役动词(make ,have)的宾语补足语,通常省去动词不定式符号to。但改为被动结构后,要把省略了to再加上。They made him go there alone.他们让他自己去那里。
→He was made to go there alone.他被迫自己去那里。注意:动词是let时,其被动结构中不定式仍不带to。
They let John go.他们让约翰走。→John was let go.约翰不得不走。
3、含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句 ①直接宾语是名词、代词时
有些动词(give, tell, buy等)在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时,可以将其中一个宾语变为主语,另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时,间接宾语前应加介词to(有时可以省去)或for。She gave me the book.(active voice)她给了我这本书。→I was given the book.(passive voice)有人送给我一本书 →The book was given to me.(passive voice)。这本书是别人送的。注意:被动句中两个间接宾语对比时,其前的介词to不可省略。This apple is given to me, not to you.这个苹果是给我的,不是给你的。②直接宾语是从句时
如果直接宾语是从句时,一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。
Someone told me where the accident had happened.(passive voice)有人告诉我事故是在何处发生的。
→I was told where the accident had happened.(passive voice)我被告知事故在何处发生。
4、带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句
(1)带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时,通常用it作为被动结构的形式主语。We believed that he was ill.我们相信他病了。→It was believed that he was ill.都相信他病了。
(2)带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时,可以改为不定式结构
He said the play was very interesting.他说这台戏剧很有趣。
→The play was said to be very interesting.据说这台戏剧很有趣。
5、带有情态动词或be going to的主动句换为被动句
如果主动句带有情态动词或be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to)等,在变为被动句时,情态动词或be going to等不变,只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。He is going to give me a book.他打算给我一本书。→I am going to be given a book.有人打算给我一本书。
We must take measures to stop pollution.我们必须采取措施制止污染。→Measures must be taken to stop pollution.必须采取措施制止污染。
(三)被动结构的时态
被动语态的时态是由be的不同时态+及物动词的-ed形式来构成的
1、一般现在时
一般现在时的被动结构是由“be的一般现在时(am/is/are)+及物动词的-ed形式”构成。Football is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球。
2、一般过去式
一般过去式的被动结构是由“be的一般过去式(was/were)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。The building was built in 1559.这座建筑是1559年建成的。
3、一般将来时
一般将来时的被动结构是由“be的一般将来时(shall/will be)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
More factories will be built in my hometown.我们家乡会建更多的工厂。
4、现在进行时
现在进行时的被动结构是由“be的现在进行时(am/is/are being)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
The life of the milu is being studied at present.目前人们正在研究麋鹿的生活习惯。
5、现在完成时
现在完成时的被动语态是由“be的现在进行时(has/have been)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
All the preparations for the task have been completed and we're ready to start.任务的准备工作业已完成,我么们准备开始。
6、过去进行时
过去进行时的被动语态是由“be的过去进行时(was/were being)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
When I got there a new road was being built by them.我到那里时,他们正在建一条新路。
7、过去完成时
过去完成时的被动语态是由“be的过去完成时(had been)+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year.他问我到那年我学了多少英语单词。
8、含有情态动词或be going to 的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词或be going to(be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。This bike can be mended in two hours.两个小时内可修好该自行车。They have to be given a lot of money.必须给他们很多钱。
9、短语动词的被动语态
通常只有及物动词才有被动语态,但有些短语动词相当于及物动词,可以有被动语态,但短语动词是一个不可分隔的整体,变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。
Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去请医生了吗? →Has the doctor been sent for?派人去请医生了吗? 注意:主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时,通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语,构成被动语态,尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。
Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill.必须仔细照料这些孩子,尤其是在他们生病时。
You should pay more attention to your pronunciation.你应当注意你的发音。→More attention should be paid to your pronunciation.注意你的发音。
(四)Get型被动语态
被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态,这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限,通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
1、get+及物动词的过去分词
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用,构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身,常指“最后终于,突然发生”等意义。
He got wounded in the battle.他在战斗中受伤了。
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.男孩在回家的路上受伤了。
