《论美》阅读练习及答案（范文大全）

第一篇：《论美》阅读练习及答案

《论美》阅读练习及答案

仔细考究起来，形体之美要胜于颜色之美，而优雅行为之美又胜于形体之美。最高的美是画家所无法表现的，因为它是难于直观的。这是一种奇妙的美。曾经有两位画家----阿皮雷斯和丢勒滑稽地认为，可以按照几何比例，或者通过摄取不同人身上最美的特点，用画合成一张最完美的人像。其实象这样画出来的美人，恐怕只有画家本人喜欢。美是不能制订规范的，创造它的常常是机遇，而不是公式。有许多脸型，就它的部分看并不优美，但作为整体却非常动人。

有些老人显得很可爱，因为他们的作风优雅而美。拉丁谚语说过：“晚秋的景色是最美好的。”而尽管有的年轻人具有美貌，却由于缺乏优美的修养而不配得到赞美。

美犹如盛夏的水果，是容易腐烂而难保持的。世上有许多美人，他们有过放荡的青春，却迎受着愧悔的晚年。因此，把美的形貌与美的德行结合起来吧。只有这样，美才会放射出真正的光辉。

６．“形体之美要胜于颜色之美”中“颜色”在文中的意思是什么？

７．如何理解“形体之美要胜于颜色之美，而优雅行为之美又胜于形体之美。”这句话。

８．为什么作者说“最高的美是画家所无法表现的”？ 从全文看，作者认为“最高的美”又应当是一种怎样的美？请你举例说明。

９．“美是不能制订规范的，创造它的常常是机遇，而不是公式。”其中加点字“机遇”和“公式”有什么含义？谈谈你的理解？

10．“美犹如盛夏的水果”，这里的“美”是指的什么？请你以“美”为本体写一个比喻句。

11．运用本文的观点，以“人造美女”，我想对你说为题说一段话。（字数在50字以上）

12．培根说：“有许多脸型，就它的部分看并不优美，但作为整体却非常动人。”其实在日常生活中也有很多例子能说明这个道理，请你列举一二。

参考答案：

６．面容之美

７．三者之美的不同层次的比较,充分说明内在美重于外在美

８．最高的美是内在美，是品德之美，它难于直观，也不可能做作。“人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青”——文天祥《过零丁洋》（文天祥的美在于他舍生取义的生死观）

“僵卧孤村不自哀，尚思为国戍轮台。夜阑卧听风吹雨，铁马冰河入梦来。”

——陆游《十一月四日风雨大作》（陆游的美在于他退居家乡仍不能忘怀国事的一腔热情）

９．事物之美有其“自然天成”的一面，有时并不是人力所可以企及的。一个画家与一张从来没有那么美的脸面之间，不是可以借助于公式之类的人为手段所能够联结起来的。这正如达芬奇与他的《蒙娜丽莎》一样，那是一种真正意义上的妙手偶得。

