第一篇:英语同位语的运用
第十章 同位语结构
除了上一章的否定句结构,英语长句中另一个常用结构就是同位语结构。
什么是同位语?当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,后者就叫做前者的同位语。同位于通常放在其所说明的名(代)词之后。
好了,我们闲话少说,马上开始上课了!o(∩_∩)o…
1.This special liking for mathematics and science is partly explained by the fact that Asian-American students who began their educations abroad arrived in the U.S with a solid grounding in mathematics but little or no knowledge of English.要 点:“the fact”后面有一个that引导的同位语从句,其中主语Asian-American students后面有一个who引导的定语从句who began their educations abroad,该同位语从句的谓语为arrived,被定语从句隔开。
参考译文:亚裔美国学生对数学和自然科学的偏爱一部分原因是这些学生是在外国开始接受教育的,来到美国时他们的数学基础很好,但很少或根本不懂英语。
2.Both explanations for academic success worry Asian-Americans because of fears that they feed a typical racial image.要 点:fears后有一个that引导的同位语从句“that they feed a typical racial image”,用以说明“fears”的内容,不要误认为是一个定语从句。同位
语
从
句
所
修
饰的名
词
多
为fact,news,idea,thought,reply,report,remark等抽象名词,一般由that引导。
参考译文:对于学术成功的这两种解释都使亚裔美国人感到忧虑,因为他们担心这样就树立了一种典型的种族形象。1.we hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal.2.Clothes can be bought ready made,washing can go to the laundry,food can be bought cooked,canned or preserved,bread is baked and delivered by the baker,milk arrives on the doorstep,meals can be had at the restaurant,the works’ canteen,and the school dinning-room.1.要 点:that引导的从句为同位语从句,修饰前面的名词“truths”,同位语从句与所修饰的名词分离。
参考译文:我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的:人生来都是平等的。2.要 点:这是一个并列句,由六个子句构成,但句与句之间没有任何连接词。难点在于ready made和cooked,canned or preserved。它们都是有过去分词过来的形容词,分别是clothes和food的补语。再者,have用于被动态也很少见,主要用于“有”以外的意思。参考译文:服装可以买现成的,要洗的衣服可以送洗衣铺,食品可买熟的、罐头装的或腌制的,面包由面包房烤好后送来,牛奶送至家门口台阶上,吃饭可上餐馆、工厂食堂以及学校的饭厅。
第二篇:高考英语同位语从句用法教案
高考英语同位语从句用法教案
在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一,也是高中英语学习中的重点语法知识点之一。在使用同位语从句时,应注意以下五个方面:
一、同位语从句在句中的位置
1.一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news,idea,fact,promise,hope,message等)的后面,用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。
例如:
The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.我们女排赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人。
I’ve come from Mr Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.我从王先生那边得知一个消息,他说他今天下午不能来看你了。
2.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后,而被别的词语隔开,在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。
例如:
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。
The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again.据说他高考(高考
新闻,高考说吧)又落榜了。
二、同位语从句前名词的数
同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式,并且往往带有限定词(word除外)加以修饰。例如:
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来?
