第一篇：福建省高考英语一轮复习语法部分第14讲省略、插入语与反义疑问句精品学案新人教版
第14讲 省略、插入语与反义疑问句
省略
在英语中，有时为了避免结构上或内容上的重复，并使上下文紧密连接；有时因为语法的客观要求，句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表达出来，这种现象称为省略。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，还有一种替代省略。省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是有章可循的。【省略的类型】
一、简单句中的省略 【翻译句子】(1)好久不见了！
Haven't seen you for ages!(省略主语)(2)你要什么东西吗？
(Is there)Anything you want?(省略谓语)(3)我不知道他是谁。
I don't know(who he is)．(省略宾语)(4)你有墨水吗？
(Have you)Got any ink?(省略主语和谓语或谓语的一部分，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分)【结论1】
有些简单句中可以省略主语、谓语、宾语或主语和谓语。
二、并列句中的省略 【翻译句子】
(5)他教英语，他弟弟教数学。
He teaches English and his brother maths.【结论】在并列句中，如果后面的分句与前面的分句有相同的部分，这一部分则常被省略掉，以免重复。
三、复合句中的省略
1.在含有状语从句的复合句中 【翻译句子】
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专心(6)当被问到她是谁的时候，她一句话也没说。When(she was)asked, she didn't answer a word.【结论1】在含有状语从句的复合句中，若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be时，常省略从句的主语和be。【疑难1】
Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit till next week.要是明天下雨的话，我们将不得不将访问推迟到下个礼拜。
【疑难剖析1】虚拟条件句中，含had, were, should时，若将它们提到句首，则需省略if。【疑难2】This car doesn't run as fast as that one.这辆车没有那一辆开得快。
I know you can do better than Peter.我知道你比彼得做得好。
【疑难剖析2】在as(so)„as„，than引导的比较状语从句中省略谓语。【疑难3】
Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管是个孩子，他却懂得很多。
【疑难剖析3】在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的名词提前时，冠词要省略。2．在限定性定语从句中 【翻译句子】
(7)他曾想做的就是去购物。
All he ever wants to do is going shopping.(8)令我吃惊的不是他所说的内容，而是他说话的方式。
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.【结论2】定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that，which, whom可以省略；在以the same„ as和such„ as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which。3.名词性从句中的省略 【翻译句子】
(9)He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.他说他两天前就到了，而且已经在一家旅馆住下了。
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及使役动词let, make, have 后的“宾语＋动词不定式作宾语补足语”的结构中，不定式符号to须省略，但这类结构变成被动语态时，其后的不定式要还原加上to。【例句观察】
——你买到票了吗？
— Did you get a ticket? ——没有。我想买的，可是卖完了。
— No, I meant to(get one), but there weren't any left.【结论3】动词不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise等动词后作宾语时，为了避免重复，常承前省略不定式后的内容，但要保留不定式符号to。
特别注意：want, like用在 when, if, what，as 引导的从句中，其后的to也常可省略，如：I've decided to do what I like.【翻译句子】
(14)除了等待，我们什么也做不了。
We do nothing now but wait.＝We have nothing to do but wait.(15)I can not but admire his courage.我不得不敬佩他的勇气。(16)他别无选择，只好接受事实。
He has no choice but to accept the fact.【结论4】在can not but, can not choose but, do nothing but„，can't help but„，prefer to do rather than do „，would do„ rather than„ 之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 而且其宾语是something，nothing，anything和everything等不定代词时，也不带to, 否则要带to。【例句观察】
I'm really puzzled what to think or say.我真不知该想什么，该说什么。
【结论5】在并列结构中为了避免重复，后一个to省略。但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。如：
I can not to scold but to praise you.【例句观察】
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可省略。【例句观察】
——陪我去购物好吗？
— Could you go shopping with me? ——我很乐意。
— I'm glad to(go shopping with you)．
【结论10】系动词(be)＋形容词，即be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式时有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容，只保留不定式符号。
特别注意：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have，如：
— Are you a doctor? — No, but I used to be
五、某些词法上的省略
1.名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略 1)这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的。
These are John's books and those are Mary's.【结论1】如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。2)怀特先生现在在诊所。
Mr.White is now at the doctor's.【结论2】名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：at Mr.Green's，to my uncle's，at the barber's。2.冠词的省略
1)第二天我们来到农场帮助农场主收获庄稼。
We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest(the)next day.【结论1】在the next day(morning, week, year„)等短语中，有时为了使语气紧凑，定冠词the 常可以省略。2)她在班上歌唱得最好。She sings best in the class.【结论2】在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。3)我们老师手里拿着书走了进来。
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— Neither can I.Let's stop here for a rest.——我也是。我们停下休息一会儿吧。
【结论2】“So / Nor(Neither)＋谓语＋主语”这种句型是用来替代前面提到的情况，表明它也适用于后者。
【特别提醒】省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象；省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。插入语
插入语通常与句中其他成分没有语法上的关系，插入语多半用逗号与句子隔开，用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度，对句子表达起修饰、强调、缓和语气等作用。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。掌握插入语不仅有助于正确理解句意，灵活运用插入语于书面表达中还能提高作文的得分。
一、常用作插入语的副词 【例句观察】
Surely, she won't go to China Telecom with you.Strangely, he has not been to China Unicom.Still more strangely, he has not called me.Fortunately, I found the book that I had lost.【结论1】indeed 的确 surely 无疑 however 然而 obviously 显然 frankly 坦率地 naturally 自然而然的 fortunately 幸运地 strangely 奇怪
honestly 真诚地 briefly 简单地说 luckily 幸运的是
二、常见的作插入语的形容词或其短语 【例句观察】
Strange to say, he should have done such a thing.Most important of all, you each over fulfilled your own task.【结论2】strange to say 说来也怪 needless to say 不用说
most important of all 最为重要的是 worse still 更糟糕的是
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【结论】strictly speaking 严格地说 generally speaking 一般地说 judging from„根据„„判断
given„鉴于„„ considering„考虑到„„
【注意】不要把以上插入语理解为现在分词短语作状语，因为它们与主语之间没有主谓关系也无动宾关系，如上两句中speaking和judging的动作都不是句中主语发出的。
五、常用作插入语的不定式短语 【例句观察】
To be sure, community service can aid reemployment.【结论】to be sure 无疑地 to sum up 概括地说 to tell the truth 老实说 to start with 首先
六、插入句 【例句观察】
It will result in success, I suppose.One day, it is said, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree.What is more important, information superhighways can carry great amounts of information around the country quickly and cheaply.【结论】I am sure 我可以肯定地说 I believe 我相信
I wonder 我想知道 you know 你知道 you see 你明白 that is 也就是说 it seems 看来是 as I see it 照我看来 I'm afraid 恐怕 it is said 据说
what is important(serious)重要(严重)的是 反意疑问句 【例句观察】
Somebody phoned while I was out, didn't they? Everyone enjoyed the party, didn't they? Nobody wants to go there, does he? There's no help for it, is there?
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0【例句观察】
Don't open the door, will you? Give me some cigarettes, can you? Take a rest, why don't you? 【结论7】在由“祈使句＋附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, won't you, would you, 有时也可用can you, can't you, why don't you, could you等。【注意】但是，以let's开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we；以let us开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用will you。
Let's have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we? Let us go out for a rest, will you? 【例句观察】
The old man used to smoke, didn't/ usedn't he? Tom used to live here, usedn't /didn't he? 【结论8】当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用usedn't或didn't。【例句观察】
Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesn't it? Between six and seven will suit you, won't it? Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it? 【结论9】陈述句子中的主语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语或其他短语时，疑问部分的主语通常用it。【例句观察】
I wish to have a chance to learn English, may_I? 【结论10】陈述句中的谓语动词是wish, 表示愿望时用may, 且用肯定形式。
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第二篇：2012高考英语一轮复习同步攻关 语法部分 第10讲 名词性从句学案
第10讲 名词性从句
【定义】一个句子在另一个句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语，相当于名词，故称为名词性从句。
【四大从句】名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、主语从句
一个句子在另一个句子中充当主语，即句子充当主语，该句子称为主语从句。【完成例句】
根据句意选词填空(that, if, whether, why, when, what)(1)That he will succeed is certain.(2)Whether he will go there is not known.(3)What he said is not true.(4)When the meeting will be held has not been decided yet.【结论】 ①that－从句，从句为一个句意完整的陈述句，没有具体意义，不充当句子成分，只起标志性作用，但that 不能省略。
②whether －从句，从句来源于一般疑问句，whether不能省略，意为“是否”，不能用if替换。
③特殊疑问词－从句，从句来源于特殊疑问句，特殊疑问词不能省略，意思为特殊疑问词本来的意思，在从句中充当句子成分。【疑难1】Who he is is none of my business.【疑难剖析1】任何从句要用陈述句语序，即主谓语序。
【疑难2】That he likes English is known to us all.What he said at the meeting made me sad.【疑难剖析2】主句时态为过去时，从句时态为过去的某一时态；主句时态为现在时或将来时，从句时态视具体情况而定。
【疑难3】That 2010 Asian Games are successful is known to all.【疑难剖析3】单个句子作主语，视为单数。
【疑难3】It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.用心 爱心 专心 1
It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.【疑难剖析3】1．主语从句通常由it充当形式主语，而本身放在句子末尾。2．it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who / whom。3.用it 作形式主语的常用结构
