第一篇：赏析短文写作中的主题思想及其表现
赏析短文写作中的主题思想及其表现
一、考纲点击：鉴赏评价 E级
1．鉴赏文学作品的形象、语言和表达技巧；
2．评价文章的思想内容和作者的观点态度。
3．湖南考纲“补充说明”规定，主要从“主题思想及其表现”、“艺术手法”和“构思技巧”三个方面设题
二、鉴赏文写作评分标准（2006年）
A等12-16分：把握准确，分析深刻，评价中肯，叙析评有机结合，语言流畅优美。
B等9-12分：对赏析要点和角度把握基本准 确，有一定分析，评价基本合理，叙析评结合，语言合要求。C等4-8分：对赏析要点和角度把握不准 确，叙析评三者有缺失，语言不合要求。D等0-3分：穿靴戴帽，或言不及义，或另起炉灶，酌情给分。
注：字数不足100，在C等以下计分，字数不足200，在B等 以下计分。
三、基本步骤
1．分析主题思想
2．表达主题思想
3．整合成文学短文
第一步：分析主题思想
1、研究标题、头尾
2、抓关键词句推测中心
3．分析主要人和事
4．联系作品背景
5．注意作者情感的常见表达形式
方法：抓关键词句推测中心
一般隐含或明示主题思想的关键句：
①反复句 有的文章中，反复出现的语句最能表现作者思想情感。
②概括句 这是集中表现文章主要内容、主要思想的语句，常常以议论、抒情等表达方式出现。
③主旨句 点明题旨,表达文章中心的句子为主旨语。它最能集中地体现作者的主要观点态度。
④过渡句 一般文章的过渡句能显示文章的层次脉络．故能由此探寻到文章的主要思想。
⑤标题句 它往往和作者的写作意图有密切的关系，有的标题可以概括文章的主题或体现文章主题的基本精神。
除了关键句，我们还要注意作者情感的常见表达形式：
①作者现身 作者常常打断叙事过程，主动站起来进行“说法”，直接表达个人见解。如《史记》，以“太史公
曰”的形式直接表述了自己的见解。
②情节昭示 通过情节的发展来表现自己的思想倾向性。如《雷雨》，作者通过一个家庭内部的矛盾发展，揭示
了封建大家庭的罪恶。
③人物语言 作者通过作品中的某些人物语言来宣扬自己的学说、倾诉自己的情感。如《屈原》，郭沫若通过主人
公屈原之独自，强烈地鞭挞了罪恶的世界．表达了对光明理想的渴望。
④细节暗示 为了透露思想倾向性，作者常常注重细节的渲染。如《祝福》，小说写道：“极分明的显现出壁上挂
着的朱拓的大“寿”字．陈抟老祖写的；一边的对联已经脱落，松松的卷了放在长桌上，一边的还在，道是‘事理通
达心气和平’。”这一描写揭示出了鲁四老爷虚伪的性格特点．蕴含着作者强烈的憎恶之情。
第二步：表达主题思想
方法：掌握基本模式和具体模式
1、基本模式
运用了（什么）手法（比如：表达方式、修辞手法、表现手法等），记叙了（什么）过程或描写了（什么）形象、表现了（什么）特点，抒发或表达了（什么）思想感情。
2、具体模式举隅
（1）、本文小中见大，从我们所熟知的„„入手，抓住„„的„„特点，让我们从平常小事中领悟到„„这
个深刻的生活道理。（或从平常小事中体现出了崇高的思想境界；或从平常小事中表现出美好的精神品质。）
（2）、托物言志：本文巧妙地运用了托物言志的写法，作者紧紧抓住„„的„„的特点，精心刻画，从而含
蓄地表达了作者„„的理想（或人生观或生活态度或精神品质）
（3）、象征：本文运用象征的写作手法，抓住了„„与„„相似的特点，通过对„„准确的描写，更好地
达到了表现„„的目的。
3．表达格式
本文通过„„，抒发了（赞美了、表达了、批判了）„„，并流露出„„（也是鉴赏短文的第一段）
第三步：整合成文学短文
体裁:赏析短文——议论文,有标题.观点————评：评价、总结
论据————叙：复述、引用
论证————析：解剖、分析
写法:采用叙议结合、评析结合的写法。
在文学短文中，叙是指对作品内容的复述、介绍或引用，议则包含分析和评价两方面。分析，是对作品的
思想内容、艺术特色等进行揭示的过程，评价，则是作者通过分析得到的结论，即对作品或作者艺术创造的总的看法，也就是文学评论的中心论点。
四、方法指津
1.基本采用总分总的模式。
2.第一段概括主题（总）
3.第二段析表现，采用层进式结构（即按文章组织顺序采用叙评结合的方式由开头至结尾进行鉴赏）(分)。
4.第三段表述,通观全文，„„（总结照应，概括，评价）(总)
五、涉及主题、意境、感情方面的术语
主旨深远，言近旨远，主题（中心）突出，深化主题（中心）。
意蕴丰富，意境深远，意境优美，意味深长，耐人寻味，意在言外，言有尽而意无穷，感情细腻，感情真挚，怀古伤今，一切景语皆情语。
第二篇：赏析短文写作指导
赏析短文写作指导
• 第一、先明白命题的考核目的，然后准确、全面、透彻地解读文本。抓住关键句，进行思路分析。
• 第二、赏析短文的表述：文章结构要完整，一般采用“总说——分说——总结”的结构。首先要单刀直入、开门见山地提出论点，也就是提出你对该文的总体评价。然后就原作内容进行复述、介绍、引用，在此基础上进行分析评价，也就是采用“述评结合”的方法，一定要“述 ”和“评”相结合。• 第三、适当地运用鉴赏的常用术语。• 第四、表达要准确、简洁。
写作赏析短文的专业术语(一)主题思想：
立意深刻独到,鞭辟入里；突破定势,标新立异；主旨深远,意蕴丰富；言近旨远,耐人寻味；言有尽而意无穷；人无我有,人有我奇；意境深远．(二)构思技巧：
构思,是作者对自己将要动手写作的文章从内容到形式所作的总体设想。构思的外在表现形式为文章结构。文章的构思技巧主要从作品的立意、选材、结构安排、体裁、意境、表现手法等方面去判别。常见的鉴赏角度和术语：
①从立意的构思及其表现看,常用术语有开门见山、见解独到、画龙点睛、卒章显志、形散神聚、以小见大、发人深省、托物言志、寓言寄意、对比反衬、欲扬先抑、欲抑先扬、欲擒故纵、反弹琵琶、逆向思维等。
②从选材、组材的构思及其表现看,常用术语有
以小见大、以点带面,正反映衬(对比对照)、摇曳多姿,形散神聚、巧设线索、明暗交织,选材典型、多角度描写、详略得当等。
③从结构安排(或者说上下文的关系)的构思来看,常用术语有前后照应(首尾呼应)、层层铺垫、巧设伏笔(铺垫)、巧设悬念、巧妙勾连,层层推进(层层深入、步步递进)、层层剥笋,对比烘托、摇曳多姿,红线串珠(彩线串珠)、形散神聚、浑然天成,总分总式,并列结构,纵横捭阖、开合自如,情节波澜、张弛有度等。
④赏析意境、表现手法等方面的构思技巧,常用术语有
虚实结合、虚实相生、思维严密、构思精巧、不落窠臼、运用蒙太奇手法等．(三)艺术手法：
1.表达方式：叙述、描写、议论、抒情、说明等。
2.表现手法：比兴,联想和想象,象征, 烘托,对比,渲染,用典,讽喻． 3.修辞手法：比喻、拟人、排比、反复、对偶等。
4.写作技巧：以动衬静,动静结合；虚实结合；点面结合；侧面描写；粗笔勾勒；工笔细描；绘形绘声绘色；
5.描写手法：肖像描写、动作描写、心理描写、环境描写(景物描写)、细节描写等。6.抒情方式：直接抒情(直抒胸臆),间接抒情(情景交融、借景抒情、托物言志、寓情于景、情景交融、情景相生、以乐景衬哀情)。(四)语言特色：
清新明快, 简洁洗练, 含而不露, 简笔勾勒,浓墨重彩, 体物入微, 穷形尽相, 诗情画意,富有哲理, 耐人寻味, 形神兼备, 语言浅近明白如话, 言简意丰, 行云流水,平实质朴,诙谐幽默, 辛辣讽刺, 准确精当, 形象生动,惟妙惟肖, 淋漓尽致, 留有空白, 情韵悠长,力透纸背, 入木三分。把握赏析短文的写作方法,规范答题格式 ㈠、标题 基本要求： ①使用题目给定的标题
②格式:正标题空四个格子,副标题另起一行,空六个格子 ㈡、领起段写作要求：
①明确赏析对象,紧扣所选的题目写(正标题是观点,副标题是写作角度)②做出总体评价 基本格式：
(1)赏析“主题思想及其表现”的常用格式：
a、本文通过记叙(描写)……,表达了作者……的思想感情．
例：《项链》通过描写玛蒂尔德以十年的含辛茹苦去赔偿一条借来的假项链的悲剧故事,尖锐地讽刺了小资产阶级虚荣心和追求享乐的思想。b、……是《……》的主题．
例：描写群众的愚昧和革命者的悲哀是鲁迅的短篇小说《药》的主题思想． ②赏析艺术手法：
本文主要采用了……的艺术手法,生动形象地表现了……,具有很强的艺术感染力．(手法+表达效果)例：朱自清在《荷塘月色》一文中大量运用了比喻的修辞手法,描摹景色形象生动,表达感情细腻入微。(《鲜明的比喻—— 艺术手法简析》领起段)③构思技巧：
a、……是《……》构思上最突出的特点．
例:以时间、地点、情感为线索,三线并进,娓娓道来,是《在山阴道上》谋篇布局上最突出的一个特点。(《简析 谋篇布局的技巧》领起段)b、《……》构思上最大的特点是……． 例：《在山阴道上》一文在谋篇布局上最大的特点是文章以明、暗两条线索相互交错,使文章条理清晰,布局精巧。(《简析 谋篇布局的技巧》领起段)㈢、主体部分基本要求：
①紧扣领起段提出的观点分析． ②边叙边议． ③注意条理,适当运用序数词． ④适当提段． ㈣、总结段 基本要求： ①再现观点
②运用术语(如“总之”“综上所述”“总而言之”等)例：a.总之,《在山阴道上》一文以时间、地点、情感三条线索,环环相扣,密不可分,从而使情感升华,主题深化。(《简析 谋篇布局的技巧》总结段)b.总而言之,《荷塘月色》一文运用鲜明的比喻,既形象地描写了荷塘月色的美景,也传达了作者对荷塘的喜爱之情。
范文引路：
怎一个妙字了得(正标题是观点,是写作的小的切入点)——赏析《登泰山记》的艺术手法(副标题是写作角度)《登泰山记》一文巧妙地运用了侧面烘托和比喻拟人等艺术手法,生动地描写了泰山雪后初晴的瑰丽景色和日出时的雄浑景象,具有很强的艺术感染力．(领起段： 手法+表达效果 ①明确赏析对象,紧扣所选的题目写②做出总体评价)抓住特征巧妙烘托,是本文写作上的一个重要特征。本文描写景物很少直接写出,而是采用侧面烘托的办法。(评)例如,先用“其级七千有余”(叙)暗暗点出泰山的雄伟(析),然后借山顶俯视所见“半山居雾”和在日观亭时“足下皆云漫”的图景(叙)从侧面烘托泰山的高峻(析)。又如写雪,除“冰雪”“雪与人膝齐”等正面描写外,又以“明烛天南”“白若”“绛皓驳色”(叙)等作侧面烘托,给人以想象,又生动有趣(析)。
本文使用比喻和拟人手法也各具特点。(评)“苍山负雪,明烛天南”(叙).作者不言冰雪覆盖青山,却说青山背负着雪,赋予静态的青山以人的动态,用语新颖、传神(析).“汶水、徂徕如画,而半山居雾若带然”(叙),作者纵目远眺,夕阳照耀着泰安城,汶水、徂徕好像自然天成的山水画,而山腰间停留着的云雾好像飘带一般。“半山居雾”,不仅把动态的物写成静态,使人感受到那种特有的宁静气息,而且设喻新奇,给人以美的享受(析).“回视日观以西峰,或得日,或否,绛皓驳色,而皆若偻”(叙),这一比喻,写出了西南诸峰的特点,更显出日观峰的雄峻,且赋予山峰以人的感情,形象而生动(析)。(主体部分：①紧扣领起段提出的观点分析．②边叙边议．③注意条理,适当运用序数词．④适当提段．)总之,本文巧妙的运用多种艺术手法,写出了泰山的神秀壮丽,能唤起人们对泰山的向往,让人深刻地感受到祖国山河的壮美,真乃怎一个妙字了得。(总结段：①再现观点②运用术语(如“总之”“综上所述”“总而言之”等)文章的写作技巧为设喻说理，借拔牙写剿匪，特别指官匪，生动 形象。作者自己口中的那些虫牙，不但不能为自己的身体服务，反而危害自己的身体，根本没有替作者造福的能力。作者非但不能通缉他们，还要袒护他们，但他们却仍要与作者作对。这巧妙的隐喻了当时黑暗的社会现实，体现了当时官员的腐败无能。不为民为国造福，反而危害人民，危害国家。而人民还要在他们的苛政之下生活，还要送东西孝敬他们。
作者起先反对在口中剿匪，认为自己要有文王之德，而后受到了劝告，要剿匪；事成后，全无痛苦，还装了十来根方方正正的假牙。这隐喻；贪官污吏被满门抄斩后，换上一批尽职尽责的官员，为人民造福。通篇采用设喻说理，暗喻当时的社会现实。通俗易懂，十分有趣。
本文语言幽默、诙谐。把拔牙比作剿匪，把牙齿拔光就是要把国土上的官匪肃清。作者没有一本正经地讲述自己的主题，而是从自身出发，从牙齿出发。庄严之中也带着一点小俏皮。作者形象地揭露出一些官位处于国家栋梁之位，被人民滋养，却危害国家；不为人民造福，却残害人民。本文的语言让读者欣赏的同时，也给人一种幽默的感觉。可读完后，却能使读者陷入沉思。
这篇文章具有强烈的讽刺意义，讽刺了那些官匪，对待他们千万不可采取隐忍、孝敬的态度，对官匪的仁慈是不对的，对他们唯一的办法就是兴兵伐纣，替天行道。
第三篇：“赏析短文”的写作(讲义)
“赏析短文”的写作(网友来稿)
http://www.xiexiebang.com 中学语文教学资源网 2005-04-07
朱天仁
《湖南省2005年高考考试大纲补充说明(语文)》中对现代文阅读这一板块的题型和赋分作了重大调整,现将该题型的调整情况和我们的第一次指导材料上传,与同仁交流。
《考纲（补充）》题型示例：
报
秋
宗
璞
似乎刚过完了春节，什么都还来不及干呢，已是长夏天气，让人懒洋洋的像只猫。一家人夏衣尚未打点好，猛然却玉簪花那雪白的圆鼓鼓的棒槌，从拥挤着的宽大的绿叶中探出头来。我先是一惊，随即怅然。这花一开，没几天便是立秋。以后便是处暑便是秋分便是寒露，过了霜降，便立冬了。真真的怎么得了！
这花的生命力极强，随便种种，总会活的。不挑地方，不拣土壤，而且特别喜欢背阴处，把阳光让给别人，很是谦让。据说花瓣可以入药。还有人来讨那叶子，要捣烂了治脚气。我说它是生活上向下比，工作上向上比，算是一种玉簪花精神罢。
我喜欢花，却没有侍弄花的闲情。因有自知之明，不敢邀名花居留，只有时要点草花种种。有一种太阳花又名死不了，开时五色缤纷，杂在草间很好看。种了几次，都不成功。“连死不了都种死了。”我们常这样自嘲。
玉簪花却不同,从不要人照料,只管自己蓬勃生长。往后院月洞门小径的两旁，随便移栽了几个嫩芽，次年便有绿叶白花，点缀着夏末秋初的景致。我的房门外有一小块地，原有两行花，现已形成一片，绿油油的，完全遮住了地面。在晨光熹微或暮色朦胧中，一柄柄白花擎起，隐约如绿波上的白帆，不知驶向何方。有些植物的繁茂枝叶中，会藏着一些小活物，吓人一跳。玉簪花下却总是干净的。可能因气味的缘故，不容虫豸近身。
花开有十几朵，满院便飘着芳香。不是丁香的幽香，不是桂花的甜香，也不是荷花的那种清香。它的香比较强，似乎有点醒脑的作用。采几朵放在养石子的水盆中，房间里便也飘散着香气，让人减少几分懒洋洋，让人心里警惕着：秋来了。
秋是收获的季节，我却两手空空。一年，两年过去了，总是在不安和焦虑中。怪谁呢，很难回答。
久居异乡的兄长，业余喜好诗词。前天寄来南宋词人朱敦儒的西江月：
日日深杯酒满，朝朝小圃花开，自歌自舞自开怀，无拘无束无碍。
青史几番春梦，红尘多少奇才，不消计较与安排，领取而今现在。
我把“领取而今现在”一句反复吟哦，觉得这是一种悠然自得的境界。其实不必深杯酒满，不必小圃花开，只在心中领取，使得逍遥。
领取自己那一份，也有品味把玩、获得的意思。那么，领取秋，领取冬，领取四季，领取生活罢。
18、作者在第一自然段中写到看见玉簪花开，“先是一惊，随即怅然”。
（1）作者为什么吃惊？（2分）
答：（不超过8个字）
（2）联系全文看，作者为什么怅然？
答：（不超过10个字）
19、作者在第三自然段中写自己种太阳花的经历，这样写有什么作用？（2分）
答：（不超过12个字）
20、作者在第一自然段和最后一个自然段中，分别使用了6个“便”字和5个“领取”，这样写在表达上有什么作用？（6分）
（1）反复使用“便”字的好处是：（不超过26个字）
（2）反复使用“领取”字的好处是：（不超过26个字）
21、从下列题目中任选一个，写一篇300字左右的赏析短文。（15分）
（1）试析《报秋》的主题思想及其表现。
（2）《报秋》的艺术手法赏析。
（3）谈谈《报秋》的构思技巧。
“赏析短文”写作提示：
写好“赏析短文”的关键是对赏析的作品有深入的了解和准确的把握。所以在写作前要认真读懂文章，对文章进行整体把握，然后在选择评论的方面作深入思考。