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening.答应我,你今天晚上要来参加我们的晚会。
Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct 15,2003.消息传来,中国于2003年10月15日首次成功发射了载人飞船。
三、同位语从句连接词的选用
在英语中,引导同位语从句的词通常有连词(that,who,whether),连接副词(how,when,where)等。例如:
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该做这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.我们还没有决定到什么地方去度暑假。
注:在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接;在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如:
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.我们怀疑他们是否能准时完成任务。
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.我们相信张卫会守信的。同位语从句:that
有些名词的后面可以接that引导的同位语从句:
We came to the decision that we must act at once.我们做出决定:我们必须立即行动。
He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone.他提议会议延期。
There was little hope that he would survive.他幸存的希望很小。
以下名词常用于以上句型:
advice,announcement,argument,belief,claim,conclusion,decision,evidence,explanation,fact,feeling,hope,idea,impression,information,knowledge,message,news,opinion,order,probability,promise,proposal,remark,reply,report,saying,statement,suggestion,thought,treat,warning,wish,word 同位语从句:whether
whether可以引导同位语从句,而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。
He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.他还没有做出决定是否去那里。
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.他是否适合这件工作我有点怀疑。同位语从句:what
what可以引导同位语从句,而定语从句不能用what作为引导词
I have no idea what he is doing now.我不知道他现在在干什么。同位语从句:how
how可以引导同位语从句,而定语从句不能用how作为引导词
It’s a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。同位语从句:who等
who,whom,which,when,where,why用来引导同位语从句
The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。
She raised the question where we could get the fund.她提出这个问题:我们到哪儿去搞这笔资金。
四、同位语从句的语气
在suggestion,advice,request,order等意为“建议;命令;要求”的名词后,同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构,句中的should可以省略。例如:
Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。
The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule(should)be adopted.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。
The government gave the order that all these houses(should)be pulled down in three weeks.政府下令三个星期内所有这些房子都要拆掉。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的用法区别
区别(1)
同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系;而定语从句是用来修饰先行词,是从属的关系。
区别(2)
that在同位语从句中没有词义,不充当句子成分;而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。
区别(3)
whether,what,how可以用来引导同位语从句;而它们不能用来引导定语从句。
区别(4)
1.从词义角度看问题
who,whom,which,when,where,why用来引导同位语从句是保持原来疑问词的含义;它们用来引导定语从句时,不具有疑问词的含义。2.从搭配角度看问题
who,whom,which,when,where,why用来引导定语从句时对应性很强,如:
先行词是“人”,引导词用“who”等,而它们引导同位语从句是先行词通常是“question,idea,doubt等”。
六、典型例题
例1:I have no idea when he will be back.析:he will be back意义不完整,应加“什么时候”的含义才能表达idea的全部内容,因此应用when引导同位语从句。
例2:I have no impression how he went home,perhaps by bike.析:he went home意义不完整,应加“如何”的含义才能表达impression的全部内容,因此应用how引导同位语从句。
例3:Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(NMET2001上海)
A.while B.that C.when D.as
析:答案为B.more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容,且Information不在从句中作成分,所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于:
It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities,this is the information ____ has been put forward.A.what B.that C.when D.as
析:答案为B.that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语,且information在从句中作主语,所以该句为定语从句。
例4:She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)
A.it B.which C.this D.that
析:答案为B.分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知,该句为非限制性定语从句,先行词为a terrible noise,且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于:
I can’t stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.A.it B.which C.this D.that
析:答案为D.she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容,且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分,所以该句为同位语从句。