10．美的形貌略

11．略

12．可从家庭装饰、山川景物等方面谈

第二篇：《英语教学论》练习题库及答案

华中师范大学网络教育学院 《英语教学论》练习题库及答案

本科

Ⅰ.True or false.Directions: Judge whether the following statements are true or false.Write a T in the brackets after a true statements and an F before a false statements.1.Language is a logical system.2.Language is capable of producing new forms and meanings.3.Minimal pairs are pairs of words that differ only in one sound.4.The ways in which words follow one another and are related to one another is called the syntagmatic dimension of language, the dimension of “chaining” or “sequencing”.5.In general, a rising intonation is seen as being more impolite that a falling one.6.Conscious knowledge of rules does not help acquisition according to Krashen.7.The goal of foreign language teaching is to produce over-users of monitor.8.Krashen believes that adults are better language learners, while children are better language acquirers.9.For Krashen, the affective filter is the principal source of individual difference in second language acquisition.10.The natural order hypothesis is presumed by Krashen to be the result of the learned system, operating free of conscious grammar.11.One function of a language can only be expressed by one structure.12.A normal lesson should have the all the stages discussed in this unit and the stages should be in fixed order.13.Usually a lesson should focus on practicing one single skill so that the students can develop that skill successfully.14.The stages of a lesson overlap.15.At each stage of the lesson, activities focus on all four skills.16.Lesson plans are useful only before the lesson.17.If the teacher uses the same techniques, some students may not have the chance to learn in the way that suits them best.18.There is no one absolutely correct way to draw up a lesson plan and each teacher will decide what suits him or her best, but all good lesson plans give a clear picture of what the teacher intends to do in the lesson.19.In order to keep students interested in learning English it is important to include a variety of activities and techniques in the lesson.20.It is enough to introduce a range of different activities into a lesson to keep the students interested in learning English.21.A real good lesson plan should be long and complicated with detailed lesson notes.22.Time can be saved by deciding on a format which suits you and then keeping a pile of blanks.23.All good lesson plans give a clear picture of what the teacher intends to do in the lesson.24.Writing a comment after each lesson is a useful habit for a teacher to get into.25.It is accepted by most experts of foreign language teaching that the Grammar-Translation Method originated from the 16th century.26.Until the 16th century Latin was taught through active use of speech and written text without grammar analysis.27.The theory of language underlying the Grammar-Translation Method was derived from Comparative Historical Linguistics.28.The theory of learning underlying the Grammar-Translation Method was Faculty Psychology.The Faculty Psychologists believed that the mind of human beings had various faculties which could be trained separately.29.In a grammar-translation method classroom, reading and writing are the major focus;little or no systematic attention is paid to speaking or listening, because literary language is considered superior to spoken language and is therefore the language students should study.30.The most obvious characteristics of the Communicative Approach is that almost everything that is done is done with a communicative intent.31.Feedback refers to any information which provides a report on the result of communication which takes place not only between the listener and the speaker.32.Learning is more effective when the learners are actively involved in the learning process.33.With regard to syllabus design, the Communicative Approach emphasizes topics.34.Today both language teaching experts and classroom teachers agree that the communicative approach is the best.35.The Total Physical Response method emphasizes comprehension and the use of physical actions to teach a foreign language at an introductory level.36.The Silent Way is based on the premise that the students should be silent as much as possible in the classroom.37.In practice, Community Language Learning is most often used in the teaching of writing skill and the course progression is topic based.38.A suggestopadia course is conducted in a classroom in which students are as comfortable as possible.39.The Silent Way, Community Language Learning, and Suggestopaedia all lay emphasis on the individual and on personal learning strategies.40.The vowel is produced without(or with little)restriction during its production and is always voiced.41.Vowels are formed mainly by the position of the tongue and, secondarily, by the shape of the lips and movement of the jaw.42.Consonants vary depending on where and how the air stream gets through, the place and movement of the tongue, and also whether the voice is used or not.43.A phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound unit, incapable of change in different phonetic environments.44.The back-chaining technique means the students repeat a sentence after the teacher, starting from the end part of the sentence and moving towards the beginning.45.Of the two types of sentence stress, sense stress shows contrast, while logical stress shows meaning.46.Pitch is produced by frequency of vibration of the vocal cords.The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch.47.Usually low key is used for emphasis and contrast;mid key indicates an expected, neutral attitude;and low key provides low information.48.Of the four possible tune movements, high fall is used for statements and wh-questions;high rise is used for questions asking for repetition of something;low rise is for yes/no questions, etc.and fall rise is for corrections and polite contradictions.49.The most powerful signal of stress is a change of pitch on the vowel.50.Syllables are short when they are stressed.51.Techniques for grouping items of vocabulary fall into three general categories: semantic fields, phonological sets and grammatical sets.Grouping items related by topics, for example, types of fruit, belongs to the semantic fields.52.Metaphor is a way of talking about one thing in terms of another.It is a device for creating and extending meaning.53.The relationship between the spoken and written word is identical in English.54.Semantization means that every new word should be presented in such a way that its meaning becomes clear to the learner.55.Verbal presentation of new words means that the meaning of a second language word is demonstrated through concrete objects, visual aids, or through mime and acting.56.An exercise with heterogeneity gives no opportunity for the really advanced students to exercise their capacity.57.An exercise with heterogeneity can also have a positive effect on learner attitude and motivation.It provides an opportunity for the teacher to give slower or less confident students the approval and encouragement they need.58.In the “language awareness” exercise, the statement “The baby’s crying” informs about a third person’s whereabouts.59.In Hammer’s five-step model, the purpose of “elicitation” is to provide the teacher with feed back as to what to do next.60.The aim of the practice stage is to cause the learners to absorb the structure thoroughly.61.If we ask the class to listen and we ask the questions afterwards, we are helping them improve their listening skill indeed.62.An important part of the skill of listening is being able to predict what the speaker is going to say next 63.In an English class we are usually concerned with casual listening.64.It is important for the teacher to show students how easy it is to understand something from authentic materials rather than how difficult it is to understand everything.65.Students almost always enjoy listening to stories.66.If the teacher were talking too much in class the students would not be learning.67.Listening activities can only be conducted with the whole class.68.When the students listen to recorded materials there is very little opportunity for immediate interaction.69.Silent reading involves looking at the text and saying the words silently to yourself.70.There are no major differences between how one reads in one’s mother tongue and how one reads in a foreign language.71.To understand a word, you have to read all the letters in it;to understand a sentence you have to read all the words in it.72.The teacher can help the students to read a text by reading it aloud while they follow in their books.73.Normally when we read our eyes flick backwards and forwards over the text 74.In order to understand a text well, it is absolutely necessary to understand every word in the first place.75.Authentic materials can only be used in the classroom for beginners.76.Texts are usually used in English classes for two main purposes: as a way of developing reading comprehension and as a way of learning new language.77.Through reading the students not only learn new language, but also develop their reading skills.78.When the readers read to get the general picture, only the main points are what they are interested in, not the detail.79.Planned conversations usually degenerate into silence or involve only a small number of students.80.If the chosen topic for a conversation lesson is too general it will not excite the students, if it is too specific some students will be interested, and others not.答案：1.F 2.T

3.T

4.T

5.F 6.T 7.F

8.T

9.T 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.F 14.T 15.F 16.F 17.T 18.T 19.T 20.F 21.F 22.T 23.T 24.T 25.F 26.T 27.T 28.T 29.T 30.T 31.T 32.T 33.F 34.F 35.T 36.F 37.F 38.T 39.T 40.T 41.T 42.T 43.F 44.T 45.F 46.T 47.F 48.T 49.T 50.F 51.T 52.T 53.F 54.T 55.F 56.F 57.T 58.F 59.T 60.T 61.F 62.T 63.F 64.T 65.T 66.F 67.F 68.T 69.F 70.F 71.F 72.F 73.T 74.F 75.F 76.T 77.T78.T

