高考英语语法讲解——虚拟语气教案

第一篇：高考英语语法讲解——虚拟语气教案

虚拟语气

一、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气

1.和现在的事实相反

从句：一般过去时（were/done）；主句：过去将来时（would do）

E.g.：I am not free today.If I ___free today, I __ and visit some of my friends.2.和过去的事实相反

从句：过去完成时（had done）；主句：过去完成时（would have done）E.g.：If my lawyer ___ here last Saturday, he __ me from going.3.和将来的事实相反

从句：①were to + 动词原形 ②should +动词原形 ③动词过去式； 主句should/would/could/might +动词原形

E.g.：If I were to see Tom, what ___ you ___ me to tell him?

二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气

1.wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的愿望。其表达形式一般是将从句的谓语动词退后一个时态。例如:

1)与现在事实相反 : wish +(that)+ did(were)

E.g.：I wish I were as healthy as you.E.g.：I wish that I had a plane.2)与过去事实相反 : wish +(that)+ had done E.g.：I wish I had been to the concert last night.E.g.：I wish you had written to him.3)与将来事实相反 : wish + would/could/might + do E.g.：I wish he would forgive me.2.在某些动词后的宾语从句中需用should+动词原形的虚拟语气形式。“should”可以省略。一个坚持insist;两个命令order, command;三条建议suggest , advise, propose;四项要求demand, request, require, ask;另外有:prefer、recommend 注意: suggest表“暗示表明”时 insist表“坚持认为”时不用虚拟语气

E.g.：He ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves.E.g.：The doctor suggested that she(should)have an operation at once.*His face suggested that he had been punished by the teacher.三、主语从句中的虚拟语气

1.It be+过去分词+that…+(should)+动词原形+… 过去分词：suggested, requested, ordered, proposed E.g.: It is required that nobody(should)smoke here.E.g.: It’s suggested that everybody(should)buy a dictionary 2.It be+形容词+that…+(should)+动词原形+…

形容词:important, necessary, natural, right, wrong, better,proper, funny, strange, surprising… E.g.: It is necessary that we(should)have a walk now.E.g.: It's important that we(should)take good care of the patient.3.It be+名词（a pity/a shame/ no wonder）that…+(should)+动词原形+…(表示惊异、懊悔、失望等情感)It is a regret that he(should)miss this golden chance.四、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气

在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice ,decision等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。

E.g.: My suggestion is that we(should)leave at once.E.g.: I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.五、状语从句中的虚拟语气

1、用在由as if, as though引导的状语从句中，表示和现在事实相反或对现在的怀疑，用过去时；表示过去想象中的动作或情况，用过去完成时;表示将来用would + 动词原形。E.g.: It seems as if the man were his brother.E.g.: This device operated as though it had been repaired.2.用在lest, for fear that和in case引导的状语从句中，这时谓语动词用(should)+动词原形 E.g.: She closed the windows lest she catch cold.六、其他句式

1、It’s(high/low)time 从句：

It is(high)time that从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。E.g.: It is time that the children went to bed.E.g.: It is high time that the children should go to bed.2、一些介词短语

But for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.Nothing could live without the sun.3、比较if only与only if only if 表示“只有”；

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.if only 则表示“如果……就好了”。其从句中的谓语动词用过去时或过去完成时。If only I knew more.If only the alarm clock had rung.七、虚拟语气难点

1、错综虚拟与隐含虚拟

错综虚拟：If you hadn’t bought the ticket last week, how would you go now? 隐含虚拟：情境中提供虚拟语气

Suppose there were no gravity, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped.She wasn’t feeling very well.Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.（连词）I might have given you more help, but I was too busy.（连词）Given more time, we could have done it better.（分词短语）… … Such mistakes could have been avoided.（通过上下文）

2、倒装

①.Were it(=If it were)not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.②.Had I(=If I had)known about it, I would have told you.③.Should anyone(=If anyone should)call, please take a message.DDDDB DDDB

第二篇：英语语法教案第三章(虚拟语气定稿)

虚拟语气

第一部分：语气的定义和种类 语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类

陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如： There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？ How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如： Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。

Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。

虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如： If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed!祝您成功！

虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。

第二部分：虚拟语气的用法

I.简单句中虚拟语气的用法

一、动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office? 请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？

It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。

二、表示祝愿。

1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。May good luck be yours!祝你好运！May you be happy!祝你快乐！

May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！May you have a good time.祝愿你玩的痛快。

May the friendship between us last long.祝愿我们的友情天长地久。May you be happy.(注意那个be)祝你幸福。

2、用动词原形。例如：

(1)Long live the people!人民万岁！

(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”

(3).Have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快！

3、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）(1).God save me．(2).Heaven help us．

第三部分：名词性从句中的虚拟语气

I.宾语从句中的虚拟语气

一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气

在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。

1、表示与现在的事实相反，wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。1)I wish(that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)2)I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)3).I wish I were a bird.但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)4).When she was at the party, she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)5).Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)6).When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(事实上并不和我们在一起)

2、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：Wish后宾语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：

