口语_资料_礼仪

第一篇：口语_资料_礼仪

Simulate a dialogue at a banquet between Chinese host and your business partner from other countries with help of the following information.As regards the introduction of Chinese famous dishes / snacks / local flavor, the introduction of Hot Dry Noodle is just an example for you to follow.Use other favorite food than the one given in your dialogue.Please also include in your dialogue a speech of toast.Chopsticks are shaped pairs of equal length sticks used as the traditional eating utensils of various East Asian countries.Chopsticks originated in ancient China, and are now used in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam.Chopsticks are smoothed and frequently tapered, and are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood, or stainless steel.Chopsticks are held in the dominant hand, between the thumb and fingers, and used to pick up pieces of food.To use chopsticks, the lower chopstick is stationary, and rests at the base of the thumb, and between the ring finger and middle finger.The second chopstick is held like a pencil, using the tips of the thumb, index finger, and middle finger, and it is moved while eating, to pull food into the grasp of the chopsticks.Chopsticks, when not in use, are placed either to the right or below one's plate in a Chinese table setting.Chinese etiquette  When eating rice from a bowl, it is normal to hold the rice bowl up to one's mouth and use chopsticks to push or shovel the rice directly into the mouth. It is acceptable to transfer food to closely related people(e.g.grandparents, parents, spouse, children, or significant others)if they are having difficulty picking up the food.Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts.Often, family members will transfer a choice piece of food from a dish to a relative's bowl as a sign of caring.A variation of this is to transfer the food whilst using one's own bowl as a      

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 support, underneath the food and chopsticks to keep food from falling or dripping, then transferring from there to a relative's bowl.It is poor etiquette to tap chopsticks on the edge of one's bowl;beggars make this sort of noise to attract attention.It is impolite to spear food with a chopstick.Anything too difficult to be handled with chopsticks is traditionally eaten with a spoon.It is considered poor etiquette to point rested chopsticks towards others seated at the table.Chopsticks should not be left vertically stuck into a bowl of rice because it resembles the ritual of incense-burning that symbolizes “feeding” the dead and death in general.Holding chopsticks incorrectly will reflect badly on a child's parents, who have the responsibility of teaching their children.Traditionally, everyone would use their own chopsticks to take food from the dishes to their own bowl, or to pass food from the dishes to the elders' or guests' bowls.Today, serving chopsticks(公筷, “community-use chopsticks”)are used.These are used to take food directly from serving dishes;they are returned to the dishes after one has served oneself.When seated for a meal, it is common custom to allow elders to take up their chopsticks before anyone else.Chopsticks should not be used upside-down;it is “acceptable” to use them 'backwards' to stir or transfer the dish to another plate(if the person does not intend to eat it).This method is used only if there are no serving chopsticks.One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular.This is sometimes known as “digging one's grave” or “grave-digging” and is extremely poor form.Resting chopsticks at the top of the bowl means “I've finished”.Resting chopsticks on the side of one's bowl or on a chopstick stand signifies one is merely taking a break from eating.As in China, there is a specific seating order to every formal dinner, based on seniority and company hierarchy.The seat of honor, reserved for the guest with the highest status or a foreign guest of honor, is usually the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Others with higher status then sit in close proximity to the seat of honor, while those with lower positions sit further away.The host takes the least prominent seat, generally the one nearest the kitchen entrance or service door.The most widespread use of disposable chopsticks is in Japan, where around a total of 24 billion pairs are used each year, which is equivalent to almost 200 pairs per person yearly.In China, an estimated 45 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks are produced yearly.This adds up to 1.66 million cubic meters of timber or 25 million fully grown trees every year.In April 2006, the People's Republic of China imposed a five percent tax on disposable chopsticks to reduce waste of natural resources by over-consumption.This measure had the most effect in Japan as many of its disposable chopsticks are imported from China, which account for over 90% of the Japanese market.American manufacturers have begun exporting American-made chopsticks to China, using sweet gum and poplar wood as these materials do not need to be artificially lightened with chemicals or bleach, and are appealing to Asian consumers.The USA also has an abundance of wood, reducing the number of trees that are cut down in Asia.+++++++++++++++++++++

All the world is divided into three parts-finger-feeders, chopstick feeders and fork feeders.WHy people fall into these categories, however, is a mystery.Fork-feeders are most numerous in Europe, North America and Latin America;chopstick-feeders in most of eastern Asia;and finger-feeders in much Africa, Middle East, Indonesia and India.This means that fork feeders are outnumbered two to one.Fork-users have historically been in the minority.People have eaten with their fingers for most of human existence.As little as three centuries ago, most Western Europeans still used their fingers.French historian Fernanad Braudel tells of a preacher in Germany who lived during the Middle Ages.The preacher thought the fork was evil and called it a “diabolical luxury”;God would not have given us fingers if he had wished us to use such an instrument.Fork user and chopstick won favor because they made it easier to handle hot food.Before these instrument, people usually ate hot food with a piece of flat bread.The exception was in China, where flat bread was probably not eaten.According to Dr.K.Chang of Harvard University, Chinese food was served in small portions which didn't require cutting with a knife or fork.These was, however, a need for food to be carried from bowl to mouth, and chopsticks came along to meet that need.The fork made its way to Western tables several hundred years later, but it wasn't immediately accepted.Forks were used for many years in Europe and Near East, but only as kitchen implements.Although the fork entered society on the tables o rich and well-born, many members of royalty, including Elizabeth I of England and Louis XIV of France, ate with their fingers.What is the best way of getting food into the mouth? How you are eating food and why? ++++++++++++++++++ The Western pattern diet, also called Western dietary pattern or the meat-sweet diet, is a dietary habit chosen by many people in some developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries.It is characterized by high intakes of red meat, sugary desserts, high-fat foods, and refined grains.It also typically contains high-fat dairy products, high-sugar drinks, and higher intakes of processed meat.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining

In most traditional Chinese dining, dishes are communal.Although both square and rectangular tables are used for small groups of people, round tables are preferred for large groups, particularly in restaurants, in order to permit easy sharing.Lazy Susans are a common feature.A basic place-setting consists of a small teacup;a large plate with a small, empty rice bowl;a set of chopsticks, usually on the right of the plate;and a spoon.Additions may include a chopstick holder;a large water or wine glass;and a smaller glass for baijiu.At homes and low-end restaurants, napkins may consist of tissues or rolls of toilet paper on the table or need to be provided by the diner.High-end restaurants often provide cloth napkins similar to western dining as part of the place-setting.In all settings, toothpicks may be provided at each setting or in a communal holder.Courses Wide variations exist throughout China, but the vast majority of full-course dinners are very similar in terms of timing and dishes.Snacks Snacks are the first items presented.Two or more small dishes are brought to the table, holding boiled unsalted peanuts, salted roasted peanuts, pickled vegetables, or similar dishes.These may be consumed while ordering or while waiting for other dishes to arrive.Beverages Tea is almost always provided, either in advance of the diners' being seated or immediately afterward.It can be consumed at leisure throughout the meal.(Water is sometimes served, but tea is the default beverage.)A verbal thank you(谢谢)may be offered to the server pouring the refill or, if in the middle of a conversation where it would be rude to interrupt the speaker, the table may be tapped twice with two bent fingers instead.Other drinks are not typically ordered in advance of the food and are usually served by the pitcher or large bottle, to be poured into the glasses on the table.Bottles of beer and baijiu will similarly be opened and left on the table among the diners, to be shared among their glasses.In many areas, it is common to offer alcoholic beverages only to the adult men among the diners, although women may request to be served as well.Main course This typically consists of many dishes, usually roughly one dish per person.White rice is provided in small bowls and food is often consumed over it, flavoring it with their sauces.The rice is consumed little by little along with the other dishes and not separately, unless the diner remains hungry after the last dish has been removed.A soup may also be served as one of the dishes.At small meals, especially at home, it may replace the diners' beverage entirely.Starch Near the end of the meal, a starch dish – noodles, Chinese dumplings, or baozi – is sometimes served.Dessert Sweet after-dinner desserts are not a part of traditional Chinese meals but are becoming more common, especially among younger diners and among the Shanghainese, who are well known in China for their sweet tooth.Digestive or palate-cleansing snacks such as red bean soup or small watermelon slices remain more common at formal Chinese dinners, though, and many restaurants do not even offer dessert.Manners and customs

Eating is a dominant aspect of Chinese culture and eating out is one of the most common ways to honor guests, socialize, and deepen friendships.Proper etiquette is very important to traditional Chinese people, who feel good manners invite luck and boorish conduct shame.Although many Maoist programs aimed to curtail traditional social practices, today table etiquette is again taken as an indication of educational status, so that(for example)a child misusing her chopsticks at a formal dinner might embarrass her family, who are responsible for teaching her.Inviting guests Although individual households may have their own house rules, the Chinese traditions used to welcome guests are the largely same throughout the country.[3][4] There are common rules for inviting guests over.When the guest of honor enters into the room, the hosts stand until the guest of honor is seated.The host then orders the dishes brought, and the guest should be silent.When the dishes arrive, the meal begins with a toast from the host, and the guests then make a toast in turn in the honor of the host.The guest of honor should be the first one to start the meal.The best food in a dish should be left for the guest of honor.Seating Seating arrangement is one of the most important parts of Chinese dining etiquette.The seat of honor is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to this position and those of lower position sit further away.The seat to the guest of honor's left is slightly more prestigious than that to his right.During the Qing dynasty, the arrangements could be quite complex but were generally ordered(1)members of the imperial government,(2)members of the local government,(3)other local leaders(such as heads of trade associations), and(4)other commoners.Today, when a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.Dining Drinking Water and other non-alcoholic beverages may be consumed at anytime.However, in formal settings, alcohol should be consumed during toasts.A modest toast may be followed by a single sip of wine or swallow of beer, but a baijiu toast is often ended with Ganbei!(干杯): an exhortation to drain the glass.Ideally, glasses are refilled immediately following a toast in preparation for the next.Toasting During the first toast of the night, particularly when addressed to everyone present, all stand.Women and children do not normally drink alcohol, even when the toast is being made with baijiu, but participate in the toast with whatever beverage they have.If the guests are few in number, or are seated at a small table, touching glasses is common.At a large table or when the toastees are too great in number or too far away, this is impossible and simply raising a glass is acceptable.A variant is to tap the bottom of the glass against the table, whereupon the toastee will do the same.This acts as a substitute for touching glasses.Toasts and counter-toasts continue to be made throughout the dinner.At large settings, it is customary for the guests of honor and host to visit each table(or be visited by each table)for a personal toast.If the guest of honor is not elderly or of considerably greater status, the other guests may sometimes collude to toast him individually in order to cause him to become drunk.Lazy Susan

A lazy Susan is a circular rotating tray placed at the center of a table and used to easily share a large number of dishes among the diners.A lazy Susan can be made from many materials, but most often are constructed of glass, wood, or plastic.It is typically for all the dishes for a course to be brought out together and placed around the lazy Susan.If the dishes come out one at a time or if there is some special delicacy, they are typically served to the guest of honor first and then rotated clockwise around the table.The host will often wait to serve himself last.Dishes should typically not be removed from the lazy Susan and placed on the table: at most, one should hold the dish aloft while serving and then return it to its place on the tray.One should try to avoid moving the lazy Susan even slightly when someone is in the act of transferring food from the dishes to their plate or bowl.Likewise, it is impolite to hoard or use up all of a dish until it has been offered to everyone and the other diners clearly do not care for it.For this reason, it is common to take a smaller amount from the dishes on the first round and to keep the other diners in mind when taking a larger second helping.Chopsticks Anybody who doesn't know how to use chopsticks is generally considered a “mongoloid,” and they are heavily frowned upon by society.It is akin to being a leper in Western culture.Personal Since chopsticks(and spoons)are used in place of forks and knives, Chinese cuisine tends to serve dishes in bite-size pieces or employ cooking techniques that render dishes such as fish or hong shao rou soft enough to be picked apart easily.Some common etiquette is:  Avoid holding the chopsticks in such a way as to point your index or(worse)middle finger at the other diners, as this is a sign of anger or censure(仙人指路) Chopsticks should always be the same length and held so that the ends are even, a practice popularly explained as due to the former use of uneven boards(三長兩短)in Chinese coffins  Similarly, do not leave chopsticks sticking upright out of dishes, owing to a Chinese practice of leaving such dishes for the dead. Do not chew on the ends of chopsticks, even if they are plastic. Chopsticks are not used to move bowls or plates. Do not bang your chopsticks as though you were playing a drum.It implies you are a beggar or a child. Treat chopsticks as extension of your fingers.It is impolite to use them to point at other people or to wave chopsticks around. Unless they are disposable, chopsticks will be washed and reused.Consequently, don't use them to pick at your teeth or for other unseemly endeavors. Avoid spearing food with the chopsticks. One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular.This is sometimes known as “digging one's grave” or “grave-digging” and is extremely poor manners. When not in use, and if the restaurant provides them, place the front end of the chopsticks on the chopstick rests.These are usually small ceramic rests placed near your napkin on the right hand side of your bowl.Communal