79.T

80.T

Directions: Fill in the blanks with appropriate word(s).1.Language teaching involves three main disciplines.They are linguistics, psychology and ____.2.Linguistics is the study of language as a system of human ____.3.Psycholinguistics is the study of the mental processes that a person uses in producing and understanding language, and how humans learn ____.4._____ is the study of second and foreign language teaching and learning.5.Sociology is the study of language in relation to ____, such as social class, educational level and so on.6.At a macro level, society and community influence classroom teaching ____.7.The making of foreign language education policy must take into consideration the ____ and educational situation of the country.8.The goals for secondary education are ____ from those for higher education.9.Syllabus determines teaching aims, objectives, contents and ____.10.Teaching materials should agree with or reflect the teaching ____, aims, objectives and teaching methods.11.The ____ approach to language study is concerned with language as an instrument of social interaction rather than as a system that is viewed in isolation.12.The ____ approach to language is to see it in terms of the bits and pieces by means of which it is put together.13.The most common word order in English is ____, with other sentence constituents draped around these key parts in various ways.14.According to the functionalists, language has three functions: ____, expressive, and social.15.____ is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.16.According to Skinner, language behavior can only be studied through observation of the ____ factors.17.According to the behaviorists, all learning takes place through ____.18.Mentalism holds that a human being possesses a mind which has consciousness, ideas, etc., and the mind can influence the ____ of the body.19.The interactionalist’s position is that language develops as a result of the complex ____ between the uniquely human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops.20.Chomsky refers to the child’s innate endowment as ____, a set of principles which are common to all languages.21.If the aim of a lesson is “To learn the names of colours” the lesson may focus on a particular ______.22.The cardinal rule means _________________.23.“Knowing English” must mean knowing how to __________ in English.24.The three main things that a learner has to acquire when learning a new structure are the form, meaning and _____ of the structure.25.The attitudinal and emotional factors can be expressed in an item of vocabulary.These are often referred to as ____.26.____ refers to varieties of language defined by their topic and context of use.27.Animal is a super-ordinate term, while cow, horse, pig, dog, cat, etc.are ____.28.There is a lack of consistency between ____ and pronunciation in English.29.Grammar is a description of the ____ of a language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and phrases are combined to produce sentences in the language.30.The emphasis of the product perspective on grammar is on the component parts of the language system, divided up into separate forms.Each form is the ____ of the grammarian’s analysis.31.Process teaching engages learners in ____, formulating their own meanings in contexts over which they have considerable control.32.When we teach grammar as ____, the learner is required to attend to grammar, while working on tasks which retain an emphasis on language use.33.The complex form-function relationship is not a simplified, a one-to-one ____.34.________ are represented by phonetic symbols because there is no one-to-one correspondence between written letters and spoken sounds.35.________ is often described as the music of speech—the way the voice goes up and down as we speak.36.Most contributors to the Communicative Approach share the view that language is used for communication and are more concerned with meaning than with ____________.37.At one time ______________ was called Classical Method since it was first used in the teaching of the classical languages of Latin and Greek.38.When we use the word __________________ we mean that an idea or theory is being applied: that whatever the teacher does, certain theoretical principles are always borne in mind.39.A __________________ is a set of procedures or a collection of techniques used in a systematic way which it is hoped will result in efficient learning.40.The three major causes for errors are: mother tongue interference, ______________________, and inappropriate teaching materials or methods.答案：1.pedagogy

2.communication

3.language

4.Applied linguistics 5.social factors 6.indirectly

7.economic

8.different

9.methods

10.principles 11.functional 12 structural

13.SVO

14.descriptive 15.Syntax

16.external

17.habit formation

18.behavior

19.interplay

20.universal grammar

21.topic

22.one thing at a time 23.communicate

24.use

25.connotation or affective meaning 26.Register

27.hyponyms

28.spelling

29.structure

30.product

31.language use

32.skill

33.correspondence, or: relationship

34.Sound

35.Intonation 36.structure

37.the grammar-translation method 38.approach 39.method

40.overgeneralization

Ⅲ.Term and its definition.Directions: give briefly explanation of each term.1.approach：When we use the word approach we mean that an idea or theory is being applied: that whatever the teacher does, certain theoretical principles are always borne in mind.2.technique：When we talk about a technique, we mean a procedure used in the classroom.Techniques are the tricks in classroom teaching.3.method: A method is a set of procedures or a collection of techniques used in a systematic way which it is hoped will result in efficient learning.4.methodology：Methodology is the principle and techniques of teaching with no necessary reference to linguistics.5.sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to social factors, that is, social class, educational level and type of education, age, sex, ethic origin, etc.6.SR-model: SR-model refers to a connection which is established between a stimulus or stimulus situation(s)and the organism’s response(R)to this stimulus.7.phoneme: A phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound unit or minimum unit of distinctive sound feature 8.casual listening: When we listen with no particular purpose in mind, and without much concentration, the kind of listening is called casual listening.Ⅳ.Short answers.Directions: answer the following questions briefly.1.How do you understand the difference between approach, method, and technique? When we use the word approach we mean that an idea or theory is being applied: that whatever the teacher does, certain theoretical principles are always borne in mind.A method is a set of procedures or a collection of techniques used in a systematic way which it is hoped will result in efficient learning.When we talk about a technique, we mean a procedure used in the classroom.A technique then is the narrowest term, meaning one single procedure.A method will consist of a number of techniques, probably arranged in a specific order.The word approach is much more general and has the implication that whatever method or techniques the teacher uses, he does not feel bound by these, but only by the theory in which he believes.If he can find new and better methods or techniques which will fit in with his approach, then he will adopt these.2.What are the three views of language that support popular foreign language teaching? They are the structural view;the functional view and the interactional view.3.What are the elements with which a method is concerned? There are six elements: 1.the nature of language;2.the nature of language learning;3.goals and objectives in teaching;4.the type of syllabus to use;5.the role of teachers, and instructional materials;and 6.the techniques and procedures to use.4.What are the points of concern of methodology? The points of concern of methodology include: a.the study of the nature of language skills(eg.reading, writing, speaking, listening)and procedures for teaching them b.the study of the preparation of lessons plans, materials, and textbooks for teaching language skills c.the evaluation and comparison of language teaching methods(eg.the Audiolingual Method)d.such practices, procedures, principles, and beliefs themselves.(Richards, et al, 1985: 177)

5.Apart from a mastery of a foreign language, what other knowledge should a foreign language teacher have in order to do his/her job well? He/she should have some knowledge about the related subjects such as linguistics, psychology and pedagogy.He should also know that a lot of variables influence classroom teaching.Factor like foreign language education policy, the goal of foreign language education, learners, teachers, syllabus, teaching method, teaching materials teaching aids, and assessment and evaluation all influence classroom teaching.If a teacher does not know them he would not be able to teach according to the circumstances and would achieve the best results possible.6、In what sense can an understanding of the context of education contribute to language teaching and learning? Teaching and learning a foreign language inevitably involves relationships between different aspects of life, and teaching English successfully is not just a question of method.Other things influence English language teaching(ELT)greatly.Refer to the nine variables discussed in the text.7.Why do we say assessment has great backwash effects on foreign language teaching and learning?

Both positive and negative backwash effects.Assessment can provide teachers with feedback for lesson planning and remedial work.Students can also get information about their learning and progress, therefore have a sense of achievement.Through assessment they get to know their problems and areas for further study and improvement.However, inappropriate assessment can cause worries, discourage weak students, emphasis on grades instead of on abilities and competence, etc.8.What is the difference between Skinner’s behaviorism and Chomsky’s mentalism?

Where behaviorism ignored the contribution of the child itself in the learning process, mentalism has practically denied that linguistic input and environment play a role in this process, and has generally paid very scant attention to the actual course language development takes.9.Does Krashen’s theory of second language acquisition begin with theories, or with data?