1）I wish(that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)2）He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)3）We wished he had spoken to us.(事实上他并没同我们讲)4）I wish you had called earlier.(事实上已迟了)5）They will wish they had listened to us sooner.(事实上并不如此)例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A.could have slept B.slept C.might have slept D.have slept 动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A（could have slept）是答案

3）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：

如果wish表示对将来事情的愿望。宾语从句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might + 动词原形”(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。

1）.I wish it would stop raining.我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)2）.I wish you would be quiet 我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)3）.You wished she would arrive the next day.你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)4）.I wish she would change her mind.我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)5）.He will wish we would join him the following week.(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)注意：.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如： I wished I hadn't spent so much money.我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。

2.如果wish后宾语 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求 I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气的用法

由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：

表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order, command, demand 表示“主张”的：maintain, urge 表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist 例如：

1.The doctor suggested that he(should)try to lose his weight.2.He insisted that we(should)tell him the news.3.When I suggested that he(should)try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job.”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work.(他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)

三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。

I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。

四、在would rather，would sooner，had rather，would(just)as soon，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气的用法

would rather , would sooner, had rather, would(just)as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔”。

(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(3).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.(4).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office．经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。

(7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case．坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。

(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry．I would rather you went on business first．你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。

(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being．我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。

(10).Frankly speaking，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being．坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。

(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday．我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形 I would rather stay at home today． would rather．．．than．．．中用动词原形 I would rather stay at home than go out today．

II：主语从句中的虚拟语气

一、“It is(was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that„„”结构中的虚拟语气的用法

在“It is(was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that„„”结构中，某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句中的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should ＋动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should）常用的形容词： natural(自然的), appropriate(适当的), advisable(合适的), preferable(更可取的), better(更好的)，necessary(必须的), important(重要的), imperative(急需的), urgent(急迫的), essential(本质的), vital(必不可少的)probable(很可能的), possible(可能的)，desirable(极好的)，advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（惊人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。

常用的过去分词(Past Participle): required(需要的), demanded(要求), requested(被请求的), desired(要求)，suggested(建议), recommended(推荐)，ordered(命令)1.It is necessary that we(should 可省略, 下同)have a walk now.2 It was necessary that we(should)make everything ready ahead of time.3.It is required that nobody(should)smoke here.(表示要求不要在此抽烟)4.It is important that every pupil(should)be able to understand the rule of school.(表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)5.It's important that we(should)take good care of the patient.6.It is natural that she should do so.7.It is essential that these application forms（should）be sent back as early as possible． 这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。

8.It is vital that enough money（should）be collected to fund the project． 重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。

9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening． 希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。

注：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。

10.I don't think it advisable that Tom（should）be assigned to the job since he has no experiences.汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。

二、在It is ＋名词＋that„的主语从句中的虚拟语气

在It is ＋名词＋that的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有：advice，decision，desire，demand，idea，motion，order，pity，proposal, recommendation，requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．我建议派他去国外进一步学习。III.虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中

当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should ＋动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有：

demand(要求), desire(请求), requirement(要求), advice(劝告), recommendation(建议), suggestion(建议)order(命令)necessity(必要地), preference(优先)proposal(计划), plan(计划), idea(办法)，recommendation等。

We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off．我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。

The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone．由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。

The advice is that we(should 可省略，下同)leave at once.My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.IV.虚拟语气用在It is（about ／high）time ＋that定语从句中 在It is（about／high）time ＋that从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“该做„„的时候了”，其动词形式用一般过去时或should ＋动词原形。

It's already 5 o'clock now．Don't you think it's about time we went home？现在已经5点钟了，你不认为我们应该回家了吗？

注：在this is the first time ／second time that．．．句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。例如：

Is this the first time that you have visited Hongkong？这是你第一次参观香港吗？ V.虚拟语气用在as if（as though）引导的方式状语从句中。

（一）在as if（as though）引导的方式状语从句中，常用虚拟语气，其动词形式与wish后接宾语从句中的形式相同。Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman．艾伦谈起罗马来好像他是个罗马人一样。2 He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.（用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设）

3．The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to 20 years ago.(用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实)那老人看着照片，他觉得仿佛回到20年前了。

4。They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形动词meet，表示与将来事实相反)他们谈了又谈，仿佛他们不会再相见的样子。

（二）虚拟语气用在lest，for fear that及in case引导的目的状语从句中。

在由lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免” 等意思，其谓语动词多由should＋动词原形构成，should也可省略。

He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again．他被处以惩罚以免他再犯。VI、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法： 条件从句有两类：（1）真实条件句；（2）虚拟条件句。如果假设情况有可能发生的，就是“真实条件句”。如： If time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有时间的话，我们就一起去钓鱼。)如果假设的情况与事实相反，则为“虚拟条件句”。如：

If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.如果昨天下雨的话，我们就会留在家里。）

这种句子一般由“从句”（Subordinate Clause）和“主句”(Main Clause)组成。如上例：

If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.“If it had rained yesterday” 就是“从句”；“we would have stayed at home” 则为主句。无论从句或主句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。它们所用的动词有三种时态(Tenses)，就是： 现在时态、过去时态、将来时态。

