第一篇：词语翻译
英语四级翻译新题型必备：中文成语翻译一
摘要：将中文成语翻译成英文，是不少同学苦恼的问题。2013年的英语四级翻译考题里，有不少中国传统文化内容，考生应事先了解掌握中文成语的翻译，有备无患。
下面是英语四级翻译新题型必备：中文成语翻译一，请考生先理解中文成语实际语义，再记忆该中文成语的英文翻译。
1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog.2.百闻不如一见(眼见为实)Seeing is believing.3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many;to fall short of the best.but be better than the worst.4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start.5.不眠之夜 white night
6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personal losses
7.不遗余力 spare no effort;go all out;do one's best
8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord.9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul
10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new;ring out the old year and ring in the new
11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all
12.大开眼界 open one's eyes;broaden one's horizon;be an eye-opener
13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace
14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough;beyond is as wrong as falling short;too much is as bad as too little
15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits.16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more
17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.18.和气生财 Harmony brings wealth.19.活到老学到老 One is never too old to learn.20.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones
21.金无足赤人无完人 Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.22.金玉满堂 Treasures fill the home.23.脚踏实地 be down-to-earth
24.脚踩两只船 sit on the fence
25.君子之交淡如水 the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal;a hedge between keeps friendship green
26.老生常谈陈词滥调 cut and dried, cliché
27.礼尚往来 Courtesy calls for reciprocity.28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧 Where there is life, there is hope.29.马到成功 achieve immediate victory;win instant success
30.名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth
英语四级翻译新题型必备：中文成语翻译二
摘要：2013年的英语四级翻译考题里，有不少中国传统文化内容，因此准备2014年英语四级考试的考生应事先了解掌握中文成语的翻译，有备无患。
下面是英语四级翻译新题型必备：中文成语翻译二，请考生先理解中文成语实际语义，再记忆该中文成语的英文翻译。
31.茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened
32.没有规矩不成方圆 Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards.33.每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away.It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.34.谋事在人成事在天 The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven.Man proposes, God disposes.35.弄巧成拙 be too smart by half;Cunning outwits itself
36.拿手好戏 masterpiece
37.赔了夫人又折兵 throw good money after bad
38.抛砖引玉 a modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions;throw a sprat to catch a whale
39.破釜沉舟 cut off all means of retreat;burn one‘s own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end
40.抢得先机 take the preemptive opportunities
41.巧妇难为无米之炊 If you have no hand you can't make a fist.One can't make bricks without straw.42.千里之行始于足下 a thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step
43.前事不忘后事之师 Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.44.前人栽树后人乘凉 One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests.One sows and another reaps.45.前怕狼后怕虎 fear the wolf in front and the tiger behind hesitate in doing something
46.强龙难压地头蛇 Even a dragon(from the outside)finds it hard to control a snake in its old haunt-Powerful outsiders can hardly afford to neglect local bullies.47.强强联手 win-win co-operation
48.瑞雪兆丰年 A timely snow promises a good harvest.49.人之初性本善 Man's nature at birth is good.50.人逢喜事精神爽 Joy puts heart into a man.51.人海战术 huge-crowd strategy
52.世上无难事只要肯攀登 Where there is a will, there is a way.53.世外桃源 a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world;
54.死而后已 until my heart stops beating
55.岁岁平安 Peace all year round.56.上有天堂下有苏杭 Just as there is paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth
57.塞翁失马焉知非福 Misfortune may be an actual blessing.58.三十而立 A man should be independent at the age of thirty.At thirty, a man should be able to think for himself.59.升级换代 updating and upgrading(of products)
60.四十不惑 Life begins at forty.英语四级翻译新题型必备：中文成语翻译三
摘要：将中文成语翻译成英文，是不少同学苦恼的问题。2013年的英语四级翻译考题里，有不少中国传统文化内容，因此，准备2014年英语四级考试的考生应事先了解掌握中文成语的翻译，有备无患。
下面是英语四级翻译新题型必备：中文成语翻译三，请考生先理解中文成语实际语义，再记忆该中文成语的英文翻译。
61.谁言寸草心报得三春晖 Such kindness of warm sun, can't be repaid by grass.62.水涨船高 When the river rises, the boat floats high.63.时不我待 Time and tide wait for no man.64.杀鸡用牛刀 break a butterfly on the wheel
65.事实就是 seek truth from facts;be practical and realistic;be true to facts
66.说曹操，曹操到 Talk od the devil and he comes
67.实话实说 speak the plain truth;call a spade a spade;tell it as it is
68.时间是检验真理的唯一标准 Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.69.山不在高，有仙则名 No matter how high the mountain is, its name will spread wide if there is a fairy;
70.韬光养晦 hide one's capacities and bide one's time
71.糖衣炮弹 sugar-coated bullets
72.天有不测风云 Anything unexpected may happen;a bolt from the blue
73.团结就是力量Unity is strength.74.“跳进黄河洗不清”'eve if one jumped into the Yellow River, one can not wash oneself clean--there's nothing one can do to clear one's name '
75.歪风邪气unhealthy practices and evil phenomena