Krashen’s theory of second language acquisition begins with theories or assumptions, not with data.He used a deductive method, that is, he set up a number of hypotheses first, then collected information or data to support/refute his hypotheses.10.What is the role of formal learning according to the monitor hypothesis? The monitor hypothesis states that formal learning has only one function, and that is as a “monitor” or “editor” and that learning comes into play only to make changes in the form of our utterance, after it has been produced by the acquired system.Acquisition initiates the speaker’s utterances and is responsible for fluency.Thus the monitor is thought to alter the output of the acquired system before or after the utterance is actually written or spoken, but the utterance is initiated entirely by the acquired system.11.According to Krashen, there is only one way for human to acquire language.What is it? By understanding meaningful messages or comprehensible input;the formula is i + 1.12.What is the function of the affective filter? According to the affective filter hypothesis, comprehensible input may not be utilized by second language acquirers if there is a “mental block” that prevents them from fully profiting from it.The affective filter acts as a barrier to acquisition: if the filter is “down”, the input reaches the LAD and becomes acquired competence;if the filter is “up”, the input is blocked and does not reach the LAD.Thus “input is the primary causative variable in SLA, affective variables acting to impel or facilitate the delivery of input to the LAD.”

13.What are some of the main stages of a lesson? Here are some of the main stages of a lesson: a.Presentation: The teacher presents new words or structures, gives examples, writes them on the board, etc.b.Practice: Students practice using words or structures in a controlled way.Practice can be oral or written.c.Production: Students use language they have learnt to express themselves more freely.Like practice, production can be oral or written.d.Reading: Students read a text and answer questions or do a simple task.e.Listening: The teacher reads a text or dialogue while the students listen and answer questions, or the students listen to the tape.f.Revision: The teacher reviews language learnt in an earlier lesson, to refresh the students’ memories, or as a preparation for a new presentation.<0225>

14.What is the focus of a Grammar-Translation classroom? The focus of a Grammar-Translation Method is grammar.The process of learning grammar is considered an important means of training mental abilities.The teaching materials are arranged according to the grammatical system.15.What language skills are emphasized by the Grammar-translation Method? Reading and writing are emphasized because literary language is regarded as superior to spoken language and is therefore the language students should study.This emphasis on reading and writing skills also results from the purpose of learning Latin: to read and translate the classical literature of Latin.16.What are the main techniques used in a Grammar-Translation classroom? A Grammar-Translation teacher usually uses the following techniques to help realize the course objectives: 1)Reading, 2)Translation, 3)Deductive teaching of grammar, 4)Analysis and comparison, 5)Memorization, 6)Reading comprehension questions, and 7)Written work such as fill-in-the-blanks, using new words to make up sentences, and so on.17.What specific aspects does communicative competence include? Communicative competence includes: a)knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of the language, b)knowledge of rules of speaking(eg.knowing how to begin and end conversations, knowing what topics may be talked about in different types of speech events, knowing which address forms should be used with different persons one speak to and in different situations), c)knowing how to use and respond to different types of speech acts, such as requests, apologies, thanks, and invitations, d)knowing how to use language appropriately.18.What language skills are emphasized by the Direct Method? Conversational skills are emphasized, though the teaching of all four skills is considered important.Reading and writing exercises should be based upon what the students have practiced orally first.Pronunciation is paid attention to from the beginning.19.How should language rules be learned according to the Direct Method? Language rules are learned inductively through listening and speaking activities.The teacher sets up a few carefully chosen illustrations of a rule and leads the students to discover the relationship of the new elements to others previously learned.Students work out the rule governing those examples.In other words, students have to induce grammatical rules from examples in the text.A language could best be learned by being used actively in the classroom.20.Why is first language forbidden in a Direct Method classroom? The direct methodologists view foreign language learning as similar to first language acquisition.The learner should try to establish a direct association between language form s and meanings in the target language.Mother tongue is considered as an interfering factor, rather than a reference.In order to develop the students’ ability to communicate in the target language, students should be encouraged to think in the target language.The best method is not to make the learn the rules, but to provide direct practice in speaking and listening through imitation and repetition.The best method to teaching meaning is to make the students listen, look, and say, i.e.using sensory experience.21.How can we describe the main proficiency goal of the teaching and learning of pronunciation? The main proficiency goal can be described in general terms as phonological competence, that is a)The ability to recognize and discriminate significant sound features.b)The ability to produce intelligible and acceptable sounds, both segmentally and prosodically.c)The ability to interpret written language phonologically, as in reading aloud, and to recreated spoken language graphically, as in writing from dictation and note-taking.22.What kind of words tend to be stressed, and what kind of words tend to be unstressed?

Stressed words tend to be nouns, adjectives and adverbs, ie.content words.Structure(or form)words, articles, prepositions, etc.tend to receive weak stress or unstressed.Why should we teach pronunciation and intonation in context? It is the context that determines or gives meaning to the sounds, stress, words, and sentences.Human sounds have social and communicative functions.The same words said with different rhythm and intonation will produce different meanings depending on the speaker’s attitude and intention.Practicing the pronunciation of individual sounds in isolation is sometimes necessary, but not sufficient in developing students’ phonological competence.24.What are the two functions of intonation? It indicates grammatical meaning in much the same way as punctuation does in the written language.It can also indicate the speaker’s attitude.In some cases, both grammatical meaning and attitude are conveyed by the intonation pattern alone.25.What are the techniques which you can use to teach intonation in a meaningful way? To teach intonation in a meaningful way, we could choose from the following ways: 1)Using realia to set up a situation that would illustrate the difference in attitude.2)Using mood cards.3)Creating roles.26.What kind of knowledge do you need to have if you say you know a word? Knowing a word involves knowing its meaning, its form and its use.If we say that we know a word, we must be able to a)recognize it in written and spoken form;b)recall it at once;c)relate it to appropriate object or concept;d)use it in appropriate grammatical form;e)use it in correct collocation;f)use it at appropriate level of formality;g)pronounce it in a recognizable way;h)spell it correctly;i)be aware of its connotation.What are the three main forms of word building in English? Affixation, compounding and conversion.28.How do you decide whether a word should enter the students’ active or passive vocabulary? We have to consider whether the word: a)is essential for comprehension of context;b)is commonly used;c)is used in a wide variety of situations;d)has more than one meaning(if so, which;if any, to teach)