赏析短文常采取以议为主，叙议结合，评析结合的写法。叙，是指对文章内容的复述、介绍或引用；议，则包括分析和评价两个方面。分析，是对作品的思想内容、艺术特点等进行揭示的过程。评价，则是作者通过分析得出的结论，即评论者在选定的评论角度对作品的一种总的看法，也就是所写赏析短文的中心论点。“叙”与“议”的关系实际上是论据同论点、材料同观点的关系，“叙”是为“议”服务的；“析”与“评”的关系实际上是论证同论点（结论）的关系，“析”是为“评”服务的。所以在写赏析短文时，在注意叙、析、评三个方面的有机结合。其中以边叙（引用、复述）边议（分析）的方式较多，而评价常常是一开始就明确提出，或者通过分析最后水到渠成地引出来。为了论述的清晰和方便可以把总论点（评价）分解为若干分论点进行阐述。
“赏析短文”要紧扣所给题目来写，一般来说题目只会要求从一个方面（或主题、或艺术特点、或结构技巧、或语言特色等）来进行赏析，我们就只能紧扣一个方面来写，不要面面俱到，纠缠在一起。赏析的对象是所给定的文章，因此在有限的字数内，不要把给定文章以外的东西过多地牵扯进来，更不能脱离“赏析”去谈“理”抒“情”。“赏析短文”是一篇完整的文章，不是做一个简答题，因此要有一个完整的结构，譬如所写文章要有简明的开头段和结尾段。“赏析短文”要求语言准确、精练，力求有文采。范文示例（为便于指导，范文字数有增加）
参透红尘返自然
——试析《报秋》的主题思想及其表现
渊明有诗“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”。人，难得的就是一份恬淡，一份自然的心绪。宗璞先生《报秋》一文，揭示了他的心路历程，可谓“参透红尘返自然”。
这一历程分为三个阶段：首先是玉簪花的开放，让先生感觉到时光飞逝，先是“一惊，随即怅然”；其次是玉簪花顽强的生命力，给先生以强烈的感受，尤其是此花“不要人照料”，“不挑地方，不拣土壤”，“随便种种”，就“蓬勃生长”，花香浓郁，而先生在这
一、两年中，却“总在不安和焦虑中”；最后是兄长寄词，让先生感悟到“不必深杯酒满，不必小圃花开，只要心中领取，便是逍遥”。
这一历程十分明晰，玉簪花仿佛是作者的参照物，它顺应大自然，自在生长，活得那么精彩，那么生机勃勃。而作者自身呢？感叹时光飞逝，感叹秋来无获。由此，作者感悟到“领取自己那一份，也有品味把玩、获得的意思”。至此，文章的主题也就豁然开朗了，就是：只要把握而今，把握现在，过去何必叹息，未来也不必伤感，这样也就是“领取生活”，内心自然就恬然自足，悠然自得了。
还是渊明说得好，“悟已往之不谏”，“觉今是而昨非”。把握了今天、现在，也说把握了生活。
（长沙县一中星沙校区高三语文组 执笔：邱群丰）
谈谈《报秋》的构思技巧
叶圣陶先生说：“思想是有一条路的”，“好文章的作者决不乱走”。宗璞先生的《报秋》很好地体现了这一点。文章看起来很散，实际上全文分成“报秋”和“知秋”两大部分，又互相勾连，层层铺垫，很好地体现了托物言志的感悟式文章的特点。
前六段写“报秋”，扣住一个“感”字。文章开篇写我看见平簪花“从拥挤着的宽大的绿叶中探出头来”，“”先是一惊，随即怅然。此句领起下文。我为什么一“惊”呢？原来“这花一开，没几天就是立秋”。作者在点题的同时，也巧妙地设下伏笔，让读者去揣摩：“我”为什么“怅然”呢？然后2至4段，文章极力状写玉簪花给人的深刻印象：开在百花凋零的初秋的玉簪花，呈现出极强的生命力。在第2段概述之后，3、4两段作者分别写种太阳花和种玉簪花的经历，“连死不了都种死了”，得玉簪花却“蓬勃生长”。于对比中进一步突出“这花的生命力极强”。也只有这种“生命力极强的花”，才会在夏末秋初让满园飘香，才会让人警醒“秋来了”。所以第5段就写玉簪花的芳香醒脑，并再次点题。
当然，面对这生命力极强的玉簪花，在清醒的过程中，作者自会观照自身：秋是收获的季节，我却两手空空”。这让人：“不安”和“焦虑”，这好下正是我“怅然”的原因。至此，读者的疑惑自然消除，而整个第一部分也就成了一个有机的整体。
文章后三段写“知秋”，突出一个“悟”字。在吟咏朱敦儒的词的过程中“我”理解了“领取而今现在”的内涵：人生要积极进取，面对现实，及时把握自己的命运和方向。像玉簪花一样，尽管不是开在姹紫嫣红的春天，也在极力展示自己的生命，“不挑地方，不拣土 壤”，“点缀夏末秋初的景致”，这也正是前文不惜笔墨写玉簪花强盛的生命力的原因。至此，“怅然”悄悄消逝，人生的真谛自然悟出，于是在结尾水到渠成地点出全文的主旨：“领取自己那一份”，“领取生活”。
总之，这是一篇构思精巧，结构严谨的优美散文。
（长沙县一中直机关星沙校区高三语文组 执笔：朱新庆）
《报秋》的艺术手法赏析
《报秋》是一篇文质兼美的散文。对比的运用是这篇文章突出的艺术表现手法。
在时光飞快地向季节之“秋”流逝的过程中，本该干许多事情，但“我却什么都来不及干”，以至于时光流到人生之“秋”这个“收获”的季节，本该有所“收获”，但“我”却“两手空空”。这是第一比。这一层对比既是对时光易逝而自己一事无情的惋惜，又是对人生该有所作为的期待。
太阳花又名“死不了”，但“死不了”都“种死了”；而玉簪花却不同，“从不要人照料，只管自己蓬勃生长”。这是第二比。这层对比反衬出玉簪花生命力之强。
报秋的玉簪花不择环境，具的极强的生命力，总是保持洁净，飘送芳香；而“我”却处在“懒洋洋”、“总是不安和焦虑”的精神状态中。这是第三比。这一层对比使“我”悟出人应该像玉簪花那样积极进取，有所作为。
朱敦儒对生活的态度是“日日深杯酒满，朝朝小圃花开”，是一种消极的人生态度；而作者却从玉簪花的身上悟出“不必深杯酒满，不必小圃花开”，要主动地“领取生活”，这是一种积极的人生态度。这是第四比。这一比揭示了文章的主题，指出了处在完全不同于朱敦儒所处时代与环境的人们应有的人生态度。
以上四层对比，层层推进。作者正是通过对比的手法来结构文章，彰显主旨。
（星沙校区高三语文组 执笔：朱天仁）
《报秋》的艺术手法赏析
《报秋》篇幅不长，但多种艺术手法的运用，使文章亦如秋日里的玉簪花，飘散着浓郁的芳香。
玉簪花开是作者悟生活、悟人生的起点,并由此展开了花与花、花与人、人与人的对比。经过春夏的孕育,报秋花开“圆鼓鼓”,而一年一年过去了，人生也到了该收获的“秋季”，“我”却“两手空空”；玉簪花不同于“死不了”等其它花，生命力极强，蓬勃生长，芳香四溢，而“我”却“懒洋洋”，“总是焦虑与不安”。花与人的不同，引起了作者的思考，悟出了与朱敦儒不同的生活态度。正是这些对比，提起层层思索。这“对比”的手法运用得好。
作品既描写了花开之景,又直抒自我感慨之情,再引用古诗作更深层次的人生思考。全篇有景有情有思,有物有我有诗,描写、抒情、议论熔于一炉。这“立体”的手法运用得好。
文章一开头写看到玉簪花开“先是一惊，随即怅然”，为什么“一惊”？作者紧接着作了回答。为什么“怅然”？作者却不马上回答了，设一个悬念，之后却铺开笔墨写玉簪花，直至第6段才作出回答。解掉了这个“悬念”，作者又出人意料一问“怪谁呢”，出人意料一答“很难回答”。到底作者会不会答？怎么答？又起一“悬念”。作者也好像真的不回答 了，居然腾出手来写兄长寄来的古诗。而又正是这诗引出了作者的回答，水到渠成收束全文。这“跌宕”的手法运用得好。
读了此等美文，我们难道不为之一醉，亦为之一醒？
（星沙校区高三语文组 执笔：朱天仁）
评评学生作文：
《报秋》艺术手法赏析
《报秋》不事铺张，不事雕绘，却让平凡的玉簪花张显出非凡的魅力，让人从平凡的生活中体味出非凡的境界，引人赞赏，引人深思。
我认为其最大有特点是十分巧妙地运用了对比的手法。开篇“一家人夏衣尚未打点好”，“猛然却见玉簪花……”，人与花对比，突出了玉簪花之“报秋”；接着写“连死不了都死了”，“玉簪花却不同蓬勃生长”，通过玉簪花与死不了生长习性的对比，突出玉簪花生命力之强，“生活向下看，工作向下比”；“有些植物……会藏着小活物”，“玉簪花下却总是干净的”，以凸显出玉簪花的高洁；将玉簪花香和其它各种花香作对比，更突出香昧之独特，突出其“报秋”之特点。玉簪花集如此多之特点于一身，难怪作者在秋天的万千景物中独选玉簪花“报秋”了。
“秋天是收获的季节……”笔锋一转，由花入人，由花入生活，再引用兄长所寄《西江月》，由此引出“领取而今现在”，“领取生活”，引起人们关于生活境界的思考，以小见大，让主题鲜明，思想更深刻。前文还多处运用比喻、拟人等修辞手法，如“让人懒洋洋的像只猫”，“圆鼓鼓的棒槌”“探出头来”，“隐约如绿波上的白帆”，让玉簪花形象更鲜明具体，让玉簪花精神更突出。
没有华丽词藻，亦无豪言壮语，平凡文字，简单手法，却将人引入悠然自得的境界，确实值得学习，值得品味。
试析《报秋》的主题思想及其表现
《报秋》以其质朴的语言，奈（注：错别字）人寻味的哲理将作者对我生对人生的深刻感悟表现得淋漓尽致。作者通过对院子里玉簪花开花的描写，点出了时光已逝这一主题，通过对玉簪花生活习性信功效的介绍，寄寓了一种品质，一种“生活向下比，工作向上比”的精神。后文由花到诗，将主题升华为领取生活这一层面。全文主题鲜明，思想深刻，围绕生活这一主题，由浅入深，环环连扣，而发人深思。
《报秋》不得不让我们去思考生活的点点滴滴。时光的飞逝容不得我们驻足，而生活也不停地向前赶着，拥有一份谦让，拥的一份奉献，就像玉簪花一样，有着一种玉簪花的精神，我们就能在飞逝的时间里获得充实，在悠然自得的境界里获得逍遥，也就能领取生活。
《报秋》的构思技巧浅析
作者写《报秋》主要意图是表现玉簪花的五种特点：
1、顽强的生命力；
2、独立性 强；
3、高洁的品质；
4、秋的报信者；
5、它的香味有多种的作用。
首先，作者由长夏的闷热可使人精神委靡这一生活现象谈起，接着通过作者意外发现玉簪花的精神抖擞，生机勃勃，引出玉簪花，并通过对比引起读者的高度注意。
然后，作者对玉簪花的易成活的有关事实作出了叙述，从而体现了玉簪花生命力极强的特性，由此还引出了玉簪花的谦让品性。除此之外，作者进一步说明了玉簪花的药用价值。再综上找提出作者的主旨：“生活上向下比，工作上向上比。”
接着，作者从种太阳花的亲身经历引出了玉簪花的生命力比死不了的草的还要强的结论，进而巩固了玉簪花有极强的生命力这一特点。
再接着，作者说玉簪花不要人照料，这说明玉簪花具有极强的独立性，紧接着又写了玉簪花亭亭玉立的状态，再加上玉簪花不容虫豸近身的特点，充分说明了玉簪花具有高洁的品质，玉簪花的香味除有吓退虫豸的功能之外，还有帮助人们提神醒脑的作用，这是其它花不上有的。同时香气也使玉簪花成为了秋的报信者。
最后，人者将目标转向自己，先是觉得自己两手空空，一无所获，并不停地焦虑与不安，但后来作者引出《西江月》一词并巧妙的把玉簪花的精神及特点联系其中，这是通过作者对词中“领取而今现在”的深刻理解做到的，这同时引发了读者的深思。顿时使用权人们明白了“只要心中领取便得逍遥”。作者的结构十分严谨，以物喻人，构思独到，再加上运用多种表现手法，使全文连成一体。
作者邮箱： rongzht_009@sina.com
第四篇：优秀英语短文赏析
优秀英语短文赏析
1.On Open Policy
The open policy means that our country is open to investment, trade and technical and economic cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.The purpose of open policy is to acquire advanced technology, management skills to serve our socialist construction so as to promote the realization of the four modernizations.We must stick to the open policy.Because economic relations between states today have become increasingly close, and no country can possibly advance behind closed doors.Only in this way can we gradually close the gap between our country and the developed countries.Through the implementation of policy, we can learn advanced technology and managerial expertise from abroad;make full use of the foreign capitals to set up great enterprises;absorb useful and healthy ideas and new knowledge of the modern civilization;and broaden our views and raise our level of competence.2.The place of Science and Technology in Modern Life.Human life can not continue without science and technology.For many years, human society has developed with the advance of science and technology while the development of science and technology has in turn brought the process to mankind.So the life we are living now is more civilized than that of our fore fathers.The development of science and technology have brought about many changes in people's life.for example, the invention of television and space rocket have opened a new era for mankind.Through the use of TV people can hear the sound and learn the events happening thousands of miles away.Owing to the invention of spaceship and rocket, the dream of man's landing on the moon has now come true.Science and technology also play an important role in our socialist construction.We may say, our socialist construction is just like a skyscraper, while science and technology are its base.Without the base, the skyscraper can't be built.Therefore, we should try our best to contribute to the development of science and technology so as to provide a more solid base to build our country.3.Importance of Education
