浅析汉译英文本中音译词的作用（合集5篇）

第一篇：浅析汉译英文本中音译词的作用

浅析汉译英文本中音译词的作用

摘要：音译与一般翻译不同，它保留源语读音而不传达源语意义。音译词在汉译英过程中被广泛应用。它创造了一种陌生的形式．使读者免受译语文化的干扰，再通过解释或注释等补偿手段，向译语读者输入源语文化信息。这是汉语文化传播的一个有效方法。然而，在译语文化中，音译词的作用是双重的。在保留和传播汉语文化的同时，它又对这个过程有所限制。在汉语文化传播过程中，必须谨慎使用音译词。

关键词：音译；源语文化；译语文化；文化传播

音译是一种特殊的翻译。它是指用译语的文字保留源语文字读音的方法。如用汉字“帕金森”来模拟英语单词Parkinson的读音，用Peking或拼音BEijing来表示“北京”等。从译意的角度来说，音译并不是一种翻译，而是对语音的简单模仿。但音译却是翻译过程中不可或缺的手段。音译词大量存在于翻译文本中，许多词已经成为一些语言的一部分。

翻译是汉语文化传播的一种重要手段。近百年来，中外学者纷纷将汉语文本译成英语和其他语言，汉语文化也随之流传。然而，由于语言、文化以及政治、经济等等诸多方面的原因，文化传播注定不会一帆风顺。如何让目标文化接受汉语文化，如何避免译文中的汉语文化丧失自身特色，已成为一个难题。

音译是一种偏向于源语文化的翻译方法，有着悠久的历史，近年来尤其受某些译者的偏爱。因此，音译词在许多汉译外的文本中已屡见不鲜。不过，音译词的作用并不是单方面的。运用音译手段传播汉语文化之前，需要对它有一个清晰的认识。本文将以汉译英为例，对汉语音译词进行介绍和分析，揭示它们在汉语文化传播中所起的双重作用。

一、汉译英文本中的五类音译词

在翻译理论研究领域，音译并不是一个新话题，我国很早以前就有关于音译的论述。早在唐代，玄奘就提出了著名的“五不翻”(多含义不翻、秘密不翻、尊重不翻、顺古不翻、此方无不翻)。这是早期对音译的适用范围较为系统的归纳。

在近年来的汉译英活动中，译者(尤其是中国译者)有意大量使用音译词，希望借此向英语读者介绍中国“特有”的文化。其应用范围大大超过了人名和地名的限制。虽然现在还不能判定这种努力是否取得成功，但是使用音译词进行文化传播是一种有益的尝试。

目前我国译界对于音译的理论探讨，大多集中在“人名，地名”两方面。这两类专有名词的确是音译词的主体，却不能代表整个音译现象。

笔者认为，音译词至少有五类，除了人名和地名，还有物名、称谓语、文化习俗语三类。

(1)人名：对于汉语人名的翻译，音译居多。以前译者根据汉语读音翻译，如“李白”翻译为“LiPo”；目前以汉语拼音翻译为主，“李白”译为“IiBai”，“冰心”译为“BingXin”，“惜春”译为“XiChun”等。

(2)地名：地名和人名同属于专有名词，翻译方法也相同。以长江为例，从前是根据它另一个名字“扬子江”译为“YangtzeRiver”，现在也改用拼音“ChangjiangRiver”。

(3)物名：张培基先生在翻译老舍的“想北平”一文时，用拼音加注的形式翻译“牌楼”为Pailou(decoratedarchway)]，目的是为了体现中国建筑与其他国家类似建筑的区别。在英文中已经有许多表示汉语文化圈里特有事物的音译词，像“豆腐”(doufu)乃至“麻婆豆腐”(mapodoufu)等等。