.一、与现在事实相反的假设(事情的发生都在同一时间内): 从句中用：if + 主语 + 动词的过去式(be 用 were)主句中用：主语 + would(should, could , might)+ 动词原形

例如：1.If I were you, I would go with him.2.If I were you, I should buy it.3.If I had time, I would study French.(如果有时间，我会学习法文。)（从句用过去式动词had，主句用动词原形 study）

4.If she knew English, she would not ask me for help.(如果她懂英文，她就不必要我帮了。)(从句用过去式动词knew, 主句用动词原形ask)注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用：“主语 + would be + 进行式动词 ” 5.If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(从句用过去式动词were, 主句用 would be speaking)

二、与过去事实相反的假设(假设从句的事实为过去的事)： 从句用：If + 主语 + had +过去完成式动词

主句用：主语 + would(should, could, might)+ have +过去完成式动词 +„„ 1.If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(从句动词用had studied, 主句动词用have passed)如果你在上个学期用功一些，你就会在考试中过关了。

2.If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(从句动词用had taken, 主句动词用have failed)如果你当时听从我的劝告的话，你就不会在考试中失败了。

3.If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(从句动词用had got up, 主句动词用 have caught)如果你起身得早一点，你就会赶得上火车了。

4.If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(从句动词用had snowed, 主句动词用 have skied)如果下雪的话，我就可在公园里滑雪了。

注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用：“主语 + would + have + 完成进行式动词 5.If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(从句动词用had been, 主句动词用 have been speaking)

三、与将来的事实可能相反(对将来的事实实现的可能性不大)： 句：If + 主语 + should(或were)+ 动词原形 +„„

句：主语 + would(could, should, might)+ 动词原形 +„„ 1.If it should rain, the crops would be saved.(从句动词用should rain，主句动词用 be)如果天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。

2.If he were to go tomorrow, he might tell you.(从句动词用were to, 主句动词用 tell)如果明天他走的话，他可能会告诉你。

3.If he were here, I would give him the books.(从句动词用 were, 主句动词用 give)如果他在这儿，我可能会把书给他。

注意：如果动作在进行中，从句(不是主句喔)要用：”If + 主语 + 过去进行式动词+„„“ 4.If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(从句动词用 were staying, 主句动词用 let)如果她现在留在这儿，我可能会让她骑我的马。

从句的 If 有时可省略，那么从句中的动词(were, had, should)就得移到主语前面： 1.原句：If she were younger, she would do it.去If：Were she younger, she would do it.(把动词were移到主语she的前面)2.原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主语he的前面)

四、错综条件句（混合型条件句）中虚拟语气的用法有时虚拟条件句的从句和主句的动词动作时态会不一致：

（一）从句表示过去，主句表示将来：

If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.（二）从句表示将来，主句表示过去：

If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.（三）从句表示过去，主句表示将来： If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week.（四）从句表示将来，主句表示现在：

If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.（五）省略了条件句的虚拟语气的用法（隐含型条件句）