76.物以类聚，人以群分Birds of a feather flock together.77.往事如风'The past has vanished(from memory)like wind.;What in past, is pas
78.望子成龙hold high hopes for one's child
79.屋漏又逢连阴雨Misfortunes never come singly.When it rains it pours.80.文韬武略military expertise;military strategy
81.唯利是图draw water to one's mill
82.无源之水,无本之木water without a source, and a tree without roots
83.无中生有make create something out of nothing
84.无风不起浪There are no waves without wind.There's no smoke without fire.85.徇私枉法bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends
86.新官上任三把火a new broom sweeps clean
87.虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.88.蓄势而发accumulate strength for a take-off
89.心想事成May all your wish come true
90.心照不宣have a tacit understanding;give tacit consent;tacit understanding
英语四级翻译新题型必备：中文成语翻译四
摘要：将中文成语翻译成英文，是不少同学苦恼的问题。2013年的英语四级翻译考题里，有不少中国传统文化内容，因此为2014年英语四级做准备的考生应事先了解掌握中文成语的翻译，有备无患。下面是英语四级翻译新题型必备：中文成语翻译四。
下面是英语四级翻译新题型必备：中文成语翻译四，请考生先理解中文成语实际语义，再记忆该中文成语的英文翻译。
91.先入为主 First impressions are firmly entrenched.92.先下手为强 catch the ball before the bound
93.像热锅上的蚂蚁 like an ant on a hot pan
94.现身说法 warn people by taking oneself as an example
95.息事宁人 pour oil on troubled waters
96.喜忧参半 mingled hope and fear
97.循序渐进 step by step
98.一路平安，一路顺风 wish you a safe/good trip/journey
99.严以律己，宽以待人 be strict with oneself and lenient towards others
100.有情人终成眷属 Jack shall have Jill, and shall be well.101.有钱能使鬼推磨Money makes the mare go.Money talks.102.有识之士people of vision
103.有勇无谋use brawn rather than brain
104.有缘千里来相会Separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination.105.与时俱进advance with times
106.以人为本people oriented;people foremost
107.因材施教teach students according to their aptitude
108.欲穷千里目，更上一层楼'to ascend another store to see a thousand miles further;Ascend further, were you to look farther;Would eye embrace a thousand miles? Go up, one flight.' a land of milk and honey
109.欲速则不达Haste does not bring success.110.优胜劣汰survival of the fittest
111.英雄所见略同Great minds think alike.112.冤家宜解不宜结Better make friends than make enemies.113.冤假错案'cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced;unjust, false or wrong cases'
114.一言既出，驷马难追A real man never goes back on his words.115.招财进宝Money and treasures will be plentiful
116.债台高筑become debt-ridden
117.众矢之的target of public criticism
118.知己知彼,百战不殆Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.119.纸上谈兵be an armchair strategist
120.纸包不住火Truth will come to light sooner or later.121.左右为难between the devil and the deep blue sea
第二篇：词语的翻译
词语的翻译
语义来自上下文他说: “她这个人真有意思。”她说：“他这人挺有意思。”于是有人传言：她和他有了意思，要他们赶快意思意思。他发火了，说：“你们这样瞎说是什么意思。”传言者有点不好意思，便解释说：“仅仅是开开玩笑而已，绝没有别的意思。”事后，有人说：“真有意思。”也有人说：“真没意思。”又如：
民间性经济文化关系、民间组织non-governmental民间传说 popular民间工艺 folk 在中国人心中 in the minds of 心甘情愿 be most willing to
心明眼亮be sharp-eyed and clear-minded心连心 heart linked to heart 心里话one’s innermost thoughts and feelings 祖国统一reunification 卫生局public health bureau卫生设备 sanitary equipment卫生标准 hygienic standard 卫生纸toilet paper卫生球 camphor ball 开门 open the door开车drive a car开会 hold a meeting 开灯turn on a light 开业start a business 开支票write a check开玩笑play a joke开夜车work late into the night 词语翻译的基本技巧：
移植法、增减法、词汇转类法、反译法、合译法和分译法等。1.移植法：在译文中直接借用原文词语。（名词的翻译）1.1直接移植：将原文中的词语原封不动地挪用过来，多应用于科技翻译和新闻媒体中。例 KTV;DISCO;IQ;EQ 1.2音译
用一种语言文字写出或读出另一种语言的词和词组的发音。音译适用以下范围： 几乎所有的人名。例如： Lincoln 林肯孙中山 Sun Yat-senShakespeare 莎士比亚
Bernard Shaw 肖伯纳毛泽东 Mao Zetung蒋介石 Chiang Kai-shek 大多数地名。例如：Australia 澳大利亚
New York 纽约Atlanta 亚特兰大 Miami 迈阿密
译入语原来没有的事物，包括科技新词、某些商标与文化词等。例如： Dink 丁克
Hippie 嬉皮士
Sauna 桑拿 Shock 休克
Logic
jeep
sofa
tank Pie biscuits 麻将mahjong
磕头 kowtow 功夫kungfu茅台Maotai阴阳 yin yang 衙门yamen 1.3 半音译半意译
*表示地理类别的普通名词的地名，其中普通地名意译。例如：
Louisiana State University ； The Strait of Gibraltar The Philippine Islands ； The Suez Canal ；吴县Wuxian County 人的本名译音，外号译意。例如：
Iron Lady 铁娘子
The Devil 魔鬼撒旦Cinderella 灰姑娘
Snow White 白雪公主 黑旋风李逵 Li Kui the Black Whirlwind 某些商标的翻译半译音半译意。例如：
Goldlion Giant Colgate Crest Pepsi Cola Coca Cola Nike Canon Safeguard 1.4音意译并存。例如：
engine vitamin microphone taxi 武术
wushu/martial arts 太极拳taijiquan/shadow-boxing 1.5 加字翻译.主要用于音译或意译都不能完全表达清楚的专有名词或一般名词的翻译.*音译词后加一个表示类属的范畴词。例如：
Sardine 沙丁鱼
Pizza 比萨饼
Waltz 华尔兹舞
Champagne 香槟酒
Jacket 夹克衫
Bowling 保龄球
Shark 鲨鱼
• 2.词语增减法：增词不增意，减词不减意 • 2.1 弥合语法差异的需要。（结构）• 英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异，如英语有冠词汉语没有；英语用代词比汉语要频繁得多；英语介词丰富汉语介词很少；英语多用关联词汉语少用关联词；汉语多用语助词英语则没有语气助词。
（一）代词增减 : 英译汉很多代词可省略，汉译英时可根据具体情况增加代词。
• 例： 1）They say he is a genius.Don’t put your hands in your pockets.2)小不忍则乱大谋。
If one is not patient in small things, one will never be able to control great ventures.（二）介词增减法。由于英语介词种类繁多，使用频率高，而汉语介词相对较少，故英译汉多减介词，汉译英多增介词。例如：
• 4)He grasped John by the collar.• 5)These are among the most important works of Lu Hsun.The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing.（三）关联词连词的增减。由于英语的词与词，句与句之间强调形式连接，因此连词种类繁多，使用广泛。而汉语的句子结构注重关系和逻辑顺序，因此对语序固定，关系自明的短语或句子，就减少了很多连接词的使用。故英译汉，多减少而汉译英多增加关联词和连词的使用。例如：
• 5）Wise man love truth, whereas fools shun it.• 智者热爱真理，愚者逃避真理。
• 6)The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet.• 7)男女老少都参加了战斗。
Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.• 8）跑得了和尚跑不了庙。
The monk may run away, but the temple can’t run away with him.（四）英语不及物动词译成汉语后加名词作宾语
• 1.Before he went to Africa, he learned how to ride and shoot.• 骑马射箭 • 2.She had her hands full this morning: washing, cooking and cleaning.洗衣服，烧饭，打扫房间
• 2.2 弥合词义差异的需要（意义）
(一）英语词汇的语义范围比汉语宽，英译汉增词，反之，英译汉时减词。
(二)汉语词义比英语宽，汉译英时用增词法，反之，汉译英时用减词法。例如：
• 9）苗头（symptoms of a bad trend)襟怀（ample and simple bosom)
（三）英语多用抽象词、概括力强，词义范围宽；汉语用词倾向于具体，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。英译汉时可以使英语抽象的概念具体化，根据具体的语境加上“方法”、“现象”、“局势”、“状态”、“情况”、“政策”、“做法”、“习俗”、“精神”、• 态度”：“问题”等范畴词，使译文含义清晰，行文流畅。反之，汉译英时不考虑这些范畴词，把整个名词词组译成英语中的抽象名词即可。例如： 1）各地领导部门要努力开拓就业门路Local authorities should work hard to create jobs.2）逐步推进商业、外贸、金融、保险、证券、电信、旅游和中介服务等领域的对外开放。
Commerce, foreign trade, banking, insurance, securities, telecommunications, tourism, and intermediary services should be gradually opened to the outside world.3）Ideally, one day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes and the nature of particular faults to predict quakes directly.(增词）
最理想的情况是，有朝一日研究人员能够对地震的成因及具体断层的性质有足够的了解，从而能够直接预报地震。
4）Basically, the theory proposed, among other things, that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light;…..(增词）
就其基本内容而言，这一学说提出的论点包括：光速是宇宙中最快的速度； 5)在工作中，大家都必须杜绝浪费现象。We must put an end to waste in our work.6)中国足球的落后状态必须改变。（减词）The backwardness of the Chinese football must be changed.7）在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。（减词）We should not be too romantic in interpersonal relations.8)讨论的范围涉及中美关系，中俄关系…The discussion covers Sino-U.S.relation, Sino-Russion relation…
• 2.3 满足译文修辞上的需要（表达习惯）
（一）译文中适当的地方增加词语，传达原文的语气，使译文具有文采而达到“达”的效果。
9)Women screamed, and kids howled, but the men stood silent, watching, interested in the outcome.(增词）
• 原译：女人尖叫，小孩欢闹，男人们静静地站着观看，对结果感兴趣。• 改译：只听到女人们在尖叫，小孩们在欢闹，男人们则静静地立在那儿袖手旁观，饶有兴味地等着看结果。
10)Quiet and shy, he was never more comfortable than when at his workbench.(增词)
• 他生性沉静而腼腆，只有坐在工作凳上时才最为自在。
（二）原文中有些若直译过来，会使译文显得臃肿，不够简洁精炼。因此，为使译文简练、紧凑、文气贯通，有必要把他们省略。
11)He read the words of the poem.他朗读起这首诗来。比较: 他朗读起这首诗中的词来。
12)他家里很穷，但是他从小就认真读书，刻苦学习。
His family was very poor, but he worked at his studies even in early childhood.13)有个年轻人名叫陈浩，家里很穷，缺吃少穿，住的房子又小又破。
• There was a young man named Chen Hao.His family was so poor that they did not have enough to eat or enough clothes to wear, and they lived in a small dilapidated house.• There was a young man named Chen Hao, whose family was very poor.They lived in a small, dilapidated house, and never had enough to eat or wear.• 2.4 满足译文语境的需要（背景知识）
（一）在原文化语境中原文中有些内容予以省略，但在目的语语境中，译文采用增词法，将原文省略的内容明确化。
14)Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.(增词）
后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前，就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的杖子开了花”一样。
15)This great scientist was born in New Zealand.这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的新英格兰。
3.词汇转类法：翻译时在保持原文内容不变的前提下，改变原文中某些词的此类，以求译文通顺自然，合乎译入语的表达习惯。例如：
• 3.1动词－名词转类
1)The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computation.电子计算机的主要特点是计算准确而迅速。
2)汉语的特点之一是动词占优势。
One of the characteristics of the Chinese language is the predominance of the verb.3)A glance through his office indow offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。
4)他的相貌言谈像一个明星。He looks and talks like a film star.• 3.2 动词－介词转类
1)Some people are only after fame and position.有些人只是追求名位。2)现在经过十年寒窗之苦之后，她已获得了哈佛大学教育学院的硕士学位，并终于摆脱了救济。Now, ten years later, she has gained her master’s degree from Harvard’s school of Education and is finally off welfare.• 3.3 动词－形容词，副词转类
1)在向现代化迈进的征途上on the road towards modernization
2)She opened the windows to let fresh air in.他打开所有窗户，让新鲜空气进来。
3)他们迫切地想弄到消息。They were news-hungry.4)比赛马上就要结束。The game will soon be over.• 3.4 名词－形容词，副词转类
1)The boy is physically weak but mentally sound.那孩子身体虽弱，但思想健康。
2)This issue is of great importance to all disabled people.这个问题对于残疾人来说至关重要。
3)I have the greathonor to inform you that your proposal has been adopted.我很荣幸地通知你，你的建议被采纳了。
4)该仪器性能稳定，操作可靠，维护方便，因而受到用户的欢迎。
The instrument has been welcomed by users because of its stability in serviceability, reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance.5)空气是这样的清香，使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽，舒畅。
The air was fresh and fragrant;it gave people a feeling of exceptional cooling and comfort.3.5 形容词－副词转类
1)It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President’s reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.这篇发言清楚明白，心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。
2)The dramatic changes in China’s electronics impressed these foreign counterparts deeply.中国在电子技术方面的戏剧性变化给外国同行们留下了深刻的印象。4.反译法：正话反说与反话正说
• 英汉语言表达否定的差异：
由于英语和汉语在习惯用法上的差异，以及所追求的修辞效果的不同等原因，有时在汉语中人们习惯正说的词语或句子翻译成英语时却要反说为好，反之亦然。这种正说与反说的转换也可以称为肯定与否定的转换，是一种陈述方式的转换。“其基本作用机制是双语在概念命题，话题表述，情态表达，强调分布时的角度，侧重面，着眼点及特征选择或描摹方式等等方面的差异。”（刘宓庆，2003）
英语词句中含有never,no,not,non,un, im, in, ir, less等成分以及汉语词句中含有不，没，无，未，甭，别，休，莫，非，勿等成分的反说。不含这些的为正说。
• 例如：乱发（正说）ragged hair(正说)uncombed hair(反说)冷酷的心（正说）stony heart(正说)
remorseless heart(反说)非同寻常（反说）out of the ordinary(正说)unusual(反说)4.1 正话反译：