(4)称谓语：在很多汉译英的文本中，都把“老爷”译成Laoye而不是Lord或是Master。JockHoe所译巴金的《憩园》l3在遇到“老爷”的称呼时，有的地方用master，有的地方用laoye，说明有些场合下master不能表达laoye的含义。更有甚者如林语堂，在他的半著半译的作品《京华烟云》中，不但把从前汉语中对于大户人家的女主人的称呼“太太”直接用Taitai表示。还把“哥”、“妹”直接音译成“ko”、“mEI”，如“平哥”为“Pingko”等。

(5)文化习俗语：英语中极具汉语文化特色的音译词有增多的趋势，这和汉语中不断出现的英语音译词成正比例。两者都是文化交流的结果。有的表示汉语文化与习俗的音译词已经成了英语的一部分。诸如“Kungfu”(功夫)、“kowtow”(叩头)等。

这五类词的共同特征是：它们体现了汉、英两种文化在许多方面的不对等，而音译作为一种翻译方法，力求在英语承载目标文化中让读者意识到这种不同，并进一步了解汉语文化。

二、汉译英音译词在汉语文化传播中的双重作用

在全球化背景下，文化交流成为全世界的主题。近百年来，中国都在寻求世界的理解。在这个过程中，中外许多有识之士把大量的汉语作品译成其他语言，用译文的形式介绍汉语文化。

接下来的问题是，这些译本如何才能进入目标文化，又如何才能保留并推介自己的文化特色?多元系统论者认为，文化是一个多元系统。其中，各种文学形式的地位不同，根据它们的重要性和稳定性，在系统中按从中心到边缘的次序分布。比如最能体现文化特点的诗歌处于中心位置；而通俗小说则次之。翻译文本作为外来文化，处于边缘地位。

从多元系统论的角度，汉语文化传播要解决两个问题：(1)如何才能进入目标文化?或者说如何才能从目标文化系统的边缘位置向中心靠拢，获得更多的目标读者?(2)如何在目标文化中保持自己的文化的异质性不被同化?

翻译文本在目标文化系统中争取地位的过程是一个力量和策略的斗争过程。一种文化进入另一种文化的力量与文化自身没有太大关系，反而取决于该文化所在国所在圈里的政治、经济力量。英语在全世界风行便是最好的例子。另一方面，文化的交流也有助于扩大该文化圈国家的政治和经济影响力。相对而言，汉语文化尚处于弱势地位，很难在英语文化中搏得重要的位置，因而往往做出让步和变形，被强势文化同化。音译，是一种抗拒同化的方法。

(一)音译词的积极作用

在文化意义上，汉、英两种语言很多时候都没有相对称的表达方式，即玄奘归纳的意义完全缺失(秘密故、此方无故)，或是部分缺失(多义故、尊重故)。如果勉强用译语中意义相似或相近的表达方式，就会抹杀源语文化与译语文化的不同。以“嗲”字为例。据说“嗲”是中国特有的东西，更有甚者，说它是上海女人才有的特质。在英语中，它既有pretending的意思，也有affected、spoiled的意思，还有charming的意思，要说它是“撒娇”，英语中更没有对应词了。在这种情况下，若译者将它简单译为“affected”，英语读者就只会根据自己对于affected这个词的理解来想象一个英语文化中成长的“af—fectedgirl”，并且理所当然地认为这就是译文塑造的“嗲女人”。这种现象我们姑且称为“文化干扰”。也许是为了避免这种干扰，MinJie在翻译杨东平的文章《上海女郎》时，就将“嗲”译成了“dia”。

音译的积极作用主要体现在消除译语文化的干扰方面。译语读者只有在消除其自身文化干扰的情况下，才能正确认识和理解译文中包含的源语文化。借用语言学中“信息”的概念，这个过程可以分为两步来讲：信息清空与信息重新输入。