Photo showing serving chopsticks(gongkuai)on the far right, personal chopsticks(putongkuai)in the middle, and a spoon.Serving chopsticks are usually more ornate than the personal ones.At most formal meals, there are likely pairs of communal serving chopsticks(公筷, gongkuai).These are sets of chopsticks specifically for shared dishes only.Often, these will be distinct from the putongkuai(regular chopsticks)in that they will be longer and more ornate.There will sometimes be one set of communal chopsticks per dish or one set per course.The ratio varies. If there are communal chopsticks available, do not use your personal ones in shared dishes.While that is a common practice in China, by having communal chopsticks at the table, your hosts are expecting you to use them.Using your personal chopsticks when there are communal chopsticks available is considered rude and unhygienic, as you are transferring your saliva with your chopsticks.If you accidentally start using the shared chopsticks as your own, as soon as you notice it, quickly apologize for it and ask if it would be possible to obtain another pair of shared chopsticks. If there are no communal chopsticks, some hosts prefer you to use the thick end of your chopsticks for the shared dishes.This again avoids transferring saliva into the common dishes. If in doubt about the communal chopsticks situation, watch what the others do, using small talk if necessary to stall for time. Once the tips of the chopsticks have touched food, do not leave them on the table.Since communal chopsticks may not have their own chopstick rests, you may need to rest it against the edge of the dish.As with personal chopsticks, though, do not place them upright in the food itself.Tea

 Hold the teapot lid in place when pouring the tea from ceramic or porcelain teapots.Unlike metal teapots, the lids are not attached on ceramic teapots, and they will fall out. One should not point the spout of the teapot directly at others: this has the same as using the finger to point at somebody, which is considered very impolite;sometimes, it also means that this person(the one being pointed at)is not welcome in the house.Obviously, at a circular table, the teapot mouth must point at someone, but it is not supposed to point directly to the person on the left or right of the teapot.Across a table does not count, so it is fine. When someone is using a teapot to pour tea for the others, he should hold the teapot with his right hand and press the teapot lid with another hand to show his honour and sedateness.This also prevents the teapot lid from falling into the cup or onto the table. If you are getting tea for yourself, make sure to ask others first, if they would like some more tea.Then serve yourself after you have served them. If you are not pouring your own tea, but at a restaurant where the service attentative, in the region of south China(especially Canton and Hong Kong)the one who gets the tea uses the knuckles of his first and middle fingers to tap the table two or three times to show his thankfulness.This looks similar to knocking on a door, but don't knock as heavily as if it were a door.It is a tap, not a knock;the motion resembles a knock. Using the tea to force the visitor out(Chinese: 端茶送客): there was a rule in Qing Dynasty’s officialdom as “the tea that given by the boss shouldn't be taken”.If the boss give tea to his subordinate by his own hands(normally that would given by a servant), that means he is impatient to the subordinate, and the subordinate should leave immediately.If the boss is visiting the subordinate by his house, the subordinate must not give the tea to the boss by his own hands, either, because that’s very impolite and means to force the visitor out. When the tea has run out, and requires more hot water, you may leave the lid ajar but still on the teapot—this is a signal for the attendant to refill the teapot.Do not entirely remove the lid and then place the lid of the teapot on the table directly.The lid touching the table is allowing good luck to escape, and also the table might be dirty.Do not leave a teapot with the lid ajar in the middle of the table.It should be towards the side of the table so that the attendant may refill it without reaching across patrons in an invasive/taking manner.Toothpick etiquette Unlike the many nations in the West, a hand must be placed over the mouth while using a toothpick in order to conceal the action.Not doing so is considered rude.Used toothpicks should be placed on a part of your bowl or plate that you do not intend to use again later.They should not be left on the tablecloth for the waitress to then have to pick, nor thrown on the floor.Throwing toothpicks on the floor is rude to the restaurant.Throwing toothpicks on the tablecloth is inconsiderate to the servers.Bill

In most restaurants in Chinese countries, there is no tip required unless it is explicitly posted.Usually, if there is a tip required, it will already be on your bill.In Chinese restaurants in the USA though, tips are usually expected.If you are not certain, ask the waitress or watch the other customers.Guests should not truly “split the bill” with the host.A guest who “split(s)the bill” is very ungracious and embarrassing to the host.If you do not accept the host paying for the bill, it is implying that the host cannot afford it or you do not accept the friendship or hospitality of the host.However, it is expected for the guest to offer to pay for the meal multiple times, but ultimately allow the host to pay.It is also unacceptable to not make any attempt to “fight for” the bill.Not fighting for the bill means you think that the host owes that meal to you somehow.Therefore, if you are the guest, always fight for the bill but never win it on the first meal in your host's hometown.After the first meal at your host's hometown, and sometime before you leave, it is customary to bring the host's family to a meal out to thank them for your stay if you did not bring initial small presents for them when you arrived.For that meal, you may pay, but you must request your host's attendance and cooperation with allowing you to cover that particular meal.If you and an acquaintance are on a business trip, it is acceptable to split the bill, but more common to rotate who pays for the meal, with meals of similar cost.Though it is a rotation, there is still the same mock-fight for the bill.The difference is that you may say, “Fine fine, since you are my elder, this is fine this time, but the next meal, I cover.” Or something to that effect and pay for the next meal.This rotation does not have to be a meal necessarily.For example, you may rotate a meal and a game of golf.The key to the rotation being viewed as acceptable or not, is the enjoyment both parties actually get from the activity, and the approximate cost.Golf would not be an acceptable rotation if the other person does not enjoy golf, is rather bad at it while you are excellent at it, etc.Hot dry noodles, also known as reganmian, is a traditional dish of Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province in central China.“Reganmian” has a long history in Chinese food culture for 80 years.It is a typical breakfast food in Wuhan, and is often sold in street carts in residential areas.Breakfasts such as Reganmian are available from as early as 5am and are served until midnight(breakfast turns into snacks at night)in Wuhan.The noodle is inexpensive thus remaining as a popular breakfast choice in Wuhan.The recipe for hot dry noodles is different from cold noodles and noodles in soup.Firstly mix the cooked noodles with oil and dry them.When they are about to be eaten, scald the prepared noodles in boiled water, mix them with condiments, and the noodles will be ready to eat.The finished hot dry noodles are firm and chewy, golden and oily, savory and fresh.It is made of noodles called jianmian(碱面)with a mixture of sauces and dried vegetables.Many stalls that make reganmian will have their own variations in seasoning, creating signature tastes for individual stands or localities.Reganmian restaurants stand all over the city.Among them, Cai Lin Ji(蔡林记)is the most time-honored.Established in 1930, Cai Lin Ji survives much competition and wins the current reputation with its selected materials and refined processing techniques.It has over 20 chain stores in Wuhan.The typical bowl of reganmian will have soy sauce, sesame paste, pickled vegetables, chopped garlic chives and chili oil.Reganmian is a popular local breakfast sold in road-side stalls or from push-carts.Reganmian is popular for locals for every season of the year as breakfast, lunch, dinner or just a snack.Wuhan's reganmian, along with Shanxi's daoxiaomian(刀削面: knife-cut noodles), Liangguang's yifumian, Sichuan's dandanmian, and northern China's zhajiangmian, are collectively referred to as “China's five famous noodles.” In 2013, Wuhan Reganmian was rated No.1 in a contest for China's Top 10 famous noodles.

第二篇：口语资料

第一单元

1.口译者和文学翻译有什么区别?它们的要求有什么不一样吗？如果想成为一个好的口译者和文学翻译家，最大的障碍是什么？

Interpreter translate a language into another language in the form of oral.Information receiver can hear the sound, sometimes it called as simultaneousinterpretation..Literary translator translate a language into another language in the form of written.Interpreters should be quite good at oral speaking, and literary translaters have a solid foundation of literature.the biggest obstacle is a solidfoundation of foreign language skills.2.有的人认为“我能说两种语言”等于“我是一个好的翻译家”，你同意这种观点吗？二者的关系是什么？

I do not agree with this view.because “speaking both languages not equal ”a good translator.Become a good translator requires the following conditions: First, a solid foundation of foreign language skills;second,skilled native language ability;third ,a solid foundation of literature;fourth,artistic creative thinking ability;five，correct translation attitude.3.博尔赫斯也曾写道：“也许„„译者的工作比作家的工作更精细更文明：译者显然出现在作家之后。翻译是文明的一个更高级的阶段。”请对这个观点进行评价并且列出翻译家和作家之间的相似和不同之处。

I agree with his view, because translation is a way to disseminate literature in other countries and realize the cultural exchange between nations.Similarity: they are both createthe cultural ideology and express the true feelings inside.difference: the writer create a work according first-hand information, and the work reflect the author's realideas and writing purpose.Translator should have a deep understanding of the original author's intention of writing when they translate works.4.从课文中，我们了解到“译者被称为剽窃者、文化的掠夺者、殖民主义的共谋者，卖国者，叛徒。”你同意这种观点吗？对于译者的工作还有其他的误解吗？它们是哪些？

No, I don’tagree with these views, but sometimes peoplelook at the translator just like that.Yes, some people hold that translator is expected to submit to his authors and always be faithful to them, never make mistakes.Also, translator is not considered an artist at all, neither a creator nor a performer, but a rather a craftsman.He is generally considereda poor and unimportant one.第二单元

1.现在，尤其是年轻人，喜欢学习和模仿名人，你能举出一些偶像的名字吗？你为什么喜欢他们？他们的行为是否会影响你？为什么有些人容易受名人的影响，你能给他们一些建议吗？

There are many singers and movie stars in society.For example, Jay Chou, Leehom Wang, Fan Bingbing.I like their songs, their movies, theircharming appearance and their personality and characteristics.Their behaviors does not affect me generally.Some people easily affected by the idols, because they are over-indulged in the imitation of stars, weak-minded.the fowlling tips for these people.the idol can guide our behavior.But we shouldhave our own mind and a certain ability of distinguishes.Know what to do and what not to do.2.从媒体上，我们能够了解到一些名人卷入了性或毒瘾的丑闻中。你觉得名人应该对他们的言行负责吗？他们是否应该对社会或自己负责任呢？

Celebrities should be responsible for their words and deeds.Celebrity is called a celebrity because they was knownfor most people.They are the example of the whole community.Itis very obvious that the public influenced by celebrities.If they often makebeneficial behavior to the society, the public will lead to the same behavior.If, they are involved in the scandals, it have a nagative impact on the whole society.They should be responsible for the society or themselves.They should stay away from scandals, the scandals not only reduce their public images, but also a nagative impact on the whole society.3.媒体与名人紧密相关，有时，他们暴露甚至制造某些丑闻。在暴露名人隐私时，媒体的角色是什么？媒体是否也应该对社会产生不好的影响负责？