China, as a developing country, is determined to catch up with and even surpass the developed ones.I think that one of the best possible ways to do so is to give first priority(优先）to the development of culture, science and especially education.In modern times, when science and technology are making great progress, the education of the work force is of primary importance.Moreover, many of the success in advanced countries have demonstrated that a nation 's prosperity mainly depends on the quality of its labour force, namely those who have been well educated.In a developing country such as China, our investment in culture, education and science, and especially elementary education, must enjoy top priority.This is crucial(决定性的）for China to catch up with the developed nations in today's surging(汹涌的)waves of technological revolution.Otherwise, the gap between China and advanced countries will be widened rather than bridged.4.Air Pollution
Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world.A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations.Automobile, trains, planes and busses need energy, too.Nearly all of this energy is produced by burning fuels.The burning produces wastes, some of which remain in the air, causing air pollution.Scientists are finding ways to stop air pollution especially in big industrial areas and densely-populated cities.They are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be less damaging to the environment.In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off less polluted material.Also, engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damage to the environment.However, it may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a “clean” world.Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution.There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do.People will continually find new ways to control pollution.5.Environmental Protection
Today the quality of our natural environment has become an important issue.The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded.We are using up our natural resources and at the same time polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.If we continue to do this, life on earth cannot survive.Concerned people have made some progress in environmental protection.Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the air, forests and sea resources and to stop environmental pollution.Still more measures should be taken to solve environmental problems.People should be further educated to recognize the importance of the problems, to use modern methods of birth control, to conserve(保存）our natural resources and recycle（再循环）our products.We are sure that we can have a better and cleaner place in the future.6.Automobiles
Automobiles, as a product of modern civilization, have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of human society.Industry needs automobiles for farming as well as transportation.Every day, automobiles drive people to and from work.On weekends automobiles take families for joyful outings.And during holiday seasons, automobiles fill the highways everywhere, even in remote areas.It could be said that the wheels of automobiles move society forward.But automobiles have also given rise to a series of problems.For example, cities are overcrowded with automobiles.They create a lot of noise and traffic accidents which disable（伤残）or kill many people each year.Worst of all perhaps is the air pollution caused by the exhaust gases produced by automobiles.Some of the gases are highly toxic(有毒的）and a serious health hazard.7.Computer
The computer is widely used in all fields of society.Today, wherever you go, you will find computers being used.For example, computers are used in universities, large corporations, and small offices, etc.It has even entered the homes of ordinary people.As it is able to store and process a large amount of information, the computer bring about great convenience and high efficiency to people of all walks of life.Computers can help people in different ways.For example, computer help scientists in analyzing data and doing complex calculation.For another example, computers are made use of by engineers in designing a plane, or a spaceship.Besides, computers may also play a great role in helping children with their lesson.Whatever you are doing, you many find computer a useful aid.However, the computer must be designed and instructed by man.What is more, it is true that computers can make decisions, but they need detailed instructions and programs prepared by humans to operate.Therefore, the computer can never replace the human brain.8.Travelling
It is exciting to visit different places.As you travel, you will see beautiful sceneries typical of the region.Besides, you can meet and make friends with people of different colors and races.Finally, you can get to know the customs and living habits of the local people.Today people are so fond of travelling that tourism has become one of the fasters growing industries in most countries.The main reason why people travel is, perhaps, for pleasure.For example, having worked hard throughout the weekdays, people will find a widened trip to the nearby mountains or beaches a real relaxation.For another example, spending an annual holiday travelling abroad is an especially satisfying experience for those who do not have much of an opportunity to be away from their homelands.When people return from their travel, they will generally feel fresh and energetic, ready to work harder.Travelling is also one of the best means for learning.You may have read or heard about something but you can never get an accurate picture of it until you see it for yourself.Seeing is believing.Furthermore, if you area careful observer, you can learn much during your travel about the geography, biology, and history of the places you visit.No matter how well educated you are, there is always a lot for you to learn through travelling.The knowledge acquired from travel, as you will have found in your life, is no less valuable than that from any influential reference book.9.The World Population Explosion