1．信息清空

音译的一个重要特点就是陌生化。为了明确告诉读者音译词的存在，译者会有意避免使用常用词以免产生歧义。汉译英的音译词由于使用的拼音和英语的拼写大相径庭，译语读者

一眼就能辨出与英语的不同。这样做的目的是为了利用陌生感，使译语读者与其文化隔绝。

例如，译文中采用dia这种拼写，就创造了一种陌生感。因为英文中除了那些缩略结构之外，没有dia这个词。以英语为母语的读者(也就是汉语文化输出的目标人群)读到这个词时，无法进行回忆或联想。读者和目标语文化之间的联系就被隔断了。

如果读者想要了解这个词的含义，他必须按照译者提供的线索去寻找。在这个寻找过程中，译者往往就把源语文化灌输给了读者，完成了信息(译文所要传达的源语文化)的重新输入。

2．信息重新输入

译者通过音译词仅仅创造出了一个空壳——一个没有意义的语言形式。因而音译词并不能够起到文化传播的作用。译者通常采用在音译词后直接加解释性文字、文中加注或是利用上下文提示的方式，以输入源语文化信息。

第二篇：小学英语教学中汉译英之我见

小学英语教学中汉译英之我见

郭变

英语是一门语言学科，除了要记单词，学好一定的语音，词汇，语法知识外，更重要的是要运用这门语言。听、说、读、写的基本功显得尤为重要。说到“说”和“写”。这对于中国的小学生而言，是两大难点。由于受母语的影响，在说英语和写英语作文、翻译汉语句子时，总是以汉语的语序为参照物，这无疑是不可取的。把握以下几点：对汉译英有很大帮助。

一，首先掌握英语和汉语的区别。

就逻辑思维而言，英语重心多在前，汉语重心多在后。在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前;例如：Danny went to Beijing for visiting Tian An Men with Li Ming by train last week.汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。同样的句子，汉语则习惯这样：为了参观天安门，上一周，丹尼和李明乘火车去了北京。

英语和汉语的重心在句中的位置有时是不一样的，翻译的时候如果不进行调整，势必给表达造成很大的困难。英语跟汉语在思维方式和表达习惯上有很大区别。只有了解这些区别，才能对英译汉有正确的认识，才能在翻译中抓住重点，找到解决问题的办法。二，英语和汉语的结构有所区别。主要有：

1.英语重结构，汉语重语义。即英语是“形合”，汉语是“意合”。英语和汉语属于两种完全不同的语言。一般从英译汉题型的设置来看，英语句子一般比较复杂，句子中的单词学生都认识，就是翻译不出来。这主要有两个方面的原因：一是考试要求句子要有一定的难度，不然无法检验考生的真实水平；二是英语可以通过结构上的安排使许多层意思在一个句子中表达出来。

2.英语多长句，汉语多短句。由于英语重结构，汉语重语义，英语句子往往比较长，汉语句子则常常比较短。

3.英语多被动，汉语多主动。这一点在小学英语教学中几乎没有出现。初中和高中语法常见。例如：My bike was broken.我的自行车坏了。用的就是被动语态。

4.英语多代词，汉语多名词。这在汉译英中也是一难点。使用代词，使用时不知道代词的指代情况往往是不行的，因为不明白主语是什么时谓语动词的意思往往也无法确定，弄错了代词的所指更会使译文受到影响。例如：It is warmer today.“it” 指的是天气。三，汉语句子的缩写即主干即是汉译英句子的重心。

为了使小学生在翻译汉语句子和写作文时难度降低，此方法称得上是灵丹妙药。拿到一个汉语句子，先把此汉语句子缩写，主干找出来。主干作为英语句子的重心在前。遇到修饰语即地点、时间放在句子后。例如：昨天，我和珍妮在操场打篮球了。句子主干为：我和珍妮打篮球了。翻译时，先翻译句子主干，即Jenny and I played basketball.地点：操场。时间：昨天。放在句子后面。完整的翻译