① It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句 It is a fact that„事实是„„
It is an honor that„非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that„„„是常识 ②It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that„很自然„„
It is strange that„奇怪的是„„ ③It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that„似乎„„
It happened that„碰巧„„
It appears that„似乎„„ ④It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that„据报道„„
It has been proved that„已证实„„
It is said that„据说„„
【疑难5】It is said that Chairman Hu will visit our school next week.(√)
That Chairman Hu will visit our school next week is said.(×)【疑难剖析5】主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： 1.if 引导的主语从句不可位于复合句句首。
2.It is said / reported„结构中的主语从句不可提前。
3.It happens / occurs„结构中的主语从句不可提前。
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It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(√)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(×)4.It doesn't matter how / whether„结构中的主语从句不可提前。
It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not.(√)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter.(×)5.含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。Is it likely that it will rain in the evening？(√)Is that will rain in the evening likely？(×)
【疑难6】 what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What you said yesterday is right.That she is still alive is a consolation.【疑难剖析6】 what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，而that则不充当任何成分。
二、宾语从句
在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句是宾语从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。【完成例句】
根据句意选词填空(that, if, whether, where, what，who)(5)I heard that he joined the army.(6)①She did not know what had happened.②I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(7)She told me that she would accept my invitation.【结论9】①由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略)，that在从句中不充当任何成分。
②由what引导的宾语从句，what在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
③whether(if)引导的宾语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，意为“是否”。
【疑难1】引导宾语从句时if和whether的区别 I asked her if / whether she had a bike.They discussed whether they will go back right now.用心 爱心 专心
We're worried about whether he is safe.I don't know whether or not he will come.I don't know whether to go.【疑难剖析1】引导宾语从句时用if和whether都可以，但有只用whether的特殊情况：动词discuss后；介词后；whether与or not连用时； whether to do。【疑难2】I am afraid(that)I've made a mistake.【疑难剖析2】作形容词的宾语时，可以省略that。【注意】下列形容词后常跟that引导的从句作宾语：
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content等。(有时也将此类词后的that 从句看作原因状语从句。)【疑难3】We heard it that she would get married next month.【疑难剖析3】it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾(特别是在带复合宾语的句子中)。【疑难4】I admire their winning the match.(√)
I admire that they won the match.(×)【疑难剖析4】后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词有：
allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。
【疑难5】He impressed the manager as an honest man.(√)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.(×)
【疑难剖析5】有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that－从句”结构中，这类动词常见的有envy，order，accuse，refuse，impress，forgive，blame，denounce，advise，congratulate等。
【疑难6】我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
I don't think this dress fits you well.【疑难剖析6】否定的转移：若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。
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三、表语从句
在复合句中作表语的名词性从句为表语从句，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。【完成例句】 根据句意填空
(8)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.(9)This is why we can't get the support of the people.(10)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.(11)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.【结论1】
①完整陈述句充当表语时用that引导，且不可省略；
②表“是否”含义时用whether；
③语义不完整时根据情况选用对应的特殊疑问词，如what，when，where，why等；
④两种特殊句型：the reason is that„和It is because„等结构。
四、同位语从句
在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句为同位语从句。【完成例句】 根据句意选词填空
(12)The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.(13)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.【结论】同位语从句对名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，可以接同位语从句的名词主要有：fact, information, problem, decision, suggestion, proposal, order等。
【疑难1】同位语在句子中的位置
He got the news from Mary than the sports meeting was put off.【疑难剖析1】同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。【疑难2】同位语从句与定语从句的区别
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。
用心 爱心 专心
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。
【疑难剖析2】(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述名词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词的具体内容进行补充说明。
用心 爱心 专心 6
第三篇：【新课标人教版】2012届高考英语一轮复习精品学案：语法部分 第13讲 it的用法及强调句型
第13讲 it的用法及强调句型
it的用法
一、it作指示代词 【完成句子】
用one，ones，it，that，those填空(1)— I can't find my watch.— You haven't found ______？ If you want to buy a new ______，I suggest you buy ______ made in China.(2)We've got a big cup and two small ______.(3)The weight of an elephant is much greater than ______ of a tiger.(4)The books on the first shelf are easier than ______ on the second shelf.(5)The boy told his story and ______ of the girl upstairs.【答案】
(1)it;one;one(2)ones(3)that(4)those / the ones(5)that / the one 【结论1】
①指代上文提过的事物时，it指的是同名同物，相当于the＋名词；
②one指的是同名异物，表示单数可数名词相当于a ＋名词；a / an＋形容词＋one等于a / an＋形容词＋名词；复数形式用ones；
③that后面常有后置定语，有特指意义，代替不可数名词或单数可数名词，相当于the＋名词；
④复数名词用those，相当于the ones。【例句观察】
— Someone is knocking at the door.Who is it? — It must be Leo.He said he'd come to see me.【结论2】it指代人时，常指小孩或身份不明的人。【例句观察】
It's too quiet in the room.Everyone just keeps silent.【结论2】it可用以指代环境或情况。【完成例句】 根据语境补全句子
(6)— What time is it now? — It's half past seven.(7)— It is spring now and it's warm these days.【结论4】 it可用以指代时间、季节、天气或距离。【注意】 it指代时间时，有如下一些句型：
(1)It is time for sth.(for sb.)to do sth./ that－从句(should do / did, 必须用虚拟语气)例： ① It's time for lunch.② It's time for us to clean the house.③ It's time that we should clean the house.＝It's time that we cleaned the house.(2)It is / has been ＋ some time ＋ since－从句(从句用一般过去时)(3)It / This is the first / second…time that－从句(必须使用现在完成时)这是某人第……次做了某事。
It / That was the first / second…time that－从句(必须使用过去完成时)例：①It is the second time that she has visited the Great Wall.②This was the first time that I had come late to school.(4)It was ＋时间点 ＋ when －从句
例： It was evening when we got home.＝It was evening in which we got home.(5)It was / will be ＋ some time ＋ before －从句 例：①过了5年他们才从北大毕业。
It was five years before they finally graduated from Beijing University.②不久，我们就要从我们学校毕业了。
It won't be long before we graduate from our school.二、it作形式主语 【完成例句】
根据语境补全句子
(8)It is possible for me to make a tour around the world.【结论】代替由不定式、动名词或从句所表示的真正主语。为平衡句子，通常把不定式作主语改为it 作形式主语。
三、it作形式宾语 【例句观察】
①How did it come about that so many people were attacked? ② She feels it hard to get in touch with her old friend.③ Mobile phones make it possible for us to keep in touch anywhere.④ I have made it a rule to get up early.【结论1】
①it可以用在某些固定句型中，例如：
How did it come about that－从句意为“……怎么发生的？”
②it 作形式宾语常用结构有：代替由不定式、动名词或从句所表示的真正宾语。常见结构有：
主语＋ think / consider / find / feel / make / believe / regard ＋it＋adj./ n.(for sb.)to do.【例句观察】
I consider it no good chatting with strangers through the Internet.【结论2】主语＋ think / consider / find / feel ＋it＋ no good / use doing sth.【例句观察】
I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.【结论3】主语＋hate / dislike / love / like ＋it ＋ when－从句，表示对某一情况的喜好或厌恶。【例句观察】
I really appreciate it if you could help me with my math.【结论4】主语＋appreciate ＋ it＋ if－从句 【例句观察】
①You must see to it that the doors are locked before you leave the lab.②You can depend upon it that we won't give up.③I answer for it that she is an honest girl.【结论5】主语＋see to / answer for it＋ that－从句(确保……)主语＋depend on it ＋that－从句(指望，确信……)
四、带it的一些固定词组
1．(You've / I've)got it.懂了，明白了 2.Forget it.算了吧，别在意，没关系。3.take it easy 别着急，慢慢来；别过于紧张 4.make it 办得到，做成功
5.make it ＋时间 把……定在(某时)6.It / That(all)depends.那要看情况而定。7.It can't be helped.没有办法。/ 这是不可避免的。8.It is hard to say.情况很难说。9.It comes to nothing.没有什么结果。10.Don't mention it.不用谢。11.That's it.对了；正是。12.catch it(口语)被责骂； 受处罚 13.Believe it or not.信不信由你。
14.It doesn't matter.没有关系； 不要紧； 15.When it comes to…当谈到……； 当涉及…… 16.Keep it up.再接再厉。强调句型
一、强调句型的基本用法
1．强调句结构：It is / was ＋ 被强调部分＋that＋ 句子的其余部分。2．句型解读：
(1)it是引导词，强调的内容可以是句子的主语、宾语、状语。如果被强调的部分是人，that 可用who代替，其他情况一律用that。