有时候句中省略了条件句，而用 without / but for / in the absence of ”要不是“、”如果没有"，表示条件虚拟句：

1.Without air, nothing could live.要是没有空气，什么也不能生存。

2.But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的帮忙，我们是难有成就的。

3.In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.如果没有水和空气，什么也不能生存。

The exercises for subjunctive mood

1.He acted ____ he had never lived in China before.a.as though b.even if c.as d.since 2.____ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive.a.If he went b.Were he gone c.Should he have gone d.Had he gone 3.If you were older, I ____ you to go there yesterday.a.will allow b.should allow c.would have allowed d.had allowed 4.The secretary suggested that they ____ the men in at once.a.had brought b.should have brought c.brought d.bring 5.I wish I ____ able to tell him all about it last night.a.was b.were c.had been d.should be 6.If we ____ here ten minutes earlier, we ___ the bus.a.arrived/would catch b.arrived/would have caught c.had arrived/had caught d.had arrived/would have caught 7.If I ____ more time, I would have gone with him.a.had b.had had c.have had d.would have 8.He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ____ to the meeting.a.would come b.came c.would have come d.had come 9.The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King _____ right away.a.would be arrested b.must be arrested c.be arrested d.had to be arrested 10.Jane's uncle insisted ____ in this hotel any longer.a.not staying b.not to stay c.that he not stay d.staying not 11.Don't touch the sleeping tiger.If he woke up, he _____ you.a.would come to b.would come at c.would have come toward d.will come to 12.Without electricity human life _____ quite different today.a.is b.will be c.would have been d.would be 13.How I wish I ____ to repair the watch!I only made it worse.a.had tried b.hadn't tried c.have tried d.didn't try 14.He demanded that the laboratory report ___ immediately after the experiment was done.a.was written b.be written c.must be written d.would be written 15.The man insisted that he _____ there.a.should send b.would be sent c.sent d.be sent 16.If he had not gone out in the storm _____.a.he will be alive now b.he would be alive now c.he would have been alive now 17.If it ___ tomorrow, what would we do? a.rains b.were to rain c.would rain d.rain 18.It is required that you ____ at six.a.will arrive b.arrive c.arrived d.would arrive 19.If only I _____ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.a.had known b.would know c.should know d.knew 20.He spoke in a quiet, distinct voice, as though his thought _____.a.was far away b.had been far away c.were far away d.went far away.21.If it ___ rain, we ___ get wet.a.is to, should b.were to, would c.were going to, would d.was going to, should 22.If he ___ to the teacher attentively, he ___ the answer to the problem now.a.had listened, would have known b.listened, would know c.listened, would have known d.had listened, would know 23.But for the party, he ___ of hunger 30 years ago.a.would have died b.would die c.must have died d.must die 24.___ today, he would got there for holiday.a.Was he leaving b.Were he to leave c.Would he leave d.If he leaves 25.I would have come earlier, but I ___ that you were waiting for me.a.didn’t know b.hadn’t know c.would have known d.haven’t known 26.It’s high time that we ___ to school.a.would to b.went c.go d.will go 27.It seems as if it ___ rain.a.will b.is going to c.is to d.were going to 28.I’d rather you ___ right away.a.leave b.left c.will leave d.to leave 29.He is working hard for fear that he ___.a.fails b.failed c.would fail d.fail 30.It is really strange that the girl ___ so early.a.has been married b.has married c.be married d.would marry 31.Supposing I ___ this gift, what would he say? a.accept b.accepted c.should accept d.would accept 32.The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ___ two weeks to prepare for the exam.a.give b.should give c.be given d.would be given 33.I was busy yesterday, otherwise I ___ your birthday party.a.attended b.had attended c.would attend d.would have attended 34.He insisted that he ___ me before.a.see b.should see c.had seen d.saw 35.The two strangers talked as if they ___ friends for years.a.were b.would be c.have been d.had been 36.We ___ our lives had it not been for the policeman.a.would have lost b.should lose c.might lose d.could have lost 37.----I thought you would come back tomorrow.----I would if I ___ to attend a meeting.a.don’t have b.didn’t have c.will not have d.would not have 38.He wishes ___ mistakes.a.he doesn’t always make b.he isn’t always making c.he didn’t always make d.he wouldn’t always making 39.It ___ very nice if only it were possible.a.will be b.would be c.is d.were 40.Without your help, our team ___ the last match.a.won’t win b.will lose c.wouldn’t have won d.can’t win 41.I wish ___ I what to do.a.knew b.have known c.know d.would know 42.___, I would take an umbrella with me.a.Had I been you b.I were you c.Were I you d.I had been you 43.If I had hurried, I ___ the train.a.would catch b.could catch c.would have caught d.had caught 44.He insisted that John ___ it.a.do b.does c.did d.would do 45.It is high time we ___ off.a.are b.were c.be d.will be 46.He felt as if he ___ more time to study for the test.a.needs b.were needed c.needed d.need 47.It is important that I ___ with Mr.Willians immediately.a.speak b.spoke c.will speak d.to speak 48.James wishes he ___ the football game instead of the film.a.saw b.see c.had been seen d.had seen 49.I wish ___.a.he left b.he leaves me alone c.he be left d.he would leave me alone 50.If I had known that, I ___ so.a.wouldn’t do b.wouldn’t have done c.won’t do d.have not done 51.The doctor suggested that she ___.a.will not smoke b.not smoke c.would not smoke d.did not smoke 52.If I ___ you, I wouldn’t return the call.a.be b.am c.was d.were 53.You talk as if you ___ there.a.were really b.has really been c.had really been d.would really be 54.He suggested that the work ___ at once.a.would started b.would be started c.should started d.should be started 55.It is strange that such a thing ___ in your school.a.will happen b.happen c.should happen d.happened 56.It is imperative that you ___ on time.a.are b.will be c.be d.would be 57.I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I ___ there.a.was b.were c.had been d.went 58.It is time we ___ up our results.a.sum b.summed c.will sum d.would sum 59.If the doctor had been available, the child ___.a.would not die b.would not have died c.could not die d.could not have died 60.Dr.Bethune worked hard as if he ___.a.never had felt tired b.had never felt tired c.never felt tired d.was tired never 61.I enjoyed the movie very much.I wish I ___ the book from which it was made.a.have read b.had read c.should have read d.am reading 62.You are late.If you ___ a few minutes earlier, you ___ him.a.came/ would meet b.had come/ would have met c.come/ will meet d.had come/ would met 63.I wish my husband ___ as well as yours.a.had dressed b.dress c.will dress d.dressed 64.Edison kept phosphorus carefully in a bottle lest it ___.a.would burn b.burned c.was burning d.should burn 65.He looked as if he ___ ill for a long time.a.was b.were c.has been d.had been 66.