• 1)她非常勉强地来了。She came very unwillingly.• 2)她光着脚走进了房间。She came into the room with no shoes on.• 3)Her husband hates to see her stony face.她丈夫不愿见到她那张毫无表情的脸。• 4)Stop talking nonsense!别胡说八道！
4.2 反话正译：
• 1)我不在的时候，办公室由卡罗林负责。Caroline will be in charge of the office during my absence.• 2)他朝它开了枪，但未射中。He shot at it, but missed.• 3)我对你的表现很不满意。I’m far from pleased with your behavior.• 4)她说这是真的，但我们不这样认为。She says it’s genuine, but we think otherwise.• 5)No smoking!严禁吸烟！• 6)油漆未干!Wet paint!• 7)勿踏草地！Keep off the grass!
5.合词译法：
为了强调要表达的意思，英汉两种语言都会采取连用同义词的方法。其差别就在于英语中常用成对词，而汉语中常用前后两个部分为同一意思的四字成语或两条同义成语。既然这些同义词表达的是同一个意思，我们就可以把它们合起来翻译。
1）His father is a man who forgive and forgets.他父亲非常宽容。2)The room is cozy and comfortable.这个房间非常舒适。3)要不然叫他趁早回心转意，有多少好处Otherwise, the sooner she changes her mind the better for her.4)本公司生产的地毯美丽大方，光彩夺目，富丽堂皇。
The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.5)海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞，手足兄弟。
The Chinese on both sides of The Taiwan Straits are of the same flesh and blood.6.换形译法 英汉两种语言由于有着截然不同的文化背景，在习惯表达上也就存在着较大的差距，我们就需要在翻译中经常改换表达的形式。
1)The whole project was completed in a quarter of a year.整个工程在三个月内（四分之一年）就完成了。
2)Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.八十七年（四个二十加七年）前，我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新的国家。
3)谣传说，七月下旬将有大地震。
Rumor has it that there will be a big earthquake in the last ten days of July.4)他买了二十四本杂志。He has bought two dozen(twenty-four)magazines.5)他将离开两个星期。He is going away for a fornight(two weeks).6)五百年来，中国的戏剧有了很大的发展。The past five centuries(the past five hundred years)witnessed great development in Chinese drama.
第三篇：粤语词语翻译
我（我）你（你）佢（他、她）我哋（我们）你哋（你们）佢哋（他们、她们）人哋（人家）阿爸、老豆（爸爸）妈咪、妈子、阿妈（妈妈）阿哥、大佬（哥哥）家姐（姐姐）细妹（妹妹）细佬（弟弟）阿嫂（嫂嫂）阿爷（爷爷）阿嫲、嫲嫲（奶奶）阿公（外公）阿婆、婆婆（外婆）系（是）喺（在）谂（想）唔（不）咁（这、这样、那样）嚟（来）噏（说）无、冇（没有）俾（给）睇（看）咗（了）揾（找）着（穿）攞（拿）企（站）嗰（那）咪（不要）点（怎样）系咪（是不是）嘢（东西）食（吃）饮（喝）边（哪）喺边（在哪）边度（哪里）讲嘢（说话）翻嚟（回来）瞓觉（睡觉）呢度（这里）第日（改天、第二天）第次（下次）乜嘢、咩（什么）乜（什么）几多（多少）咁好（这么好）好知、点解（为什么）翻归、翻屋企（回家）谂住（打算）颈渴（口渴）唔使（不用）嘅、噶、嘎、架（的）啰、咩、啵、吖、喇（语气助词）激气（生气）着数（好处）揾笨（被人骗了、骗人的）得闲（有空）唔单止（不仅仅）定系（还是）抑或（或者）于是乎（于是）然之后（然后）同（和）为咗（为了）啫（而已）好攰（很累）氹（哄）好似（好像）话之你（懒得理你）讲笑（开玩笑）吹水（聊天、开玩笑、吹牛）扮嘢（装蒜）闭翳（令人担心）咪咁啦（不要这样）系咪咁（是不是这样）放飞机（放鸽子）赖猫（说话不算话）
第四篇：两会翻译词语
1.养老保险 pension insurance system 2.反腐倡廉 anti-corruption bid
3.依法拆迁 lawful housing demolition and relocation 4.调控房价 housing prices control
5.贫富差距 gap between the rich and the poor(wealth gap)6.就业问题 employment
7.医疗改革 medical reform下岗再就业 Re-employment after being laid off 登记失业率 registered unemployment rate 分组讨论 panel discussion 城乡差距 rural-urban divide 基本医疗保险 basic medical insurance 家电下乡Home appliances going to the countryside 中小型企业 SMEs 教育公平Equal Access to Education
8.司法公正 judicial justice
9.民主监督 democratic supervision 10.教育公平equal access to education opening speech 开幕式致辞
small-and medium-sized enterprises 中小型企业crops' minimum purchase prices粮食最低收购价
per-capita income人均收入
window guidance窗口指导(监管机构利用其在金融体系中特殊的地位和影响，引导金融机构主动采取措施防范风险，进而实现监管目标的监管行为。)propel/expand domestic deman扩大内需 proactive fiscal policy积极的财政政策
moderately easy monetary policy适度宽松的货币政策 rural-urban development divide 城乡差距 government work report政府工作报告 dairy product standards乳制品标准
scattered production model分散生产模式(Such a scattered production model is the fundamental reason that there have been so many food safety incidents.这种分散生产模式是诸多食品安全问题的根源。)administrative transparency政务透明
bridging loan过渡性贷款(Bridging, or a bridging loan, is short-term financing made available pending arrangement of intermediate or long-term financing.过渡性贷款是一种在中期或长期融资安排确定前的短期融资)comfortable Housing Project安居工程 careers guidance就业指导
three Direct Links“大三通”(通邮、通航、通商)healthcare reform.package医改方案 basic medicine system基本医疗体制
home appliances going to the countryside家电下乡 equal Access to Education教育公平
golden September and silver October金九银十 rural left-behind population 农村留守人口
issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area三农问题
three insurances and one fund “三险一金”(养老保险、失业保险、医疗保险和住房公积金)administrative accountability行政问责制(是指一级政府对现任该级政府负责人、该级政府所属各工作部门和下级政府主要负责人在所管辖的部门和工作范围内由于故意或者过失，不履行或者正确履行法定职责，以致影响行政秩序和行政效率，贻误行政工作，或者损害行政管理相对人的合法权益，给行政机关造成不良影响和后果的行为，进行内部监督和责任追究的制度)。defense budget 国防预算
National People's Congress 全国人民代表大会
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 中国人民政治协商会议 11th Five-year Development Program 十一五发展规划 Innovation-oriented Society 创新型社会 Scientific Concept of Development 科学发展观 Township Health Service 城乡医疗服务 Rural Compulsory Education 农村义务教育
Building New Socialist Countryside 建设社会主义新农村 Cross-straits peace and stability 两岸和平与稳定
Increase the flexibility of the RMB exchange rate 增加人民币汇率的灵活性 President of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国主席 Central Military Commission 中央军事委员会 Supreme People's Court 最高人民法院
Supreme People's Procuratorate 最高人民检察院 Presidium 主席团
Standing Committee 常务委员会 General Office 办公厅 Secretariat 秘书处
Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs 内务司法委员会 Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee 华侨委员会 Commission of Legislative Affairs 法制工作委员会 Committee for Revision of the Constitution 宪法修改委员会 Credentials Committee 代表资格审查委员会 Motions Examination Committee 提案审查委员会 Ethnic Affairs Committee 民族委员会 Law Committee 法律委员会