(2)验证强调句的方法： 去掉It is / was…that 结构后，可以把被强调的部分与句子其余部分还原为一个完整的句子。
二、强调句型的考点 【例句观察】
(1)It was Edison who invented the lamp.(2)It is Edison who invents the lamp.【结论1】注意时态的一致性。原句中用的是过去的某种时态，用it was…that…；原句中用的是现在或将来的某种时态，用it is…that… 【例句观察】
It is I that am your English teacher.【结论2】当被强调的部分是主语时，注意保持主谓一致。【例句观察】
He didn't go to bed until he finished his homework.(对画线部分进行强调)→ It wasn't until he finished his homework that he went to bed.(强调句)【结论3】not …until …结构用于强调句中，not 要提前到until之前，放在be动词后。即：It wasn't until …that ＋句子的其余部分。【例句观察】
Was it not until he finished his homework that he went to bed? 【结论4】强调句的一般疑问句形式：Is / Was it ＋ 被强调部分＋ that＋句子的其余部分。【完成句子】
When was it that he went to bed? 【结论5】强调句的特殊疑问句形式：特殊疑问词＋ is / was it＋ that ＋ 句子的其余部分。【例句观察】
I really don't know when it was that he went to bed.【结论6】含有强调句型的特殊疑问句作宾语从句时，注意用陈述语序。【疑难】It is in the city where he was born that he works.他工作的地方是他出生的那个城市。
【疑难剖析】强调句中的被强调部分含有一个定语从句，要注意区别、分析。It is / was ＋被强调部分＋定语从句＋that(who)＋句子的其余部分
第四篇：高考英语一轮复习冠词教学案
第一部分 语法知识及运用
专题1 冠词 考纲展示 命题探究
考点一 冠词的基本用法
基础点 不定冠词的基本用法
(1)不定冠词有a和an两种形式，常位于名词或名词的修饰语前。当紧跟不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为辅音音素(注意：不是辅音字母)时，用a；而当紧跟不定冠词的单词的第．．．．．．．．．．一个音素为元音音素(注意：不是元音字母)时，用an。．．．．．．．．．．a university student 一个大学生 a European writer 一位欧洲作家 an honest boy 一个诚实的男孩 an ugly man 一个丑陋的人
(2)泛指某个或某类人或物，或者未提到的，对方不熟悉的人或物。I was born in a small village in Hebei Province.我出生在河北的一个小村庄。
(3)用在第一次提到的人或物的名词前，表泛指。
At that time, I was working in a factory.The factory produces car parts.那时，我在一家工厂工作。那家工厂生产各种汽车部件。(4)表示“一”“每一”“同一”或“某一”概念。I will return in a day or two.(＝one)我将在一两天后返回。
The car can run 200 kilometres an hour.(＝per)这种车每小时能行驶200公里。They are of an age.(＝the same)他们年龄相同。
A Mr Smith is waiting for you.(＝a certain)一个叫史密斯的先生在等你。2 定冠词的基本用法
(1)用于上文已经提到过的，或从语境中可判断出谈话双方都知道的人或物前。
He bought a house.I've been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。Take the medicine.把药吃了。
(2)用于单数可数名词或形容词及分词前，表“一类人或物”。Who invented the_telephone? 谁发明了电话？
After the explosion, people rushed to help the_injured.爆炸发生后，人们赶到现场帮助受伤的人。
(3)用于序数词、形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等前面。Is this the_first_time you have visited Beijing? 这是你第一次游览北京吗？
He runs the_fastest in his class.他是他班跑得最快的。
That's the_very_thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。
特别提醒
(1)副词的最高级前the可有可无。He runs(the)fastest in his school.他是全校中跑得最快的。
(2)序数词前面也可用不定冠词，但意义与用定冠词不同。I have failed twice, but I'll try a third time.我失败两次了，但我还要再试一次。(强调再一次)March is the third month of a year.三月是一年的第三个月。(强调次序)(4)用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇俩”。The_Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。
(5)用于宇宙中独一无二的事物、西洋乐器名词和方位名词前。the moon月亮
play the piano 弹钢琴 the west 西部
(6)用于表示朝代、年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代。the Ming Dynasty 明朝
in the 1990s或1990's 在20世纪90年代
特别提醒
表示“某人……岁”时，则用“in＋one's＋整十的数词复数”。in his fifties 在他50多岁时
(7)用在表度量单位的名词前，表示“按……计算”。
by the hour 按小时 by the day 按天
特别提醒
如size, weight, time这类名词与by连用时不用冠词。by size 按大小 by weight 按重量
(8)用于固定结构“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位”中。hit sb.on the head 打某人的头 take sb.by the arm 抓某人的胳膊 3 零冠词的基本用法
(1)用于不可数名词、复数名词或专有名词前表示泛指，用零冠词。Man needs air_and_water.人类需要空气和水。They are teachers.他们是老师。Beijing 北京
特别提醒
高考中常见的纯不可数名词，它们是：baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space(太空), advice, word(＝news), progress, information, luck, wealth(财产)等。以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。
(2)用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词，及球类、棋类和学科名词前。
in spring 在春天 on Sunday 在周日 have breakfast 吃早餐 play football 踢足球 play chess 下棋
I'm very interested in English.我对英语很感兴趣。
(3)名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any等指示代词、形容词性物主代词、限定词以及名词所有格等限定时不再用冠词。
She is not my type of woman.她不是我心目中的那类女人。
His heart was beating wildly with fear.他的心因害怕而狂跳不已。
(4)表示独一无二的头衔和职位名词作表语、补足语或同位语时。Mr Smith was elected president of our school.史密斯先生被选为我校校长。
重难点 不定冠词的特殊位置
(1)如果名词前用了many, such等具有限定意义的词和表示感叹的what等词，a(an)必须放在这些词后面，语序为：many/such/what a(an)．..I have never seen such_an interesting film.我从来没看过这么有趣的电影。What_a clever boy he is!他是个多么聪明的男孩啊！
(2)副词quite和rather同形容词连用修饰名词时，quite要置于不定冠词a/an之前，rather可置于不定冠词a/an之前，也可置于其后。
It's quite_a small house.这是一所相当小的房子。
That's rather_a/a_rather sudden change.那一变化相当突然。
(3)当单数可数名词之前的形容词有so, too, as, how等副词修饰时，a(an)必须放在形容词之后，词序为：so/too/as/how/...＋形容词＋a(an)．..She is so_good_a_girl that all the people like her.她是如此好的女孩，所有人都喜欢她。2 定冠词的特殊位置
在名词词组中，定冠词一般放在最前面，但名词词组中如果有exactly, just, half, double, twice, all, both等修饰语，定冠词要放在这些词后面。
exactly_the same color 完全相同的颜色 just_the right place 就是这个地方 half_the story 故事的一半 double_the amount 双倍的量 3 零冠词的特殊用法
(1)turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。但名词前若有形容词作定语时，则必须加冠词。
His brother has turned_writer.他弟弟已成为一名作家。
Later she turned_a_successful_singer.后来她成了一名成功的歌手。
(2)在“表示类型的名词＋of...”这一结构中of后的可数名词单数前不用冠词。This_kind_of_question often appears in the exam.此类问题在考试中经常出现。
(3)“零冠词＋可数名词单数＋as/though＋主语＋谓语＋主句”意为“尽管/虽然……但是……”。
Hero_as_he_is,_he has some shortcomings.尽管他是个英雄，但是他也有一些缺点。
(4)用在独立主格结构中的某一形式中。
The teacher came in, book_in_hand(＝with a book in his hand)． 老师手里拿着一本书走了进来。
(5)与by连用的表示交通工具和通讯工具的名词之前不用冠词。It's quicker by_air than by_sea.乘飞机比乘船快。
[考法综述] 冠词的基本用法，尤其是冠词的泛指和特指在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中常会涉及，近五年就考查了48次之多，由此可见其重要性。
命题法1 考查冠词的泛指和特指
典例1 I can't tell you ________ way to the Wilson's because we don't have ________ Wilson here in the village.[答案] the;a 句意：我不能告诉你去威尔逊家的路，因为我们村里没有一个叫威尔逊的人。第一空特指去威尔逊家的路，故填the;第二空为泛指“一个叫威尔逊的人”，故填a。
典例2 Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.________________________________________________________ [答案] average前的a改为an average以元音音素/æ/开头，故用an。
【解题法】 冠词表泛指和特指时的必备知识和一般解题思路
(1)首先要了解冠词的泛指和特指：不定冠词用在首次提到的或不限定的单数可数名词前表泛指；定冠词用在上文提到的人或物前，或是被限制性修饰语加以限定的人或物前，也可指双方所默认的特定的人或物的名词前表特指。
(2)在语法填空中，考查冠词时是不给提示词的，因而可先从形式上去判断，然后观察空格后部分的中心词是否是名词或相当于名词的词或短语，因为冠词唯一的作用就是用来修饰名词的。
(3)在短文改错中，当名词前有不定冠词时，要格外注意使用a还是an，以其后所跟单词的开头音素而不是其开头字母为依据。因此在平时学习中，务必要注意掌握单词的发音。
命题法2 考查冠词与一些特定词的基本用法
典例3 The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even ________ most modern of architects and engineers.[答案] the 句意：由美国西南部的普韦布洛印第安人建造的土坯房甚至受到了(当今世界上)最前卫的建筑师和工程师的青睐。根据句意和空后的最高级标志词most可知此处表示“最……的”，故填the。
典例4 Tomorrow is first day of school.________________________________________________________ [答案] first前加the 序数词通常和定冠词the搭配。
【解题法】 冠词与特定词搭配时的必备知识和一般解题思路
(1)通常情况下，形容词比较级前不用冠词；形容词最高级、序数词及表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前用定冠词the。
(2)在语法填空中，考查冠词时是不给提示词的，因而可以从形式上判断，然后观察空格后部分是否是形容词最高级、序数词或表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词。
(3)在短文改错中，常考查冠词的错用和漏用，形容词比较级前常不用冠词；形容词最高级，序数词及表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前常用定冠词the。
A．单句填空
1．I just heard ________ bank where Dora works was robbed by ________ gunman wearing a mask.答案 the;a [句意：我刚听说Dora工作的银行被一个戴着面罩的持枪歹徒抢了。第一空，句中where引导的定语从句修饰bank，由此可知这里特指Dora工作的银行，故用定冠词；第二空，泛指“一个持枪歹徒”，因此用不定冠词。] 2．He owned ________ farm, which looked almost abandoned.答案 a [句意：他拥有一家看起来几乎荒芜的农场。farm在句中是第一次出现，而且表示泛指，所以用不定冠词。] 3．________village where I was born has grown into________ town.答案 The;a [句意：我出生的那个村庄已经变成一个城镇了。由village后的定语从句where I was born可知这里特指“我”出生的村庄，用定冠词the；第二空后town为可数名词，在本句中表泛指，泛指一个城镇，故用不定冠词a。] 4．The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ________week, often long into ________night.答案 a;the [句意：论文下个月要上交了。我现在每周工作七天，经常工作到深夜。第一空表示“每一”，故用不定冠词a；第二空是固定搭配long into the night，意为“直到深夜”，故用定冠词the。] 5．They chose Tom to be ________captain of the team because they knew he was ________ smart leader.答案 the;a [句意：他们选择汤姆为这个队的队长，因为他们知道他是一个聪明的领导。第一空后的名词captain是特指，特指这个队的队长，故用定冠词the；第二空后的名词leader表示泛指，故用不定冠词a。] 6．We can become ________ smart shopper by choosing for value, not for looks;in other words, choose good quality goods with plain packages.答案 a [句意：如果我们买东西是为了价值而不是为了包装，那么我们就能成为一个明智的消费者；也就是说，应选择普通包装的质量好的产品。shopper为单数可数名词，此处泛指“一个明智的消费者”，故填不定冠词a。] 7．________ news of the mayor's coming to our school for a visit was given out on the radio yesterday.答案 The [句意：市长来我们学校参观的新闻昨天通过收音机发布了。名词news后有介词短语修饰，起限定作用，表特指，故填The。] 8．In Germany, ________ successful project, which roughly translates as “adopt a grandparent”，has been running with a great success.答案 a [句意：在德国，一个名为“领养祖父母”的项目已成功运行。project为单数可数名词，此处意为“一个成功的项目”，表泛指，故填不定冠词a。] 9．—Mom, why can't I have ________ new bike? —Dear, you know, money doesn't grow on trees.答案 a [句意：——妈妈，我为什么不能要一辆新自行车？——亲爱的，你要知道，赚钱可不是件容易的事。bike为单数可数名词，是首次提到，此处表泛指，故用不定冠词a。] 10．________ wish always remains unrealistic that you can come first in the final exam when you make no efforts at all.答案 The [句意：你不付出任何努力而想在期末考试中得第一名的愿望是不现实的。wish后有that引导的同位语从句修饰，表特指，故填定冠词The。] B．单句改错