If our answer to all these four questions is yes, then we have to make it enter the students’ active vocabulary.29.What are the six principles to remember when presenting new vocabulary in class? Before presenting vocabulary in class, it is helpful to remember the following: a)Teach and practice the words in spoken form first.b)Teach words in context.c)Teach lexical items rather than individual words.d)Present words in a memorable way.e)Check understanding.f)Revise often.30.What tricks can a teacher teach his students to use to memorize vocabulary? a)grouping words in one way or another;b)using dictionaries;c)establishing personal category sheets;d)using visuals;e)using alphabetical index;f)labeling.31.What is the relationship between the grammatical forms of a language and their communicative functions? While one form can be used to perform a number of functions, one function can be realized by using a number of different forms.32.What are the three different views on grammar teaching? The first view is that teaching grammar entails the formal explanation of grammar rules.While learners who receive a great deal of grammatical explanation will end up knowing quite a lot about the language, they will not necessarily be able to put the language to communicative effect.The second view is that teaching grammar is basically a matter of providing learners with practice in mastering common grammatical patterns through a process of analogy rather than explanation.The learners may become fluent in the structures they have been taught, but may not be able to use them appropriately in genuine communication outside the classroom.The third view is that teaching grammar is a matter of giving students the opportunity to use English in a variety of realistic situations.The disadvantage is that learners will not be able to provide explanations of the grammatical rules of the target language.Ⅴ.Short essay.Directions: Choose ONE topic from the following list and write a short essay of about 150 words.1.What is the role of environment in language learning according to the behaviorists? And the mentalists? In the behaviorist view, children imitate the language of their environment to a considerable degree, and imitation is a strong contribution factor in the language learning process.A consequence of this is that the frequency with which words and structures occur in the language of the environment, will influence the language development of the child.In addition, reinforcement is needed to arrive at a higher level of language proficiency.Parental approval is an important type of reinforcement in the language learning process: when a child produces a grammatically correct utterance which is understood by its environment, approval from the parents may serve as reinforcement for such an utterance.In this way, the environment encourages the child to produce grammatical utterances, while not encouraging ungrammatical utterances.The linguist Norm Chomsky claims that children are biologically programmed for language and that language develops in the child in just the same way that other biological functions develop.For example, every child will learn to walk as long as adequate nourishment and reasonable freedom of movement are provided.The child does not have to be taught;most children learn to walk at about the same time;and walking is essentially the same in all normal human beings.For Chomsky, language acquisition is very similar to the development of walking.The environment makes a basic contribution---in this case, the availability of people who speak to the child.The child, or rather, the child’s biological endowment, will do the rest.This is known as the innatist position.Chomsky developed his theory in reaction to the behaviorist theory of learning based on imitation and habit formation.2.What is the main idea of the acquisition-learning hypothesis? Krashen maintained that adult L2 learners have at their disposal two distinct and independent ways of developing competence in a second language: acquisition and learning.Acquisition is a subconscious process identical in all important ways to the process children utilize in acquiring their first language, and learning is a conscious process that results in knowledge about language.Acquisition comes about through meaningful interaction in a natural communication setting.Speakers are not concerned with form, but with meaning;nor is there explicit concern with error detection and correction.This contrasts with the language learning situation in which error detection and correction are central, as is typical the case in classroom settings, where formal rules and feedback provide the basis for language instruction.Nontheless, for Krashen, it is not the setting per se, but conscious attention to rules that distinguishes language acquisition from language learning.In the natural setting, an adult can obtain formal instruction by asking informants about grammar and by receiving feedback from friends.Similarly, language can be acquired in the classroom when the focus in on communication---eg.through dialogues, role-playing, and other forms of meaningful interaction.3.In what sense does foreign language teaching methodology help you in your professional development?

A foreign language teacher has to not only make his students understand the language, namely the pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etc., he must also develop their communicative competence so that they can use the language they have learned correctly, appropriately and expressively in real situations.In order to do well this complicated job, the teacher needs to know, apart from a comprehensive knowledge of the language and the ability to use it, as many teaching methods and techniques as possible, and understand the underlying theories and principles, therefore he not only knows what to teach and how to do it, but also why he should do it in a certain way and how to solve problems when they arise.In this way he will have full confidence in doing his job well.Foreign language teachers understand that knowing a language does not necessarily mean that you can teach the language well.Teaching is an art as well as a science.If you do not know the theories, principles, methods or techniques of teaching, you might be able to teach a foreign language based on your experience, but you cannot hope to achieve good results, nor can you give your or your colleagues’ teaching a rational evaluation or a critical appraisal.There are surely limitations in teaching by drawing only on experience, though experience is important.The theory you learnt from the methodology course can guide, support and conceptualize practice.New insights you get by sharing ideas of other people will bring you great benefit.As the old saying goes: “Travel broadens the mind”.In the same way learning Foreign Language Teaching Methodology will surely broaden the mind of teachers.4.What are the advantages and disadvantages of grammar-translation method?

The main advantages of this method are: first, comparison between two languages helps students to have a better understanding of the meaning of abstract words and complicated sentences.Second, systematic study of grammatical rules plays an important role in fostering students' ability of reading comprehension and producing grammatically correct sentences.Understanding and manipulating the morphology and syntax will develop students' ability of analyzing and solving problems.Third, the focus on understanding literary texts provides the situation in which reading and writing abilities are well trained.Fourth, it makes few demands on teachers although it often creates frustration for students.It is relatively easy to apply.Disadvantages in this method are: First, overemphasis on translation can never emancipate the learners from dependence on the first language.Second, knowing a large number of grammatical rules cannot ensure that students can use them appropriately in real communicative situation.Third, it puts too much emphasis on reading and writing and neglects listening and speaking.Fourth, the texts are mostly taken from literary works.The language learned often doesn't meet the practical needs of the learners.Fifth, memorizing grammar rules and bilingual word lists does not motivate students to actively communicate in the target language.

