英语语法系列讲座之三——句子结构及复合句

第一篇：英语语法系列讲座之三——句子结构及复合句

语法系列讲座之三

句子结构及复合句

一、句子结构

英语的句子分为三种：简单句、并列句和复合句，其中并列句和复合句又是由若干个简单句所组成的。

简单句：The train arrives.The sea had become calm again.并列句：They must stay in water, or they will die.It is not cheap, but it is very good.复合句：The office that deals with passports is upstairs.When he woke up, the sea had become calm again.简单句的基本结构有五种： 1.主语＋谓语 Things change.2.主语＋连系动词＋表语 Trees are green.3.主语＋谓语＋宾语

My sister will fix everything.4.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语/间接宾语 He bought his wife a ring.5.主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补 I found the book easy.其他的各种句子结构都是由这五种句型转换、缩略或扩展而成。由于表达意义的复杂化，句子与句子之间衔接照应，修辞的使用和语言省略的原则等使得原本很简单的这五种句子的基本结构在实际的使用中呈现了复杂化、多样化的趋势，因此常常造成了阅读的障碍。

二、复合句

由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。由于在句中的作用不同，从句大体上可分为三种：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句。I、名词性从句

1．主语从句

（1）结构：主语（一个句子）＋谓语＋…如： That the earth goes round the sun is known to us all.Whether he will come or not isn’t clear.What he said at the meeting is very important.How this happened is still a question.Who will win the game is clear.（2）It is/was +形容词/过去分词/名词＋主语从句。如： It’s interesting that you should like the book.It’s a pity that we can’t go there with you now.It is not decided when the match will begin.（3）主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。如： Where they have gone is not known yet.（4）That 引导主语从句时一般不可以省略。如： That he was elected monitor made us satisfied.（5）“是否”引导主语从句用“whether”，而不用“if”。如： Whether he will join us or not doesn’t make any difference.2．宾语从句

（1）结构：主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋从句（宾语从句）如： I think that he is quite right to go there so early.Who can tell me when he left the school?（2）…＋介词＋从句（宾语从句）。如：

Can you say something about how we can solve the problem? Pay more attention to what I am saying.（3）主语＋谓语（find, made, consider等）＋it +形容词＋宾语从句。如： He found it important that he should study the situation in the United States.I consider it necessary that we often use spoken English.（4）主语＋be sure(glad, certain, afraid, happy 等)＋宾语从句。如： I’m sure that they will watch the football match.I’m afraid that he won’t come this evening.注意：that 引导宾语从句时在句中不作任何成分，一般可以省略。

3．表语从句

（1）结构：主语＋系动词＋表语从句。如：

The question is who can solve such a difficult problem.It looks as if it’s going to rain.That’s what she is worrying about.（2）句型：The reason why/for which…is that…“…的原因是因为…”，这里的that不能用because替代。如：

The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus.The reason for which she didn’t come was that she was ill.4．同位语从句

同位语从句放在名词后用来说明该名词的具体内容，这种名词主要包括：news, fact, idea, view, promise, thought, truth等。如：

The news that their team has won the basketball match surprised everyone.The truth that he was badly injured made us very sad.II.定语从句

定语从句是一个句子作定语，修饰名词或代词，放在所修饰的词后。被修饰的词叫先行词，引导从句并在从句中充当一定句子成分的词叫引导词。引导词主要有：that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why等。III.状语从句

状语从句主要有以下几种：（1）以when, as, while, whenever, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment/second that等引导的时间状语从句。

（2）以if, unless, once, as/so long as等引导的条件状语从句。（3）以where, wherever 等引导的地点状语从句。（4）（5）以because, since, as, for等引导的原因状语从句。

以though, although, ever if/though, no matter how(what, when…)等引导的让步状语从句。

（6）以so that, so/such… that等引导的结果状语从句。（7）以in order that, so that等引导的目的状语从句。（8）以(just)as, as if/though等引导的方式状语从句。