Finance and Economy Committee 财政经济委员会 Foreign Affairs Committee 外事委员会
Commission of Inquiry into Specific Questions 特定问题调查委员会
Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee 教育、科学、文化和卫生委员会
disaster relief赈灾 defense expenditure国防开支
safeguarding our sovereignty and territory保卫主权和领土完整 top legislative body最高立法机关 social welfare system 社会福利制度 minimum living standard最低生活标准
the imbalance between urban and rural areas城乡发展不平衡 farmer-turned-entrepreneur 农民企业家 basic medical insurance 基本医疗保
window guidance 窗口指导（监管机构利用其在金融体系中特殊的地位和影响，引导金融机构主动采取措施防范风险，进而实现监管目标的监管行为。）equal Access to Education 教育公平disaster relief 赈灾
defense expenditure 国防开支
safeguarding our sovereignty and territory 保卫主权和领土完整 top legislative body 最高立法机关 social welfare system 社会福利制度 minimum living standard 最低生活标准
the imbalance between urban and rural areas 城乡发展不平衡 state-run/owned company/enterprise 国有企业
加强农业基础地位
strengthen the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy
形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局
make progress in integrating economic and social development in urban and rural areas 促进农业科技进步
promote advances in agriculture-related science and technology 增强农业综合生产能力 improve overall agricultural production capacity 壮大县域经济 expand county economies 多渠道转移农民就业 create more jobs for rural surplus labor force 提高扶贫开发水平make poverty reduction more effective through development 改革集体林权制度 reform the system of collective forest use rights 坚持农村基本经营制度 uphold the basic system for the rural economy 发展适度规模经营 develop appropriately scaled operations 农民专业合作组织 specialized farmers’cooperatives
支持农业产业化经营和龙头企业发展 support the industrialization of agriculture and the development of leading agribusinesses 把建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会放在工业化、现代化发展战略的突出位置，落实到每个单位、每个家庭 give prominence to building a resource-conserving, environment-friendly society in our strategy for industrialization and modernization and make every organization and family to act accordingly 开发和推广节约、替代、循环利用的先进适用技术 develop and extend advanced and appropriate technologies for conserving, substituting and recycling energy and resources 发展环保产业 develop environmental conservation industries 促进生态修复 promote restoration of the ecosystems 优化国土开发格局 improve land development program 实现基本公共服务均等化 ensure equal access to basic public services 西部大开发 large-scale development of western China/China’s western development
促进中部地区崛起 boost the development of the central region 突破行政区划界限，形成若干带动力强、联系紧密的经济圈和经济带 Break administrative divisions to form a number of close-knit economic rims and belts that will boost the development of the surrounding areas 帮助资源枯竭地区实现经济转型 help transform the economies of areas where natural resources are exhausted 增强综合承载能力 increase the overall carrying capacity of cities 以特大城市为依托，形成辐射作用大的城市群，培育新的经济增长极 form city clusters with mega-cities as the core so that they can boost development in surrounding areas and become new poles of economic growth 坚持平等保护物权 ensure equal protection of property rights 深化国有企业公司制股份制改革 deepen the reform to introduce the corporate and shareholding systems in SOEs 增强国有经济活力、控制力、影响力 enhance the dynamism, leverage and influence of the state sector of the economy 国有资本经营预算制度 budget system for managing state capital 发展多种形式的集体经济、合作经济 develop collective and cooperative economic operations in diverse forms 个体、私营经济 self-employed and other private businesses/private economy 以现代产权制度为基础，发展混合所有制经济 develop the economic sector of mixed ownership based on the modern system of property rights 共同建设、共同享有的原则 the principle of all the people building a harmonious...and enjoy its benefits 着力解决人民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题 spare no effort to solve most practical problems of the utmost and immediate concern to the people 形成全体人民各尽其能、各得其所而又和谐相处的局面 cultivate/foster an environment in which all people do their best, are content with their lives/enjoy what they do and live together in harmony 提高改革决策的科学性，增强改革措施的协调性 make decision-making more scientific and measures of reform better coordinated 全面提高开放水平improve the work of opening-up 把改善人民生活作为正确处理改革发展稳定关系的结合点 We need to improve...as we endeavor to balance...全面把握科学发展观的科学内涵和精神实质
fully appreciate/understand the essence of the Scientific Outlook on Development 把全社会的发展积极性引导到科学发展上来 guide the whole society in pursuing development in a scientific way 把握经济社会发展趋势和规律 follow the trend and the law of economic and social development 坚持中国特色社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设的基本目标和基本政策构成的基本纲领