第三篇：论美国法（本站推荐）

内容提要：美国法并不象人们所通常认为的那样具有英国法的特性，这是由各种各样的因素造成的。美国的双重法院体制、民事陪审机构和一些民事诉讼制度、法官和律师的地位与作用甚至独具特色的法学教育体制的形成都具有深刻的历史原因和背景。在继承英国法的部分传统时，美国法也受到欧洲大陆法较大的影响。

主题词：联邦法院 陪审团 法学教育 发现程序

在学习和研究美国法时，人们常常喜欢使用“英美法系”一词，因为美国法和英国法的关系非常密切。许多美国律师也倾向于认为，美国私法的古老的英国根基是他们作为职业律师的尊严的一个主要因素。但是，美国法律并不象我们甚至一些美国人所认为的那样具有英国性。人们所认为的美国法和英国法的一体性掩盖了许多东西，正如它所揭示的那么多。

之所以如此，原因之一是大多数美国法律和政治机构以及法律传统是在十八世纪末作为反对英国殖民统治的产物而形成的。美国公法与英国公法几乎截然不同，尽管二者都是用英文写成的。当时的联邦宪法和州宪法的起草人绝大多数属于仇英派和亲法派。因此，他们建立的政治分权机构所反映的思想更多地具有法国性而不是英国性。

独立战争的胜利在人类历史上创造了一个难得的短暂的瞬间，它使人们在一个相对空白的基础上制定法律、设立法律机构成为可能，而极少需要尊重现成的传统和期望。尽管在当时也不得不做一些妥协，而且正是这些妥协造成了当今美国法律的许多令人沮丧的复杂的地方。譬如，联邦法院和州法院行使广泛的共同司法管辖权的双重法院体制就是十八世纪政治斗争的一个苦果。如果当时人们有机会去选择一个比它简单的司法体制，则任何一个明智的人都不会选定这样一种体制。但是，如果没有这一笨拙的妥协，当时就不可能建立联邦。

因此，要想理解美国的法律机构，我们必需首先弄清楚1783年的美国，在这一年英国承认了前十三个殖民地的独立。这十三个殖民地当时的人口约三百万，他们大多数居住在离大西洋一百英里并沿着海岸线延伸一千英里的范围内。殖民地的大多数法官和许多律师是在英国受训的，他们忠于英国王室，大部份在独立战争期间逃往加拿大。在1783年之前，在十三个州新成立的法院任职的一些法官完全没有接受过专业训练。1 正是在这样一个时期和十九世纪早期，美国各州废弃了要求败诉当事人支付胜诉方律师费用和允许不熟练的律师基于案件胜诉而提出支付律师费的诉讼请求的英国做法。

2那些半职业化的十八世纪的州法院不愿意执行英国债权人的权利。一些参加过独立战争的人这么做部分是为了抛弃自己对忠于王室的英国人所欠的债务。在各州这是一个非常严重的问题，因为英国是以这些债务能够得到清偿为条件承认独立的。在1787年之前，乔治三世的皇家海军有可能恢复其讨债人的作用。此年相聚在费城以组织一个更为强大的中央政府的那些人无不为这一问题而深感头痛。于是他们中的许多人赞成建立一个能更可靠地执行英国债权人的权利的全国性的法院系统。但是对中央政府的极大的不信任使这一步没能付诸实施。如果联邦宪法规定设立全国性的法院，则该宪法就得不到批准。于是，妥协的结果便是设立一个最高法院，并授权国会设立其下属法院，这些下属法院的管辖权将由宪法和设立它们的立法文件给予严格的限制。

欧洲国家很快就发现了这一历史与当代欧洲的相似之处。人们发现为一定的目的建立一个欧洲法院是必要的。但是如果在1948年提议由其取代各国法院，则欧洲共同体将遇到难以克服的阻力。在1787年到1789年的美国存在着同样的阻力。于是，随着欧洲法院作用的逐步扩大，它在不断地为将越来越复杂的内容带给欧洲共同体法律的双重司法管辖的令人困惑的结果所困扰。

甚至这一双重司法管辖的妥协在当时的美国也是阻力重重。在批准宪法的辩论 中，特别是在纽约和宾夕法尼亚，建立全国性的法院的思想遭到激烈的反对，尽管其管辖权受到限制。3 因此有必要以作为宪法第一修正案的《权利法案》的形式作进一步的妥协。现在看来似乎很奇怪，当时《权利法案》的条文所最迫切要求的是在民事诉讼中获得陪审团审判的权利。而补充规定到宪法中的这一机构的作用在当时是，现在也仍然是保护各州人民的权利不受联邦法院的侵犯。这是司法权在专业法官和业余法官之间的一种分配，这与广泛存在于那时设立的其他法律机构之间的许多分权没有什么不同。

对联邦法院的不信任不是没有理由。从马克思主义的观点来看，那些被任命为联邦法官的人都属于统治阶级的成员，他们与英国的带假发的法官只有些微相似之处。在18世纪是这样，在今天仍然如此。无论是在过去还是在现在，联邦法官都不是欧洲、日本或朝鲜法官一般意义上的技术人员。他们之所以被选为法官，部分是因为他们的政治观点与任命他们的总统的一致，且不为必须批准这种任命的美国参议院所反对。要记住的是，总统不会寻求把一个被其同事看成是技术律师的人任命为联邦法官。因为业务能力并不是在美国法院从事司法工作的主要任职条件。

19世纪早期的美国最高法院的首席法官约翰·马歇尔使律师和其他人对其肃然起敬。他领导的法院开始了最高法院书面意见的使用，这与英国法中的分开表述的习惯不同。在面对许多重大的政治问题时，他们能够说服人们相信他们的判决是对宪法和其他具有决定意义的立法在技术上有效的解释。在1815年之前，外国观察家开始发现美国人对法律的特有的迷恋以及喜好诉讼的倾向，那些在其他国家的人看来不适合诉讼的事情在美国都可诉诸法庭进行诉讼。19世纪30年代托克维尔发现美国的律师和法官已经有某种程度的贵族化。他对他们的社会地位和财富的评价并不很高，只是认为他们在美国政治生活中的作用很大。当欧洲社会被一个凝聚力强的社会阶级的权力和影响所稳定时，事实上美国各州几乎既没有被这种凝聚力所困扰，也没有被它所支持。