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child ___.a.would not have been lied there for two hours b.would not have laid there for two hours c.would not have lied there for two hours d.would not have lain there for two hours 67.I wish that I ___ with you last night.a.went b.could go c.have gone d.could have gone 68.Let’s say you could go there again, how ___ feel? a.will you b.should you c.would you d.do you 69.Mr.Brown left for London long ago.That’s pity.I wish ___.a.I meet him.b.I’ll have met him c.I’d had met him d.I’d meet him 70.I can’t stand him.He always talks as though he ___ everything.a.knew b.knows c.has known d.had known 71.I wish I ___.a.will tell him that b.didn’t tell him that c.told him not that d.had not told him that 72.If you had told me in advance, I ___ him at the airport.a.would meet b.would had meet c.would have met d.would have meet 73.Kunar can take his car apart and put it back together again.I certainly wish he ___ me how.a.teaches b.will teach c.has taught d.would teach 74.I would have told him the answer had it been possible but I ___ so busy then.a.had been b.were c.was d.would be 75.I wish I ___ able to tell him all about it last night.a.should be b.were c.had been d.was 76.If it ___ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.a.had rained b.would had rained c.have seen c.did see 77.He suggested that they ___ use a trick instead of fighting.a.should b.would c.do d.had 78.My father did not go to New York;the doctor suggested that he ___ there.a.not went b.won’t go c.not go d.not to go 79.I would have gone to the meeting if I ___ time.a.had had b.have had c.had d.would have had 80.John wished ___.a.he will study more b.he had studied more c.he studies d.he won’t have studied more 81.You look so tired tonight.It is time you ___.a.go to sleep b.went to sleep c.go to bed d.went to bed 82.“Why didn’t you buy a new car?” “I would have bought one if I ___ enough money.” a.had b.have had c.would have d.had had 83.I recommended that the student ___ his composition as soon as possible.a.finishing writing b.should finish the writing c.finish writing d.finished writing 84.If she could sew, ___.a.she make a dress b.she would have made a shirt c.she will make a shirt d.she would had made a coat 85.___ today, he would get there by Friday.a.Would he leave b.Was he leaving c.Were he to leave d.If he leaves 86.His doctor suggested that he ___ a short trip abroad.a.will take b.would take c.take d.took 87.The Bakers arrived last night, if they’d only let us know earlier, ___ at the station.a.we’d meet them b.we’ll meet them c.we’d have met them d.we’ve met them 88.If I __ you, I ___ more attention to English idioms and phrases.a.was/ shall pay b.am/ will pay c.would be/ would pay d.were/ would pay 89.We might have failed if you ___ us a helping hand.a.have not given b.would not give c.had not given d.did not give 90.The Law requires that everyone ___ his car checked at least once a year.a.has b.had c.have d.will have 91.I wish ___ I busy yesterday;I could have helped you with the problem.a.hadn’t been b.weren’t c.wasn’t d.have not been 92.Had I known her name, ___.a.or does she know mine? b.and where does she live? c.she would be beautiful d.I would have invited her to lunch 93.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ___ all about that.a.know b.knows c.known d.knew 94.If I ___ the money, I would have bought a much bigger car.a.possessed b.owned c.had d.had had 95.I wish I ___ a young man again.a.am b.was c.were d.will be 96.The librarian insists that John ___ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he had borrowed.a.will take b.took c.take d.takes 97.I left very early last night, but I wish I ___ so early.a.didn’t b.hadn’t left c.haven’t left d.couldn’t leave 98.I do not have a job.I would find one but I ___ no time.a.had b.didn’t have c.had had d.have 99.I wish that you ___ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.a.hadn’t b.didn’t have had c.hadn’t had d.hadn’t have 100.He insisted that we all ___ in his office at one o’clock.a.be b.to be c.would be d.shall be 101.Helen couldn’t got to France after all.That’s too bad, I’m sure she would have enjoyed it if ___.a.she’s gone b.she’ll go c.she’d gone d.she’d go 102.I must go there earlier.John has suggested that I ___ an hour before the discussion begins.a.go b.shall go c.will go d.would go 103.If her husband had not liked the dress ___.a.she would be delighted b.he would get mad c.she would have returned it d.she must have taken it back to the store 104.If I ___ you, I ___ worry.a.were/ wouldn’t b.was/ wouldn’t c.been/ would have d.be/ would 105.We ___ delighted if the report ___ true.a.were/ were b.shall be/ were c.should be/ were d.were/ would be 106.If he ___ here, he ___ you.a.had been/ would have helped b.would have been/ should have helped b.were/ had helped d.would have been/ would had helped 107.If I ___ so busy, I ___ the lecture that day.a.were not be/ should attend b.should not/ should have attend c.was not/ would attend d.had not been/ would have attended 108.If I ___ the way to New York, I ___.a.knew / would drive b.knew/ will drive c.knew/ would have drive d.had known/ would drive 109.But for the leadership of our Party, we ___.a.shouldn’t succeed b.could not have succeed c.will not succeed d.should not have succeeded 110.You ___ the train if you ___ a little earlier.a.could take/ started b.could have taken/ had started c.could take/ had started d.could have taken / started