1．Brian is gifted in writing music;he is very likely to be Beethoven.________________________________________________________ 答案 在Beethoven前加a [此处表示泛指“一个像贝多芬的人”。] 2．She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on a top floor.________________________________________________________ 答案 把第二个a→the [floor前有top修饰，此处表示特指，故用the。] 3．Life is like a ocean;only the strong－willed can reach the other shore.________________________________________________________ 答案 a→an [ocean是以元音音素开头的单词，且此处表泛指，故用an。] 4．A best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal.________________________________________________________ 答案 A→The [best为最高级，故用the。] 5．An exact year which Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.________________________________________________________ 答案 An→The [year后有定语修饰，表示特指，故用the。] 6．I think good habit that in our spare time we read more books of great use.________________________________________________________ 答案 good前加a [ habit意为“习惯”，是可数名词，此处为泛指，故用不定冠词a修饰。] 7．Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in a ordinary school.________________________________________________________ 答案 第二个a→an [ordinary是以元音音素开头的形容词，故其前应用不定冠词an。]
8．Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years.It came suddenly and went on for over three hours.________________________________________________________ 答案 a→the [根据in years可知，此处表示“最严重的暴风雨”，形容词最高级前应加定冠词the。] 9．Rock climbing is great fun.You will get close to the nature and take adventures at the same time.________________________________________________________ 答案 第一个the去掉 [nature意为“自然，自然界”时，其前不能加冠词。] 10．Once you click the button, a e－mail will be sent to you via your e－mail address.________________________________________________________ 答案 a→an [e－mail是以元音音素开头的名词，故其前应用不定冠词an。]
考点二 冠词的习惯用语或固定搭配
基础点 不定冠词的习惯用语或固定搭配 as a result 因此
as a rule 通常，照例 in a hurry 匆忙地 in a word 总之
at a loss 困惑，不知所措 for a while 暂时，一时 all of a sudden 突然 What a pity!真遗憾！
have a population of 有……人口 have a history of 有……的历史 a collection of 一批…… a knowledge of(＝know)知道
an understanding of(＝understand)懂得 2 定冠词的习惯用语或固定搭配 in the end 最后，终于
make the most/best of 充分利用 in the distance 在远处 in the way 挡路 on the whole 总之
on the right/left 在右/左面 at the same time 同时
as a matter of fact 事实上 after a while 一会儿后 in a sense 在某种意义上 once in a while 偶尔 at a distance 离一段距离 once upon a time 从前 a waste of...……的浪费
at the moment 此刻
go to the doctor's 去看医生 by the way 顺便说，附带地说说
the other day(＝a few days ago)几天前 on the radio/phone 通过无线电/电话 on the spot在场，到场；立即，马上；当场 to tell(you)the truth 说实话，老实说 go to the cinema 去看电影
on(the)one hand..., on the other hand...一方面……，另一方面…… 3 零冠词的习惯用法或固定搭配 under repair处于维修中 day and night 整天整夜 out of control 失控
in danger 处于危险之中 at present 目前 in peace平静 on purpose 故意 ahead of time 提前 by law 根据法律
有无冠词意义不同的习惯用语或搭配
sit at table 坐在桌旁吃饭sit at the table 坐在桌子旁at school 在上学at the school 在学校
lose heart 灰心 out of work 失业 at risk 有危险 take part in 参加 by chance/accident 碰巧 on second thoughts 再一想 in advance 提前 by mistake 由于差错 重难点
不一定在吃饭
不一定是上学
in hospital 在住院in the hospital 在医院里in prison 坐牢in the prison 在监狱里by sea 乘船由海路by the sea 在海边in front of 在in the front of 在
不一定是病人
不一定是罪犯
外部的前面
内部的前面
out of question 没问题，毫无疑问out of the question 不可能in charge of 负责，掌管in the charge of 在……的掌管之下
in possession of 拥有in the possession of 为……所拥有go to church 去做礼拜go to the church 去教堂go to school 去上学go to the school 去学校
[考法综述] 冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配是高考语篇型语法填空及短文改错的常考点，近五年考查了13次，是考查重点之一。
命题法 考查冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配
典例1 Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half ________ hour.[答案] an 句意：简非常匆忙，因为到达机场的列车将在半小时之后开车。half an hour为习惯用法，意为“半小时”。
典例2 Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self－seed where they please.As result, the plants are growing everywhere.________________________________________________________ [答案] result前加a as a result为固定短语，意为“因此”，故在result前加a。
【解题法】 冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)首先要熟练掌握不定冠词，定冠词及零冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配。
(2)在语法填空中，考查冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配时，是不给提示词的，因而可以根据语境来确定习惯用语及固定搭配的冠词。
(3)在短文改错中，考查冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配，主要体现在考生因固定思维模式或汉语语言的影响而对冠词的错用、漏用和多用。
A．单句填空
1．Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in ________ countryside.答案 the [句意：现在我生活在一座城市，但是我想念农村的家乡。in the countryside为固定短语，意为“在乡下，在农村”。故填定冠词the。] 2．________more learned a man is, ________ more modest he usually becomes.答案 The;the [句意：一个人越博学，他通常会变得越谦逊。根据句子结构来判断，此句使用了“The＋形容词/副词比较级…，the＋形容词/副词比较级…”结构，意思是“越……，越……”。] 3．Jane's grandmother had wanted to write ________ children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in ________ way.答案 a;the [句意：多年来，简的祖母一直想写一本儿童读物，但由于种种原因耽
搁下来了。第一空，book是可数名词，此处表泛指，用不定冠词a；第二空，in the way是固定词组，意为“挡路，妨碍”。故填a;the。] 4．Starting your own business could be a way to achieve financial independence.On ________ other hand, it could just put you in debt.答案 the [句意：自己创业可能是使你获得经济独立的一种方式。另一方面，它也可能让你欠债。on the other hand为固定短语，意为“另一方面”，故填定冠词the。] 5．We'll reach the sales targets in a month which we set at ________ beginning of the year.答案 the [句意：我们将在一个月内实现我们年初制订的销售目标。at the beginning of为固定短语，意为“在……之初”，故填定冠词the。] 6．I thought I'd better have ________ word with you about the task to be done.答案 a [句意：我想我最好跟你谈一下关于这项要做的任务。have a word with sb.“和某人谈一谈”为固定搭配。] 7．With the development of society, our country is badly in need of those with ________ better command of computer skills.答案 a [句意：随着社会的发展，我们国家非常需要那些可以进行电脑操作的人才。with a command of...为惯用搭配，意为“掌握……”，故填不定冠词a。] 8．We slept in a tent and took ________ long walk every day.答案 a [句意：我们睡在帐篷里，每天步行很长的路。take a walk为固定搭配，意为“散步；走路”。] 9．The tour will provide ________ unique opportunity to stay with a British family for a week in ________ hope that you will better understand the life there.答案 a；the [句意：这次旅游会提供给你一个和英国家庭生活一周的独特机会，希望你对那里的生活有一个更好的了解。“机会”强调的是一次，所以填不定冠词a；in the hope that为固定用法，意为“怀着……的希望”。] 10．If you don't have ________ good knowledge of English, it's out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.答案 a [句意：如果你对英语的掌握不够好，你就不可能灵活、流利地使用它。have a good knowledge of是固定短语，意为“精通；掌握”。] B．单句改错
1．I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning.________________________________________________________ 答案 hurry前加a [in a hurry是固定短语，意为“匆忙”。] 2．The next morning Jason went to the office for his papers as an usual.________________________________________________________ 答案 把an去掉 [as usual为固定短语，意为“像通常一样”。] 3．Now, years later, this river is one of most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.________________________________________________________
答案 most前加the [根据one of知后面是形容词的最高级，因此most前加定冠词the。] 4．In the fact, hunters would stop and take pictures, because they had never seen anything like her.________________________________________________________ 答案 把the去掉 [In fact为固定短语，意为“事实上，实际上”。] 5.At an end of the day, she returned to take me back to my accommodation.________________________________________________________ 答案 an→the [at the end of为固定短语，意为“在……结尾，在……末端”。] 6．I tried to appear at the ease when the foreign guest greeted me by kissing me on the cheek.________________________________________________________ 答案 去掉第一个the [at ease“自由自在，无拘无束”，固定搭配。] 7．The driver was at loss when word came that he was forbidden to drive because of speeding.________________________________________________________ 答案 在loss前加a [at a loss是固定短语，意为“不知所措”。] 8．—Many people don't think much of the movie.—I think differently.In the way, it is a good film.And the photographed scenes are very beautiful.________________________________________________________ 答案 第二个the→a [句意：——很多人认为这部电影不好。——我不那么认为。在某种程度上，这是一部很不错的电影。拍摄的场景非常美。in a way为固定短语，“在某种程度上”。] 9．I signed it “some thankful students” and slipped it into the envelope.________________________________________________________ 答案 the→an [根据句意表示把信装进“一个”信封，故用不定冠词，且envelope的始发音为元音，故改为an。] 10．—As a child, my father often spent all Sundays relaxing outdoors, even playing for hours at time.—That's my father's story, too.________________________________________________________ 答案 time前加a [at a time为固定短语，意为“一次”。]