因此，律师和法官填补了一个政治空间。Timothy

第四篇：论美 教案

论美 教学设计

【教案背景】

当前初中语文教育片面强化提高与分数有关的内容，忽视基本素质培养的情况，学生的考试分数虽有所提高，但基础文化、基本学习能力、基本的心理素质、基本的思想道德品质和行为习惯方面未得到有效的同步提高，成功教育是追求学生潜能发现、发展的教育，是学生自我教育能力提高的教育。所以我们在语文教学中必须顺应时代发展的需要，以互联网为平台，培养学生自主搜集信息，并在此基础上逐步提升学生自主学习的能力，让学生收获成功的喜悦。【教案设计】

一、教学设计

（一）设计思路

《论美》是九年级上册第三单元的一篇课文，我围绕“美”字来做文章，设计了“谈谈美”、“读懂美”、“欣赏美”和“完善美”这四个教学环节，充分利用互联网资源，并以朗读贯穿始终，旨在倡导自主探究，合作交流的方式，引导学生反复研读课文，寻找美的意义，并结合学生生活实际去发现美，创造美，充分发挥学生学习的主体性，从而让本节课成为一节对学生进行美的熏陶，使学生感悟美的真谛，让学生展示美丽，获得成功体验的语文课。

（二）教学目标

1.通过诵读能找出作者的主要观点。

2.能体味文章中精妙睿智的语言，并说出自己的看法。3.联系实际或相关知识，表达自己的对美的理解。

（三）教学步骤 1.检查自学情况

主体活动：①课前学生通过百度词典，搜索讲学稿上要求注音的字词，并了解词语的意思。②学生自主上黑板板书讲学稿课前自学内容，其他学生检查板书是否正确，如有错误学生帮忙改正。

2.导入新课，谈谈美

想一想，你认为诗词歌赋中哪些文字描述的人物形象最美？ 主体活动：①学生通过百度搜索寻求答案。

如：翩若惊鸿，婉若游龙，荣曜秋菊，华茂春松。

网址：http://baike.baidu.com/view/20542.htm

手如柔荑，肤如凝脂，领如蝤蛴，齿如瓠犀。螓首蛾眉，巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮。

网址：

http://baike.baidu.com/view/2943360.htm?fromenter=%CA%AB%A1%A4%CE%C0%B7%E7%A1%A4%CB%B6%C8%CB ②学生交流分享。3.整体感知，读懂美

①自由朗读课文，画出你认为最能表达文章观点的句子。

②课文是如何围绕中心论点展开论证的。

主体活动：学生自由朗读课文，找出中心论点，并简要阐述论证过程。学生自主思考问题，回答时可择取自己能够独立阐述的小节进行分析，其他学生可自由补充，教师只在所有学生回答完毕后帮助理清全文思路。4.精读课文，欣赏美

我欣赏的句子是： 给我的启示是： 主体活动：学生默读课文，在讲学稿上写下能够引起自己共鸣的句子，以及这个句子带给自己的独特感受。写完后组内交流，由小组进行推荐，全班进行交流。5.再读课文，完善美

我想将事例放在第 段，例子是： 我的理由是： 主体活动：

①学生再读课文，根据每小节阐述的主要观点，补充论据，让文章论证更有力，组内展示，讨论，评价，小组整合成果后全班交流，分享。

②教师出示一个事例，学生通过视频具体感受“美的德行”的要义所在。最后齐读课文，升华对美的感悟。

网址：http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTI3NDA2NDA=.html 片段一：

师：同学们能为课文锦上添花，为文章丰富一个事实论据，更加有力地增加文章的说服力吗？ 生：我想将事例放在第2段，例子是居里夫人是个很漂亮的女子，但她的美不仅体现在外表，更多的而是她的内在美，靠着自己的坚持不懈，吃苦耐劳，获得了两次诺贝尔奖，她的美是内外兼修的永恒的美。我的理由是第2小节论述的中心是外在美与内在美可以统一，我举的例子可以证明这一观点。„„

师：老师也为课文准备了一个论据，让我们一起走进美丽的老人——白芳礼。（播放视频）

学生认真观看视频，很多学生留下了激动的泪水„„ 师：白芳礼老人美吗？ 生：美！（异口同声）

师：老师被老人深深感动着，老师也看到许多同学泪流满面，你们能理解老师为什么要将这个故事放在课文中吗？

生：白芳礼老人挣下35万元人民币，资助了300多名贫困学生，可他的私有财产账单上是一个零，这是一种多么伟大的奉献精神，他的美好品德就像朴素背景下熠熠生辉的宝石。生：老人把房子卖了，承包了一个小售货亭，作为“白芳礼支教公司”，可他依旧过着蹬三轮的生活，并且在售货亭旁搭了个铁皮棚子，寒来暑往，他在里面住了五年，这种“坚持”不是人人都能经受的，可老人把好事做到了生命的尽头，虽然老人没有让人羡慕的外表，可他用他的言行，他的善举告诉我什么叫做真正的美丽。

生：白芳礼老人在大雪纷飞的一天蹬着三轮把他每天积累的500元钱放在饭盒里，交给学校 的老师时说了一句：“我干不动了，以后可能不能再捐了，这是我最后的一笔钱„„”这个细节我特别感动，老人不是天生富有的，他的钱也是一毛，两毛省下来的，可他并没有哀怨生活的清贫，而是把生活的全部奉献给了那些上不起学的孩子，在他的身上折射了人性的大美，这种美是让人刻骨铭心的。

„„ 【反思和分析】

这节课学生的表现有点出乎我的意料，因为课堂上活跃着一种氛围叫“快乐”，学生学得快乐，我也被快乐感染着，为什么师生都有收获并且能够相互促进呢？思考良久，我想是因为我把课堂尽可能地归还给了学生，让学生成为课堂的主体，让学生在课堂上尽情释放自己的美丽，获得了成功的体验，这是成功教育一次成功实践。

1.成功教育主张积极为学生创造成功的机会和条件，诱导学生尝试成功, 促使学生主动内化教育要求，启动和形成学生自身的学习内部动力机制。所以在设计课堂的时候，我就确定了让学生做主课堂的教学构想，因为想要让学生体会成功的快乐，就必须让每个学生都参与到课堂中来。因而每一个教学环节的设计并没有固定、唯一的评价标准，出发点便是让任何一个学生都可以找到解决问题的角度，并且都能够有话说，其中穿插的课前网络搜索更是激发学生实现自我价值的一种方式，学生的内驱力得到了不断的激发，学生学习的主动性充分调动。