The human race has experienced a consistent increase in population since the beginning of its history.Famine and disease have done little to offset(抵消）this steady increase.Too many people are added annually to the population of the world.So both the causes of population increase and the results of having more people are worth careful study.Culture evolution is the major factor responsible for population increase.Early in human development, people invented tools to hunt animals.Later they built shelters to protect themselves.Step by step, they made life easier.As a result, fewer died from natural forces, such as harsh climate and disease.In the past, when population grew, there was unexplored territory to inhabit.But now, almost all the habitable land has been explored.The world's population may reach 8.7 billion in 2033.It is clear that world population is a serious issue that needs careful attention.Human beings are unique to solve problems through cultural evolution.(发展）Facing the world population explosion in the near future.we must carry out the birth control program in order to save the mankind and save the world.10.Opening-door Policy is the Only Way to Make China Strong
Modern Chinese history leads us to the conclusion that socialism, not capitalism is best for China.But how a socialist China should look at capitalism and more importantly, make use of the better side of capitalism for its own advantage is of vital(至关）importance to the country.As far as our country's economic construction is concerned, taking advantage of the part of capitalism that is useful to us means we need to develop foreign trade, introduce advanced technology and better management, and make use of foreign funds.It also means we can absorb some of the economic theories, and make use of those economic policies, methods and measures that comply with(遵循）the law of mass production and a commodity economy.By opening our windows wider to the outside world, people can learn more about other peoples and learn to make sensible judgments.absorbing the better part of the cultures of other people to enrich ourselves is the best way to safeguard our socialist culture.So taking advantage of capitalism and stepping up economic reforms is the only way to make China strong.Closing the county to international exchanges will only keep it weak.11.Choosing an Occupation
Every one faces the problem of choosing an occupation after graduation from college or university, which plays a vital role in his life.An appropriate occupation makes a man work with zest(热情）and vigor, as well as contribute to his country.To make a wise choice, two important things should be taken into consideration.One is the interest, the other, the demands of people and society.Only if the two aspects are connected, can a man show his talent and ability to the best advantage.If the two conflict, the former should be under the latter, for the people's interests are more important than the individual's.In regard to my choice in the future, I am fond of learning foreign languages;what is more, with the implementation of the Open-Door Policy, exchange between home and abroad in economy and culture has been growing significantly, thus I'm determined to be a qualified interpreter.12.Studying abroad In recent years, studying abroad has been popular.Tens of thousands of Chinese teenagers have gone to foreign countries for further study.As is shown on the chart, the number of the teenagers studying abroad is increasing steadily.At the end of 2002, about 40% of the students studying abroad were middle school students.By the year 2005, the proportion can reach up to more than 80%.It is believed that there are many advantages in attending schools abroad.First, students can learn foreign languages more quickly under favorable conditions.Second, it can broaden their experience and help them learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries.However, there are some disadvantages.Most of the students studying abroad are too young to live alone without any living experience.Besides, being far away from their home country, they may feel lonely and homesick.Also, the costs are much higher there than in the native country.As far as I‟m concerned, I would like to go further study abroad after graduation from college so that I can make a greater contribution to our country when I come back.13.Modernization of Family Life
With the rapid development of the society, family life is becoming modernized.Years ago, people considered owing radios, sewing machines, watches and bicycles as being modernized.but in recent years, almost all families have TV sets, refrigerators and washing machines.It is very common to see people ride motorcycles or even drive private cars and more and more families have telephones, computers and air-conditioners.The modernization of family life brings us convenience and comfort.One may enjoy TV or radio programs, communicate with his friends through telephone or work with his computer while his washing machine, refrigerator and air-conditioners are running.and by car or motorcycle one can quickly reach wherever he wants to go.In spite of this, these modern facilities also bring us disadvantages.For example, radiation from TV sets and computers is harmful to our health;improper driving of cars and motorcycles becomes the major cause of traffic accidents.The quietness of a family is often disturbed by a falsedialing or unwelcome phone call.but it is believed that these disadvantages will be disposed of with the improvement of modernization and our life will be more healthy and more comfortable.14.Energy Resources
China is rich in various energy resources.Coal and petroleum, for instance, are two major ones.They are essential in developing the country's industry, science and technology.China has done a great deal in the past few decades to raise its output of coal and petroleum.Three energy resources are being used up rapidly, With the building of four modernization, new industrial and science projects are springing up like bamboo shoots after rain.They are all big consumers of energy resources.Besides there has been considerable waste in the utilization of these resources.To avoid an energy crisis in the future, the government must take certain measures.First, it should let people know the importance of saving energy.Second, efforts should be made to develop new energy resources, such as solar energy, geothermal(地热）energy and so on.We have reason to be optimistic in this respect.15.Competition
Competition makes people original and creative.It very necessary to compete if human society wants to advance.(Even animals compete for survival.)Without it, we would become lazy and nobody would rake any responsibility.When three monks live together, there will be no drinking water.This Chinese proverb vividly describes why China's productivity was so low before Mr Deng came to power.At that time, we had the so-called planned economy.There was no competition at all.So neither farmers nor workers worked hard.China was on the edge of collapse.Competition can stimulate people to try their best to do anything.For example, in 100-meter race, each sportsman runs as quickly as possible, trying to win the champion.The same things happen in our society and in our daily life.If a company wants to surpass others, it must compete with them.It must raise its efficiency.All the companies doing this will no doubt benefit the whole society and the whole human race.Being a student, I must compete with other students in our studies.I must study hard in all the fields so that I can be a useful man when I enter the society after graduation.16.Students’ Part-time jobs