为：Jenny and I played basketball on the playground yesterday.有事为了强调时间可把时间放在最前面。即Yesterday Jenny and I played basketball on the playground.例如：2008年汶川发生特大地震。In 2008 the super earthquake happened in Wenchuan.Super是形容词修饰地震一词。形容词修饰名词。副词修饰动词，如：他跑得很快。He runs quickly.掌握了这一点，对于小学阶段的学生来说，翻译句子和看图写话，命题作文显得就比较容易了。

当然，“理解是翻译的前提”。只有在准确理解的基础上，才能开始翻译。英语是用大量的关系词、连接词和引导词等连接起来的结构清楚、层次分明、逻辑严密的“形态语”，所以理解的时候就必须理清句子的语法结构，分清句子中各成分之间的语法关系，即找出句子的主干，弄清句子的各个修饰成分以及修饰关系。

第三篇：英语汉译英

Unit1Structure

4、This book tells people how to manage the Under those circumstances he had no choice but1、The police are still trying to find out what situation when they find themselves getting to face up to the challenge bravely.caused the fire(是什么引起了这场火灾)angry.(当他们生气时如何控制局面)

6、如果我们想取保及时到达那里就该早点动身

2、I don＇tknow what size of shoes my father

5、After meeting Kathy for the first time at a We should start early if we want to make sure wears(我爸爸穿多大的鞋)birthday party ,John found himself falling in of getting there in time.3、The baby pointed to what looked like a ball love whih her(发现自己爱上了她)Unit14

(一个像球一样的东西)Translation

1、一些著名的歌唱家将举办一场音乐会，为这

4、We should always be gyateful for what our

1、在喝了三罐啤酒之后，玛丽连站都站不起来家儿童图书馆筹款。但是，音乐会门票的销family and friends(家人和朋友为我们所做的一了 售情况一点都不让人满意

切)After drinking three jars of beer ,Mary could Some famous singers were going to put on a5、Stella was eager to show her boyfriend what haldly get to her feet.concert to raise money for the children＇s she had bought for his brithday(她为他的生日

2、由于担心房产价格可能会下跌，一些房产商library.However ,the sale of the tickets was 所买的东西)开始急于出售房屋 far from satisfactory.Translation Some real estate developers are now eager to

2、这篇新闻报道真是地展现了监狱中的生活，1、这个小男孩最喜欢做的事就是搭积木 sell their houses for fear that the prices might 引起了公众的关注。一些记者决定继续追踪 What the boy likes to do most is putting dip.报道

together building blocks.3、当琳达打开房门时，眼前的景象使他惊呆了。This news report showed prison life in the raw2、就先前的工作经验而言，约翰是这个职位的橱柜的门都敞开着，地上到处是衣服和书 and got a lot of attention from the public.Some 最佳候选人 When linda opened the door ,she was shocked by reporters decided to follow it up.In terms of previous working experience ,John what she saw.All the cupboard doors were wide

3、安妮独自一人出发去了那个小镇。她一点都is the best choice for this position.open,and there were clothers and books lying 没想过，她的父母会为她的安全而担心

3、我的物理老师经常使用类比来说明一些较难here and there on the floor.Anne set out for the small town by himself.It

理解的概念

4、麦克早已经对老板每周一次的长篇报告感到never occurredto her that her parents might be My physics teacher often uses analogy to 厌倦，每次听着听着他总会打起盹来 worried about her safety.explain some difficult concept.Mike has already got tired of the long speech

4、去年，我取得了做外科医生的资格。回想在4、在家人和朋友的帮助下，汤姆经营的出版企given by his boss every week.He always dozed 医科大学度过的五年，我觉得那是我生命中

业逐渐兴旺起来 off in the middle of it.最艰苦也是最快乐的一段日子

With the help of his family and friends ,Tom

5、芬兰是一个以湖泊众多而著称的国家，我曾Last year I qualified as a surgeon.I looked back built up his publishing business bit by bit.经去过几次，非常喜欢那个地方 on the five years at medical university as the5、琳达没能进入那所著名的大学，但她打算重Finland is remarkable for its large number of hardest as well as the happiest time of my life.新开始，而不是逃避挑战 lakes.I have been there once or twice ,and I