When the media reported the scandals, it should hold for fair and impartial manner, seeking truth from facts.Do not infringe the privacy of celebrities.Do not play up scandals andslander celebrities.the media should treate a thingas objectively as possible.If the incident had a negative impact on society.In addition to celebrities themselves being responsible for it, the media also need to take part responsibility.Because sometimes the media exaggeratedthe events really are.4.一些名人为假冒伪劣产品做广告，许多人受他们的误导仅仅是因为他们相信这些名人。但是这些名人仍会辩解，检验他们代言的产品是否是伪劣产品不是他们的责任，应该由政府负责。依你的观点，谁应该承受这个则责任，名人还是政府，为什么？

I think the Government and celebrities should be responsible for it.The Government should enact legal measures to punish those who produce fake products.It also Set up a special organization to test the products.when celebritiesadvertise for the product ,they should know whether the product is counterfeit products.they have a detailed knowledge the function of products , so as not to mislead the public and occur the incident.第四单元

1.你曾经是否有类似的经历，即作者在第一段中描述的。你对它们的反应是什么？

I once had a similar experience.I do not know how to handle similar incidents.I will do nothing about these things.2.能量和熵的关系是什么？复杂性和能量之间的关系又是什么？

The more complex things are,the less order there will be and the more engry should be applied.The author concluds that entropy is the result of complexity in our life.Thus stress is the importance of patching small things up.第六单元

1.在这篇文章中，恩斯特.博伊艾讨论了许多关于美国高等教育的问题。在中国的高等教育中是否有同样的问题？我们怎样去解决它们？

I think higher education in China have the same problem as the United States.However, the article mentioned that the vast majority students are inadequately informed about the interdependent word in which they live.We should reform the system of higher education, making college students into a creative thinking person.and encouraging students to learn more about society and the world

2.恩斯特.博伊艾确信大学教育能在毕业生的智力开发及个人生活方面发挥作用。你同意吗？陈述你的观点。

I agree with his view.Intelligence, including memory, observation, imagination, thinking, judging, etc., therefore， University can train creative thinking and enhance the abilityofProblem solving University culture can influence personal qualities and Enhance the level of interpersonal

3.考试在教育中发挥了消极影响吗？

Yes!First ,the exam can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.Second,Test have negative influence onphysical and mental development of students, such as test anxiety.ThirdExaminations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading;they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming.4.你认为学生在大学教育中，应该学到什么？学生在大学教育中能学到什么？

In the higher education we should learn the following qualities, one, professional knowledge, second, the ability to communicate with others.Third, critical thinking..In university education, some people can learn all the qualities listed above, and some people learn nothing

5.你认为今天的传统教育面临着什么样的挑战？如果你是教育部门的主管，你能为当前的中国教育体制做什么呢？

The challenge of traditional education is thatChinese students are not correct motivation of learning.((this is caused by the idea).Moreover,China's education change human brain into a computerthis is caused by the system).In my opinion, higher education should offer outstanding and specialized talents for society, and act as the home of mankind’s spirit as well.So higher education should find some equilibrium pots among universities, government and society on the one hand, and on the other, set up equilibrium between economic interest and moral civilization.Only if higher education in China sets up the equilibrium and keeps it well, society would find the graduate students it needs and the graduate students could find their appropriate position in society, and real masters would arise in the future.第七单元

1.“漂亮是什么”这个问题长期以来都是一个哲学问题，不同的人有不同的回答。漂亮对希腊人来说是一个美德。对于你来说，漂亮是什么？从你能想到的各个角度来解释。

Beauty is a characteristic of a , , , , orthat provides aexperience of , , or.Beauty is studied as part of , , , and.An “ideal beauty” is an entity which is admired, or possesses features widely attributed to beauty in a particular culture, for perfection.2.女性漂亮是什么？男性漂亮是什么？它们之间有共同点吗？它们之间的不同点是什么？你认为一个性别的人比另一个性别的人更加注重漂亮吗？有谁对变得更加漂亮感到有压力吗？

Feminine beauty means ones outlook is very beautiful.Masculine beauty means ones outlook is

very handsome.their common point is they both means a peoples outlook is very good.Their difference point is feminine beauty is used to describe women, masculine beauty is used to describe men.NO.sorry ,I do not know.3.cocteau说“美丽的特权很多”。你是怎么理解的？你认为美丽的特权是什么？美丽会影响一个人的成功吗？用你自己的经验和在生活中看到的事例来解释。

I agree with cocreaus saying, Because in our society beauty can bring us many things.If you are beautiful, you may leave a good expression to other people ,you can also got a better job or so on.Beauty can affect ones success more or less, just as I say, if you are beautiful, you maybe can get a better job ,then you can be success quickly than other people who are not beautiful or even ugly.4.你怎么看待“beauty is in the eye of the beholder”。对内在漂亮来说，什么人格特质最重要？

5.人们是否花费太多时间和金钱在美丽上？你怎么看待整容的？你有过整容吗？如果是，你要改变什么？

Yes ,people always spend lots of time and money on beauty, expecially women.I think plastic surgery is not necessary.Everybodys appearance is nature formed, if you want to change another face ,you mean ,you are not satisfied with your gene ,even you are not satisfied with your parents!NO.6.你认为人们对美丽的知觉已经随着时间改变了吗？在将来还会变化吗？为什么？用例子来说明

YES，YES，in old time ,Chinese people thought womens 10 centimeter foot means beautiful, but now, most of us think this kind of foot are ugly.Now people think nature is beautiful, we should not limit our foot.7.你认为“变漂亮”对女人来说是最理想的特质吗？女人只关心他们的外表吗？

NO，I do not think “being beauty” is the most desirable quality ,it is a better desirable quality, not the best one.You known, being beauty can bring a lot of privilege ,but beautiful do not means you can get what ever you want.Women care about lots things ,beauty is only one of these things.8.“男才女貌”说明了怎样的社会歧视?

People especially men, are more care about the extent of beauty about women.But people care less about mens out looking.People often think a beautiful women means this women is also good in other perspective.They do not care about a womens inner beauty.Or in other words ,men always measure women with their first singt.

第三篇：礼仪资料

关于全市窗口服务行业“展示窗口形象、创建文明城市”竞赛活动的实施方案

为贯彻落实中央、省和唐山市文明委关于组织开展“迎世博迎亚运讲文明树新风”活动的要求，以迎世博、迎亚运为契机，深入开展文明城市创建活动，进一步提升窗口行业文明创建水平，市文明委决定，在全市窗口服务行业广泛开展“展示窗口形象、创建文明城市”竞赛活动（简称窗口行业“展、创”活动）。现制定实施方案如下：

一、指导思想

深入落实唐山市委、市政府关于推进全国文明城市创建活动的安排部署和市委四届九次全会精神，以提升公共文明水平为目标，以促进“四优一做”（即创造优美环境、建立优良秩序、推行优质服务、倡导优雅言行，争做文明使者）为重点，以“展示窗口形象、创建文明城市”为主题，以开展“五比五赛”（即“比礼仪、赛文明，比服务、赛和谐，比环境、赛秩序，比作风、赛形象，比创新、赛业绩”）和“创三优”（即评选表彰“文明优质服务示范单位”、“文明优质服务示范窗口”和“文明优质服务标兵”）为载体，促进窗口行业从业人员文明素质进一步提升，服务环境进一步改善，服务水平进一步提升，不断提高群众满意率，树立窗口服务行业良好社会形象，为深入推进“四五”转型攻坚计划，加速建设“魅力钢城、绿色迁安”做出新的贡献。

二、参赛范围

各级党政群机关、司法执法部门和窗口服务单位及其全部窗口工作人员。由各行业主管部门负责组织实施。主要参评窗口行业60个，包括：工商局、国税局、地税局、国土资源局、审计局、环保局、烟草专卖局、物价局、司法局、安监局、药监局、质监局、城管大队、公安局、人力资源和社会保障局、财政局、旅游局、住房和城乡建设局、园林局、城乡规划局、林业局、农业畜牧水产局、工业和信息化局、水务局、教育局、文化广播电视新闻出版局、民政局、商务局、畜牧中心、科技局、广播电视台、卫生局、交通运输局、人口和计生局、人保寿险、人保财险、平安寿险、太保财险、太保寿险、平安财险、建设银行、农村信用联社、中国银行、农业银行、农发行、交通银行、商业银行、邮储银行、联运公司、自来水公司、供销社、电力公司、热力公司、工商银行、电信公司、移动公司、邮政局、联通公司、石油公司、房产中心。

三、竞赛内容

坚持把窗口服务行业“展、创”竞赛活动作为改进为民服务、促进文明和谐的重要措施，抓住“四优一做”、“五比五赛”和“创三优”等核心内容，以行业主管部门为活动主体，结合各行业实际和特点，组织开展不同形式的文明创建和文明服务竞赛活动。具体“展、创”活动内容为：

（一）开展“比礼仪、赛文明”活动。在窗口服务行业广泛开展文明礼仪普及活动，提升从业人员的文明素质和礼仪修养。各窗口行业要通过专家讲座、现场示范、报告会、知识竞赛、主题演讲等多种形式，强化对干部职工的礼仪培训，普及礼仪常识，重点内容包括：①倡行《市民文明公约》，遵守《市民公共行为规范》；②认真学习并落实语言文明、仪表文明、行为文明、服务文明、环境文明“五种基本规范”；③落实党政群机关、司法部门、窗口单位文明礼仪相关要求。使他们熟练掌握职业礼仪、公共礼仪、个人礼仪等基本礼仪知识，并在工作生活中学习礼仪、讲究礼仪、运用礼仪。组织动员各窗口单位广大干部职工从自身做起，从本职岗位做起，从一言一行做起，培养良好的工作习惯和行为规范，做到佩证上岗，统一着装，仪容仪表优美，职业素质良好，热情微笑服务，礼仪“三声”服务（来有迎声、问有答声、走有送声），树立良好的行业和窗口形象。围绕“爱心献社会、诚心待他人、孝心敬家人、责任心留给自己”这一理念，在广大干部职工中深入开展“四讲四做”主题活动，即讲社会公德，做一个有爱心的人；讲职业道德，做一个有诚心的人；讲家庭美德，做一个有孝心的人；讲个人品德，做一个有责任心的人。组织开展“讲道德、重品行”主题演讲活动，组织评选“文明礼仪之星”，开展“争做文明使者”活动，在全市窗口行业营造人人讲礼仪、处处见文明的良好风尚。

（二）开展“比服务、赛和谐”活动。要以服务人民、奉献社会为主题，在窗口服务行业大力开展文明服务培训，强化从业人员服务意识和奉献意识，改善服务态度，提高服务质量和水平，营造文明和谐的服务环境。在面向市民的行政服务窗口、面向乘客的交通服务窗口、面向病人的卫生服务窗口、面向用户的通讯水电等服务窗口，要把提升窗口工作人员素质、增强服务意识、改进工作作风、提高办事效率和服务质量、塑造良好形象作为竞赛的重点，进一步提高窗口行业文明优质服务水平；在面向消费者的商业、餐饮、饭店、旅行社、景点（区）、银行、出租汽车以及通讯服务、商业零售等经营服务企业，要积极开展诚信服务、便民服务、个性化服务和特色服务，建立全方位服务体系，进一步提高消费者的满意度。各窗口单位要结合行业特点，广泛开展争创文明服务科室、文明服务班组、文明服务车队、文明服务大厅、“文明风景旅游区”、“文明示范出租车（公交车、长途客运车）”等主题活动，组织开展文明服务竞赛、岗位练兵、技能比赛、技术比武等系列技能比赛活动，激发广大职工立足岗位、钻研技术的热情，在广大职工当中营造学技术、比贡献、创一流的浓厚氛围，从而提高窗口从业人员服务质量，营造和谐服务环境。