Key to the subjunctive mood exercises: 1.a 2.d 3.c 4.d 5.c 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.c 10.c 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.b 15.d 16.c 17.b 18.b 19.d 20.b 21.b 22.d 23.a 24.b 25.a 26.b 27.b 28.b 29.d 30.c 31.b 32.c 33.d 34.c 35.d 36.a 37.b 38.c 39.b 40.c 41.a 42.c 43.c 44.a 45.b 46.c 47.a 48.d 49.d 50.b 51.b 52.d 53.c 54.d 55.c 56.c 57.c 58.b 59.b 60.b 61.b 62.b 63.d 64.d 65.d 66.d 67.d 68.c 69.c 70.a 71.d 72.c 73.d 74.c 75.c 76.a 77.a 78.c 79.a 80.b 81.d 82.d 83.c 84.b 85.c 86.c 87.c 88.d 89.c 90.c 91.a 92.d 93.d 94.d 95.c 96.c 97.b 98.d 99.c 100.a 101.c 102.a 103.c 104.a 105.c 106.a 107.d 108.a 109.d 110.b

第三篇：浅谈高中英语语法虚拟语气教学（共）

浅谈高中英语语法虚拟语气教学

江苏省高邮市第一中学英语组 居树君 【摘 要】 随着新课改的不断深入，高二英语语法中的虚拟语气成为单选题中占分比较多的题型，这就面临着如何学好虚拟语气的问题。本文阐述虚拟语气在英语教学中的重要性，简析了高中虚拟语气教与学中存在的问题，探讨针对高中生如何掌握好虚拟语气的方法，在指出传统教学误区的同时，结合自己的实践，在吸收先进的教学方法的同时，提出几种可行的教学方法，提高学生学习虚拟语气的能力，为学生学好英语打下坚实的基础。【关键词】英语 虚拟语气 教学

众所周知，虚拟语气既是高中英语教学的重点，又是一大难点，很多学生经常对它的用法感到困惑。语法教学是高中生学好英语的前提和基础，对学生来说，学好虚拟语气是进步提高英语语法学习的前提和保障，作为一个教学工作者，如何有效地进行虚拟语气教学，将直接影响到学生是否真正理解和掌握英语，能否在考试中取得好的成绩以及切实有效地运用英语。

一． 虚拟语气的定义及应用

虚拟语气是指与事实相反，不可能或想象的情况或假设。

（一）.虚拟语气在if引导的非真实条件句中的应用 动词形式/时间 从句 主句

与现在事实相反

动词过去式(be的过去式一般用were)would(could/should/might)+动词原形 与过去事实相反 be+动词过去分词

would(could/should/might)+have+过去分词 与将来事实可能相反

动词过去式;should/were to+动词原形 would(could/should/might)+动词原形

【注意】主句中的should只用于第一人称，would/could/might可用于所有人称 1.表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气 如果我们有足够的钱，我们就去买一台电脑。2.表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气

if i had known your telephone number yesterday, i should have telephoned you.如果我昨天知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。3.表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气

if it should rain, the crops would be saved.假如天下雨，庄稼可能就有收获了。【注意】（1）条件句中有were, had, should时，可把if省略，而把were, had, should放在主语前，构成到状结构。

（2）若非真实条件句为否定句，否定词not不提前。

（3）“could have+过去分词”可用于if条件句中表示不真实的情况。二．虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用 1.虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用

在“it is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc.that„和“it is desired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)that„”句型中，从句谓语用“（should+）动词原形

it is necessary that i should return it right now.我有必要马上把它还回去。

it is required that the students(should)learn a foreign language.学生们被要求必须学一门外语。2.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用

（1）wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。若表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时；若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用“would/could/might+动词原形”。i wish i had a little lab of my own.但愿我有一间属于自己的实验室。要是你昨天来听报告就好了。would rather 后的句子用虚拟语气。通常一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。

i would rather he came tomorrow than today.we suggest that students should spend two or three years in an english-speaking country.我建议学生们在一个说英语的国家呆上两三年。【注意】当insist作“坚持认为”，用以陈述一种情况，suggest作“暗示，表明”解时，宾语从句通常不用虚拟语气。

mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.迈克坚持说他没有偷任何东西。

3.虚拟语气在表语从句、同位语从句中的运用。

当 advice, order, demand, proposal, suggestion, request等名词后跟表语从句或同位语从句时，其谓语一般用“（should+）动词原形”。

his suggestion is that you should drink more water.三．在练习题型中学生常犯的错误 如：（2009.天津高考）this picture is of good quality.if it _b___break down within the first year, we would repair i at our expense.a.would b.should c.could d.might大多数学生容易选成a答案，这说明他们对虚拟语气的本质还没有把握清楚。

（2006.湖北高考）__b__fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.a.would you be b.should you be c.could you be d.might you be 这题很多学生容易把答案选成a 原因是他们不知道是对将来的虚拟，把if 省略了，should 给提到了句首，用了部分倒装句。这也是虚拟语气中的常考题型，往往被学生所忽视。四．解读虚拟语气

虚拟语气”中的“命令性虚拟语气”和“成语性虚拟语气”,再加上“were 型”虚拟语气。[1] §3116如下图所示:subjunctive present mandative formulaic were从属分句中的任何动词就都能用虚拟语气。[1] §3116如:(1)our decision is that the school remain closed.(2)it is necessary that every member inform himself of these rules.(3)there was a suggestion that brown be dropped from the team.(4)we ask that the individual citizen watch closely any developments in this matter.jespersen[5](p161)称: 在这种由that 引导的主语、宾语、表