5、布朗先生是一位十分杰出的实业家。他曾经Linda was not able to go to that famous like it very much.说过，“要想在商业领域里取得成功，你必须college,but she planned to start all over again

6、在贝蒂三岁生日的那天，爸爸送给她一直很得冒许多险” rather than give up the challenge.有意思的盒子。只要你一打开它，一只可爱Mr.Brown is an eminent business man.He once6、这个公司有着很好的公众形象。人们总是将的兔子便会突然蹦出来 said,“You have to take a lot of risks if you

它的产品与高质量和优质服务联系在一起 At Betty＇s third biethday ,Dad gave her an want to succeed in business”

This company has a very good public interesting box.Once you opened it , a lovely

6、彼得靠在饭店里洗盘子维持生活。但是最近image.People always associate its product with rabbit would pop out.饭店准备裁员，彼得每天都生活在被解雇的high quality and good service.Unit 10 恐惧之中

Unit 2 1.在孩子个性形成时期，家长要特别关心并注意他Peter makes a living by dishes in a1、孩子们很苦恼，因为他们的家长不允许他们们是否有心理问题的迹象。restaurant.But recently the restaurant has

在铁路轨道旁玩耍 Parents should pay special attention to their been planning to cut jobs and Peter is living The children are pretty annoyed that their children during their formative years and watch in daily fear of being fired.parents won＇t allow them to play around the for symptoms of psychological problems.Unit 15

railway track..2.天才往往对自己喜爱的事物充满了激情。

一、1.She took care of the blind man as if he

2、我打赌我只要速度快一点，肯定会比他们先Geniuses usually have a great passion for were her old father.到目的地 things they’re interested in.2.They are talking as if they had been I bet if I pick up a little speed I will reach 3.他不知道简就是她的亲生姐姐，只是觉得她的名friends for years.the destination sooner than they do.字听上去有一点点熟悉。3.Jerry acts as if he werean expert.3、这种糟糕的天气让人不想出去，你还不如在家舒He was no idea that Jane is his biological 4.It seems as if it were winter already.展一下筋骨，做做运动 sister;only her name sounds faintly familiar to 5.The postman spoke to me in a very loud You don＇t want to go out in such rotten him.voice as if I were deaf.weather.Its better for you to stay home and 4.看着稻谷在干燥的阳光下枯死，农民们毫无办法，二、1.有一张名牌大学的文凭，即使在公司解雇人stretch your legs and do pfysical exercises.只有叹息。的时候他也不担心会丢工作。

4、已经十点半了，你不应该还在睡觉！快赶到Seeing the rice corps dying in cry sun,theWith a diploma from a famous

飞机场去接你表弟 peasants could do nothing but sigh.university,he felt secure in his job even It＇shalf past ten,and you ＇re not supposed 5.自从杰克的老板拒绝了他请长假的要求，他一直when the companywas laying off to be sleeping!It＇s time to head for the 在考虑辞职。people.airport to pick up your cousin!Ever since his boss turned down his request for 2.当鲍勃被指控撒谎时，他勃然大怒。

5、是谁想到让麦克来接管这项工程的？ a long vacation, Jack has been thinking aboutBob flew into a rage when he was accused Wo came up with the idea to ask Mike to take over quitting his job.of lying.the project? 6.我不喜欢足球，今天也不例外，我不想和你去看3.由于她的愚蠢，我们的项目彻底泡汤了。

6、学校对不同种族背景的学生没有区别对待 球赛。Our project was totally ruined because of The school makes no distinction in treating I don’t care for soccer,and today’s no her stuoidity.students from different racial backgrounds.exception.So I don’t feel like going to watch 4.经理深受公司里同事们的尊敬。