第三篇:浅议同位语从句
浅议同位语从句
夏文华(河北省迁安市教师进修学校 邮政编码:064400)
摘要:同位语从句是中学阶段比较常见的语法现象,为了使学生更好地理解并掌握这一语法现象,本文从同位语从句的含义、正确运用同位语从句的引导词以及同位语从句和定语从句的区别等几个方面对同位语从句进行了探讨和分析。
关键词:同位语从句,同位语从句是中学阶段比较常见的语法现象,由于与定语从句位置相同,且汉语中没有相同的概念,因此很多学生对于这一语法现象理解不够透彻,在学习时总是较难掌握。笔者结合自己多年的教学工作经验对这一语法现象进行一下分析。
一、同位语从句
1.所谓同位语,顾名思义,就是位于名词或代词后,对之起进一步解释说明作用的词,如果起此作用的不是一个词而是一个句子,那么这个句子就叫做同位语从句。
2.常跟有同位语从句的名词:ability, advice, answer, belief, doubt, discovery, fact, fear, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, proposal, question, story, suggestion, theory, thought, word(消息)等。
例如:人教版高中英语教材第一册Unit 3课文中的句子: The name “whitewater”comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly(.Page 17)又如Page 27: There is no doubt that 100 years ago animal testing was cruel but today animals in experiments are very well taken care of.There is no doubt that the prices of cars will go down.We expressed the hope that they can come to visit our town again.3.常用连接词:同位语从句一般由that, where, when, why, how, who, what等引导。
如人教版高中英语教材第二册Unit 5中的句子:The idea that England stands for Fish & Clips, Speaker’s Corner, Big Ben and the Tower of London is past.(Page 35)。同位语有一个典型句型I have no idea结构,有的人把这个句型列入宾语从句的范畴,因为I have no idea意思就是I don’t know...。但是严格的从语法角度来看还应该属于同位语从句。
I have no idea where I should go.I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.有时候主句的谓语比较短,同位语从句比较长,这个从句就不一定紧接在它所说明的名词后面。如:Word(消息)came that our Chinese women team had beaten Japanese.二、同位语从句和定语从句的比较
1.从位置上看。同位语从句与定语从句在句中的位置都是在名词后,不同之处在于:定语从句对对它前面的名词起修饰限制的作用,属于形容词性从句;同位语从句主要是对它前面的名词进行解释和说明,属于名词性从句。例如人教版 高中英语教材第二册Unit 14有这样一个同位语从句: It’s a reminder that we need to care about the world we live in and that we should learn to respect life and nature.(Page 13)。又如The fact that Great Britain is made up of three countries is still unknown to many.2、从连接词that上看。在同位语从句中,that是连词,在从句中只起连接作用,不作句子成分,没有实在意义,但是不能省略。如人教版高中英语教材第一册Unit 16中的句子: Scientists say that if a medicine works with animals, there is a very high chance that it also works with people.(Page 23)。在定语从句中,that是关系代词,在从句中起连接作用,并充当从句中的句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等)。that作宾语时可以省略,同时指代先行词。如:The book(that)she lent me is interesting.3、从内容上看。对于有些名词后既可以带有定语从句,又可以带有同位语从句的情况,一般是根据从句和名词的关系来进行判断,如果是对名词作进一步的阐明,则是同位语从句,反之则是定语从句,另外还可以从名词本身的意思来进行判断,带有同位语从句的名词一般为抽象名词,而定语从句几乎可以修饰任何名词。
比较:
(1)The suggestion(that)she has given at the meeting is good.(定语从句)(2)The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.(同位语从句)(1)句中that she has given at the meeting这个从句说明了是她提出的建议,不是别人的建议,也就是限定了the suggestion的范围,但并没有说明建议的内容,从结构上分析,that是give的宾语,所以这个从句是定语从句。
(2)句的that she should stay in the room这个从句说明了建议的内容,同时,that只起连词作用,在从句中既不是主语,也不是宾语,但不能省略,所以它是同位语从句。
又如:(1)The news that the teacher told us is very exciting.(2)The news that our team had won the game is exciting.通过同样的办法我们可以判断(1)句中划线部分为定语从句,(2)句中划线部分为同位语从句。
很多学生认为英语中的语法现象有的很相似,不易区分,其实任何一种语言中的语法现象都不是完全相同的,而是有区别的,只要我们在平时的学习中多注意,多观察,认真领会并分析,相信一定能够区分并能很好运用。
参考书目: 外语教学与研究出版社《使用英语语法》张道真编著
高等教育出版社 《高级英语语法》薄冰主编
人民教育出版社
普通高级中学英语教科书
作者姓名:夏文华
联系电话:*** 通讯地址:河北省迁安市教师进修学校 邮政编码:064400
第四篇:英语中同位语从句与定语从句的区别
同位语从句与定语从句的区别
一、从句法功能上来看
同位语从句中连接词that在从句中不作句子成分,也没有词汇含义,只起连接作用,其作用大致相当于一个冒号;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,且在句中充当句子的成分(主语或宾语)。如:
I hold the belief that where there is a will, there is a way.(that引导的是同位语从句,它在从句中不充当句子成分)
The letter that I received yesterday was from my sister.(that引导的是定语从句,它在从句中充当宾语)
二、从意义上来看
同位语从句所表达的内容与作为中心词的名词所表达的内容是一样的,两者之间可以划等号;而定语从句则是限制或修饰中心词的,中心词所表达的内容不等于定语从句所表达的内容。如:
He told me the news that his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day.(that引导的是同位语从句,其中the news = his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day)
This is the factory that we visited last month.(that引导的是定语从句,其中 the factory≠ we visited last month.)