There are many advantages for a student to have a part time job.For instance, it helps him to realize that no success comes from nothing.It enables him to be independent and builds up his self-confidence.Therefore, part-time jobs can get the students out of the ivory tower and give them the opportunity to know more of himself and of his personal value in society.As everything has two sides, the disadvantages can‟t be ignored.Part-time jobs cut into students‟ study time;some even become so preoccupied with making money that they ca „t focus their attention on studying.In the end, the students may fall behind or fail in their studies.In my opinion, students can choose to take up a job according to their own situation.The most important thing is
for him to keep a good balance, put his study on top of the list and assign an adequate amount of time to it.17.Wealth and Happiness
Everybody wants to get wealth.In today‟s material world, making money or becoming wealthy symbolizes a person‟s success and capability.Many people just make every effort, pay any price to attain greater wealth.With money, they can but nice, large apartments in nice neighborhood;with money, they can own stately luxury cars.Wealth seems with money, they can own stately luxury cars.Wealth seems to bring all happiness in life.In my opinion, people cannot do anything without money, but money is not everything.What money will bring you depends on your personal belief and goal in life.If you are kind enough to help others, especially the poor, money is a good thing to you.With it, you can do much more for the benefit of people and your country, and it will and to your own happiness.If you want money just for your own needs, you‟ll never be satisfied or happy.In a word, you should have money spent for more people, only then can money be the source of your happiness.18.Ideals
Everyone has his ideals.A businessman wishes to make greater profit;a farmer expects bumper harvests;a student tries to learn more and better.And everyone strives, with more or less effort, to realize his ideal.One should be sensible about whether his ideal is well founded or not.If it is, one has to plan and work hard for its realization.Effort, skill and persistence are all necessary.And very often, one has to get help from others, including advice and support in one form or another.My ideal is to become a doctor, It is said that the field of medicine is a well-paid profession, but I take it as a lofty profession entrusted with saving people‟s lives.To realize my ideal I have concentrated on laboratory work to develop the analytical skills necessary to become a qualified doctor.I am sure I will realize my ideal if I persevere in this pursuit.19.Popular Sports in China
Sports are flourishing in china now.More and more people are willing to take part in sports of different kinds, such as table-tennis, football, volleyball, and so on.Every year there are many matches played on the city, provincial or national level.Sports are no longer limited to a few professional players.Early in the morning people may be seen doing exercise.Martial arts(like Chinese boxing or swordplay)which formerly were cultivated for self-defense, now have become a form of physical exercise and are practiced in parks, streets, gardens, or on campuses.In addition young and old people are also often seen running in order to build up their bodies.China promotes sports to enhance the physical condition of its people;she is formulating policies to provide encouragement of this activity.She awards prizes to the excellent players for the best records both in china and the world.In the world the Chinese have become a strong people instead of “the weaklings of East Asia”.20.Is Failure a Bad Thing?
Failure is what often happens.It is everywhere in our life.Students may fail in exams, scientists may fail in their research work, and athletes may fail in competitions.Although failure happens to everyone, attitudes towards failure are various.Some people don‟t think their failure is a very important thing at all.So they pay no attention to it.As a result, they will have the same failure a period later.Some people think themselves are fools and lose their hearts in everything after they get a failure.Consequently, they spend their time and energy on useless things and they may really be fools as they have thought.Other people are quite different from the two kinds of people mentioned above.Instead of being distressed and lost, they draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced.After hard work, they will be successful in the end.It is said that failure is the mother of success.Success will be gained after times of failures so ling as we are good at drawing lesson from our failures.In my opinion, failure is not a bad thing, the really bad thing is taking a failure as failure or even lose our heart after failure.21.Health and Life
As the saying goes, you don‟t know what happiness is until you lose it，you don‟t know what health is until
you are ill.“Health is of vital importance to life” sounds like a cliche to everyone, but it is absolutely true.The negligence of the delicate balance of your body and soul, the harmful habits such as smoking, excessive drinking and burning mid-night oil will catch up with you someday.How many big plans are interrupted by bad health!Even a normal life is unimaginable without the guarantee of health.How to keep fit is an eternal topic of diversity and controversy.Regardless of all the different suggestions poured from all kinds of sources, one should do at least two things for him/herself.First, hold an active and optimistic attitude toward life and maintain a mental well-being.Second, live a regular life and keep a balanced diet.Anyway, a healthy life is within reach when you begin to adjust your mind and body.22.Dialect TV plays Last week a discussion was held in our class about whether dialects should be on TV.45% of the students held the idea that a television play is more interesting and enjoyable if a dialect is used.China is a large country where people speak many different dialects.Using dialects on TV programmes can show different cultures in different places, so that people can learn more about our country.However, the other 55% of us didn‟t agree with