Unit4 the game with young.The manager was held in high esteem by his

1.布鲁斯先生对他不尊重当地传统的行为表示了歉Unit12Usagecolleagues in the company.意。

1、Linda!It＇s Christmas time.Sing us 5.小男孩跑到他爸爸跟前，兴奋地猛拉他的袖 Mr.Bruce made an apology for his disrespect Christmas song.(给我们唱歌圣诞歌吧)子。

for the local traditions.2、Sam hopes that his daughter will live aThe little boy ran up to his father and

2.在会议上，双方就两国关系方面交换了各自的观happy life.(幸福一生)turgged his sleeve excitedly.点。

3、All human beings die in the end.Some die 6.很显然，他对他的论文很有信心。

At the meeting the parties exchanged their a peaceful death(平静而逝)Apparently, he was quite confident about opinions on the relationship between the two

4、He dreamed a bad dream(做了个噩梦)last his essay.countries.night and woke up with an ashen face.Unit 16

3.他目前心情很糟糕，不适合在公共场合露面。

5、A hot bath before bed helps you sleep a 1.餐厅经理一看到百万富翁来用餐，就顾不得He is in such a bad mood that it is not good nights sleep(会让你睡个好觉)和我们说话了，满脸红光地迎了上去。

appropriate for him to appropriate for him to Translation The moment the restaurant manager set appear in public

1、他被捕后遭到毒打，但却没有向敌人透漏任eyes on the millionaire, he cut us short

4.你提水的时候至少应该做到不要把水泼出来吧。何有用的信息 and headed for the latter, his face You should at least try not to spill the water He was brutally beaten often being lighting up.when carrying it.arrested ,but he revealed nothing useful to the 2.欢迎乘坐我们的飞机。商务舱在楼上，经济

5.这位科学家的论点得到了学术界的极大支持。enemy.舱就在这一层。

The argument of this scientist received

2、他们面试了很多人，最后终于找到了令他们Welcome aboard our plane.The business tremendous support from academic circles.满意的候选人 class section is upsrairs and the

6.无论你遇到什么困难，大家都会帮你度过难关的。They interviewed a lot of people before finally economy class is right on this floor.No matter what difficulties you may come across, getting hold of a satisfactory candidate.3.打喷嚏之后要说“对不起”。听到别人打喷嚏we will pull you through.3、他自愿捐助修建了一所学校以使那些穷孩子要说“保佑你”。

Unit7Structure 能读书 You must say“Excuse me” after sneezing1、I dozed off in the back of the car and woke He made a voluntary contribution to the cost of and “Blessyou” when someone else has sneezed.up to find myself already in Chicago.(发现自building a school so that those poor children 4.六号房间号码牌挂倒了，变成了九号，快去己已经到了芝加哥)could get an education.把它弄正！

2、After walking for a long time ,James found

4、为了你我一定会努力训练以争取获得进入决The sign for Room NO.6 has been turned himself in an empty street.(发现自己走在一条赛的资格 upside down into a 9.Fix it up immediately!空荡荡的街上)For your sake I will train very hard to get the 5.大超市一来，许多小商店都应声关了门。

3、If Jack carries on treating others so qualification for the finals.Many small stores have closed for good with rudely ,he will find himself losing all the