考点三 冠词的活用
基础点
不定冠词的活用
(1)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，可以具体化的抽象名词有shame，surprise, pleasure, honour, success, help, beauty, failure等。
It's a_pleasure for me to work with you.和你一起工作我非常高兴。
She was a famous beauty in her youth.她年轻时是个有名的美人。
(2)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般加定冠词the，但如果名词前有修饰语，可用不定冠词。
the world, a peaceful world;the moon, a bright moon。世界，一个和平的世界；月亮，一轮明亮的月亮。
(3)表示一日三餐的名词和专有名词前如果有形容词修饰，也可用不定冠词。I had a wonderful supper yesterday.昨晚我吃了一顿美味佳肴。
(4)“a most＋形容词”表示“很……”，most在此不表示最高级含义，为“很，非常”的意思，相当于very，而“the＋ most＋多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式，表示“最……”。
This is a most interesting film.这是一部非常有趣的电影。
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最有趣的一部电影。
(5)不定冠词用在表示地名的专有名词前，表示“一个……的地方”。She is now a different China from what she was twenty years ago.现在的中国是一个与二十年前不同的国家了。
(6)knowledge, collection, understanding等名词后加of...时其前常用不定冠词a/an。
Her new book is a collection of short stories.她的新书是一部短篇小说集。He has a good knowledge of French.他精通法语。
重难点
序数词前冠词的活用
“the＋序数词”表顺序，而“a/an＋序数词”表“又一，再一”；序数词修饰动词时，．．．．．．已成为副词，因此不必与冠词连用。如： ．．Can you give me a_second chance, please?(＝another chance)请再给我一次机会好吗？
He was only 5 years old when I first saw him.(adv.)当我第一次见到他时，他只有5岁。
[考法综述] 不定冠词的活用，尤其是序数词前加不定冠词，冠词的活用在语篇
型语法填空和短文改错中常会涉及，近五年考查了10次，仍是高考考查的难点。
命题法 考查冠词的活用
典例1 Being able to afford ________ drink would be ________ comfort in those tough times.[答案] a;a 句意：在那艰苦的岁月里能够买得起一杯饮料将会是一种安慰。drink在此表示泛指“一杯饮料”；comfort作“安慰”讲为不可数名词，但在此是抽象名词具体化指“一件令人安慰的事”，故都用a。
典例2 He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get the second chance in the long jump.________________________________________________________ [答案] 将第三个the→a 此处应该表示“又一次机会”，故用a。
【解题法】 分析名词特点，注意冠词活用
在英语中，我们要注意冠词的一些灵活用法。常用的一些抽象名词如success, failure, pity, surprise, pleasure等，当表示“具体的人或者事”时，这些抽象名词具体化了，可转化为可数名词。
A．单句填空
1．—You are really crazy about music!—Sort of.I always find in music ________ peace which is missing in ________ world full of challenges.答案 the;a [句意：——你对音乐真痴狂！——有点吧。我总能在音乐中找到宁静，而这种宁静在一个充满了挑战的世界中是不存在的。peace后有定语从句修饰，表特指，加不定冠词；第二空是泛指，意为“一个……的世界”，故用a。] 2．—Guess what? Tom has failed in the exam ________ second time.—How come? He is second to none in English in our class.答案 a [句意：——你猜怎么着？汤姆考试又没通过。
——怎么会呢？他的英语在我们班名列前茅。此处表示“又一次，再一次”，故用不定冠词a。] 3．When you finish reading the novel, you will have ________ better understanding of society.答案 a [句意：当你读完这本小说后，你就会更好地了解社会。根据句意可知，此处表示读前与读后的比较，比较级前用不定冠词表示“更……的”。故填不定冠词a。] 4．It was by reading it ________ third time that Sammy got a thorough understanding of passage E.答案 a [句意：萨米又读了一遍才对E篇文章有了彻底的了解。根据句意可知，此处不表顺序，仅表“又一，再一”。故填不定冠词a。] B．单句改错
1．Although the experiment turned out to be failure, we decided to try a second
time.________________________________________________________ 答案 failure前加a [failure当“失败”讲为不可数名词，在此处表示“一件失败的事”，为可数名词，故用a。] 2．—What do you think of the grammar book? —Oh, it really is a useful reference book, which is worth reading the second time.________________________________________________________ 答案 第二个the→a [second此处不表示次序，而表示“又一，再一”，故用a。] 3．When you finish reading the novel, you will have better understanding of society.________________________________________________________ 答案 在better前加a [understanding为抽象名词，后面有of时前用不定冠词a/an。] 4．“The match between two teams is great，” said Jim, “and I hope to see the second.”
________________________________________________________ 答案 第二个the→a [此处表示“又一，再一”，故用a。]
易错题一：忽视抽象名词或物质名词具体化
[例1] Anyone who achieves success in this field can be ________success.[错解] 不填
[错因分析] 有些考生误认为success只能为抽象名词，无单复数形式，因而做错本题。[答案] a [心得体会]
[例2] My parents approached the site, which was still wet from ________
heavy rain.[错解] the [错因分析] 在这道试题中，很多考生会误填the，认为rain为物质名词，前面不用冠词，即便使用冠词也应用the。
[答案] a [心得体会]
易错题二：表示独一无二的事物的名词前冠词的误用
[例] We can never expect ________ bluer sky unless we create ________ less polluted world.[错解] the;the [错因分析] 虽然sky和world是表示独一无二的事物的名词，但是一些考生忽略了它们的一些特殊用法，而误填the。
[答案] a;a [心得体会]
易错题三：专有名词前冠词的误用
[例] ________Shanghai of tomorrow is sure to create new splendor and spring up as another center of international economy.[错解] 不填
[错因分析] 很多考生看到这道题后认为Shanghai是一个表示地点的专有名词，按照一般语法规则，专有名词前不用冠词，因此他们会感到无所适从或者误填其他冠词。
[答案] The [心得体会]
易错题四：特殊情况下定冠词、不定冠词的误用
[例1] An apple fell from the tree and hit him on ________ head.[错解] his [错因分析] 在解此题时，考生较容易受汉语思维的干扰而误填his。[答案] the [心得体会]
[例2] As everybody knows, a plane is ________ machine that can fly.[错解] the [错因分析] 有些考生会想当然地认为machine为可数名词，且后面有定语从句修饰，所以误填定冠词the。
[答案] a [心得体会]
第五篇：高考英语一轮复习1名词性从句教学案
专题11 名词性从句
考纲展示 命题探究
考点一 主语从句
基础点
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通过放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
主语从句的连接词
在句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句。连接主语从句的连接词主要有三类：从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。
(1)从属连词
从属连词主要有两个that, whether；从属连词在从句中不作任何成分。That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.他要来参加会议使我们每一个人都十分激动。Whether you can succeed depends on yourself.你是否能成功取决于你自己。
特别提醒
if一般(不在句首)引导主语从句。that引导主语从句不能省略。(2)连接代词
连接代词在从句中起名词的作用，作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，一般表示疑问。who谁，whom谁(宾格)，whose谁的，what什么，which哪一个，whoever无论是谁，whomever无论是谁(宾格)，whosever无论是谁的，whatever无论是什么，whichever无论是哪一个。
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么还不清楚。
Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.你们当中第一个到达这里的人将获得这个奖品。
特别提醒
主语为从句时，谓语动词一般要用单数形式；但如果what引导的从句作主语、代表复数概念时，谓语动词则常用复数形式。
What we need is water.我们所需要的是水。
What we need are useful books.我们所需要的是有用的书。(3)连接副词
连接副词在从句中起副词的作用，作状语，一般表示疑问，但有时不表示疑问。when什么时候，where在哪里，why为什么，how如何，whenever无论是什么时候，wherever无论在哪里，however无论如何。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行还没有宣布。
Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.它们为什么突然消失还是个谜。
重难点
it作形式主语的主语从句
(1)It＋be＋adj.＋主语从句。常用于该句型的adj.有： necessary必要的 likely可能的 clear清楚的 important重要的 possible可能的 right正确的 wrong错误的 strange奇怪的 natural自然的 certain肯定的 obvious明显的
It_is_quite_clear_that the whole project is to fail.很清楚，整个项目就要失败。
典例1 It is by no means clear ________the president can do to end the strike.[答案] what 句意：总统可以采取什么措施来结束罢工一点儿都不清楚。此句中it是形式主语，代替后面的真正的主语从句，故设空处应填能够引导主语从句的连接词，由于从句中及物动词do后缺少宾语，故应使用连接代词what。
(2)It＋be＋名词/名词词组＋主语从句。常用于该句型的名词或名词词组有： shame遗憾
pity可惜
hope希望 no wonder难怪 good news好消息
It_is_a_shame_that we should have lost such an important customer.真遗憾我们失去了一位如此重要的客户。
It_is_our_hope_that the two sides will work together.我们的希望是双方能够合作。
(3)It＋be＋过去分词＋主语从句。常用于该句型的过去分词有：
said据说
believed被相信
reported据报道 thought被认为 known所知
It_is_said_that our school will hold a sports meet next week.据说我们学校下周要举行运动会。
It_has_been_decided_that they should start the project next month.他们要在下个月开始这项工程已经定下来了。
(4)It＋特殊动词/动词短语＋主语从句。常用于这种结构的特殊动词/动词短语有： seem看上去
appear显得
happen碰巧 matter重要 turn out结果是
It_happened_that a lion was hiding nearby.刚好有一头狮子躲在旁边。
Does it_matter_that I won't attend the meeting tomorrow? 明天我不去参加会议要紧吗？
典例2 It doesn't matter ________you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.[答案] whether 句意：在十字路口无论你向左转还是右转都没关系——两条路都通往公园。It是形式主语，设
空处应填入引导主语从句的连接词，从句后半部分的连词or提示本题为whether...or...结构，表示“是……还是……”。
典例3 It's no longer a question now ________man can land on the moon.[答案] that 句意：现在人类登上月球不再是问题。考查名词性从句，it为形式主语，后面的从句是真正的主语。由于引导词在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，故用that。
[考法综述] 了解名词性从句的基本用法，掌握各引导词的用法，辨析that与what，掌握it作形式主语的常见结构。
命题法 考查主语从句的引导词
典例1 ________we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.[答案] How 句意：我们如何理解事物与我们的感受有很大关系。分析句子结构可知，________we understand things 在句中作主语，是主语从句，根据句意可知，此处应用连接副词how。
典例2 What Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won't accept it.________________________________________________________ [答案] What→Where 依据语境可知，此处指有些人对大诗人李白的出生地存在质疑，分析句子结构可知，What Li Bai，...was born在句中作主语且其中只缺状语，因此改为Where，引导主语从句。what引导名词性从句要在从句中作主、宾或表语。
【解题法】(1)掌握各引导词在意义和功能上的差别。
(2)在语篇型语法填空中，考查名词性从句的引导词是不给提示词的，考生要分析句子结构，找出主语部分，分析引导词在从句中所作成分和表达的意义。
(3)在短文改错中，考查引导词的错用，掌握相似引导词的差别，如what和that等。从引导词在从句中所作成分和意义入手。
A．单句填空