uphold the basic program consisting of the basic objectives and policies for economic, political, cultural and social progress under socialism with Chinese characteristics 区域协调互动发展机制 a mechanism for promoting balanced and interactive development among regions 主体功能区 development priority zones 法治政府建设 enhance law-based government administration 社会主义核心价值体系深入人心 Core socialist values are winning the hearts and minds of the people.弘扬良好思想道德风尚 promote moral integrity 建设生态文明 promote a conservation culture 生态文明观念在全社会牢固树立 To foster public awareness of conservation culture 具有更高文明素质和精神追求 Raise ethical standards and have higher/lofty aspiration 对外更加开放、更加具有亲和力 be more open and friendly to the outside world 为全面建成惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会打下更加牢固的基础 Strengthen the foundation for building a well-off society of a higher level in all respects to the benefit of over one billion people 建设创新型国家 make China an innovative nation 国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要 Outline of the National Program for Long-and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development 突破制约经济社会发展的关键技术 make breakthroughs in key technologies vital to China,s economic and social development 支持前沿技术研究、社会公益性技术研究 support research in frontier technology and in technology for public welfare 建立以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系 establish a market-oriented system for technological innovation, in which enterprises play the leading role and which combines the efforts of enterprises, universities and research institutes 引导和支持创新要素向企业集聚 guide and support the pooling of factors of innovation into enterprises 科技成果产业化 the application of scientific and technological achievements in production 培养造就世界一流科学家和科技领军人才 train / bring up world-class scientists and leaders in scientific and technological research 使创新智慧竞相迸发、创新人才大量涌现 inspire creativity and bring forth large numbers of innovative personnel 推进信息化与工业化融合 promote IT-based industrialization 具有国际竞争力的大企业集团 internationally competitive conglomerates 稳定地走上了富裕安康的广阔道路 move steadily toward prosperity and happiness 不断探索和回答什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义，建设什么样的党、怎样建设党，实现什么样的发展、怎样发展等重大理论和实际问题 constantly seek answers to major theoretical and practical questions such as what socialism is and how to build it, what kind of party we must build and how to build it, and what kind of development China should achieve and how to achieve it 党的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领、基本经验 Party,s basic theory, line, program and experience 社会主义和马克思主义在中国大地上焕发出勃勃生机 Socialism and Marxism have shown vigor and vitality in China.大踏步赶上时代前进潮流 catch up with the trend of the times in big strides 符合党心民心 accord with/echo the aspirations of the Party members and the people 尊重人民首创精神 respect the people,s initiative/pioneering drive/creativity 提高全民族文明素质 to improve the educational and ethical standards of the whole nation 开辟了中国特色社会主义道路 blaze a trail of socialism with Chinese characteristics open a path of...形成了中国特色社会主义理论体系 theoretical system of Chinese socialism 建设富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家 make China a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally developed and harmonious modern socialist country 实践永无止境 Practice knows no bound.勇于变革、勇于创新 make bold changes and innovations 不为任何风险所惧，不被任何干扰所惑 fear no risks and never be confused by any interference 使中国特色社会主义道路越走越宽广 broaden our path of socialism with Chinese characteristics 让当代中国马克思主义放射更加灿烂的真理光芒 Let the truth of Marxism of contemporary China shine more brilliantly.马克思主义关于发展的世界观和方法论的集中体现 a concentrated expression of the Marxist world outlook and methodology with regard to development 同……一脉相承 in the same line as...立足社会主义初级阶段基本国情 fully recognize the basic reality that China is in the primary stage of socialism 粗放性增长方式 the extensive mode of growth/inefficient model of growth 改革攻坚 further reform in difficult areas 统筹兼顾各方面利益 accommodate the interests of all parties 农业基础薄弱的局面尚未改变 The foundation of agriculture remains weak 思想活动的独立性、选择性、多变性、差异性明显增强 become more independent, selective, changeable and diverse in thinking 社会结构、社会组织形式、社会利益格局 the structure of society, the way society is organized and interests of different social groups/and the mix of social interests 发达国家在经济科技上占优势的压力长期存在 Pressure caused by the economic and scientific dominance of developed countries will continue for a long time to come 从生产力到生产关系、从经济基础到上层建筑都发生了意义深远的重大变化 experience far-reaching changes in the productive forces and the relations of production, as well as in the economic base and the superstructure 人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾这一社会主要矛盾 Chinese society,s principal problem/challenge is the gap between the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people and the low level of social production 当前我国发展的阶段性特征 the salient features of the current stage of development in China 妄自菲薄 belittle oneself 自甘落后 be resigned to backwardness 脱离实际、急于求成 unrealistic pursuit of quick results 马克思主义理论研究和建设工程 the Project to Study and Develop Marxist Theory 思想道德建设 efforts to raise ideological and ethical standards / promote ideological and ethical progress 全社会文明程度进一步提高 The educational and ethnical standards of the whole society have been raised.文化体制改革 reform of cultural administrative system 精神文化生活更加丰富 enjoy a richer cultural life 全民健身和竞技体育 public fitness programs and competitive sports 中国特色军事变革 the revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics 裁减军队员额二十万任务顺利完成 The armed forces were reduced by 200,000 troops 军队革命化、现代化、正规化建设 Make the armed forces/army more revolutionary, modernized and standardized 全方位外交 all-directional diplomacy 党的建设新的伟大工程 A great new Party-building Program 党的执政能力建设 endeavors to strengthen the Party’s governing capability