（三）开展“比环境、赛秩序”活动。改善服务环境，以净化、美化、优化为重点，保持服务场所清洁卫生、整洁优美、舒适安全，物品摆放有序，展示牌（板）规范整齐，窗明几净。优化服务窗口，改进服务功能，设置精神文明宣传栏、便民图书角、饮水机、便民药箱等便民服务设施，为群众提供细致周到的服务，创造舒适的服务环境和人文环境。以诚实守信、文明规范、公平公正为重点，建立优良的政务秩序和经营秩序。行政服务窗口要从优化依法行政、诚信高效的政务环境入手，规范行政服务行为，公开、公平、公正地行使社会管理职能，建立健全服务承诺制、政务公示制、首问负责制和限时办结制，公开办事制度、办事程序、服务内容、服务标准、办事结果。经营服务窗口要从优化诚实守信、文明规范的经营秩序入手，强化信用体系建设，健全商品和服务质量的管理机制，完善服务体系和保证服务质量的规章制度，保障消费者合法权益。各类窗口应制订切实可行的便民措施，建立健全投诉处理和反馈机制，强化群众投诉管理，畅通群众投诉反馈渠道，提高投诉处理质量。

（四）开展“比作风、赛形象”活动。要抓好行业作风和机关作风建设，切实转变观念、转变职能、转变作风，下大力气解决社会关注、群众关心的突出问题 , 深入推进服务型、责任型、法治型机关建设，深入推进为民、便民、利民服务行业建设，提高工作效率和服务质量，做到依法行政、廉洁用权、热情服务、高效办事，努力形成良好的政风行风。要大力深化诚信建设，采取多种形式开展诚信教育，培养人们的诚信观念和规则意识。选择商业、金融、公用事业等一部分与人民群众生产生活密切相关的窗口行业和执法部门率先建立“诚信联盟”，总结经验后在全社会逐步推开。要广泛开展以“诚实守信、优质高效”为主要内容的诚信创建活动，以“讲责任、讲诚信、讲效率、讲奉献”为主题，在机关中继续开展争创文明机关、责任机关等活动，在商贸流通企业继续开展文明诚信企业、文明诚信个体工商户、文明诚信私营业主活动，营造诚信光荣、失信可耻的良好氛围。

（五）开展“比创新、赛业绩”活动。要大力弘扬“博爱、互助、质朴、拼搏”的新时期迁安人文精神，坚持开拓创新，增强自主创新能力，开展多种形式的创新活动，引导从业人员争做创新型干部职工、复合型创新人才，在创新中不断探索新路子，发现新问题，取得新业绩。各窗口服务行业要加大对自主创新的投入，激发创新活力，增强创新动力。要开展创业创新专题大讨论活动，深入探讨创新意义和价值，研究创新思路和方式，总结创新成果和经验，推动形成规范化、制度化、系统化的创新体系。要坚持深入基层、贴近群众，开展上门服务、超时服务等活动，开创更有效、更便捷的服务理念和服务方式。要开展文明服务创新奖、技术成果创新奖等评选创建活动，鼓励广大干部职工开拓创新思路，提高工作技能，在全行业形成比创新、比贡献、赛业绩的浓厚创新氛围。

四、时间步骤

开展文明优质服务竞赛活动从2010年7月开始至12月结束。具体分三个阶段进行：

（一）宣传动员阶段（7月中旬——7月下旬）

在市文明委文件印发《关于在全市窗口服务行业开展“展示窗口形象、创建文明城市”竞赛活动的实施方案》之后，以各行业主管部门为实施责任单位，层层组织召开动员会议，进行安排部署。全市各参赛单位根据市文明委的总体方案，结合本单位的工作实际和行业特点，制定具体的、可操作性强的实施方案和行业服务标准，并层层召开动员会议，进行动员部署，并组织新闻媒体对动员情况进行宣传报道。

（二）组织实施阶段（8月初——10月底)

1、对照标准，查找差距。各参赛单位和工作人员要分别对照“示范单位”、“示范窗口”和“服务标兵”的标准要求，查找差距，坚持按照“缺什么补什么”的原则，制度整改措施，切实抓好整改。

2、各司其责，全力推进。各参赛单位把竞赛活动的工作任务落实到具体科室、落实到人头，做到各司其职，各负其责，把竞赛活动引向深入。

3、创新方式，搞好创建。各行业、各单位要结合行业和单位特点，开展优质服务月、岗位大练兵、技术大比武、文明礼仪展示、“理想在岗位上闪光”演讲比赛、文明服务知识竞赛等各具特色的文明创建活动，推动竞赛活动真正见成果、出实效。

4、抽样调查，巡访督查。由市文明办组织专门力量对竞赛活动进行明察暗访、抽样调查，将督查结果作为年底评选考核的重要依据。

（三）总结评选阶段(11月初——12月中旬)

1、自查申报。符合条件的参赛单位、窗口和个人，要填写文明优质服务“示范单位”、“示范窗口”和“服务标兵”申报表，行业主管部门组织评选并签署意见后，报市文明办确认。

2、检查考核。市文明办将对申报的参赛单位进行日常考核、明查暗访，对各申报单位进行综合评定并进行排序，拟定竞赛活动的20个“示范单位”、30个“示范窗口”和50名“服务标兵”，并将名单报市文明委领导审定。

3、通报表彰。对评出的“示范单位”、“示范窗口”和“服务标兵”，由市文明委进行命名表彰，并在全市通报。

五、工作要求

（一）高度重视，结合实际制定具体方案。各窗口行业主管部门要高度重视，切实加强对竞赛活动的组织领导。要把“展、创”竞赛活动作为抓行业形象和队伍建设的重要契机，作为服务全市创建文明城市和文明行业工作的重点内容，认真研究制定具体实施方案。要按规定扎扎实实地开展好此项活动，做到组织到位、领导到位、措施到位。各窗口行业主管部门制定的具体实施方案和市直窗口单位参赛名单于7月31日前报市文明办，联系电话：

（二）周密部署，建立长效工作机制。一是建立工作协调机制，各参赛单位要成立专门 的工作班子，确定专人专抓，形成上下联动、党政工青妇齐抓共管的工作局面。各行业主管部门明确一名主抓副职和科室负责人作为联络员，名单和通讯方式请于7月31日上报。二是建立信息反馈机制，加强信息交流，及时掌握竞赛动态，确保竞赛活动情况上下贯通。三是建立激励约束机制，对竞赛活动抓出成效的单位和个人给予通报表彰，对竞赛活动不重视，工作进展缓慢的单位和责任人进行通报批评。四是建立督查督办机制，通过定期不定期的明察暗访和新闻舆论监督，保证竞赛活动的每一步工作都落到实处。

（三）密切配合，形成竞赛活动的良好氛围。此次竞赛活动是在市文明委统一领导下，由市文明办组织，全市统一考评表彰。在此期间，市文明办将与各新闻媒体协同联动、密切配合。尤其是市内各新闻媒体要紧密配合全市文明优质服务竞赛活动的开展，认真组织新闻舆论宣传，根据媒体特点，开辟专栏、专题，组织骨干力量深入各窗口单位采访竞赛活动开展情况，推出先进典型；同时，要发挥媒体的监督作用，对那些活动推进不力，服务态度生硬、办事效率低下等不文明现象进行曝光和监督，形成浓厚的舆论氛围。

（四）加强督导，推动竞赛活动落到实处。市文明办将不定期组织暗访巡查、集中督查，对存在问题下发督办通知，提出整改要求，并将明查暗访情况作为评选示范单位、示范窗口和文明标兵的主要依据。对各行业暗访巡查的实际记录还将作为评选文明单位、文明机关、文明行业的重要依据。

（五）以人为本，注重竞赛活动的实效。竞赛活动既要大张旗鼓，又要扎扎实实。要放手发动行业、企业和群众，把群众的满意程度作为衡量竞赛活动的第一标准，深入各行业企业，深入基层群众，努力为各行业企业办实事、办好事，为群众谋利益、谋福祉，让行业企业和群众真正感受到优质服务竞赛活动的好处，自觉参与对竞赛活动的监督，使竞赛活动取得实实在在的效果。

大赛共分二个部分进行：

第一部分：自我陈述。时间1分钟，重点阐述对礼仪的认识，礼仪在社会生活发展中的重要意义。

第二部分：风采展示。各参赛队可采取情景剧、小品、相声、小戏、表演唱、快板等文艺形式进行展示，鼓励创新，节目内容以生活礼仪、社会礼仪、赛场礼仪、职业礼仪、校园礼仪、涉外礼仪六项内容为主，结合本职工作实际，可侧重表现本行业礼仪行为规范，限时8分钟。各单位不论采取何种表演形式，内容都要紧扣“礼仪”这一中心内容，突出正面形象，达到教育人、感动人的效果。

3、评分标准

总分100分。自我陈述30分；风采展示70分。其中风采展示包括创意、服装服饰、语言表达、表演技巧等。

4、大赛奖项设置

本次大赛设一等奖2名、二等奖4名、三等奖6名；设立最佳编剧奖、最佳导演奖、最佳表演奖三个单项奖；组织奖6名;优秀奖若干名。

5、参赛要求

（1）参赛选手年龄不限，体貌端正。

（2）参赛选手具有较强的语言表达能力和表现力。

（3）参赛选手着装大方得体（女士要求化淡妆）。

（4）参赛队所需道具、服饰自行解决。

二）礼仪知识问答（20分）

（1）由评委现场在各分院部参与礼仪展示的学生当中随机抽取的3名学生，代表本院部参与礼仪知识问答。

（2）10组备选题目，由各代表队现场抽取一组作答，每组题目共计15分。

（3）参赛人员的仪容仪表，礼仪规范，应变能力的表现等。（5分）

（4）参赛队伍可以自由决定是否选择风险题作答，风险题5分，答对得分，答错或不能作答做相应扣分。

（5）考察范围：商务礼仪、职场礼仪、着装礼仪、餐桌礼仪、校园文明礼仪等。

（三）礼仪展示（70分）

各分学院根据礼仪的各种要求和规范，可通过礼仪操或者礼仪情景剧的模拟形式，任选一种表现方式来展示各分院的礼仪风采。参与表演人数：20-40人。时间5-8分钟。

（1）礼仪动作或情景剧表演符合礼仪标准规范（20分）

（2）套路或剧本内容创意新颖，（15分）

（3）服装统一，表演整体和谐，有表现力、感染力（15分）

（4）男女比例适中，各年级学生分布比例适中（10分）

（5）演出过程的态度、出场、退场大方得体、时间把握准确（10分）

一、指导思想和目标任务

以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，认真贯彻党的十七大精神，牢固树立科学发展观，以构建社会主义和谐社会为目标，以“迎奥运、展风采、促和谐”为载体，以转变机关工作作风和提高机关工作人员文明素质为基本任务。在巩固去年“加强作风建设构建和谐机关”和“法治进机关”活动成果基础上，通过加强文明礼仪建设，推动机关服务水平和良好形象的进一步提升，努力形成“人人讲礼仪、事事懂礼仪、处处用礼仪”的良好风范，以实际行动发挥国土资源管理部门在推进人文奥运行动中的作用，为北京奥运会的成功举办，为自治区政治稳定、经济繁荣、社会发展营造文明和谐的良好环境。

关于举办“万恒杯——英姿如歌”巾帼文明岗

风采展示大赛的通知

各镇、市各有关单位：

为迎接建党90周年、“巾帼建功”活动开展20周年，扎实推进党群工作一体化，推动创先争优活动深入开展，充分展示各级巾帼文明岗的文明形象和优质服务，彰显各行各业开展巾帼建功活动的特色和成效，引导广大城镇妇女立足岗位、建功成才，经研究，市委组织部、市委宣传部、市妇联、市文明办、市新闻中心、市纠风办、市广电集团（台）决定，在全市举办巾帼文明岗风采展示大赛。现将具体事项通知如下：