（9）以than, as…as, not so(as)…as等引导的比较状语从句。

Exercise

1.Please speak louder _____ we can hear more clearly.a.for

b.because c.as

d.so that 2.I won’t go to bed _____ I’ve finished my homework.a.while

b.where c.when

d.until 3._____ she was very tired, she went on working without any rest.a.For

b.Though c.As

d.Since 4.Difficulties are nothing _____ you are not afraid of them.a.for

b.as c.if

d.whether 5.The building _____ face the south is our college lab.a.whose doors

b.the door of whom c.which doors

d.the door of which 6.The ship was sailing in the sea, in the middle of _____ stood an island.a.it

b.which c.that

d.this 7.Can you tell me the name of the factory _____ you visited last week? a.what

b.where c.then

d./ 8.Let’s discuss the questions _____ we are interested in.a.which

b.as c.about which

d.those 9.It seems _____ he has never met the woman.a.that

b.how c.whether

d.why 10._____ the boy didn’t take medicine made his mother angry.a.That

b.What c.How

d.Which 11.They have no idea at all _____.a.where he has gone

b.where did he go c.which place had he gone

d.where has he gone 12.The reason why he is not here is _____ he is ill in bed now.a.that

b.what c.how

d.why 13.This book is for the students _____ native language is not English.a.that

b.which c.whose

d.of which 14.Did you tell your mother all _____ you had seen on your way home? a.that

b.what c.why

d.how 15.I’ll leave him a note _____ he’ll know where we are.a.so that

b.now that c.that

d.in order 16._____ we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.a.If

b.Whether c.That

d.Where 17.After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _____ he grew up as a small child.a.which

b.where c.that

d.when 18._____ he arrives at seven, he cannot catch the bus.a.Since

b.Unless c.As

d.When 19._____ from Beijing to London!a.How long there is

b.What a long way it is c.What distance is there

d.How long is 20.You shouldn’t tell anybody _____ I’ve told you.a.which

b.that c.whom

d.what Answers:

1-5 DDBCA

6-10 BDAAA 11-15 AACAA

16-20 BBBBD 4

第二篇：高中英语语法句子结构

英语语法——句子结构

在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。

英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

英语五种基本句型列式如下：

一： Ｓ Ｖ（主＋谓）

二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ（主＋系＋表）

三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）

四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）

五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）主+谓

1.S(主）+ Vi（不及物动词）（谓）

Time flies.1)S + V + adverbial(状语）

Birds sing beautifully.2)S + Vi+ prep Phrase（介词短语）

He went on holiday.3)S + Vi+ Infinitive(不定式）

We stopped to have a rest.4)S + Vi+ Participle(分词）

I'll go swimming.主+谓+宾

1)S + Vt + N/Pron

I like music.I like her.2)S + Vt + to do(不定式）

I want to help him.常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。

3)S + Vt + doing I enjoy living here.常用于这句型的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, give up, can't help等。

4)S + Vt + That-从句

I don't think(that)he is right.常用于这句型的动词有：Admit, believe, doubt, expect, explain, feel...主+系+表

S(主）+ V（谓）（lv)(系动词）+ P（表）

We are Chinese.除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词，feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2)表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。3)表延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。4)表瞬时的动词 come, fall, set, cut, occur等 5)其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等。

1)S + Lv + N/Pron(名词/代词）

He is a boy.This is mine.2)S + Lv + Adj（形容词）

She is beautiful.3)S + Lv + Adv(副词）

Class is over.4)S + Lv + Prep Phrase He is in good health.5)S + Lv + Participle(分词）

He is excited.The film is interesting.主+谓+间宾+直宾

S(主）+ VT（谓）+ Oi（间接 宾）+ Od（直接宾）

I give you help.1)S + Vt + N/Pron + N I sent him a book.I bought May a book.上述句型可以变为：S + Vt + N/Pron + To/for-phrase He sent a book to me.He bought a coat for me.2)S + Vt + N/Pron + That-clause

He told me that the film was great.常用于这句型的动词有：assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warn等。3)S + Vt + N/Pron + Wh-Clause He asked me what he should do.常用于这句型的动词有：Advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell.主+谓+宾+宾补