them.They thought that as people in a developing country become more closely related, there should be a common language for communication.If dialects are used on TV, some audiences will not understand the programmes.They will not be able to communicate.Besides, if dialects are used on TV, people who watch it will probably misunderstand what performers intend to express.Some of them may lose interest in watching it.23.Recycle textbooks As we know, when senior students graduate from school, most of their textbooks, which are still in good condition are thrown away.What a great waste it is!Thus, here comes a heated debate on / people have different opinions about whether we should recycle textbooks.Some people are the opponents because they think there is a danger for students when using the recycling textbooks with many bacteria on them, which are bad for children‟s health.Furthermore, notes on the pages made by the students may disturb the next users.As for Printing Industry, Publishing Industry and other related ones, it is big loss in making profits.On the other hand, however, many more people think recycling textbooks is a good suggestion, which I quite agree to.For one thing, recycling textbooks can save a lot of natural resources and reduce waste.Besides, a cut in the expenses means less stress for the parents, especially for those relatively less rich ones.And for students, it is also a useful way to develop a good habit of reading and taking care of books, to cultivate the sense of social responsibility of valuing common property and promote the awareness of treasuring natural resources.As a matter of fact, recycling textbooks is very popular with some foreign countries such as Australia, which has set a good example to us.Therefore, recycling textbooks is not only necessary but also helpful.24.Harmonious society What a good boy!Child as he is, he set up a good example to us.Everyone has the responsibility to keep our environment clean.If everyone does as Xiao Ming did, we can imagine how harmonious the society will be.Compared with the whole society, a tiny person perhaps won‟t have an opportunity to create a great cause.But if we paid more attention to some tiny things around us, we would make a contribution to the development of the Harmonious Society.25.Happiness Happiness means different things to different people./ Different people value happiness differently.So a survey has been conducted by China Daily lately among students to find out what happiness means to them.29% of the students believe that money can make them happy.They think they can buy and do whatever they like with the money they have.However, 34% of them insist that health is the most important, without which they cannot enjoy themselves.There are another 13% of the students expecting the wealth from their parents, thus they don‟t have to work while the rest 24% think they should put knowledge at the first place.But I don‟t think money and wealth are the most important.There are many things that you can‟t do with money.Healthy body but less knowledge cannot make a great man.So I quite agree to the opinion that mastering more knowledge is the happiest thing in people‟s lives.With knowledge we can do lots of useful things to make people live better and happier.Of course we‟ll be much clever and much more thoughtful with knowledge.26.Jobs I‟m a senior 3 student.My name is Li Ming.Recently I have made a survey among 50 boys and 50 girls.The result of the survey is as follows: What the boys like to do is to become businessmen and scientists.Only a few boys want to be teachers.It is interesting that the number of boys and girls who want to become doctors is equal.As for lawyers, more boys expect to have this job.However, there are still students who are not clear about their future.27.Learning strategy Thank you for writing to me.I‟m sorry that you are worried about your study.My suggestions are as follows:
Firstly, you‟d better keep in a good mood to overcome test anxiety.It‟s important to stay calm when facing difficulties.It will help you relax and concentrate on what you are learning.Don‟t step away from a challenge, but go for it.Secondly, it is necessary to make a study scheme and set yourself/have a clear goal.Making a good study plan makes it possible for you to learn more and faster in limited time, and therefore prepares you for the coming exams.Last but not least, you should create your learning strategy so that you can learn more efficiently.Try to find the most appropriate ways to improve your study skills, then you‟ll manage your learning effectively.Cheer up and have confidence in your own abilities, and I‟m sure you‟ll succeed.28.Study at university Next year, I will go to study at university, but I don‟t know how to adapt myself to university life.I hear many freshmen are at a loss what to do when they are at university.They can‟t take care of themselves in their everyday life, feeling lonely and homesick.Clothes, money or mobile phones are sometimes gone.And because of different climates and food, they often feel sick.Some even rent rooms outside the campus.Could you tell me how to deal with these problems so that I will be able to suit the university life in the future? 29.Power station I‟m a middle school student.I hear that a power station will be built near Mt.Yunxia, a place of interest.We know the power station will provide us with plenty of power and as a result, the local economy will develop rapidly, but many citizens and I are against the plan.To build the power station, many people will have to move away and a great number of trees will have to be cut down.What‟s worse, once the scenery of Mt.Yunxia is destroyed, it can never be restored.Therefore, this plan is not good for protecting the environment.We suggest the city government should think over the plan.30.Saving Our City As is known to all, it is very important to deal with the rubbish in cities.Rubbish must be treated properly.Otherwise it may pollute the environment and do harm to our health/ cause a lot of problems.It may pollute the air and water.When people breathe(in)the polluted air and drink the polluted water, they may get ill.Our city has begun to pay attention to the problem.As far as I know, some rubbish is sorted and sent to different factories.Rubbish, such as old newspapers and glass, is recycled.Some harmful rubbish is sent to a certain place and buried.Waste air is cleaned before it goes into the air.Waste water is treated before(it is)poured into rivers.At the same time, the government has passed laws to prevent people from throwing rubbish everywhere to protect the environment.We should do our best to take good care of the environment.