1．Exactly________the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.答案 when [句意：马铃薯具体是在什么时候被引入欧洲的并不确定，但有可能是在1565年左右。由句意可知，后一分句是来补充说明前一分句中的不确定的内容的，根据“around 1565”可知是对时间进行提问，因此用when引导前面的主语从句。] 2．I think________impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.答案 what [句意：我认为他的画给我印象最深的是他对色彩的运用。what引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，表示“……的”。] 3．Some people believe________has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.答案 what/whatever [句意：一些人认为，不管是以前发生的还是现在发生的事情都会在将来重现。此处“________has happened before or is happening now”是主语从句，且从句中缺少主语，故填what/whatever。] 4．________the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.答案 When [句意：延误的飞机何时起飞很大程度上取决于天气状况。根据句意填连接副词When。] 5．________makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.答案 What [句意：使这本书非同寻常的是这位作家创造性的想象力。What在此处引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。] 6．________you are on good terms with your classmates will affect your mood.答案 Whether [句意：你与同学相处得是否融洽会影响你的情绪。此处为主语从句，if表示“是否”且于句首时不引导主语从句。根据句意可知应用Whether。] 7．It suddenly occurred to me ________I hadn't locked my door.答案 that [句意：我突然想起我没锁门。it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。It occurs to sb.that意为“某人突然想起……”。] 8．As the spokeswoman said，________we should take action against them depends on what they will do.答案 whether [句意：正如女发言人所说的那样，我们是否应该针对他们采取行动取
决于他们将会怎么做。本空需要用连接词引导主语从句，表示“是否”，因此用whether引导。] 9．—What made her so happy? —________her son passed the college entrance examination.答案 That [句意：——是什么使她这么快乐？——她儿子通过高考了。答语为that引导的主语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用。] 10．________will matter is not how many books you read, but how much you learn when you finish reading them.答案 What [句意：重要的不是你读了多少书，而是你读完书后学到了多少。从句子结构看，is前面是一个主语从句，从句中缺少主语，应用What。] B．单句改错
1．That you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.________________________________________________________ 答案 That→What [句意：你在会上所说的话描述了公司的光明前途。分析句子结构可知，引导主语从句，且在从句中作宾语，故用What, That引导主语从句，在从句中不作成分。] 2．It remains to be seen that the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→whether [句意：这个新成立的委员会的政策能否实施还有待观察。分析句子结构可知，It 作形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的从句“that the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice”；再根据句意可判断，此处表示“是否”，故改为whether, that无意义。] 3．It struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.________________________________________________________ 答案 It→What [句意：这部电影最打动我的是父亲对他儿子深深的爱。“It struck me most in the movie”为主语从句，从句中缺少主语，表示“所……的”，故用What，It不引导从句。] 4．Which one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.________________________________________________________ 答案 Which→Whichever [句意：你们中任何一个人打破窗户都必须赔偿。根据题干中one of you可知，空处要用whichever修饰one, 指“你们中的任何一个人”。which指哪一个，表达疑问，故改为whichever。] 5．It doesn't matter how many times you fail;that matters is how many times you stand up and try again.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意：你失败多少次都不要紧；要紧的是你有多少次站起来并再次尝试。分析句子成分可知，“that matters”是主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指物，故用what引导。that不作成分。]
6．We have learned from the story that which is most valuable is not what we have in our lives but who we have in our lives.________________________________________________________ 答案 which→what [“which is most valuable”是主语从句，在宾语从句中作主语，根据语境可知，该主语从句缺少主语且表示事物，故用what。which指某一范围中的哪个或哪些。] 7．It was never clear that the man hadn't reported the accident sooner.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→why [句意：不清楚这个人为什么不早一点报告那起事故。此处需要连接副词引导主语从句并在从句中作原因状语，why表示“为什么……”。故把that改为why。] 8．—The manager finally agreed to our new marketing proposals.—It never occurred to me what you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [答句表示“我根本就没想到你能说服他改变自己的看法”，句中It作形式主语，这里应该用that引导主语从句，连接词在从句中不作任何成份，也无意义。故把what改为that。]
考点二 宾语从句
基础点
在句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句(Object Clause)。宾语从句可分为三类：动词后的宾语从句、介词后的宾语从句、形容词后的宾语从句。宾语从句的连接词
I think(that)you should turn to the teacher for help.我认为你应该向老师求助。I wonder whether/if it is true.我想知道它是否是真的。
I wonder what I can do for you.我不知道能为你做些什么。
He didn't tell me when we would meet again.他没告诉我什么时候我们再相见。
Could you please show me how you operate the machine? 你能给我展示一下如何操作这台机器吗？
I don't know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该信任谁。
典例1 Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ________he could have expressed it differently.[答案] that 句意：杰瑞不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方式来表达的。从句that he could have expressed it differently作felt的宾语，连接词that在从句中不作成分。故填that。
特别提醒
that引导宾语从句时，常被省去，但下列情况下不能省略：①当that从句作介词的宾语时；②动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略；③宾语从句前有插入语时；④that引导的从句位于句首时。
I know nothing about him except that he is from the countryside.除了他来自乡下以外，我对他一无所知。
He said(that)he liked rain very much and that he wouldn't use an umbrella when it was raining.他说他非常喜欢雨，下雨天他都不愿打伞。
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们待在家里。That our team will win, I believe.我相信我们队会赢。
一般来说，能引导主语从句的连接词都能引导宾语从句。
表疑问的宾语从句需要运用陈述句语序，但个别宾语从句本应运用陈述语序，但由于习惯而仍保持原疑问语序不变。
I don't know what is the matter with the machine.我不知道这台机器怎么了。2 动词后接宾语从句的用法
(1)大多数及物动词及动词短语后可接宾语从句。
We should keep in mind that there is no short cut to learning.我们应当牢记，学习是没有捷径的。(2)用it作形式宾语的宾语从句。
一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有：
find发现
feel感觉
think认为 consider考虑 believe相信 guess猜测 suppose假定，设想 make使得
I think it necessary that we drink plenty of boiled water every day.我认为我们每天喝大量开水是有必要的。
The teacher made it a rule that all the cleaning should be finished before 7：30 every morning.老师规定每天早晨7：30之前所有的清扫工作必须结束。
(3)动词hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜欢”，“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to, depend on, rely on等常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。
I hate it_when they talk with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。
I would appreciate it_if you can help me.如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。
典例2 You can always rely on________Jack says, as he never tells a lie.[答案] what 句意：你完全可以相信杰克的话，因为他从不说谎。what引导宾语从句作rely on的宾语，what在从句中作says的宾语。介词后接宾语从句的用法
(1)一般情况下介词后只能接wh类连接词引导的宾语从句。He'll talk to us about what he saw in the USA.他将给我们讲述他在美国的见闻。
典例3 When she was awake, she found that she was standing on________seemed to be a piece of stone.[答案] what 句意：当她醒来时，她发现自己好像正站在一块石头上。stand on后接宾语从句，宾语从句缺少引导词和主语，what在宾语从句中作主语，that引导的从句一般不作介词宾语。故填what。
(2)in, but, except 等少数几个介词后可接由that引导的宾语从句，但此时介词和that已形成固定搭配，即in that因为，but that要不是，except that除了。
The high income tax is harmful in_that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.所得税很高是有害的，因为它可能使人不愿意多赚钱。He would have failed but_that you helped him.若不是你帮助他，他会失败的。(but that意为“若不是，要不是”)4 形容词后接宾语从句的用法
(1)表示情感的形容词后可接宾语从句，如：afraid, certain, glad, pleased, sure, surprised, sorry, happy, confident, anxious, aware, convinced, determined, proud, worried, thankful, ashamed, annoyed, disappointed, hurt, content等。
I'm very pleased that all of your family will come.我很高兴你们全家都会来。
I'm sure that they'll make it in spite of the terrible weather.我确信尽管天气很不好，但他们会准时到达的。
(2)sure后宾语从句的连接词that, whether, if的选择。
当be sure用于肯定句时，其后的宾语从句的连接词常用that；当be sure用于否定
句时，其后的宾语从句的连接词常用whether或if。
Are you sure that I won't bother you if I sit beside you? 你确定我坐在你旁边不会打扰你吗？
I am not sure whether I should write to him or not.我不确定要不要给他写信。
重难点 宾语从句的时态
(1)主句的谓语动词如果是一般现在时或一般将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。
He says that he studies at school from Monday to Friday.他说他从周一至周五都在学校学习。
He will tell us what happened to him during our absence.他会告诉我们我们不在的期间他出了什么事的。
(2)主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时，从句的谓语动词要用相应的过去时态。The boy said that there were no classes on Sunday afternoon.那个男孩说周日下午没有课。
My Chinese teacher asked me if I was reading the book Red and Black when he came in.我的语文老师问我他进来时我是否在读《红与黑》这本书。
(3)如果从句表示客观事实或真理，不管主句的谓语动词是何种时态，从句都要用一般现在时。
As a child, I was told that the moon has no light of its own.I didn't believe it.孩提时，人们告诉我月亮自身不会发光，我不相信。
特别提醒
学习宾语从句的时态的有关知识时要注意：若主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，从句的谓语动词须根据需要选用相应的时态；若主句的谓语动词用一般过去时，则从句的谓语动词也应用过去的某种时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时)；若从句的内容为客观事实、格言、谚语、真理等，从句的谓语动词的时态不受动词时态一致性原则的限制，仍然用一般现在时；若从句的内容为历史事实，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。宾语从句的否定转移
(1)主句主语是第一人称，谓语动词think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess等后面的宾语从句中的否定词要转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定形式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定形式。