一、活动主题

创先争优展巾帼风采、岗位建功促新沂发展

二、时间安排

2011年1月——2011年3月

三、参展对象和范围

市各级“巾帼文明岗”和争创岗

四、参展内容

风采展示形式不限，根据需要可采取诗朗诵、小品、情景剧、歌舞、快板、才艺表演等艺术形式，主要展现以下内容：

1、岗位礼仪规范；

2、职业技术技能；

3、女性个人（团体）才艺；

4、立足本职、爱岗敬业、创先争优的先进事迹；

5、与时俱进、开拓创新、争创一流的精神风貌等。

五、时间安排

2011年1月20日至2011年1月30日为各系统、单位自行准备和选拔时间，请各镇、市各有关单位在选拔的基础上，于2011年2月14日前将参赛节目名单、表演形式、参加人数（每个节目参赛人数最少不低于5人）报市妇联，市妇联2月21日组织人员到各单位审核节目。各代表队将于2011年2月底之前进行单位行业展示比赛，获奖单位将于2011年“三八”节在市影剧院举行风采展示活动，优秀节目推荐参加徐州市、省巾帼文明岗风采的集中展示。

六、比赛地点 市影剧院

七、奖项设置

本次大赛共设一等奖2名，二等奖3名，三等奖5名，优秀组织奖若干名。

八、具体要求

1、高度重视、统一认识。2011年是建党90周年，也是“巾帼建功”活动开展20周年，开展巾帼文明岗风采展示是“巾帼建功”活动成效的充分展示，也是创先争优活动的重要内容，对促进各行业妇女更好地岗位建功成才具有积极意义。各镇、各单位要充分认识举办风采展示活动的重要意义，明确一名分管领导具体负责，积极组织各个群体的女性参加展示。

2、广泛发动、认真组织。举办风采展示是今年上半年城镇妇女“巾帼建功”工作的重要内容。各镇、各单位要加强领导，精心筹划，因地制宜，广泛动员和组织本行业本地区的巾帼文明岗积极参与。通过层层落实、推荐，真正选拔出代表本行业本地区水平的优秀选手。

3、扩大宣传、树立典型。各镇、各单位要认真策划并组织开展对活动的整体宣传活动，提高女性参与度，增强社会关注度；要通过展示活动，推出一批优秀巾帼文明岗，并充分发挥她们的典型示范和榜样带动作用。

关于开展“迎奥运、讲文明、树新风”文明礼仪大赛的通知

全市各单位：

为提高市民文明素质，增强市民礼仪意识，教育和引导广大市民做文明人、说文明话、干文明事，为我市创建全国文明城市、迎接北京奥运会、构建和谐柳州，营造健康向上的人文环境，市委文明委决定在全市范围内开展文明礼仪大赛，现将有关事宜通知如下：

一、指导思想

开展文明礼仪大赛以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，全面落实科学发展观，深入贯彻党的十七大精神，坚持以人为本，以《公民道德建设实施纲要》为基本要求，以提高市民文明素质为核心，通过引导群众学礼仪、懂礼仪、行礼仪，使市民文明素质有较大提升。

二、活动主题

“迎奥运、讲文明、树新风”。

三、组织机构

主办单位：中共柳州市委文明委。

承办单位：中共柳州市委宣传部、文明办，市直机关工委、市教育局、市建委、市交通局、市商务局、市卫生局、市国资委、市旅游局、市园林局、市商贸控股有限公司、市总工会、市工商联、柳州银监局、人民银行柳州市中心支行、市保险协会，柳州市各县区委文明委、宣传部、文明办。

大赛组委会办公室设在市委文明办活动科，联系电话：2824320 传真：2811943、2869422。

四、大赛方式

文明礼仪大赛分为县区组和行业组两组分别进行。

（一）县区组比赛方式。

县区组分为三个不同组别进行比赛： 1．政务组（含县区党政机关）； 2．校园组（含中小学校、幼儿园）； 3．社区组（含社区、村委）。

要求各县区在开展选拔赛的基础上，每个县区推选出政务队、校园队、社区队各一支参赛队，以县区代表队的形式参加市级决赛，全市六县四区共30支参赛队参加市级决赛。各县区要在4月25日前完成本县区选拔工作，并于4月25日前将3支参赛队名单报送组委会。报名地点设在市委文明办活动科（报名表附后）。

（二）行业组比赛方式。

行业组比赛由市委文明办与市直机关工委、市教育局、市建委、市交通局、市商务局、市卫生局、市国资委、市旅游局、市园林局、市商贸控股有限公司、市总工会、市工商联、柳州

银监局、人民银行柳州市中心支行、市保险协会联合举办。各承办单位负责比赛的具体组织和实施工作。

行业组分为以下9个组，由承办单位在4月底前完成比赛。1．全市公务员行业组（市直机关各单位）

承办单位：市直机关工委

2．教育行业组（各大中专院校、各类职业院校、市内各高级中学）承办单位：市教育局

3．市政、建筑、房地产、物业管理行业组 承办单位：市建委 4．交通运输行业组 承办单位：市交通局 5．商贸流通行业组

承办单位：市商务局、市商贸控股有限公司 6．医疗卫生行业组 承办单位：市卫生局 7．旅游服务行业组

承办单位：市旅游局、市园林局 8．银行保险行业组

承办单位：柳州银监局、人民银行柳州市中心支行、市保险协会

9．工矿企业、邮政、电信、移动通信行业组 承办单位：市国资委、市总工会、市工商联

五、比赛内容

文明礼仪大赛在内容上，坚持传统礼仪与现代礼仪相结合，大力弘扬中华民族的传统美德，充分体现时代精神，紧紧围绕《公民道德建设实施纲要》20字基本道德规范，以文明礼仪提升公民的文明素质，重点突出社会礼仪、职业礼仪、生活礼仪三个方面的内容。比赛包含三个环节：

（一）团队礼仪风采展示。主要是通过规范礼仪动作的展示，队形的编排、音乐及解说的配合，展现参赛队的团队精神和美好的职业风貌，整个团队礼仪风采展示必须包含八个以上礼仪动作；

（二）礼仪情景表演。可根据行业特点自行编排，让剧情、动作、服装、配音、解说、音乐浑然一体，给人以真实、自然、实用的良好感觉和高雅优美的艺术享受；

（三）知识问答。比赛设置礼仪知识、奥运知识、道德建设知识问答，得分计入总分（竞赛题库另行发放）。

六、奖励事项

（一）参赛队奖：县区组、行业组各评出一、二、三等奖及优胜奖若干名；

（二）集体奖：组织奖若干名；

（三）个人单项奖：最佳形象奖、最佳气质奖、最具亲和力奖若干名。

七、工作要求

（一）加强领导，明确责任。举办文明礼仪大赛是一项重要的文明礼仪宣传教育活动，是我市文明礼仪教育成果及市民文明素质的集中展示，各县区、承办单位要统一思想，提高认识，高度重视，确保大赛的顺利展开。各单位、各部门应根据各自的工作职能和工作需求，结合自身特定的行业特点积极报名参与比赛。市委文明委将对各县区、各单位的大赛组织情况进

行专项检查，并将大赛活动的组织开展情况列入2008年文明县区、文明单位考评内容之一。

（二）大力宣传，营造氛围。各级新闻媒体要把开展文明礼仪大赛作为宣传和普及文明礼仪知识的一个重要契机。要开设专版、专栏、专题节目，高频率、大规模、全方位、立体化地宣传文明礼仪知识。要充分发挥广播、电视、报纸、网站等各种宣传阵地的作用，加强对广大市民文明礼仪知识的宣传教育，增长市民的文明礼仪知识。要动员社会力量，广泛开展文明礼仪公益广告创作活动，形成并制作一批贴近生活、寓意鲜明、形象幽默的文明礼仪公益广告。

（三）贯彻落实，务求实效。各县区委文明委、各单位、各部门要根据通知要求，早研究，早部署，早实施，切实把握好大赛的各个工作环节，作好大赛的各项工作。

八、未尽事宜，另行通知，并由大赛组委会负责解释。

附：1．“迎奥运、讲文明、树新风”文明礼仪大赛比赛细则。

2．“迎奥运、讲文明、树新风”文明礼仪大赛县区组参

主题词：精神文明建设

文明礼仪大赛

通知

附件一：

“迎奥运、讲文明、树新风”文明礼仪大赛比

赛

细

则

（一）比赛注重礼仪形象规范、语言规范、行为规范以及和社会各界交往活动过程中的礼仪行为规范的展示；

（二）参赛队要有本行业鲜明特点的比赛主题，并围绕此主题表演比赛；

（三）参赛队要力求展现具有行业特点的实用礼仪动作，如站姿、坐姿、走姿、手姿等基本行为动作和微笑、点头、注目、欠身、鞠躬、指示、握手、招手、递物、介绍、接听电话、迎送等其他礼仪动作，要求动作规范连贯，富于创新；

（四）参赛队要穿着得体，搭配协调，气质优雅，端庄大方，能充分体现职业特点；

（五）各参赛队比赛用时在6分钟以内，包括团队礼仪风采展示和礼仪情景表演，知识问答不计入比赛用时；

（六）每支参赛队队员人数不少于8人，其中男队员不少于2人，并设队长1名；

（七）比赛评分标准。1．比赛采用100分制 序号

项目

规范要求

评分 总分 礼仪服装

着装符合本职业特点，大方得体，搭配精致

10分 化妆造型

气质高雅的化妆和端庄的发型搭配设计

5分 礼仪举止

有至少8个以上的标准礼仪动作，动作规范得体，体现职业风采

30分 4 神情风度

眼神认真专注，微笑真诚随和自然，自信有内涵

10分 5 背景音乐

协调委婉的背景音乐，运用恰当，给人以美的享受

5分 语言规范

标准自信的普通话，解说流畅达意，符合主题

10分 团队精神

整体的协调性，体现默契和沟通及友爱

10分 艺术创意

全套动作编排新颖，突出主题精髓，富有时尚职业感

10分 9 知识问答

共5题，答对一题得2分

10分

2．各参赛队的最后得分为所有评委分数中去掉一个最高分和一个最底分的平均数，现场公布最后得分。

为隆重庆祝建党九十周年和 “巾帼建功”活动开展二十周年，进一步推动市级机关“巾帼文明岗”创建活动，充分展示市级机关各级别“巾帼文明岗”在岗位立功、优质服务、促进工作、构建和谐等方面取得的丰硕成果，展现广大机关妇女干部职工爱岗敬业、奋发进取、无私奉献的时代风采，市级机关妇工委决定举办市级机关各级别“巾帼文明岗”风采展示活动。

活动内容形式

本次风采展示活动要求以“创岗争优，竞展风采，为建党90周年献礼”为主题，通过图板成果展示和技能才艺展示两大形式，彰显“巾帼文明岗”创建活动在推动妇女岗位建功、成长成才，促进工作和全面发展方面发挥的积极作用。

1、图板成果展示：由各“巾帼文明岗”结合本岗位开展“巾帼文明岗”创建活动实际，制作“巾帼建功”宣传展板。展板制作要求主题鲜明，内容丰富，体裁多样，图文并茂，要充分体现岗位特色和创建成效。

2、技能才艺展示：以“巾帼文明岗”成员自创自演节目为主，以团体表演为亮点，充分展示各岗位开展“巾帼建功”活动的特色和成效，展现“巾帼文明岗”成员的精湛技能、优质服务和文明形象。节目内容要求紧扣主题，具有鲜明的时代特征、岗位特点和巾帼特色，体现思想性和艺术性的统一。节目可以是歌舞、配乐诗朗诵、小品、时装秀、礼仪示范、才艺技能展示等，形式可以灵活多样、丰富多彩，体裁、人数不限。

第四篇：口语考试资料

暴力视频游戏对青少年有害？

How much scientific evidence is there for and against the assertion（断言，声明）that exposure to video game violence can harm teens? Three researchers have developed a novel method to consider that question: they analyzed the research output of experts who filed a brief in a U.S.Supreme Court case involving violent video games and teens.Their conclusion? Experts who say violent video games are harmful to teens have published much more evidence supporting their claims than have experts on the other side of the debate.“We took what I think is a very objective approach: we looked at the individuals on both sides of the debate and determined if they actually have expertise in the subjects in which they call themselves experts,” said Brad Bushman, co-author of the study and professor of communication and psychology at Ohio State University.“The evidence suggests that those who argue violent video games are harmful have a lot more experience and stronger credentials（证明）than those who argue otherwise.”