理论创新和理论武装 make theoretical innovations and educate Party members in them 保持共产党员先进性教育活动 the campaign to educate Party members in preserving / to retain their vanguard nature 党内民主 intra-Party democracy 领导班子和干部队伍建设 strengthen the Party’s leading bodies and the ranks of Party officials to enhance capacity-building of Party’s leading bodies and Party officials 党风廉政建设 build a fine Party culture and keep its organizations clean 一些基层党组织软弱涣散 Some community level Party organizations are weak and lax.党的创造力、凝聚力、战斗力 the creativity, cohesion and competence of the Party 谱写了中华民族自强不息、顽强奋进新的壮丽 compose a new epic of the Chinese nation’s heroic efforts
中国人民的面貌、社会主义中国的面貌、中国共产党的面貌发生了历史性变化 Historic changes have taken place in the Chinese people, socialist China and the CPC.保持和发展党的先进性 preserve and enhance / maintain and develop the Party’s vanguard nature 确保党始终走在时代前列 ensure that the Party is always in the forefront of the times 艰辛探索社会主义建设规律 painstaking exploration of the law on the building of socialism 社会主义基本制度 the basic system of socialism 当代中国一切发展进步 every step forward, every progress 确立社会主义初级阶段基本路线 formulate the basic line for the primary stage of socialism 吹响走自己的路的时代号角 sound the clarion call of the times and take our own road 受命于重大历史关头 take over the helm at a critical historical juncture 国内外政治**、经济风险等严峻考验 the severe tests of political turbulences and economic risks at home and abroad 引领改革开放的航船沿着正确方向破浪前进 steer the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right course 发扬求真务实、开拓进取精神 promote the truth-seeking, pragmatic and pioneering spirit 全面改革的进程势不可当地展开了 The sweeping reform has unfolded with irresistible momentum.沿江(长江)沿边 areas along the Yangtze River and the national borders 对外开放的大门毅然决然地打开了 With resolve and determination, China opened her door to the world.今天，一个面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的社会主义中国巍然屹立在世界东方
Today, a new socialist China stands rock-firm in the East, embracing modernization, the world and the future.人民生活从温饱不足发展到总体小康
The Chinese people, once inadequately fed and clad, are generally leading a fairly comfortable life.党的十七大报告中重要理论概念及疑难词语选译
高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，继续解放思想，坚持改革开放，推动科学发展，促进社会和谐，为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗。
hold high the great banner of Chinese socialism, follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents,(thoroughly)apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, continue to free our minds, persist in reform and opening up, pursue development in a scientific way, promote social harmony, and strive for new success in building a well-off society in all respects 是当代中国发展进步的旗帜，是全党全国各族人民团结奋斗的旗帜 the banner guiding the development and progress of China and rallying the whole Party and people of all ethnic groups in the country in our common endeavor 当代中国正在发生广泛而深刻的变革 China now is going through a wide-ranging and deep-going transformation 抓住和用好重要战略机遇期 seize and make most of the opportunities in this important strategic period 锐意进取 forge ahead with determination 就关系全局的重大问题作出决定和部署 make decisions and action plans on issues of overriding importance 提出并贯彻科学发展观等重大战略思想 formulate and apply the Scientific Outlook on Development and other major strategic thoughts 经济效益明显提高 Economic performance improved markedly/remarkably.区域发展协调性增强 Regional development became more balanced.自主创新能力 capacity for independent innovation 载人航天飞行成功实现 Manned spaceflights were successfully conducted 能源资源节约和生态环境保护 energy and resources conservation and ecological and environmental protection 农村综合改革 comprehensive reforms in rural areas 农业税、牧业税、特产税全部取消
Agricultural tax, livestock tax and taxes on special agricultural products were rescinded throughout the country 支农惠农政策 policies to support and benefit agriculture, rural areas and farmers 非公有制经济 the non-public sector of the economy 城乡居民最低生活保障制度 the system of basic living allowances for urban and rural residents 衣食住行用水平不断提高 enjoy better food, clothing, housing, transport and other daily necessities / better access to…
政治体制改革 Reform of political institutions 民族区域自治制度 the system of autonomy of ethnic regions 基层民主 community-level democracy 中国特色社会主义法律体系 a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics 依法治国基本方略扎实贯彻／深入落实 The rule of law was effectively implemented / will be carried out as a fundamental principle.行政管理体制、司法体制改革 reform of the government administration system and the judicial system
第五篇：中国文化词语的翻译
京剧 Peking opera
秦腔 Qin opera
功夫Kungfo
太极Tai Chi
口 技 ventriloquism
木偶戏puppet show
皮影戏 shadowplay
折子戏 opera highlights
杂技 acrobatics
相声 cross talk
刺绣 embroidery
苏绣 Suzhou embroidery
泥人 clay figure
书法 calligraphy
中国画 traditional Chinese painting
水墨画 Chinese brush painting
中国结 Chinese knot
中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China
火药 gunpowder
印刷术printing
造纸术 paper-making
指南针 the compass
青铜器 bronze ware
瓷器 porcelain;china