I don't_think I can remember the 100 words within two hours.我想我不能在两小时内记住这100个单词。I don't_suppose that he likes it.我想他不喜欢它。
(2)含有否定转移的句子变反意疑问句时有两种情况：若主句主语是第一人称，简短问
句的主语和谓语应分别与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致；若主句主语不是第一人称，简短问句的主语和谓语应分别与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。
I don't_think(that)he is interested in that thing, is he? 我认为他对那件事不感兴趣，是吗？
You don't_imagine he passed the exam, do you? 你认为他没有通过这次考试，是吗？
“I don't think/believe/suppose/expect so.”是常见的表达，但是没有“I don't hope/guess so.”，正确的表达应为“I hope/guess not.”。
[考法综述] 考查宾语从句主要集中在对引导宾语从句的各引导词的考查上，以及it作形式宾语的宾语从句的考查。
命题法 考查宾语从句的引导词
典例1 I truly believe ________beauty comes from within.[答案] that 句意：我真的相信美是发自内心的。分析句子结构可知，________beauty comes from within在句中作believe的宾语，是宾语从句，不缺少句子成分，故填that。
典例2 As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly what thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.________________________________________________________ [答案] what→how 根据语境和形容词thick可知应用how引导宾语从句，表示程度。此处表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墙需要“多”厚。故把what改为how。
【解题法】(1)分析句子结构，找出主句谓语，判断从句类别。掌握各引导词在意义、功能上的差别。
(2)在语篇型语法填空中，要分析设空处在从句中的成分和意义，结合整个主句的结构和意义，从而找到合适的引导词。
(3)在短文改错中，先分析主句结构，再分析从句的类别，熟记各引导词的特点，找出使用错误的引导词，并改正。
A．单句填空
1．The exhibition tells us ________we should do something to stop air pollution.答案 why [句意：该展览告诉我们为什么我们要采取措施阻止空气污染。根据句意以及句子结构可知，空格处用why引导宾语从句。] 2．—I wonder ________Mary has kept her figure after all these years.—By working out every day.答案 how [根据答语“By working out every day”可知，空格处用how 来引导宾语从句，表示方式。] 3．Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for________ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.答案 what [句意：读着她的自传，我对Doris Lessing 在文学上已经取得的成就赞叹不已。根据句子结构来判断，for后接一个宾语从句，而从句中缺少宾语，所以要用what。] 4．We must find out________Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.答案 when [句意：我们一定要搞清楚Karl什么时候来，以便我们给他订房间。由句意可知，要给Karl订房间，那么就要清楚他来这里的时间，故填when。] 5．Susan made it clear to me ________ she wished to make a new life for herself.答案 that [句意：苏珊清楚地向我表明，她希望自己开始一种新的生活。it为形式宾语，设空处引导的宾语从句为真正的宾语。从句结构和句意完整，故用that。] 6．After a long journey, those young men finally reached ________they called the paradise.答案 what [句意：长途跋涉后，这些年轻人最终到达了他们称之为天堂的地方。“________they called the paradise”是宾语从句，作reach的宾语，在从句中call缺宾语，故用what引导宾语从句同时作从句中call的宾语。] 7．The 3G cellphone must be of great use and convenience to________wants to get the information through the Internet quickly.答案 whoever [句意：3G手机对于那些想要快速浏览网络获取信息的人来说一定是非常方便实用的。whoever引导宾语从句作介词to的宾语，且whoever在从句中作主语，相当于anyone who。] 8．John seemed puzzled about________the question meant.答案 what [句意：John 对这个问题意味着什么感到很迷惑。根据句子的结构判断，about后接的是一个宾语从句，而从句中meant缺少宾语，所以填what。] 9．Mom often phones me, asking________I am getting along with my studies.答案 how [句意：母亲常给我打电话，问我学习进展如何。此处asking 后为宾语从句，根据句意可知，应填how。] 10．Are you sure________Mr Li will come to your birthday party? 答案 that [句意：你确定李先生要来参加你的生日晚会吗？空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中不作成分，故用that引导。] B．单句改错
1．It is difficult for us to imagine that life was like for slaves in the ancient world.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意：对我们来说很难想象在古代奴隶的生活是什么样子的。What...be like为固定形式，表示“……是什么样子”。what引导的宾语从句作imagine的宾语，同时what在宾语从句中作介词like的宾语。] 2．Pick yourself up.Courage is doing that you're afraid to do.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意：振作起来。勇气就是做你害怕要去做的。分析句子结构可知，doing后为宾语从句，从句中缺少宾语，故用what。that在名词性从句中不作成分。] 3．Police have found where appears to be the lost ancient statue.________________________________________________________ 答案 where→what [句意：警察已经找到了与丢失的古代的雕像类似的东西。分析句子结构可知，用what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语。where是副词，不作主语。] 4．Experts believe why people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→that [句意：专家们相信，人们只有在必要时才去购物就能减少食物浪费。根据句意和结构可知，believe后面要求接宾语从句，而且从句中不缺句子成分，也无意义，所以用that。] 5．Some people care much about their appearance and always ask if they look fine in which they are wearing.________________________________________________________
答案 which→what [句意：有些人太过在意自己的外表，总是问(别人)自己穿在身上的衣服看起来是否不错。分析句子结构，再结合句意“他们所穿的衣服”应使用连词what引导这一宾语从句，what在从句中作wear的宾语，指代人穿的衣服。which在引导名词从句时意为“哪一个”，不合题意，故把which改为what。] 6．Only when you go to New York City in person will you realize what diverse the American culture is.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→how [句意：只有当你亲自来到纽约时，你才会意识到美国文化是多么不同。根据how＋adj./adv.＋主语＋其他部分可知，应用how。故把what改为how。] 7．The bride and groom gave who attended their wedding some gifts to share their happiness.________________________________________________________ 答案 who→whoever [句意：新郎和新娘给任何一个参加他们婚礼的人发礼物以分享他们的幸福。分析句子成分可知，“who attended their wedding”是宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，故用whoever，意为“无论谁”，而who意为“谁”，表疑问。] 8．—Dad, I want to go out for dinner with my friends tonight.—Keep in mind when you have to be home by 9：00.________________________________________________________ 答案 when→that [句意：——爸爸，今晚我想和朋友们一起出去吃饭。——记住你9点前必须回家。keep in mind that...是习惯用语，意为“记住……”，其中that引导的从句作keep的宾语。故把when改为that。] 9．This still leaves the question of that local public services should be improved in the next five years.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→how [句意：未来五年地方公共服务应该如何改进的问题仍然遗留下来。应用how引导的从句作介词of的宾语，且how在从句中作方式状语。how意为“如何”，that无意义。故把that改为how。] 10．He seems too tired today, and I wonder that he got a good sleep last night.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→if/whether [句意：他今天似乎太累了，我想知道他昨天晚上是否睡得好。宾语从句表示是否，动词后可用if或whether, that无意义，故把that改为if/whether。]
考点三 表语从句和同位语从句
基础点
一、表语从句
在句子中作表语的从句称为表语从句(Predicative Clause)。引导表语从句的连接词主要有：从属连词that, whether;连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等；连接副词when, where, why, how等。此外，表语从句还可用because和as if/as though等连接词引导。表语从句的连接词
从属连词在句中只起连接作用，不作成分；连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；连接副词在从句中作状语。
从属连词：that，whether 连接代词：what，who，whose，which，whatever，whoever，whosever，whichever等
连接副词：how，when，where，why等
The question is whether you can afford it.问题是你是否买得起。
Our plan is that we'll go there once a week.我们的计划是一周去那里一次。That's what he said.那就是他说的话。
Your big opportunity is right where you are now.好机会就在你眼前。
特别提醒
if不引导表语从句；that引导表语从句一般不省略。
典例1 —When choosing furniture, you only focus on function while I think more about the design.—That's ________we differ.[答案] where 句意：——在选择家具时，你只注重功能而我更注重设计。——那正是我们不同的地方。考查表语从句。where在从句中作状语。as if/as though引导的表语从句
此类表语从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气，常跟在一些连系动词后面，如： seem似乎
look看起来
taste尝起来 sound听起来 feel摸起来 appear好像
It seemed as_though it had happened yesterday.那件事好像昨天发生的一样。
It looks as_if it is going to rain.看起来天要下雨了。
特别提醒
as if/as though意为“好像，仿佛”，其引导的表语从句常位于系动词(如seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel, smell等)之后。若表语从句所述的是非真实的情况，从句用虚拟语气；若从句所述的是事实或是极有可能发生的情况，从句用陈述语气。考生要仔细体会其中的语境差别。
I felt as_if we had_known each other for years.我感觉好像我们已经认识多年了。
She looks as_if she has_been_working hard for a long time.她看起来好像努力工作了很长时间。3 because, why也可引导表语从句
because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause。常用于以下句型： This/That is why...这/那是……的原因 This/That is because...这/那是因为……
This is why we missed the early bus.这就是我们错过了早班车的原因。That's because he is ill.那是因为他生病了。
特别提醒
当主句的主语是reason时，表语从句一般用that引导，不能用why或because，这种用法常见于以下句型：
The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
The reason why he came late was that he got up late.他来晚了是因为起床晚了。
二、同位语从句 在句中作同位语的从句，称作同位语从句。同位语从句常位于下列名词之后，如： advice建议
demand要求
doubt怀疑 fact事实 hope希望 idea主意
information信息 message消息 news消息 whisper低语 order命令 problem问题 promise诺言 question问题 request请求 suggestion建议 truth事实 wish愿望 word消息 conclusion结论 thought想法
The_news_that we won the game was exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
The_suggestion_that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。
I have no_idea_when they will be back and settle down.我不知道他们什么时候回来定居。2 同位语从句的引导词
(1)常用的引导词有：that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。if一般不引导同位语从句
在同位语从句中that, whether不作成分，whether表示“是否”，其他连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不省略。
The_fact_that some countries are still suffering from poverty is really a great problem to the world.有一些国家仍然贫穷对整个世界来说是一个大问题。
The_question_why so many people would choose to live in the countryside is still under discussion.为什么如此之多的人愿意到乡下去居住仍然在讨论中。