5、在那样的情况下他除了勇敢的面对挑战以外the arrival of supermarkets.friends.(他会失去所有的朋友)没有其他选择

第四篇：教研室汉译英

现当代文学教研室

Teaching and Research Section of Modern Literature

学科教育学教研室

Teaching and Research Section of Teaching Pedagogy

汉语言教研室

Teaching and Research Section of Chinese Language

古代文学教研室

Teaching and Research Section of Classical Literature

人文教育教研室

Teaching and Research Section of Humanistic Education文论写作教研室

Teaching and Research Section of Literary Theory & Writing

第五篇：童话故事汉译英

Snake-like Reflection of a Bow in the Cup

Nearly 2,000 years ago, during the Han Dynasty, there was a county magistrate called Ying Chen.One summer day, he invited his secretary Du Xuan to his house and treated him with wine.On the north wall of the room hung a red bow.It was reflected in Du Xuan's cup.Du Xuan took the reflection for a squirming snake.He was very frightened but he dared not turn down Ying Chen's offer because Ying was his superior.He had to swallow the wine with his eyes closed.When he was back at home he felt so painful in his chest and stomach that he could hardly eat and drink any more.He sent for the doctor and took some medicine, but nothing could cure him.When Ying Chen asked Du Xuan how he got so seriously ill, Du told him he drank the wine with a snake in his cup the other day.Ying Chen found something strange about that.He returned home , thought hard, but he could not find an answer.Suddenly the shadow thrown by the bow on the wall caught his eye.“That's it!” he shouted.He immediately sent his man to fetch Du Xuan.He seated him where he sat before and offered him a cup of wine.Du Xuan saw the snake-like shadow again.Before Du was scared out of his wits again, Ying Chen said , pointing at the shadow, “The 'snake' in the cup is nothing but a reflection of the bow on the wall!” Now that Do Xuan knew what it was, he felt much easier.And strange enough, his illness disappeared the next moment.This story was later contracted into the idiom “Bei Gong She Ying'.It is used to describe someone who is very suspicious.It is like saying someone is afraid of his own shadow.杯弓蛇影

“杯弓蛇影”这则成语的意思是误把映入酒杯中的弓影当成蛇。比喻因错觉而疑神疑鬼，自已惊扰自已。

这个成语来源于东汉.应劭《风俗通义》，时北壁上有悬赤弩，照于杯，形如蛇。宣畏恶之，然不敢不饮。

有一年夏天，县令应郴请主簿（办理文书事务的官员）杜宣来饮酒。酒席设在厅堂里，北墙上悬挂着一张红色的弓。由于光线折射，酒杯中映入了弓的影子。杜宣看了，以为是一条蛇在酒杯中蠕动，顿时冷汗涔涔。但县令是他的上司，又是特地请他来饮酒的，不敢不饮，所以硬着头皮喝了几口。仆人再斟时，他借故推却，起身告辞走了。

emperor and was transferred to be the commander of the armed forces in the Henei Prefecture.As soon as he took office ,he had all the members of a wealthy and influential family that had brought calamities to the people there executed.For a while , the public order and the general mood of society in the Henei Prefectures were greatly improved.If someone should lose something on the road through carelessness,nobody would pick it up and take it as his own.When YiZong was transferred to be the prefect of the Nanyang Prefecture,NingCheng,a despotic landlord who stopped at nothing in doing evil,wsa living there,In order to ingratiate himself with YiZong,Ning Cheng pretended to be very modest and courteous every time he met Yi Zong and saw him off.But Yi Zong had heard of the evil conducts of Ning Zong and saw him off.But Yi Zong had heard of the evil conducts of Ning Cheng already and ,soon after he took office in Nanyang,he made investigations.It did not take much time for him to find out Ning cheng's crimes and had him put in prison.Later ,Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty appointed YiZong the prefect of the Dingxiang Prefecture.At that time, the publica order in Dingxiang was very chaotic.When he took office there, there were 200 convicts in prison who had committed felonies had no implements of punishment on them.There were also more than 200 persons who offered bribes in order to absolve those serious offenders trom guilt.YiZong treated the matter severely.He arrested all those bribers and punished the bribers and those serious offenders already in prison severely.More than 400 convicts were executed in a bay.From that day on ,whenever the name of YiZong was mentioned.people in Dingxinang would tremble with fear--they would shiver all over though not cold.This story appears in the ”Lives of the Merciless Judges and Prison Wardens “in The Historical Records written by Sima Pian.The set phrase ”shivering all over though not cold "is used to refer to the state of being extremely afraid.-