S(主）+ Vt（谓）+ O（宾）+ C（宾补）

I make you clear.1)S + Vt + N/Pron + N We named our baby Tom.常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名）。

2)S + Vt + N/Pron + Adj He painted the wall white.常用于这句型的动词有：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。3)S + Vt + N/Pron + Prep Phrase She always keeps everything in good order.4)S + Vt+ N/Pron + to do I wish you to stay.I made him work 常用于这句型的动词有：

5)S + Vt + N/Pron + Participle(分词）

I heard my name called.I feel something moving.6)S + Vt + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive(不定式）

He show me how to do it.常用于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell等。句子的扩展 常用的英语句子除了基本句型的成分不变通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是

各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。

We found the hall full.我们发现礼堂坐满了。

We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。

We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。

We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。

第三篇：初中英语语法总汇复合句总结

【初中英语语法总汇】句子的结构-复合句

来源：名师网

时间：2009-05-14 16:33:46

【字体：大 中 小】

复合句（Complex Sentence）

复合句明显地不同于简单句，因为它有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。从表面上看，它与并列句相似。其实不然，后者的几个主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的；而复合句中的主谓结构之间的关系不是并列的、对等的，其中只有一个主谓结构是主要的，其他的主谓结构都从属于那个主要的主谓结构。那个主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句（Main Clause）；其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句或子句（Subordinate Clause）。

复合句里的从句种类较多，引起不同的从句要用不同的从属连词。关于从属连词的具体使用将在“从句”的有关章节里再作介绍。另外，这里所说的“从属”关系，是指从句只有和主句在一起才能有意义；从句若从主句那里独立出来就无法表达意义了。请看下列句子：

Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at moviesas well.（状语从句）

许多人在家里是边看电视边谈话，所以他们认为在电影院也可以如此。

Whether he comes or not doesn't make any differenceto me.（主语从句）他来与不来对我都一样。

There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.（宾语从句）什么是货币以及怎样计量货币经济学家之间存有分歧。

China is not what it used to be.（表语从句）中国不是它过去的样子了。

Is there any proof that the food of plant differs from that of animals ?（同位语从句）有没有什么证据说明植物性食品不同于动物性食品？

Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government.（定语从句）税款是人们支持政府而交的钱。

如果将上面所有的从句都独立出来，那将是这样的： Because they talk at home while the television is on Whether he comes or not

what money is and how money is measured what it used to be

that the food of plant differs from that of animals that people pay to support their government

由于上面这些句子既不是陈述句，也不是疑问句，所以它们无法独立地表达意思。这种情况就是与并列句的区别所在。如前面两个这样的并列句：

Do it this way or you'll be in trouble.Either you tell him the truth , or I do it.如果我们去掉这两句中的并列连词，它们就成了四个能独立表达意思的单句了：

Do it this way you'll be in trouble you tell him the truth I do it

撇开首字母大小写和标点符号问题，从表达意义的角度讲，这四个句子是可以成立的。从上述的分析，我们还可以悟出这样的道理：

一、并列句中的并列连词纯粹似“粘合济”，去掉后，被粘合的部分就分开独立了；而复合句中的从属连词则象一把“固定锁头”，锁头与其所在的部分是不可以分开的。

二、从句其实是用来担当句子成分（除谓语外）的主谓结构，它的标志就是它句首的“锁头”--从属关系词。那么，我们在阅读时，凡是看到某个句子以关系词开头，就可大胆地断定这个句子不是主句，而只是句中的某个成分。这样做对提高我们的阅读能力是大有好处的。

第四篇：英语句子结构分析英语句子分为简单句和复合句

英语句子结构分析英语句子分为简单句和复合句。所谓的简单句，就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。复合句又分成并列句和复杂句，下面我们分别对这三种情况加以简要的分析。