2、get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中,也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。
The old man was offered a large sum of money.(正)有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。The old man got offered a large sum of money.(误)
3、get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩
He got taught a lesson.他被教训了一顿。(有“活该”之意)
How did the window get closed.窗户怎么关上了?(有“不该关上’之意)
4、get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态,而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。
She got tired.她感到累了。(有开始感到疲劳的含义)She was tired.(只表示”她累了”)
(五)主动形式表示被动意义
1、既是及物又是不及物的动词
一些既是及物又是不及物的动词。如read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, play, pack, strike, split, act, draw, iron, dry, eat heat, clean等;此类动词常接副词作状语(有些可以不加)。
Books of this kind sell well.这本书很畅销 The door won't shut.门关不上
2、系动词
系动词look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear等。此类动词常接形容词作表语。
-Do you like the material?你喜欢这块面料吗?-Yes, it feels very soft.喜欢,手感不错。
The dish tastes good.这菜味道不错。
3、need等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式
need, want, require,stand, take, won't bear, repay, deserve等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式,表示被动意义。在这种情况下,句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。Your hair needs cutting.你的头发需要理。
The room wants cleaning everyday.这个房间需要每天打扫。
The point deserves mentioning.这一点值得提。
The rules take some learning.这规则需要下点功夫学。That won't bear thinking of.那不堪想象。
4、某些表语的形容词后,用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作表语形容词(如形容词easy, difficult, hard等)的状语,又与句子的主语构成动宾关系时,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。This question is difficult to answer.这个问题很那回答。The room is comfortable to live in.这屋子住起来很舒服。
5、某些作宾补的形容词后,用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作宾补形容词(如形容词easy, difficult, hard等)的状语,又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
We find the man hard to get along with.我们发现这个人很难相处。I think English easy to learn.我发现英语很好学。
6、不定式作定语
不定式作定语与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系时,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of work to do this week.本周我有很多工作要做。
7、be worth doing结构
在be worth doing结构中,-ing分词形式表示被动含义。句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。
The film is worth seeing.这部电影值得看。
(六)不宜用被动语态的动词
英语中并非所有动宾结构的句子都能改为被动语态。现将不宜改为被动语态的句子类型举例说明如下:
1、当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时 Our village has twenty tractors.我们村有20台拖拉机。The hall can hold 2000 people.这个大厅能盛2000人 The war lasted four years.这场战争持续了4年
2、当某些及物动词(如leave, enter, join,等)的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时 The students entered the classroom one by one.学生门陆续地进了教室。My brother joined the Party two years ago.我哥哥2年前入了党。My father left his hometown five years ago.我父亲5年前离开了家乡。
3、当主动句中有表示数量、长度、大小或程度等的词或词组作宾语,但此宾语在意义上相当于状语时
Each stone weighs as much as two and a half tons.每块石头重达两吨半 He ran ten miles without rest.他一气跑了10英里路
4、当表示行为、方式的宾语在意义上相当于状语时
He spoke that way his father had spoken just now.他学着他父亲刚才的样子讲话
5、当句子的宾语和谓语是一个不可分割的整体时 We Chinese always keep words.我们中国人说话是算数的
6、当句子的宾语是反身代词时
He can dress himself.他能自己穿衣服。
Help yourself to the dishes.随便吃菜
7、当句子的宾语为相互代词时
We learned from and helped each other.我们互相学习互相帮助
For years the three sisters looked after one another.多年来仨姐妹互相照顾
8、当句子的宾语是同源宾语时
The Browns live a happy life.布朗一家过着幸福的生活。
9、当句子的宾语为行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时。
I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.看到他还活着,我简直不相信自己的眼睛。He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence.他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。
10、某些动词+介词的惯用词组也不能变为被动句 The book belongs to me.这本书是我的。
11、当句子的宾语是动名词或动名词短语时。He likes studying English.他喜欢学习英语
12、当句子的宾语是动词不定式或动词不定式短语时 I wish to go there myself.我想亲自去那里一趟
注意:少数以不定式(短语)做宾语的动词(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以变为被动句,但不能以不定式(短语)直接做被动句的主语,而要借助it为先行主语,将不定式(短语)置于谓语动词之后
He has decided to go and study abroad.→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad.他已决定出国留学。