唐三彩 Tang Tricolor pottery
景泰蓝cloisonne
秋千swing
武术 martial arts
儒家思想Confucianism
儒家文化 Confucian culture
道教 Taoism
墨家Mohism
法家 Legalism
佛教 Buddhism
孔子 Confucius
孟子 Mencius
老子 Lao Tzu
庄子 Chuang Tzu
墨子 Mo Tzu
孙子Sun Tzu
象形文字 pictographic characters
文房四宝（笔墨纸观）the Four Treasures of the Study(brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)
《大学》The Great Learning
《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean
《论语》The Analects of Confucius
《孟子》The Mencius
《孙子兵法》The Art of War
《三国演义》Three Kingdoms
《西游记》Journey to the West
《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions
《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes
《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers
《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror
《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals
《史记》Historical Records
《诗经》The Book of Songs
《易经》The I Ching;The Book of Changes
《礼记》The Book of Rites
《三字经》Three-character Scriptures
八股文 eight-part essay
五言绝句 five-character quatrain
七言律诗 seven-character octave
旗袍 cheongsam
中山装 Chinese tunic suit
唐装 Tang suit
风水 Fengshui;geomantic omen
阳历 Solar calendar
阴历 Lunar calendar
闰年 leap year
十二生肖zodiac
春节 the Spring Festival
元宵节 the Lantern Festival
清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day
端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival
中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day
重阳节 the Double-ninth Day
七夕节 the Double-seventh Day
春联 spring couplets
庙会 temple fair
爆竹 firecracker
年画（traditional)New Year pictures
压岁钱 New Year pocket money
舞龙dragon dance
元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings 元宵节 the Lantern Festival
花灯 festival lantern
灯谜 lantern riddle
舞狮 lion dance
踩高跷 stilt walking
赛龙舟 dragon boat race
胡同hutong
山东菜 Shandong cuisine
川菜 Sichuan cuisine
粤菜 Canton cuisine
扬州菜 Yangzhou cuisine
月饼 moon cake
年糕 rice cake
油条 deep-fried dough sticks
豆浆 soybean milk
馒头 steamed buns
花卷 steamed twisted rolls
包子 steamed stuffed buns
北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck
拉面 hand-stretched noodles
馄饨 wonton(dumplings in soup)
豆腐 tofu? bean curd
麻花 fried dough twist
烧饼 clay oven rolls
皮蛋pidan
蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg
糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks
火锅hot pot
长城 the Great Wall of China
烽火台 beacon tower
秦士台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang
兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses
大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda
丝绸之路the Silk Road
敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes
华清池 Huaqing Hot Springs
五台山“Wutai Mountain
九华山 Jiuhua Mountain
蛾眉山Mount Emei
泰山 Mount Tai
黄山 Mount Huangshan;the Yellow Mountain
故宫 the Imperial Palace
天坛 the Temple of Heaven
午门 Meridian Gate
大运河 Grand Canal
护城河the Moat
回音壁Echo Wall
居庸关 Juyongguan Pass
九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall
黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi
十三陵 the Ming Tombs
苏州园林 Suzhou gardens
西湖 West Lake
九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou Valley
日月潭 Sun Moon Lake
布达拉宫Potala Palace
鼓楼 drum tower
四合院 quadrangle;courtyard complex
孔庙 Confucius Temple
乐山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha
十八罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha
喇嘛Lama 转世灵重 reincarnated soul boy 中药 traditional Chinese medicine
《黄帝内经》Emperor Huangdi’s Canon of Traditional Chinese Medicine
《神农本草经》Shennong’s Herbal Classic
《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica
针灸 acupuncture
推拿 medical massage
切脉 feeling the pulse
五禽戏 five-animal exercises
旧石器时代 the Paleolithic Age
新石器时代 the Neolithic Age;New Stone Age
母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society
封建的feudal
朝代 dynasty
秦朝 Qin Dynasty
汉朝 Han Dynasty
唐朝 Tang Dynasty
宋朝 Song Dynasty
元朝 Yuan Dynasty
明朝 Ming Dynasty
清朝 Qing Dynasty
秦始皇皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang;皇太后 Empress Dowager
汉高祖刘邦 Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty
成吉思汗Genghis Khan
春秋时期 the Spring and Autumn Period
文成公主 Tang Princess Wencheng
慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi
皇帝，君主 emperor;monarch
诸侯vassal
皇妃 imperial concubine
丞相，宰相 prime minister
太监 court eunuch
少数民族 ethnic minority
祭祀 offer sacrifices
西域 the Western Regions
战国 the Warring States
中华文明 Chinese civilization
文明的摇篮 cradle of civilization
秦始皇统一中国 unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang
鸦片战争the Opium War
太平天国 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
戌戌变法 the Reform Movement of 1898
辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution
新民主主义革命 New-democratic Revolution
五四运动 the May 4th Movement of 1919
南昌起义 Nanchang Uprising
918 事变 September 18th Incident
长征 the Long March
西安事变 Xi”an Incident
南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre
抗日战争 the War of Resistance Against Japan
毛泽东 Mao Tse-tong
孙中山 Sun Yat-sen
蒋介石 Chiang Kai-shek
国民党 Kuomingtang
中华人民共和国 the People’s Republic of China(PRC)
满族 Manchu
蒙古人Mongol
士大夫 scholar-officials
学者 scholar
诗人 poet
政治家statesman
社会地位social status
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