第五篇：赏析短文写作指导
赏析短文写作指导
从2005年开始，中考湖南卷（语文）要求阅读文学作品后写一篇300字左右的赏析文章，结合所学课文让学生了解、学习、掌握这种题型的答题技巧很有必要。
一、范文引路：
怎一个妙字了得（正标题是观点，是写作的小的切入点）——赏析《登泰山记》的艺术手法（副标题是写作角度）
《登泰山记》一文巧妙地运用了侧面烘托和比喻拟人等艺术手法，生动地描写了泰山雪后初晴的瑰丽景色和日出时的雄浑景象，具有很强的艺术感染力．（领起段：手法＋表达效果 ①明确赏析对象，紧扣所选的题目写②作出总体评价）
抓住特征巧妙烘托，是本文写作上的一个重要特征。本文描写景物很少直接写出，而是采用侧面烘托的办法。评 例如，先用“其级七千有余” 叙 暗暗点出泰山的雄伟 析，然后借山顶俯视所见“半山居雾”和在日观亭时“足下皆云漫”的图景 叙从侧面烘托泰山的高峻 析。又如写雪，除“冰雪”“雪与人膝齐”等正面描写外，又以“明烛天南”“白若”“绛皓驳色” 叙 等作侧面烘托，给人以想像，又生动有趣 析。
本文使用比喻和拟人手法也各具特点。评“苍山负雪，明烛天南。”叙作者不言冰雪覆盖青山，却说青山背负着雪，赋予静态的青山以人的动态，用语新颖、传神。析“汶水、徂徕如画，而半山居雾若带然。”叙作者纵目远眺，夕阳照耀着泰安城，汶水、徂徕好像自然天成的山水画，而山腰间停留着的云雾好像飘带一般。“半山居雾”，不仅把动态的物写成静态，使人感受到那种特有的宁静气息，而且设喻新奇，给人以美的享受。析“回视日观以西峰，或得日，或否，绛皓驳色，而皆若偻。”叙这一比喻，写出了西南诸峰的特点，更显出日观峰的雄峻，且赋予山峰以人的感情，形象而生动析。（主体部分：①紧扣领起段提出的观点分析．②边叙边议．③注意条理，适当运用序数词．④适当提段．）
总之，本文巧妙的运用多种艺术手法，写出了泰山的神秀壮丽，能唤起人们对泰山的向往，让人深刻地感受到祖国山河的壮美，真乃怎一个妙字了得。（总结段：①再现观点②运用术语（如“总之”“综上所述”“总而言之”等）
二、指导格式
把握赏析短文的写作方法，规范答题格式 ㈠、标题 基本要求： ①使用题目给定的标题
②格式:正标题空四个格子，副标题另起一行，空六个格子
㈡、领起段 写作要求：
①明确赏析对象，紧扣所选的题目写(正标题是观点,副标题是写作角度)②作出总体评价 基本格式：
(1)赏析“主题思想及其表现”的常用格式：
a、本文通过记叙（描写）„„，表达了作者„„的思想感情． 例：《项链》通过描写玛蒂尔德以十年的含辛茹苦去赔偿一条借来的假项链的悲剧故事，尖锐地讽刺了小资产阶级虚荣心和追求享乐的思想。b、„„是《„„》的主题．
例：描写群众的愚昧和革命者的悲哀是鲁迅的短篇小说《药》的主题思想． ②赏析艺术手法：
本文主要采用了„„的艺术手法，生动形象地表现了„„，具有很强的艺术感染力．（手法＋表达效果）
例：朱自请在《荷塘月色》一文中大量运用了比喻的修辞手法，描摹景色形象生动，表达感情细腻入微。（《鲜明的比喻——<荷塘月色>艺术手法简析》领起段）③构思技巧：
a、„„是《„„》构思上最突出的特点．
例:以时间、地点、情感为线索，三线并进，娓娓道来，是《在山阴道上》谋篇布局上最突出的一个特点。(《简析<在山阴道上>谋篇布局的技巧》领起段)b、《„„》构思上最大的特点是„„． 例：《在山阴道上》一文在谋篇布局上最大的特点是文章以明、暗两条线索相互交错，使文章条理清晰，布局精巧。(《简析<在山阴道上>谋篇布局的技巧》领起段)㈢、主体部分 基本要求：
①紧扣领起段提出的观点分析．
②边叙边议． ③注意条理，适当运用序数词．
④适当提段． ㈣、总结段 基本要求： ①再现观点
②运用术语（如“总之”“综上所述”“总而言之”等）
例：a.总之，《在山阴道上》一文以时间、地点、情感三条线索，环环相扣，密不可分，从而使情感升华，主题深化。(《简析<在山阴道上>谋篇布局的技巧》总结段)b.总而言之，《荷塘月色》一文运用鲜明的比喻，既形象地描写了荷塘月色的美景，也传达了作者对荷塘的喜爱之情。
三、掌握术语
掌握一些写作赏析短文的专业术语，提高赏析的准确性
（一）主题思想：
立意深刻独到，鞭辟入里；突破定势，标新立异；主旨深远，意韵丰富；言近旨远，耐人寻味；言有尽而意无穷；人无我有，人有我奇；意境深远．
（二）构思技巧：
构思，是作者对自己将要动手写作的文章从内容到形式所作的总体设想。构思的外在表现形式为文章结构。文章的构思技巧主要从作品的立意、选材、结构安排、体裁、意境、表现手法等方面去判别。常见的鉴赏角度和术语： ①从立意的构思及其表现看，常用术语有
开门见山、见解独到、画龙点睛、卒章显志、形散神聚、以小见大、发人深省、托物言志、寓言寄意、对比反衬、欲扬先抑、欲抑先扬、欲擒故纵、反弹琵琶、逆向思维等。
②从选材组材的构思及其表现看，常用术语有 以小见大、以点带面，正反映衬（对比对照）、摇曳多姿，形散神聚、巧设线索、明暗交织，选材典型、多角度描写、详略得当等。
③从结构安排（或者说上下文的关系）的构思看，常用术语有 前后照应（首尾呼应）、层层铺垫、巧设伏笔（铺垫）、巧设悬念、巧妙勾连，层层推进（层层深入、步步递进）、层层剥笋，对比烘托、摇曳多姿，红线串珠（彩线串珠）、行散神聚、浑然天成，总分总式，并列结构，纵横捭阖、开合自如，情节波澜、张弛有度等。④赏析意境、表现手法等方面的构思技巧，常用术语有
虚实结合、虚实相生、思维严密、构思精巧、不落窠臼、运用蒙太奇手法等．
（三）艺术手法：
1.表达方式：叙述、描写、议论、抒情、说明等。
2.表现手法：比兴，联想和想象，象征，烘托，对比，渲染，用典，讽喻． 3.修辞手法：比喻、拟人、排比、反复、对偶等。
4.写作技巧：以动衬静，动静结合；虚实结合；点面结合；侧面描写；粗笔勾勒；工笔细描；绘形绘声绘色；
5..描写手法：肖像描写、动作描写、心理描写、环境描写（景物描写）、细节描写等。6.抒情方式：直接抒情（直抒胸臆），间接抒情（情景交融、借景抒情、托物言志、借景抒情、寓情于景、情景交融、情景相生、以乐景衬哀情）。
（四）语言特色：
清新明快，简洁洗练，含而不露，简笔勾勒，浓墨重彩，体物入微，穷形尽相，诗情画意，富有哲理，耐人寻味，形神兼备，语言浅近明白如话，言简意丰，行云流水，平实质朴，诙谐幽默，辛辣讽刺，准确精当，形象生动，惟妙惟肖，淋漓尽致，留有空白，情韵悠长，力透纸背，入木三分
四、参考例文