1、简单句简单句，即只有一个主谓结构的句子。除了特殊情况，英语句子中都有主语、谓语(或表语)，有时候还有宾语;而且除了倒装句等特殊句型，一般情况下，主语、谓语、宾语的先后顺序是固定的，不可能宾语跑到谓语前面，或者谓语跑到主语前面。目前很多语法书都把英语的简单句归纳为五种基本句型。实际上，英语简单句还可以简化为三种形式：主语 + 谓语(及物动词)+ 宾语;I hate grammar.主语 + 谓语(不及物动词);Grammar sucks.主语 + 系动词 + 表语 Grammar is hell.所以，我们在阅读句子的时候，不管句子有多长，不管是并列句还是复合句，都必须首先分清各句中的主语、谓语(或表语)，有的句子中还包括宾语。因为主语、谓语、宾语中英语句子的主干，抓住了句子的主干，句子的基本意思就清楚了。

2、并列句并列句就是两个或以上的简单句，由表示并列关系的连词或标点符号连接而成。常见的连词：and, not only...but also, neither...nor...or, either...or...otherwise，but, yet, while, so, for等。阅读中遇到并列关系的句子，一般情况下是以连词为界限，将句子分成前、后几个部分，并分别来分析，各句的意思一般可以单独理解，最后将各句合并即可。I hate grammar, / while he loves it.(以while为界，可分为前后两个小句子)

3、主从复合句主从复合句即是复杂句，它也是由两个以上的句子构成。与并列不同的是，各分句之间的意思是紧密相连的，所以我们不能简单地把各个句子拆开来看，而必须将各分句综合起来进行理解。有时候，分句里面有可能还包含分句。

第五篇：初中英语语法复合句状语从句教案

第14单元 复合句—状语从句

状语从句在句中作状语，修饰句中的动词、形容词或副词等。

状语从句由从属连词作关联词，从属连词在从句中不充当句子成分。状语从句在主句之前，一般要用逗号分开，朗读时用升调。状语从句在主句之后，一般不用逗号，朗读时用降调。

状语从句按其意义和作用可分为时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等类型。

1.时间状语从句

(1)常用的连词有when, while, before, after, until(till),since, as soon as等。

(2)时间状语从句中一般不用将来时，若谈论将来的事情，往往用一般现在时代替。

『例』 I'll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.As soon as he finishes the work, he will come to see me.(3)when和while都表示“当……的时候”，但有区别。when强调“特定时间”。

『例』 There was a loud knock at the door when he was just falling asleep.while表示的时间是一段，而不是一点。

『例』 While he was having supper, he heard someone knock at the door.while有时还有对比的含义。

『例』 While I was reading, he was writing.2.原因状语从句

(1)常由because, since, as引导。

(2)because表示直接的原因，着重点在从句，用于回答why,语气最强。『例』 I can't go to school because I am ill.since一般表示对方已知的，无须加以说明的既成事实的理由，全句中心在主句，语气比because弱，常译为“既然”。

『例』 Since you are ill, I'll go alone.as表示十分明显的原因，一般说明因果关系，着重点在主句，语气较弱。常译为“由于”。

『例』 As it is raining hard, we won't go hiking.

for是个并列连词，只能放在另一个并列分句后面，表示一种推理或解释，或用作附加说明，而不是指理由或原因，语气最弱，一般不放在句首，常译成“因为”。

『例』 You haven't met him, for he didn't come here.3.条件状语从句

常由if(假如、如果)No matter(不管)来引导。

『例』 No matter what he says，I won't believe him，如果主句是一般将来时，从句往往用一般现在时来表示将来。『例』 I'll go for a picnic if it is fine.4.结果状语从句

一般由so...that, such...that引导。

『例』It's such a heavy box that nobody can move it.The box is so heavy that nobody can move it.5.目的状语从句

往往由so that, in order that引导。

『例』I'll speak slowly so that you can understand me.He set off early in order that he might be in time.6.比较状语从句

常由as...as, than, not as/so...as等引导。比较从句部分常是省略句，『例』 I'm taller than he(is).Science is not as popular as English.7.方式状语从句 常用as引导。

『例』 You should do it as I told you.8.让步状语从句

由though或although等引导，但不能与but同时连用。『例』 Though it snowed heavily, they kept on working.9.地点状语从句

常用where, wherever引导。『例』 I'll go where work is hard.