Bushman conducted the study with Craig Anderson, professor of psychology at Iowa State University, and Deana Pollard Sacks, professor of law at Texas Southern University.Their research will be published in May in the Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy.Their study involved Schwarzenegger v.Entertainment Merchants Association, a case before the U.S.Supreme Court that will decide whether the state of California can ban the sale or rental of violent video games to children under 18.The court is expected to rule on the case this summer.In this case, groups supporting and opposing the law have filed what are called briefs of amicus curiae（法官的顾问）.These are briefs by people or groups who are not involved directly in the case, but want to offer the court their expert opinion on the issues involved.The researchers analyzed the credentials of the 115 people who signed the Gruel brief, who believe video violence is harmful, and the 82 signers of the Millett brief, who believe video violence is not harmful.(The briefs are named after the lead attorneys for each side.)

The data for the study came from the PsycINFO database, which provides more than 3 million references to the psychological literature from the 1800s to the present, including peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters or essays, and books.For each of the signers of the two briefs, the researchers calculated how many articles and books they published on issues relating to violence and aggression in general and on media violence specifically.The results showed that 60 percent of the Gruel brief signers(who believe video game violence is harmful)have published at least one scientific study on aggression or violence in general, compared to only 17 percent of the Millett brief signers.Moreover, when the researchers looked specifically at the subject of media violence, 37 percent of Gruel brief signers have published at least one study in that area, compared to just 13 percent of the Millett brief signers.In a further analysis, Bushman and Anderson examined where the signers of both briefs have published their research.The best academic journals have the highest standards and the most rigorous peer review, so only the best research should be published there, Bushman said.The researchers used a well-established formula, called the impact factor, to determine the top-tier journals, and then calculated how many signers had published in these journals.Results showed that signers of the Gruel brief had published over 48 times more studies in top-tier journals than did those who signed the Millett brief.“That's a staggering（蹒跚的，令人惊愕的）difference,” Bushman said.“It provides strong support for the argument that video game violence is indeed harmful.” Bushman said he and his colleagues did this study because they wanted to show that

there is a way for the Supreme Court to evaluate the contradictory（矛盾的，反对的）evidence it has been presented.“The justices were presented with two briefs, arguing opposite sides, and they may think the contradictory briefs simply cancel each other out,” Bushman said.“We just wanted to point out to the justices that not all briefs are the same.In this case, the credentials and experience of those who signed the Gruel brief far exceeds that of the ones who signed the Millett brief.”

Fight with pc games addiction(addiction [ə'dikʃən]n.上瘾，沉溺；癖嗜)

As depicted by the picture, we are informed that one student busies himself playing computer games excitedly, with several students surrounding him and yelling “go!go!go!go!” it’s obvious that all of them are addicted to computer games and which makes them extremely exhilarated.This day ,such scenario isn’t odd in schools.Lots of students are indulged in PC games, which has become a severe social problem.one shocking news is that in china 90 percent of pc game player are teenagers.Why this happens? We cannot help asking ourselves this question.As for those students , it’s their obligation to pay more attention to their studies instead ofbeing obsessed with pc games.However, they choose to take playing pc games as their major source of entertainment.By playing games, they feel relaxed and the high pressure caused by studies is reduced, and they enjoy this easy time.As a result, they cannot reject the temptation of pc games.but as we already know, computer games addiction has resulted in a series of problems.first,some students let their studies slide to play pc game,which will ruin their future.second, sitting in front of the computer the whole day will do harm to their physical health.Finally, some of the games are about violence and sex.Because the teenagers’ capacity of self control as well their sense of right and wrong is immature, some of them imitate bad and dangerous actions showed by pc games ,and even commit crimes.So it’s time for our government and society to solve the problem.To begin with, teenagers should be given proper guidance as to the relation of studies and entertainment.Parents and teachers should give them correct advice about how to arrange their schedule every day and make good use of time.Then, we should help the students to turn their attention to sth interesting and advantageous,such as doing physical exercises or reading.Furthermore, the burden of study should be reduced.Finally ,the market of pc games should be regulated strictly.in one word,the coordinated effort of the whole society will put an end to teenagers’ computer games addiction.I

一。大学生接触电脑游戏的慨况；

二。电脑游戏对大学生的利与弊；

三。我对这一问题的看法。

Computer and Online Games

Computer games have become very popular in recent years.Many college students are being attracted by computer games.Every day after school some college students will bury themselves in computer games at home or in net bars.They concentrate all their attention on computer games,with their hands busy operating.Computer games are a kind of wonderful entertainment.They bring great pleasure to college students,train them to respond quickly, and stimulate their imagination and interest in electronics and computer science.But just as a coin has twosides,computer games also have some disadvantages.School students spend too much time on computer games.which would do harm to their eyes and affect their school achievements.Also,playing computer games do not allow them to use their natural creativity.Some of them even commit crimes in order to get enough money for the games.Only if one has enough self-control can he benefit from computer games.In my opinion,computer games has its advantages and disadvantages to collge students,but if we can control our excessive lust to computer games and take advantage of it ,I’m sure we can gain a lot from computer games.如果考到转基因食物（genetically modified food），应该如何应对？

by 新东方口译口试组

由于世界人口越来越多rapid population growth，而耕地面积日益缩减arable land is diminishing 各国政府不得不通过科技手段来增加粮食的产量。Increase grain output by applying advanced technology.（注：饥荒 famine）转基因食品通过基因重组，re-engineering of the DNA of crops使得农作物具有抗害虫的能力more pest-resistant，从而增加亩产，因此被认为可以解决世界粮食危机 to cope with global food crisis，保证食品供应的安全。Ensure food security/safety.目前，许多人对转基因食品对其毒性问题、营养问题、对抗生素的抵抗作用以及环境威胁等问题都抱有质疑态度。People are skeptical about the GM food’s toxicity, nutritional value and resistance against antibiotics as a result of being excessively used

客观来讲Objectively speaking，每一件新生事物，都有它比经一个成长过程。我们应该用客观的批判的和包容的眼光去看待。One should be more tolerant to new things 目前转基因技术，尚处于研究的初级起步阶段 starting phase。许多人都坚持认为，这种技术培育出来的食物是“不自然的”unnatural。许多消费者对转基因食品的安全问题提出了质疑。最常见的就是，我国的转基因大豆有。消费者对其安全性十分担忧people are concerned about the grave threat of GM food such as soybean。从一次次过去的教训中，人们不难得出结论，人类行为应该对自然负责。Humankind should be more careful when dealing with nature.其实，有时候，确实不必如此 these concerns are legitimate but not necessary。

原因，没有十足的把握控制基因调整后的结果。The possible ill effects of GM food could spin out of control.如果我们的质量检测部门应该加强质量检测。Strengthen the oversight of GM food.确保消费者的身体健康，ensure health of people公众也应该有权知晓，他们在超市购买的食物是否是转基因的。The right to know whether the food they buy and consume is genetically modified or organic.

第五篇：社交礼仪资料

1、举出三个古代的礼仪至今仍在使用例子，说明礼仪具有传统继承性的特征。

例如：尊老爱幼（孝敬父母，关爱子女），热情待客（有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎），双手递物、接物。这些礼仪自古至今都是一脉相承的。

2、举出三个例子说明礼仪具有时代性的特征。

礼仪随着时代发展在不断变化，因此，具有时代性特点。

例一：过去的跪拜礼，现代用点头、鞠躬、举手礼等代替。

例二：解放初期，迎接外宾的大规模欢迎仪式，随着国际交往的增多，现在大大简化了。

例三：过去“串门”的习俗随着人们生活节奏加多快减少了，没有十分必要很少串门了，即使做客，也是办完事就走，免得打扰别人。

3、举例说明礼仪的培养为什么要求加强道德修养？

道德是礼仪的基础。一个有道德的人必然具备对别人的关爱和尊重的品德，所以，有道德的人必定会以礼待人。因此，我们在培养礼仪过程中强调要加强道德修养。

例如：雷锋热爱党、热爱祖国、工作负责、乐于助人。他必定会尊重别人、关怀别人，待人自然会有礼貌。

再如：劳动模范李素丽，她身为公交车的售票员，热爱工作，热情为乘客服务，有高尚的职业道德，也必然会以礼待人。

二、选择题(每题l分，总计10分)

例：有关居家礼仪，下面正确的一项是()。

A．居家礼仪就是在家中应该遵循的礼仪

B．尊重是子女对父母单向的行为

C．养成经常到邻里走动的习惯是与邻里相处礼仪的内容之一

D．满怀感恩之心是尊敬孝顺的主要内容

参考答案：D

三、填空题(每空l分，总计8分)礼仪的广泛性包括、两方面的含义。

参考答案：礼仪无处不在、礼仪无时不在四、简答题(每题8分，总计48分)例：礼仪的意义是什么?

参考答案：总体说来，礼仪的重要意义主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)有利于礼仪的传承发展；(2)有利于和谐社会的构建；(3)有利于国际交往的融洽；(4)有利于社交行为的规范；(5)有利于个人形象的塑造。(可逐条作简单说明)’

五、应用操作题(每题l6分，总计16分)

例：一个家境比较好的女孩找了一个来自农村的男孩做男朋友，结果回家之后却遭到了父母的极力反对，要他们立马分手，她觉得父母比较势利，和他们之间存在代沟，不理解他们的感情，一怒之下和父母争吵了起来，并从家里搬了出去，不和父母联系……

思考：1．你觉得案例中的女孩做得对么?为什么?

2．反思自己与父母相处的方式有无问题，并提出改进方案。

参考答案：1．该女孩在与父母的沟通上，想法与行为都存在问题。与父母沟通一定要心平气和，最好是能把父母看成自己的好友，发生了争执，首先要想想自己在这件事情上有没有做得不太好的地方或是不对的地方，不要与其争吵，要耐心地静下心来与父母沟通一下，了解他们的想法、他们反对的理由，而不是通过争吵与离家出走解决问题。解决问题时双方都要冷静，尽管父母有些想法不一定正确，但也要尊重他们，因为争吵解决不了任何问题。找个轻松的时候，与父母交心，在尊重他们的前提下阐明自己的想法和理由，以理服人。其次，也要了解父母的想法，找出他们让你费解的地方，找出他们反对的理由，多站在对方的立场去想问题。要理解父母的内心，毕竟他们人生经验丰富，很多时候看问题比自己长远，我们还是要耐心听取他们的建议，这样，我们在人生之路上可能会少走很多弯路。

1、举出两个例子说明为什么学习礼仪课要求“灵活运用、随机应变”？

答：

学习礼仪课要学会礼仪的规范，礼仪的规范是不能以个人的意愿随便改变的。但是礼仪的地域性和差别性的特征，礼仪的“入乡随俗”的原则又决定了它的随机应变灵活性。

例一：请客吃饭，有的民族禁忌喝酒，你就不能向他敬酒；有的民族把狗当做人的好朋友，你就不能请他吃狗肉……

例二：见到了老朋友可以长时间紧紧握手；与初次见面的异性握手就应短暂地握一下；与卧床的病人握手只应轻轻地一握；如果自己正在干活，手脏，也可以向对方表示不能握手，表示抱歉。

2、“入乡随俗”是礼仪的重要原则，但做起来又有很多实际问题，请分别对遇到的下列情况谈谈你如何处理。

（1）西方人把宠物当成了家庭成员，十分爱护。如果有人驱赶、或用脚踢，他们会很反感。你如果到有宠物的西方人家里做客又怕宠物，该怎么办？

（2）有人请客，用自己的筷子给客人夹菜，以表示热情，当给你夹时，你该如何？

（3）有的民族或地方，为了表示待客热情，宴请时非让客人喝酒喝醉才认为你够朋友，而你不能喝酒，也不愿喝醉失态，该怎么办？

答：

（1）在做客前向主人说明，请主人把宠物看管好。

（2）一般可以客气地回答，我自己夹我喜欢的菜吃。不必为我夹菜，同时表示感谢。另外，也可以要一双公筷给主人夹菜，表示回敬，同时让主人懂得给别人夹菜应使用公筷。

（3）诚挚地说明自己不能喝酒，很有礼貌地谢绝，不得生硬地拒绝，造成主人尴尬。另外，也可以介绍自己习惯的喝酒方式，请主人谅解。也可以向主人介绍现代文明的饮酒方式是互不劝酒，希望主人能接受各种饮酒方式的并存。