语、同位语四种名词分句中, “祈使句被作为直接引语完整的保存下来, „讲话人觉得这里的be 型虚拟式是未经转变的指未来的祈使语气”。quirk 等[2] §14133也指出: 所有主要句子类型皆可变为间接引语, 而在转型后的间接祈使句中, 并无时态之后移。如果我们将这些命令性虚拟语气的深层语义和形式与祈使句作一对比, 便可发现二者有着十分密切的联系。如:(5)“do it right away.”i insistently said(to john).(6)i insisted that john do it right away.(7)“have another apple ,”caral suggested(to me).(8)caral suggested that i have another apple.例(5)、(7)属于隐主语型祈使句, 其主语是交际双方中的受话者you , 谓语动词为意指未来的一般现在时第二人称的形式。[6] quirk 等[2](p828)说过: “it is intuitively clear that the meaning of a directive implies that the omitted subject is the 2nd person pronoun you.”易仲良教授[4](p45)也撰文指出: 祈使句式 的主语无论隐没不现, 还是使用外现, 使用时不管是you 或是貌似第三人称的不定代词或名词词组, 都是受话者, 其谓语动词形式是限定动词现在时的第二人称形式。例(6)、(8)quirk等称之为命令性虚拟语气。而我们的看法

却不然。两例的that 分句中, 原例(5)、(7)祈使句被作为直接引语完整的保存了下来, 其主语表面上是第三人称john 和第一人称i, 而实际上仍然是交际双方中的受话者, 原祈使句之潜在主语you , 谓语动词保留了原祈使句谓语动词的形式, 即与第二人称you 相呼应的英语动词现在时态形式,[4]而不是quirk等所说的动词原形, 也不是did、had在转型后的间接祈使句中, 限定性动词并无时态之后移, 没有通常应有的一致性, 没有现在时和过去时之分。这样, 受话人可以从中感受来自现实发话人与原始发话人的双重声音, 从而较多的保留了话语原声状态下的祈使色彩。分析表明, quirk 等的be 型虚拟语气中的一类, 即“命令性虚拟语气”并没有它自身的标记性, 其谓语动词不是什么动词原形形式, 而是与祈使句谓语动词始终使用一般现在时第二人称的形式是一致的, 语义亦无二致, 都是要受话人作出某种行为的反应。易仲良教授[4](p48)将命令性虚拟语气称做间接祈使句。21成语性虚拟语气和心理祈使成语性虚拟语气(formulaic subjunctive)或曰祈求性虚拟语气是quirk等确认的现在虚拟语气的第二大类。他们认为这类虚拟语气也由原形(v)构成。但是, 这种成语性虚拟语气仅仅用在某些需要作为整体来学的成语性结构中[1] §3116用于某些感叹句表示愿望或希冀, 常常与超越自然力有关。如:(10)so be it then!(11)heaven forbid that „(12)suffice it to say that „(13)be that as it may, „ 试与祈使句作比较, 如:(14)god save the queen!(15)smith stand by me!quirk等把例(14)命之曰成语性虚拟语气, 它与祈使句例(15)的动词形式完全一致, 所引两例在深层语义上都是祈使某一对象做某事。祈使句例(15), 如前所述, 所祈使的对象“smith”表面上看是第三人称, 但实际上为现实语言交际中的受话人you , 其谓语动词是一般现在时第二人称的形式。[4](p45)关于祈使句中不定代词或名词短语作主语不是第三人称而是第二人称的观点jespersen [5](p148)早有论述: “any imperative is virtually in the second person , even if seemingly addressed to a third person.”poutsma[7](p200)在论述祈使句谓语动词时也曾说道: “the imperative , from the nature of its meaning, is used only in the present tense.”而例(14)所祈使的对象“god”在quirk 等看来, 也是第三人称, 但从话语的形成过程看, 句中“god”系发话人向彼岸世界之呼告, 我们不难读出其心理语言为彼岸的受话人you , 其谓语动词不是quirk等所说的动词原形形式, 而是与心理语言的受话人you 相呼应的现在时态形式。句中宾语“the queen”乃此岸世界受话人的称谓, 属现实语言第二人称, 寥寥几言, 发话人的思绪往返天人之际, 经历着内部语言向外部语言的转换, 却始终保持着面对面的交际, 表达一种发自内心的、祈求上帝保佑现实受话人的强烈愿望。[8]这里所谓的成语性虚拟语气实质上是心理祈使句。[4](p51)我们的论述在大家面前便展现了一幅be 型虚拟语气、祈使语气、陈述语气实为一体的图景:语气 主语 谓语

be 型虚拟语气 you v 祈使语气 you v 陈述语气第二人称 you v

quirk等的所谓be 型虚拟语气的二大类与祈使句的形式完全一致, 语义亦无二致: “be 型虚拟语气”的主语或明或隐都是受话人, 即第二人称you;其谓语动词与祈使句总是相同的, 我们称之为一般现在时态第二人称形式。[4](p51)quirk 等[2](p155)也指出: “these(mandative subjunctive and formulaic subjunctive)are realized , like the imperative , by the base form of the verb.”可是传统语法学家却将这三为一体的形式分别划分为三种不同的语气语法范畴: 陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。这种“同一范畴内的同形异意”有悖语言学关于语法范畴的基本观点。