2.成功教育在教育、教学过程中基本特点是“低起点、小步子、多活动、快反馈”。教师要善于设置高质量的问题，把学生的思维活动和言语活动吸引到问题情景中，使学生精神集中专一，思考问题系统深入，学生在主动参与、独立思考、问题讨论中，不知不觉地萌发了参与意识，形成了参与能力，从而对问题的解决产生积极的效应。我在设计问题时正是考虑了这一点，在开始让学生自由谈论诗词歌赋中哪些文字描述的人物形象最美，这时候学生通过搜索得到的结论多为外在的易显的美，教师可以抓住这一点，由浅入深地引导学生感受课文语言的内涵之美，最终通过增加事实论据这一环节思辨体会文章所倡导的内在的品德之美，理解美的本质。如“片段二”呈现的例子，学生可以迅速的调动自己积累的知识，作为文章观点有力的支撑，并经过教师视频的引导，对“美”有了具象而深刻的理解，这种自主参与的过程性的学习领悟是其他教学环节取代不了的，学生正是在学习中充分发挥了主体性，才会成功到达成功的彼岸。

3.成功教育坚持对学生实施鼓励性评价，其立足点是从学生原有的基础出发，发现和肯定学生的每一点进步和成功，促使学生发现自己，发展自己，看到自己的力量找到自己不足，满怀信心地不断争取成功。在这堂课上，我不仅仅是教学活动的组织者和指导者，更重要的是学生学习活动的参与者，是学生学习的高级伙伴，课堂避免了教师的满堂灌，既活跃了课堂气氛，又让学生有了展示自我的空间。师生互动互学，一起探索真理，共同开发，使整个学习活动成为一个动态发展、不断生成、富有生命力的创造过程。

在这堂课上，没有了“师道尊严”的框架约束，学生主体性得到了充分发挥，他们尽情展示着自己的“思想之美”，“表达之美”，“合作之美”，“自信之美”，看到学生投入、积极地参与，听到学生智慧、灵动的感悟，我因他们在课堂上绽放的美丽，感受到了作为教师的快乐，学生也因为主体地位的体现感受了成功带来的喜悦。

第五篇：《论美》教案

《论美》教学设计

明祖陵中学

张芹

【教学目标】

1、通过反复诵读理解“美”的真正含义,形成对美的正确认识.2、通过制作格言卡来学习作者格言式的语言和多样的论证方法.3、通过师生交流，实践树立正确的审美观、价值观.并且学会在生活中识别美、发现美、创造美 【教学重难点】

1、学习作者格言式的语言和多样的论证方法.2、树立正确的审美观、价值观.学会在生活中识别美、发现美、创造美.【教学方法、手段】

诵读法、点拨法、讨论法、幻灯片展示等 【教学课时】 1课时 【教材分析】

《论美》这篇文章是苏教版初中语文实验教材九年级上册第三单元第四课。本单元的单元提示这样说：“学学牛吃草－－读书要讲求智慧，读书有精读与泛读，对充满智慧的经典作品就得深读精思，反复品味，如同牛的‘反刍’一样，含英咀华，直至得其精髓。”而本文选自英国哲学家培根的名作《论人生》，是经典著作，值得我们引导学生反复咀嚼。本文是一篇随感，初二时学生已经学过这样的文章，正好可以结合这篇文章加深学生对杂感这种文体的理解，这篇文章写法虽然在条理上不够分明，却在字里行间中透露出哲学家对“美”的

理解，对人生的感悟，是一篇对学生进行“美”的教育和熏陶的绝佳范本，作为教师应该充分利用教材对学生进行审美教育。我将这一课的教学重点设置为品味文中富有哲理的语言。【教学设想】

在新课程理念下的语文教学不能满堂灌，而是倡导自主探究、合作交流的学习方式。因此，我认为在本课的授课过程中教师应把学习权、话语权交给学生，教师要通过独特的设计和简洁的语言，引导学生去反复研读、品味课文，探寻美的真谛，并结合学生自身的实际生活去识别美、发现美、创造美，从而让本节课成为一节对学生进行美学熏陶、教育的语文课。此外，由于学生的年龄、知识结构所限，不宜在课堂上涉及太多美学范畴下的概念、理论，增加学生理解的难度，影响学生主动参与、切实联系自身生活实践的积极性。【教学过程】

一、谈话式导入

分享身边美(畅所欲言)

二、走进文本,整体感知.1、了解培根.2、培根眼中的美.(找出中心论点)用自己喜欢的方式认真的朗读课文，看看作者围绕着“美”作了哪些论述？在这些论述中，作者的核心的观点是什么？

读的过程中勾画出文中的关键语句。（屏幕显示：勾画关键语句）

三、深入文本，交流探究。

1、初步了解培根的观点后，大家再思考一下：如果请你从刚才勾画的语句中找出一句你认为最精彩，做一张“美的格言卡”，你准备选哪一句？（屏幕显示：美的格言卡）

通过对关键句的寻找和品析，大家对课文内容有了比较深入的理解，现在我们齐声把这些句子再齐读一遍。（生齐读）

2、本篇文章是一篇议论文，作者在论述的过程中运用了哪些论证方法?有什么样的作用？（屏幕显示：论证方法）

请同学任意找出一处，讨论交流。

3、同学们，应该说，我们对“美”的感受已经比较深刻了，还了解了作者的论证方法。但我们对文章的探究还在继续，接下来这个环节更是我们畅所欲言的时候。（屏幕显示：质疑问难）

如果你对课文的某一句话，某一个词不理解，可以提出来研究。甚至说，你对有些观点不认同，也可以大胆的发表自己的看法。

四、拓展延伸。

我们初三有一位同学，平时喜欢奇装异服，天天都在赶新潮，学校规定穿校服，他硬是不听，学习成绩一塌糊涂。假如你是他的好朋友，你会怎么劝说他呢？

五、教师寄语

六、布置作业（屏幕显示：作业）

八、课后反思