一、填空题（每空1分，共18分）

1．礼仪起源于________________。

2。人际交往中空间位置的选择主要有四种，即边角位置、____________、_________________ 和________________。

3．公共场合最显著的特点是它的____________和____________。

4．婆媳关系是由____________和____________的延伸而形成的。

5．在为他人作介绍时，一般坚持____________ 原则；如果在公务场合作集体介绍时，则介绍顺序是____________原则。

6．____________和____________是陪伴叛逆期孩子的金钥匙。

7．教室礼仪的基本要求是保持安静、____________和____________。

8．谈判按不同的标准可以有不同的分类。若从参加谈判的人数来看，可以分成____________和____________两类。

9．尽管礼仪的内涵十分丰富且千差万别，但总的来说，它主要包括____________、礼节和____________等基本内容。

参考答案：

一、填空题1．原始的宗教祭祀活动

2．合作位置 竞争和防御性位置 独立位置 3．公用性 共享性

4．亲子关系 夫妻关系

5.先卑后尊 先尊后卑

6．尊重 真诚

7．保持清洁 保持仪表整洁

8．单独谈判 团体谈判

9．礼貌礼仪仪式

二、单项选择题（在以下每题后的四个备选答案中，选择一个正确答案，并将序号填入题中括号内，每小题1分，共10分）

1．礼仪的功能不包括()。

A．规范功能 B．沟通功能 C．指导功能 D．教育功能

2．以下关于坐姿的基本要求错误的一项是()。

A．端庄 B．随意 C．大方 D．舒适

3．一般来说，当通话双方地位存在较大差异时，应由()先挂断电话。

A．任意一方都可以 B．打电话方 C．接听方 D．通话双方地位较高的一方

4．以下不属于幼儿期子女对自尊的要求的表现的是()。

A．要求得到成人的关注 B．要求自主

C．要求被赞扬和被认可 D．要求合作

5．邻里间礼仪不包括()。

A．邻里间基本礼仪 B．邻里间居住礼仪

C．邻里间通信礼仪D．邻里间做客礼仪

6．求职准备阶段的工作主要包括预备个人资料和()两个方面。

A．设计个人简历 B．自我形象设计

C．撰写求职信 D．准备合适的服装

7．下列关于求职面试的礼仪知识正确的一句是()。

A．求职面试结束了只要等消息通知，不需要再做什么

B．求职面试中求职者应该认真倾听主试官的问题，不需做任何记录

C．求职面试时应和主考官多套近乎，以拉近距离

D．求职者面对主试官时，要抬眼向上注视考官的面部，眉毛要自然平直，不论面对什么情况都不要皱起眉头或是将眉毛上升、下降

8．下列不属于握手的禁忌的是()。

A．用左手去握别人的手

B．在握手时将另外一只手插在衣袋里

C．在握手时仅仅握住对方的手指尖

D．平辈之间，先出手为敬

9．英、德、法等欧洲国家的人们多忌讳数字“l3”和。()。

A.4 B．6 C．星期五 D．星期日

10.被人们视为一个人有没有教养、讲不讲社会公德的重要标志之一是()。

A．尊重隐私 B．以右为尊

C．不宜先为 D．爱护环境

参考答案：

二、单项选择题1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 5．C 6．B 7．D 8．D 9．C 10．D

三、名词解释(每题5分，共20分)1．礼仪 ：

礼仪指的是一定地区、民族、国家或群体在共同的社会生活和社会交往中所形成的，为人们所认同和共同遵守，并以确立、维护和协调人们之间相互关系、维持一定的社会秩序为目的的各种符合礼的精神及道德要求的社会交往方式、行为准则、价值观念、道德规范以及与之相适应的典章制度、器物、标志、服饰、象征等的总和。

２．“散点” 是指在与人交谈时，目光应主要落在别人的脸部，最好是在鼻尖以上，眉以下，两个外眼角以内的区域中。“正视”是指投注到别人脸部的目光应保持一个比较正直的角度，不要用斜视、扫视、瞟、瞥等不礼貌的眼神。

３．“言传身教” ：“言传身教”出自《庄子•天道》：“语之所贵者意也，意有所随。意之所随者，不可以言传也。”言传即用言语讲解、传授；身教即以行动示范。言传身教是指既用言语来教导，又用行动来示范。

４．涉外通则是指中国人在接触外国人时，通常都必须遵守并加以运用的有关国际交往惯例的基本原则。它是对国际交往惯例的高度概括，对于参与涉外交际的中国人具有普遍的指导意义。

四、简答题（每小题7分，共35分）１．规范的走姿主要有哪些基本要求?

(1)在保持标准站姿的基础上，重心向前微倾，目光平视，面容平和自然。(2)两臂自然前后摆动。(3)注意步伐，两脚内侧落在一条直线上。(4)步频、步幅适中。

2．简述师生之间礼仪的基本要求。

答：师生关系是学校环境中最普通、最基本的人际关系。师生关系不仅对学生的个眭心理有着很大的影响，同样也影响着教师。师生之间礼仪的基本要求是：学生应尊敬教师；教师应爱护学生；教师要讲究批评的艺术。

3．父母对子女的礼仪应注意哪些方面?

答：(1)尊重子女。父母对子女的尊重，要遵循子女的成长特点，在幼儿期、青春期和成年之后施以不同的关心和尊重。(2)教育有方。家长要学会“夸奖”；尊重子女的爱好和兴趣；不侵犯子女的隐私；要激发子女的潜能。(3)言传身教。父母在孩子面前要以身作则，为孩子树立可以信赖、可以效仿、可以直接感受到的好榜样。(4)良好有效的沟通。父母的言语影响到孩子的自尊和自重，也可以决定孩子的命运。

4．求职信撰写的技巧有哪些?

答：(1)简明扼要有条理。(2)要有自信。(3)富有个性，不落俗套。(4)自我推销与谦虚应适当有度。(5)准确用词，少用简写词语，慎重使用“我”的字句。(6)突出重点。(7)建立联系，争取面试。

5．如何正确地向客人递送名片?

答：(1)应郑重其事，最好是起身站立，走上前去，使用双手或者右手，将名片正面面对对方，交予对方。

2)将名片递给他人时，口头应首先有所表示，可以说“请多指教”，“多多关照”，或是先作一下自我介绍。

3)与多人交换名片，应讲究先后次序，或由近而远，或由尊而卑。位卑者应当首先把名片递给位尊者。

五、应用操作题（共17分）

国内某家专门接待外国游客的旅行社，有一次准备在接待来华的意大利游客时送每人一件小礼品。于是，该旅行社订购了一批纯丝手帕，每个手帕上绣着一只仙鹤，十分美观大方。手帕装在特制的纸盒内，盒上又有旅行社社徽，是很像样的小礼品。

旅游接待人员带着盒装的纯丝手帕到机场迎接来自法国的游客。在车上，他代表旅行社赠送给每位游客两盒手帕作为礼品。没想到，车上一片哗然，议论纷纷，游客显得很不高兴。特剐是一位夫人，大声叫喊，表现极为气愤。旅游接待人员心慌了，好心好意送人家礼物，不但得不到感谢，还遭到一片责难。

思考以上案例，这些法国游客为什么会生气? 结合案例，谈谈向外籍人士赠送礼品时应注意哪些问题？

答案：礼品选择没有考虑法国人的禁忌，法国人不喜欢仙鹤，认为仙鹤是淫妇的象征。

礼品的挑选在指导思想上必须恪守四项基本原则。其一，要突出礼品的纪念性；其二，要体现礼品的民族性；其三，要明确礼品的针对性；其四，要重视礼品的差异性。向外宾赠送礼品，绝对不能有悖对方的风俗习惯，触犯外宾的禁忌。1． 礼仪的内容

礼仪所涉及的内容涵盖了社会生活的各个方面，但总的说来，主要包括礼貌、礼节、礼仪仪式等。礼仪的内容其表现形式也多种多样，但却有其一定的特征，并且在不同时代其主要内涵不会改变。

2．礼仪的特征

礼仪的特征主要有：一是继承性和发展性；二是民族性和国际性；三是广泛性和规范性；四是个人性和社会性。

3．礼仪的基本原则

礼仪的基本原则是指人们在社会交往过程中处理人际关系的出发点和应遵从的指导思想，它是保证社交活动顺利实施并达到预定目标的基本条件。礼仪除了人类共同的交往原则以外，还应注意以下几个方面的原则：(1)遵时守约原则；(2)公平对等原则；(3)和谐适度原则；(4)遵守公德的原则；(5)宽容自律的原则；(6)系统整体原则；(7)尊重风俗禁忌原则。

模拟题2

一、填空题(每空1分，共8分)

1．随着社会的进步和人类文明水平的不断提高，礼仪的内容也在不断充实和丰富，但无论各种礼仪之间多么千差万别，总的说来礼仪主要包括、、等基本内容。

2．礼仪起源于。

3． 是学校环境中最普通、最基本的人际关系。

4． 和 是陪伴叛逆期孩子成长的金钥匙。

5．伊斯兰教历十月一日左右为肉孜节，即。

得 分 评卷人

二、选择题(（在以下每题后的四个备选答案中，选择一个正确答案，并将序号填入题中括号内，每小题1分，共10分)

1．正式场合下女士不宜穿着()。

A．连衣裙或中式上衣配长裙 B．皮裙

C．半高跟皮鞋 D。深色长袜

2．按照惯例，通话的最佳时间是()和对方方便的时间。

A．自己方便的时间 B．双方预先约定的时间

C．对方上班的时间 D．双方上班的时间

3．有关居家礼仪，下面正确的一项是()。

A．居家礼仪就是在家中应该遵循的礼仪

B．尊重是子女对父母单向的行为

C．养成经常到邻里走动的习惯，是与邻里相处礼仪的内容之一

D．满怀感恩之心是尊敬孝顺的主要内容

4．一般情况下，每封信都由()和封文两大部分构成。

A．标题 B．祝颂语 C．信文 D．署名

5．下列不属于简历撰写技巧的一项是()。

A．突出重点 B．简洁美观

C．措辞得当D．多用简写词语

6．下列符合自我介绍要求的一句话是()。

A．求职者在介绍自己特有的才华和优势时一定要竭力突出自己，甚至可以修饰夸张些

B．求职者要注意用自己的眼神和表情表达内心世界

C．求职者介绍自己要面面俱到，全面涉及 D．求职者介绍时语言要尽量口语化，可以用口头语、附加词等

7．握手的时间不宜太长，通常以()为宜。

A．20～30秒 B．3～5秒 C．1分钟 D．40秒左右

8．维吾尔族的传统节日多具有()色彩。

A．基督教 8．佛教 C．伊斯兰教 D．印度教

9．在国际交往中，人们将()视作一个人在待人接物方面有没有教养、能不能尊

重和体谅交往对象的重要标志之一。

A．尊重个人隐私 B．热情有度

C．信守约定 D．维护形象

10．在确定并排排列的位次时，我国的传统做法是()。

A．“以左为尊” B．“以右为尊” C．“中间为尊”D．“里侧为尊” 得 分 评卷人

三、名词解释(18分)

1．礼仪

2．交往通联礼仪

3．合十礼

4．涉夕r弄乙仪

5．居家礼仪

6．仪表

得 分 评卷人

四、简答题(48分)

1．结合相关知识谈谈礼仪的发展趋势。

2．父母对子女的礼仪应注意哪些方面?

3．个人仪容有哪些基本要求?

4.简述涉外宴请餐桌上的禁忌。

5，如何进行恰当的自我介绍?

6．中国人在涉外交往中如何把握好“热情有度”这一基本原则?