典例2 I made a promise to myself________this year, my first year in high school, would be different.[答案] that 句意：我向自己保证：今年——我高中的第一年——将会是不同寻常的一年。分析句意可知，空格处引导的是同位语从句，解释说明promise的内容，并且此从句结构和意义完整，故用that引导。
(2)what也可引导同位语从句
I gave the girl a big doll, exactly what she longed to have.我给了这个女孩一个大洋娃娃，那正是她渴望拥有的东西。(3)分隔式同位语从句
有时同位语从句的谓语较短，而从句内容较长，这时为避免“头重脚轻”，常常将谓语部分提到从句前面，形成分隔式同位语从句。
My_wish will come true one day that I should buy a big house for my parents.我要给父母买一间大房子的愿望终有一天会实现的。
典例3 The notice came around two in the afternoon________the meeting would be postponed.[答案] that 句意：下午两点左右，有人通知说会议要推迟了。分析句子结构可知，“________the meeting would be postponed”是同位语从句，该从句解释说明notice的具体内容，从句不缺少成分，所以用that引导。此处谓语较短，从句较长，为避免“头重脚轻”而将从句放在了谓语部分之后，形成了分隔式同位语从句。故填that。
重难点 后边不能直接跟that从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。
(√)I admire their winning the match.我羡慕他们赢了比赛。
(×)I admire that they won the match.2 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句”结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。
(√)He impressed the manager as an honest man.他给经理的印象是个诚实人。
(×)He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.3 wh与whever引导名词性从句的区别
连接词what, which, who分别表示“……的东西或事情”、“哪一个”、“谁”，表示疑问含义；而whatever, whichever, whoever分别相当于anything that, any...that, anyone who意为“无论……”，强调一切情况。试比较：
What you choose to wear should be clean.你选择穿的衣服应该是干净的。
Whatever you choose to wear should be clean.无论你选择穿什么，你的衣服应该是干净的。
特别提醒
如何判断是用wh还是用whever引导名词性从句？
做题时，我们要认真分析语境，看看句子要表达什么意思，如果表示任何一个人或事物，无范围可言，就用whever；如果有疑问的含义，且指的是具体的人或物，就用wh。whever和no matter wh的区别
whever既可以引导名词性从句，又可以引导让步状语从句，如：whatever, whichever, whoever等；而no matter wh只能引导让步状语从句，如：no matter what, no matter where, no matter who等。
I will give this dictionary to whoever can win the first prize in the English
contest.我将把这本字典赠给在英语比赛中获得一等奖的人。(宾语从句)Whoever/No_matter_who can win the first prize in the English contest, I will give this dictionary to him.不管谁在英语竞赛中获得一等奖，我都会把这本字典给他。(让步状语从句)
[考法综述](1)对表语从句的考查通常是以引导词的选择为主，所以正确分析表语从句的结构相当重要。先确定从句的结构和意义是否完整，如果完整就用that，且that不能省略；如果不完整，确定所缺成分，然后结合句意选定答案。弄清从句中的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的也很重要。如果从句中的谓语是不及物动词，那么后面的部分是状语，再根据缺少的意思来选定答案。
(2)解答考查同位语从句的题目时，一定先要找出从句解释说明的那个名词，然后根据从句的意思和从句的结构判断从句所缺的引导词：
①从句意思和成分都完整就用that引导，此时要注意that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别。
②从句成分完整，但意思不完整，就用whether(是否)，切记此时不能用if代替whether。③从句缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，则应用连接代词。根据句子所要表达的意思进一步选择用哪一个连接代词。
④从句缺少地点状语、时间状语、方式状语或原因状语时，则分别用连接副词where, when, how, why。
命题法1 考查表语从句
典例1 A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not ________ ships are built for.[答案] what 句意：船泊港湾固然安全，可那不是造船的初衷。but连接的并列句中that's后应为表语从句，________ ships are built for表示为什么目的而造船，what for结构与句子意思相符。
典例2 As John Lennon once said, life is that happens to you while you are busy making other plans.________________________________________________________ [答案] that→what 句意：正如约翰·列侬曾经所说，生活就是在你忙于制订其他计划的时候发生在你身上的事情。此处引导表语从句并在从句中充当主语，把that改为what。
【解题法】 表语从句的解题思路
(1)找出主句的动词、系动词之后，为表语从句分析从句意义和结构，利用各引导词的特点。
(2)在语篇型语法填空中，主要考查引导词。找出空前的系动词确定是表语从句，分析所填词在从句中的成分和意义。
(3)在短文改错中，主要考查引导词的错用、漏用和多余。掌握that与what的区别，以及who与whoever等词的区别。分析句子成分，结合句意。
命题法2 考查同位语从句
典例3 —Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday? —Yeah, but I have no idea ________ he did it;that's one of his favorite universities.[答案] why 句意：——迈克昨天真的拒绝了耶鲁大学的录取吗？——是的，可我不知道他为什么那么做；那是他最喜欢的大学之一。设空处引导同位语从句，用于解释说明idea的内容；从句中缺少状语，根据句意此处表示原因，故用why引导。
典例4 The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief what you are better than anyone else on the sports field.________________________________________________________ [答案] what→that [句意：成功达到最高水平的唯一办法是保持这样一种信念，即你比运动场上的任何一个人都好。分析句子结构可知。此处为同位语从句，而且从句结构和意义完整，所以用that。] 【解题法】 同位语从句的解题思路
(1)掌握常跟同位语从句的一些名词如suggestion, advice, hope等，了解同位语从句的功能。
(2)在语篇型语法填空中，主要是考查引导词。同位语从句的引导词that较多见，也会考到when, where等。分析主句结构，识别关键词，判断从句种类。
(3)在短文改错中，主要考查引导词的误用、漏用和多余。考生要根据主句结构挑出从句，如从句表示陈述意义，常用that引导，表疑问常用疑问词引导。
A．单句填空
1．The best moment for the football star was ________he scored the winning goal.答案 when [句意：对这个足球明星来说，进球得分的时刻是最好的时刻。when在表语从句中表时间。] 2．“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.”This is ________my mother used to tell me.答案 what [句意：“每次你吃甜东西，喝点绿茶。”这是过去妈妈经常对我说的话。分析结构可知，此处考查的是表语从句的引导词。从句缺少tell的直接宾语，用what引导。] 3．—What a mess!You are always so lazy!—I'm not to blame, mum.I am________you have made me.答案 what [句意：——真是一团糟！你总是这么懒惰！——妈妈，别怪我。我现在这样就是你造就的呀。分析成分可知，I am后是表语从句，引导词what在从句中作made me后的宾语补足语，相当于the one that，即I am the one that you have made me。类似例子还有：He is no longer what(＝the one that)he used to be。] 4．Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That's________I was born.” 答案 where [句意：奶奶指着那个医院说：“那就是我出生的地方。”此处考查的是名词性从句中的表语从句。] 5．Courage is a kind of quality ——and that's ________it takes to face the
challenges in life.答案 what [句意：勇气是一种好品质，那就是面对生活中挑战所需要的品质。that's 后为表语从句，而且引导词作从句中takes的宾语。故应填what。] 6．Faced with difficulties, you should believe your confidence is ________makes a difference.答案 what [句意：面对困难，你应该相信你的自信会起很大作用。make a difference意为“起作用，有影响”；本句中“________makes a difference”是表语从句，因为从句缺主语，故用what。] 7．Don't be sad.The most important thing is ________we must learn from our mistakes and move on.答案 that [句意：不要难过，最重要的是我们必须从错误中吸取教训，并继续前进。表语从句不缺任何成分，故填that。] 8．I'm afraid he is more of a talker than a doer, which is ________he never finishes anything.答案 why [句意：我觉得他说得多做得少，这就是他从来没有完成任何事情的原因。分析句子结构可知，此处which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容；在定语从句中，空处引导表语从句，再结合句意可知应填why。] 9．The message of Saving Private Ryan is ________humans want peace, not war.答案 that [句意：《拯救大兵瑞恩》传达的信息是人们想要和平而不是战争。此处为表语从句，从句不缺少成分，所以用that引导。] B．单句改错
1．From space, the earth looks blue.This is why about seventyone percent of its surface is covered by water.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→because [句意：从太空看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面大约有71%的区域被水覆盖。分析句子结构可知，此处为表语从句，表示原因，故用because。because后加原因，why后加结果。因此把why改为because。] 2．Evidence has been found through years of study why children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→that [句意：通过数年的研究，儿童早期睡眠问题长大后有可能继续的证据已经被找到了。分析句子结构可知，空格后面的部分是解释说明evidence的内容，是evidence的同位语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分，故把why改为that。] 3．Her only problem, if you can call it a problem, is what she expects to be successful all the time.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [句意：如果能称之为问题的话，她唯一的问题是她一直想成功。引导表语从句，从句中不缺少任何成分，故用that引导。] 4．The problem is what we can improve our reading skill in such a short time.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→how [句意：问题是我们如何在这么短的时间内提高我们的阅读技能。分析句子成分并结合句意可知，这里需要用连接副词how来引导表语从句。] 5．There is still some doubt that the system will work even though all the factors have been considered.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→whether [句意：即使所有的因素都考虑了，系统是否会运转仍有些疑问。whether引导同位语从句，作doubt的同位语，whether表示“是否”。] 6．People all over the world have a dream whether they will always live a peaceful life.________________________________________________________ 答案 whether→that [句意：全世界的人民都有一个梦想，即永远过着和平的生活。此处为同位语从句，解释名词dream的内容，因为从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，所以用that引导。] 7．The expert's argument what the increasing number of cars is the main cause of the rising PM 2.5 readings has got much support from the public.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [句意：这个专家的争论已经得到了来自公众的大力支持，争论围绕汽车数量的增加是PM2.5值上升的主要原因。此处为同位语从句，解释说明argument的内容，因从句不缺少成分，且句意完整，所以使用that引导。]
易错题一：名词性从句中连接词的误用
[例1] ________ surprised me most was to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the end of the room.[错解] It/That/Who [错因分析] 此处缺少主语，因此考生容易误用It, That, Who, Which等。[答案] What [心得体会]
[例2] I have no idea ________ he will come here or not this afternoon, for he is very busy at the present time.[错解] which/that/if [错因分析] 该题貌似定语从句，考生易误填which/that。此外，一些考生也许一看到后面的“or not”容易误填if。根据语意可知，idea后面接一个同位语从句，该从句是
对idea的解释说明，且由后面的“or not”可知应用whether。if不能引导同位语从句。
[答案] whether [心得体会]
易错题二：漏用关系词
[例] She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood ________ ________ he said meant.[错解] that;what [错因分析] 许多同学一看便判断出understood后为宾语从句，第一空误填that;第二个空认为said后缺宾语，填what。
[答案] what;what [心得体会]
易错题三：名词性从句中用it作形式主语或宾语
[例] ________has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to
protect you against serious illnesses in later life.[错解] What [错因分析] 考生误认为此空引导主语从句，缺少主语，误填What。[答案] It [心得体会]
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