三、从中心名词上来看
同位语从句中的中心名词常是一些表示概括意义的抽象名词,这类名词有fact, idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, problem, proof, question 等。而定语从句中的中心名词是没有限定的。如:
四、从that是否可以省略来看 引导同位语从句的连词that一般不能省略,而在定语从句中,that作宾语时,可以省略。另外,引导定语从句的that若指事物,它可以用which来代替,而在同位语从句中,that 永远不能用which替代。
第五篇:同位语从句教案[最终版]
必修三unit5.Grammer 同位语从句
一、教学目标:(Teaching aims and demands): 1)To review the knowledge of the Noun Clause that they’ve learned 2)To master the usage of The Appositive Clause
二、教学重点(Teaching important points): 1)To understand the concept of The Attributive Clause 2)To mater the usage of the Attributive Clause
三、教学难点(Teaching difficult points): 1)How to help students to recognize the Appositive Clause correctly 2)How to help them compare the Appositive Clause with the Attributive Clause correctly
四、教学方法(Teaching methods): 1)Task – based teaching(任务型教学)2)Discovering , discussing and summarizing(发现法、讨论法与归纳法)
五、教学步骤(Teaching steps)Step 1.Revision(复习)同学们,还记得我们学过哪些名词性从句吗?请你们看一下下面的例句,写出它们划线部分的从句类型:①主语从句②表语从句③ 宾语从句
1.She wants to know what kind of films I like.(_________)2.That is what I want to tell you.(_________)3.Whether she will go there is not known(_________)4.It is a pity that he can't attend the party.(_________)5.The teacher suggested that he(should)read the novel.(______)6.I will tell you why I was late for the meeting.(______)Step 2.Discovering useful structures.(判断划线部分成分)
请同学们观察下面的句子中划线的部分,思考它们在句子中所作的成分。1.Mrs.Liu , our English teacher , doesn’t live far from school.2.My friend , Zhanghui , often helps other classmates.3.The news that our class won the basketball match made me very happy.4.They asked me the question whether he came from America.Summary(小结)
一般的,________ 成分是对其前面的名词或代词进行______和 _______。
我们把对前面的_____ 名词进行解 释、_____ 的从句称为______ 从句。
Step3.Discovering useful structures.(读句子,注意划线句子前的名词)
1.The news that he has passed the driving test is true.2.The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting.3.There is no doubt that he will keep his promise 4.The suggestion that a new bridge(should)be built was accepted.5.We will discuss the problem whether the sports meeting be held on time.6.I have no idea when he will be back.7.He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.8.Word came that the pop star would hold a live concert in our city.Summary(小结)
1.可以跟同位语从句的名词通常都是________ 名词,例如有news , suggestion , ____________,__________ , ____________ ___________ 等
2.同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的词后面,而是被别的词隔开,以使整个句子的结构显得平衡。
3.引导同位语从句的的连词有________,它在句子中没有实际______,在句中不作________。
若同位语从句的意义不完整,需要有“是否”的含义时,应用________ ;如果同位语从句意义不完整,需要有“谁”,“什么时候”,“在哪里”,“为什么”等含义时,分别可以用________,________,________,________ 等连词引导。Step 4.Practice(练习)
请你选择适当的连词引导同位语从句(that , who , where , what ,whether and how)1.The news ________ Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.2.We haven’t yet settled the question ________we are going to spend our summer
vacation this year.3.The question ________ should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4.I have no idea ________the boy is doing in the next room now.5.I have no idea ________I can get to the railway station.6.The problem ________we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.Step 5.Discovering grammar useful structure.请同学们观察下面的句子判断哪一句是同位语从句哪一句子是定语从句。1.The news that they won the match is true.2.The news that they told me yesterday is true.Summary(小结):我们通过观察发现,句1中的that 引导的是__________ 从句,对news 起着_________ , ___________作用, 句2中 的 that 引导的是___________从句,对 news 起着_________ 作用,在从句中做___________成分。
Summary(小结)定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1.定语从句是对先行词进行________,限制作用;同位语从句对前面________名词进行_____、说明作用;
2.定语从句中的连词that在句中充当_______成分而且可以省略,that引导同位语从句,在从句中______句子成分,一般______省略。Step 6.Exercise: 判断下列从句是同位语从句还是定语从句
1.The order when we should return hasn’t been decided.2.The day when new China was founded will never be forgotten.3.I have no idea where she lives.4.I don’t know the place where she lives.5.The fact that the earth turns around the sun is known to all.6.The news that she told me yesterday made me very surprised.Step 7.Homework Review the knowledge of the Noun Clause that they learned.Step 8.The design of writing on the blackboard
1)、引导同位语从句的的连词有________,它在句子中没有实际______,在句中不作________。
若同位语从句的意义不完整,需要有“是否”的含义时,应用________ ;如果同位语从句意义不完整,需要有“谁”,“什么时候”,“在哪里”,“为什么”等含义时,分别可以用________,________,________,________ 等连词引导。
2)、定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1.定语从句是对先行词进行________,限制作用;同位语从句对前面________名词进行_____、说明作用;
2.定语从句中的连词that在句中充当_______成分而且可以省略,that引导同位语从句,在从句中______句子成分,一般______省略。