得 分 评卷人

五、应用操作题(16分)

1．撰写自己的个人简历，要求版面设计规范要精美、内容要简洁。

2．品学兼优的大学生小王，好不容易通过了招聘单位的几道招聘程序，几道关下来还算比较顺利，最后一关是与招聘单位领导面谈。面谈中尽管领导曾"-3场提示他不要着急，要放松些。但他急于求成，竟没有注意，常常是领导的话还没有说完他就表示知道了领导的意思，并按照自己的理解做了回答。谈话终于结束了，他回到学校等着各单位的消息。但过了预定的日期，他没有收到任何消息。

问题：小王在应聘中主要的失误是什么? 参考答案：

一、填空题

1．礼貌、礼节、礼仪仪式 2．原始的宗教祭祀活动 3．师生关系 4．尊重

真诚 5．开斋节

二、选择题

1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．D 6．B 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．A

三、名词解释

1．礼仪指的是一定地区、民族、国家或群体在共同的社会生活和社会交往中所形成的，为人们所认同和共同遵守，并以确立、维护和协调人们之间相互关系、维持一定的社会秩序为目的的各种符合礼的精神及道德要求的社会交往方式、行为准则、价值观念、道德规范以及与之相适应的典章制度、器物、标志、服饰、象征等的总和。

2．交往通联礼仪就是人们在人际交往中进行通信、联络时所应当遵守的礼仪规范。2．交往通联礼仪就是人们在人际交往中进行通信、联络时所应当遵守的礼仪规范

3．合十礼是泰国人所用最多的见面礼节。一般晚辈、身份低者要先向长辈、身份高者行礼，对方以合十礼相还，佛门弟子可以不还礼。行合十礼时，须立正低眉欠身，双手十指相互合拢，同时问候对方“您好”。在一般情况下，行合十礼之后，不必握手。

4．涉外礼仪是对涉外交际礼仪的简称。它所指的是，中国人在对外交往中用以维护自身形象、用以向交往对象表示尊敬与友好的约定俗成的习惯做法。

5．居家礼仪就是人们在长期的家庭生活中，用以沟通思想、交流信息、联络感情而逐渐形成的约定俗成的行为准则和礼节、仪式的总称。

6．仪表是指人的外表。包括人的容貌、服饰、姿态、风度等，是一个人的精神面貌、内在素质的外在表现。

四、简答题

1．答：随着现代社会生活节奏的加快，人们的思维方式和生活方式也发生了根本性的变化，旧的体制在消亡，新的礼俗在产生，社交礼仪也发生了许多根本性变化，并有两大发展趋势：

(1)社交礼仪的形式日趋简化：传统、古老的礼仪规范充满繁文缛节和程式化要求，这与其存在的慢节奏的生活方式相适应。当今社会，以往的跪拜、作揖被握手、点头、微笑等替代，非言语交往礼仪已经简化得不能再简单了，适应了高节奏的现代生活。现代的生产方式和生活方式迫使人们将传统礼仪的繁琐削尽，把注意力更多地放在了实际效果上。

(2)现代社交礼仪内容日渐丰富：随着科技的发展和人类文明的进步，现代社交礼仪中有一些新的内容补充进来，不断推陈出新，是礼仪适应时代发展变化要求的必然结果。如现代人所拍发的礼仪电报、电视点歌祝寿贺喜等礼仪形式，就是时代进步而产生的新生事物。

2．答：(1)尊重子女。父母对子女的尊重，要遵循子女的成长特点：从幼儿期开始，个体在成长发展过程中就有了一种强烈的尊重需要——对于自尊、自重和来自他人的尊重的需要或渴望。青春期的孩子，父母的尊重就显得更加重要。尊重和真诚是陪伴叛逆期孩子的金钥匙。对于成年之后子女的尊重，要遵循成人之间相互尊重的法则。(2)教育有方。家长要学会“夸奖”。尊重子女的爱好和兴趣。不侵犯子女的隐私。要激发子女的潜能。

(3)言传身教。父母的言行举止往往对子女起着潜移默化的影响作用，所以，父母在孩子面前要以身作则，为孩子树立可以信赖、可以效仿、可以直接感受到的好榜样。

(4)良好有效的沟通。亲子沟通与一般的人际沟通不同，亲子之间的沟通除了满足自己的需要，同时也是一种服务、一种责任。所以，彼此应该相互接纳，承认对方意见的合理性，努力减少冲突。

3．答：(1)发型得体。男性头发前不盖眉，侧不掩耳，后不及领。女性根据年龄、职业、场合的不同梳理得当。

(2)面部清爽。男性宜每日剃须修面；女性宜淡妆修饰。保持口腔、鼻腔清洁。

(3)表情自然。目光温顺平和，嘴角略显笑意。

(4)手部清洁。定期修剪指甲并保持手部洁净。女性在正式场合不宜涂抹浓艳的指甲油。

4．答：(1)打嗝。(2)打喷嚏。(3)补妆。(4)吸烟。如果真的烟瘾太大，则可利用正餐用完，在场人士已开始使用甜点、咖啡时再离席前往室外吸烟。(5)剔牙。(6)刀叉掉落。进餐时若刀叉不小心掉落地面，此时只需告之服务人员换一干净的即可。(7)其他：如挖鼻孔、抓头皮、整理服装、打哈欠等。总之，凡是会给他人不良感觉的事情在餐桌上都最好别做。

5．答：在社交活动中，如欲结识某个人或某些人，而又无人引见，如有可能，即可自己充当自己的介绍人，自己将自己介绍给对方。

首先，自我介绍必须注意，不可在别人进行交谈、进食时进行。表情、态度要落落大方，不可做作。在做完适当的介绍后，如果对方还没有介绍自己，则应主动、婉转地询问对方：“请问，我该怎样称呼您呢?”给对方一个介绍自己的机会。

其次，其基本程序应该是，先向对方问好，等得到回应后再向对方介绍自己的姓名、身份、单位等，同时递上事先准备好的名片。

同时，在介绍自己身份时要注意把握分寸。一般来说，在单位的职务最好不要直接说，如“我是某校校长”，或“我是校办公室主任”等等，因为这种介绍方式容易让人产生误解，觉得你有点炫耀。比较恰当的方式是让名片替你把职务身份说清楚。也可以用一些婉转的方式表达，如“我负责处理某些方面的问题”或“我主要负责某个部门的工作”等。

在自我介绍之后开始的交谈中，主动作自我介绍的一方，要对对方谈起的一切都表示出兴趣和耐心，不要滔滔不绝地唱独角戏，而应注意寻找双方共同感兴趣的话题。

6．答：关键是要掌握好下列四个方面的具体的“度”：第一，做到“关心有度”。第二，做到“批评有度”。第三，做到“距离有度”。第四，做到“举止有度”。

三、名词解释

1．礼节是指人们在日常生活中特别是社会交往过程中表示出的尊重、祝颂、致意、问候、哀悼、慰问等并给予必要的协助与照料的惯用形式和规范，是礼貌在语言、行为、仪态等方面的具体规定，主要是指日常生活中的个体礼貌行为。

2．公共场合：又叫公共场所，它所指的是可供全体社会成员进行各种活动的社会公用的公共活动空间，如街头巷尾、楼梯走廊、公园、车站码头、机场、商厦、卫生间、娱乐场所、邮政设施、交通工具，等等。

3．散点正视：“散点”，是指在与人交谈时，目光应主要落在别人的脸部，最好是在鼻尖以上，眉以下，两个外眼角以内的区域中。“正视”是指投注到别人脸部的目光应保持一个比较正直的角度，不要用斜视、扫视、瞟、瞥等眼神。

4．公开信：就是将一些无需保密的内容或需要让更多人知道的有关事项公之于众，并通过各种传播媒介进行广泛宣传的一种专用信函。

5．勾指礼是澳大利亚土著居民在见面时所行的礼节，极具特色。它的做法是，相见的双方各自伸出手来，令双方的中指紧紧钩住，然后再轻轻地往自己身边一拉，以示相亲、相敬。

6．邻里礼仪是指自己在居住地与周围邻居之间交往所应注意的一些礼仪，它包括邻里间的基本礼仪、邻居间相处礼仪、邻里间的居住礼仪和邻里间做客礼仪。

四、简答题

1．答：礼仪的民族性和国际性是指，同民族的人们生活方式不同、知识体系不同、文化环境不同，对社会交往的要求自然也不尽相同，礼仪的规范也是千差万别；每个民族都在自己独特的语言环境、共同的生活地域以及统一的生活习俗的基础上，形成了适应自己风俗习惯的一套礼仪，因此不同的民族就形成了不同的礼仪。其中尊老爱幼、礼貌待客、遵时守约等符合大多数人礼仪取向的基本礼仪，是全球各民族人民所共同遵守的准则。在不断加强、不断扩大的国际交往中，以讲究文明、相互尊重为原则基础而形成的现代国际礼仪，已经逐步规范化和完善化，业已形成并广泛认可了通用的礼仪规范和准则，礼仪因此又具有国际性的特征。

2．答：(1)一般选用素色尤其是深色的毛料西式套装；(2)应把单粒纽扣、两粒纽扣中的第二粒和三粒纽扣中的中间一粒扣上，其余可扣可不扣；(3)西裤与上装协调，长度以裤脚碰及脚背为宜，裤袋内忌塞满东西，皮带颜色与西裤协调；(4)衬衫搭配合宜，领头硬挺，袖子扣紧；(5)领带与西装、衬衫相配，雅致简洁，长度适宜。

3．答：第一，出入房间时都要轻推、轻拉、轻关，不可以用身体的某部位代劳。第二，进房时，先要轻声地敲门。如果里面有人，听到允许后方能进入。进入房间后先应与他人打个招呼，然后做自己的事情。出门时，需要与室友打招呼道别，并轻声地关上房门。第三，要注意出入房门的顺序。在一般情况下，应请尊长、女士、来宾先进或先出房间，必要时要为对方开门或关门。若出入房间时除巧有他人与自己反向而行，则应对其礼让。一般来说，是房内之人先出，房外之人后入。倘如对方是尊长、女士、来宾，亦可不循此礼，而优先对方。

4．答：一份完整的简历，一般都包含以下项目：

(1)标题：一般为“简历”、“个人简历”或“求职简历”。

(2)个人信息：包括求职者姓名、性别、年龄、民族、籍贯、政治面貌、就读院校、身体健康状况、婚姻状况、通信地址及联系电话等。

(3)求职目标：用于表达求职者的求职的愿望(目的与动机)与招聘职位相符。表述应力求简明。

(4)教育经历：主要指求职者的学习经历，一定要依次写清楚所就读的学校、院(系)、专业(方向)、学习和工作年限等。

(5)学习或业务专业：这是求职者在工作、生活及个人兴趣发展方面所具备的知识、能力的综合反映，是胜任职位实力的体现。所以，一定要认真对待，仔细推敲字句。

(6)实践活动和社会工作经历：这是简历的主要部分和核心。随着招聘单位对求职者素质要求的不断提高，尤其是“三资”企业，较为注重求职者的工作经历，所以一定要认

真对待。

5．答：电话是现代社会的不可或缺的通信工具，也是办公室工作人员处理日常事务、联系业务、咨询答疑、交往约会、汇报反映工作的最常用的办公设备。接拨电话是办公室工作人员的最普遍的日常工作，办公室工作人员必须学会电话礼仪。

(1)接听电话的礼仪包括：铃响后立即接听；微笑接听；开头用礼貌语；问明对方情况等，如果没听清重要的话，那么可请对方重复“对不起，请您再说一次”。

(2)打出电话的礼仪包括：开头的礼貌语，听完对方自报家门后，也应打招呼和自报家门。

(3)正式内容的通话礼仪包括：内容清楚、话语简练、条理清晰、做好记录等。

(4)结束通话的礼仪包括：礼貌地说“再见”，然后慢放听筒，争取对方先挂断。

6．答：美国人待人接物方面具有以下特点：(1)自尊心强，好胜心强；(2)热情开朗，不拘小节；(3)城府不深，喜欢幽默；(4)随和友善，容易接近。

五、应用操作题

略。可参考教材中公共场合礼仪的有关知识作答。