悠悠“故乡”情，绵绵“故乡”景
——赏析《在山阴道上》景物描写的特色
本文深情地讲述着一个极富历史气息和文化底蕴的“故乡”的故事，严肃而轻松地描写了回来路上山阴道间的朴实自然的景色，人与景的交融，颜色的温和，色彩的光明是本文景物描写的最大特色。
首先从人与景的交融方面来说，作者独具匠心，游览故乡的心情是激动却又平静的，于是乎“静静的黄昏”“滑着”给人一种祥和之感，“戴着毡帽的农民”“放牛的牧童”更是将人与自然和谐统一；其次是颜色与色彩，“开着红花，黄花的表草地”“澄碧的小河”等温和的色彩搭配更突出了“和谐”；最重要的一点是将人与物结合，将动与静结合，如“牧童从牛角间爬下，牛万般温顺地驯服着”一种朴实自然毫无尘世玷污过的清纯在景色描写中体现得淋漓尽致，可谓“许多美的人和美的事，错综起来像一天云锦”，充实而又不繁琐，恰到好处。
总之，将作者的真情实感真实自然地流露在写景之中，巧妙运用点面结合，动静相对及颜色的合理搭配向读者展现了一幅古美的山阴道图。
评语：作者紧扣山阴暮色图景，从人与景的和谐统一，色彩的和谐搭配，动景静景的自然结合等三方面细腻地评析了文章情景交融的写景特色，叙析评浑然一体，恰到好处。语言雅致、简洁，标题的拟定，行文结构的安排都显示出作者较为扎实的文字功底。评为满分卷，记16分。(2006年中考湖南语文阅卷组标竿文章)明暗两线交错成文
——简析《在山阴道上》谋篇布局的技巧
《在山阴道上》一文是一篇精彩的散文，在谋篇布局上，文章以明、暗两条线索相互交错，使文章条理清晰，布局精巧。
首先，文章以我游绍兴的过程为主线，以地点的切换布局全文。由在汽车上所见之景入笔，开始游程。“中午到了绍兴城”后踏上了“青石铺成的古老的街道”，再从鲁迅先生幼年所住的“古老朴素的房屋”到“青草萋萋”的百草园，从百草园到三味书屋，再到“著名的山阴道”，读者如同身临其境，跟着作者游曳在这和平、美好的绍兴古城，尽享其美的风光和古朴的人文气息。
其次，文章从鲁迅先生的作品及我对鲁迅先生的敬仰为暗线，与明线交错成章。从“故乡”起笔，写游历过程中的“从百草园到三味书屋”，再添入“好的故事”，这一条线索不仅使文章更有层次，也更有助于主旨的表达，加深文章的深度。
明暗两线的自然交错，使文章一气呵成，相映生辉！
评点：该段赏析文字，对赏析要点之一把握准确，分析深入，评价相当中肯，叙析评巧妙结合，且能以流畅、优美、略显文采的语言，简洁地加以表达。评为满分卷，记16分。(2006年中考湖南语文阅卷组标竿文章)简析《在山阴道上》谋篇布局的技巧
本文在谋篇布局上可谓匠心独运，以时间、地点、情感为线索，三线并进，娓娓道来，是本文一大亮点。
从“初升的红日”，到“中午到了绍兴城”。到“时间已经不早”，最后“电灯通风”，交待清楚，安排合理。
从家中，到行进途中，再到绍兴城，百草园、三味书屋、归途，呈现在读者面前的是一张旅游地图，所经之处似乎亲身体验。
从“故乡”吸引着我，到“山川的壮丽和我心里正在思想的巨人形象也融合在一起”，再到“心情是这样严肃又欢愉”，再到“心中油然生出感激的深情”，最后“永是生动，永是展开，以至于无穷”。作者思想感情起起伏伏，引领读者走入他的精神世界，引人入胜。
再者，本文首尾呼应，又不同于一般的照应，写早晨“天气沉沉”，而写晚上“电灯通明”，烘托作者对自由与和平的永存的美好祝福，用心良苦。
总之，本文以时间、地点、情感三条线索，环环相扣，密不可分，从而使情感升华，主题深化。
评语：用独到眼光发现“三线并进”的布局结构，切合文本实际；叙述简明，分析中肯，评价到位，三者结合巧妙；赏析用语贴切雅致，灵动多变。评为满分卷，记16分。(2006年中考湖南语文阅卷组标竿文章)一曲由衷的赞歌
——谈《那些遥远的读书人》的主题思想 及表现
这是一篇文化色彩浓郁的散文.对岳麓书院读书人的由衷的敬佩和对岳麓书院的颂扬是本文的主题思想.首先,作者是通过直接描写来表达对先贤的敬佩之情的.如文章第五段“他们胸怀大志,充满自信,对待自己和对待社会十分清醒,一开始就抱准了‘学以致用’的信条”等句子,字里行间流露的对先贤的敬佩显得情真意切.而第八段中, “‘惟楚有才,于斯为盛’,荆楚之地之所以英才荟萃,湖湘文化之所以源远流长,不能不说有岳麓书院的功.”则直接赞扬了岳麓书院的贡献.其次,作者还通过引用典故来表达对先贤的敬佩.如第一段中引用“饮马池”的典故,第十段中引用“朱张会讲”典故，既赞扬了朱熹、张栻等先贤具有渊博的知识和人格魅力，也流露出对那些千里求学的学子的无比敬意．
洪烛的《那些遥远的读书人》为岳麓书院以及来此求学的读书人由衷地谱写了一曲赞歌！
纵横驰骋 万流归宗
——谈《那些遥远的读书人》的构思技巧
《那些遥远的读书人》一文在构思上独巨匠心:既联想丰富、思接千载,又收放自如,形散神聚,体现出纵横驰骋而万流归宗的特点.主要表现在: 一是联想丰富.作者一接近岳麓书院,就想的想到了那些先行者,接着又想到王夫之、魏源、曾国藩等从书院走出的人,想到《聊斋志异》里的落魄书生,想到他们读书的目的„„堪称思接千载,视通万里,大大地丰富了文章的内容,深化了文章的主题.二是形散神聚.文章虽然涉及的历史人物很多,写到的内容也不少,有远足求学的,有远足交流的,有拒做高官的„„但这一切都是以岳麓书院为聚焦点,以作者对岳麓书院的读书人由衷的敬佩和对岳麓书院的颂扬为主线组织在一起的.文章无论是记叙、议论还是抒情,也都是围绕这条主线展开.没有精心的构思,再好的材料也建不成漂亮的房子.本文之所以如此精美,正得益于作者以上的巧妙构思。
五、课堂演练
学生阅读《在山阴道上》和《那些遥远的读书人》后自拟题目写一篇300字左右的赏析文章。
六、文章赏析(16分)20．从下列题目中任选一个，写300字左右的文章赏析。(16分)(1)简析《在山阴道上》谋篇布局的技巧(2)简析《在山阴道上》联想的巧妙运用(3)简析《在山阴道上》景物描写的特色 文学作品阅读常见题型及答题模式
高考中的现代文主观题阅读（一般是有一定的阅读难度和信度的文学作品，主要是散文，再就是小说），因其分值高，难度又大，一直是学生语文高考的瓶颈。能否正确解答这类题，基本决定了学生的语文成绩的高低。对现代文阅读题的畏难心理、长期以来的挫败感以及掌握答题方法不到位，使许多同学陷入束手无策的尴尬境地，常常望“文”兴叹。
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