31were 型虚拟语气和过去时态

quirk等的were 型虚拟语气是一种假设, 它用在条件分句、让步分句和前面是祈愿动词如wish 的从属分句中。这种虚拟语气只限于用were 这一种形式, 它出现在动词be的第一人称和第三人称单数现在时中。[1] §3116这样, quirk 等将传统的含过去时态的所谓虚拟语气, 不论是行为动词的-ed 形式, 还是be 动词的was , 还是情态助动词的过去式都归为或陈述语气范畴, 或祈使语气范畴, 或情态词范畴, 并非虚拟语气。同时quirk等[1] §11132还指明: “事实上, 对表达假设条件来说, 用陈述语气和虚拟语气都可以, 而在正式的书面英语中更多采用虚拟语气的形式。”可知, 陈述句也可以表达假设意义。我们知道“时”(tense)是个语法范畴, 它是表示时间区别的动词形式。[9](p160)“过去时”, 顾名思义, 当然表示过去时间。可是在语言实际操作中, 人们却被告知“时态”与“时间”本不一一对应, 过去时也可以表示现在时间或者将来时间, 即非过去时间。[10](p64)如:(16)i saw a film last night.(17)if he lived with us now we would be much happier.(18)i wondered if you could do that for me.lyons[11](p71836)沈家煊[14](p17-24)虚化的结果是进一步提高了were 的使用频率, 却降低了was的使用。由于were 的高使用率, quirk等将过去虚拟语气中的were 看作是普通的过去时形式,[1] §11132与be 动词以外的所有动词的过去时态采用不分人称和数的单一式是一

致的, 换言之, 那分人称和数的was 便被看作了特殊的过去时形式,[4](p51)只用于比较非正式的语体中, 往往被当作陈述句。而且, 在were 型虚拟语气中, were 之所以取代was 出现在动词be的第一人称和第三人称单数现在时中, 是因为“if i were you , „.”这样类似的语句是显然违反事实的假设。因此, 笔者认为: quirk 等之所以对were 情有独钟是因为语法化了的were 所包蕴的内涵远远大于was。动词were 除了表达时间方面的距离, 还表达与真实性方面的距离和语法对称方面的距离。[15] 五.结束语 综上所述, quirk等的所谓be 型虚拟语气的二类与祈使句的主谓形式是完全一致的;所谓的were 型虚拟语气实质为陈述句过去时态表与真实性方面的距离性, 我们赞成易仲良教授关于否定虚拟语气的观点。如果我们承认虚拟语气就等于承认相同语法形式可以表示处于相互对立关系的同类语法意义, 也就等于承认同一范畴内表示某一语法意义的形式可以脱离自身的意义而成为另一对立语法意义的标志, 这显然有悖语言学关于语法范畴地基本原则。求简、求易是理性人类不懈追求的目标。既然“虚拟语气”与祈使句或陈述句的相似形式可能给人们带来识别或理解上的麻烦, 人们就有理由冷落它。因此, 我们否定“虚拟语气”从理论上是毋庸置疑的, 从语言现象的解释方面是入情入理的, 从实际运用上更有利于我们的英语教学。

第四篇：高考英语语法填空题解题指导教案(老师版)讲解

高考英语语法填空题解题指导教案

一、关于纯空格形式

1、根据语境判断词义

通过句意或语篇的要求确定单词的含义,此种设计考查点包括实词和虚词。值得注意的是,有时通过句子本身或上下两个句子就可以确定词义,但有时要通过几个句子、一个段落甚至整个篇章结构才能确定。

判断词义可以通过定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定。

(1定义法:定义法是指通过定义解释、定语从句、同位语等判断词义,这类词主要是名词,如: We are all in the position of the_______.If we plant a good seed, we will get a good harvest.If our seed is poor and full of weeds, we’ll get a useless crop.If we don’t plant anything, we’ll harvest nothing at all.答案:farmer。解释:通过后面句子的含义解释可以确定空格词义是“农夫、农民”,特别是几个关键词“plant, seed, harvest”与farmer的工作特点是完全一致的。

(2对比法:对比法指通过句子的对比关系来判断所缺单词的词义,通常可以通过一些连词或副词来判断,如but, or, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand等。如: There are more _____________ teachers in my schools than men teachers.答案:women。解释:通过对比后面的men teachers可以确定空格词义是“女性的”,即名词women作定语修饰teachers。

(3因果法:指通过句子的内在联系或句子之间存在的因果关系来判断词义。如:

The museum was so______ that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.答案:large。解释:根据结果状语从句的含义“不可能一天之内看完所有的展品”可以判断主句指的原因是“博物馆太大了”。

(4语境线索:即通过上下语境确定空格内要填的词义。如: One day mother looked at Nick’s shoes and said, “Nick, look at your shoes.How _____ they are!You must clean them”.答案:dirty。解释:根据语境“看看你的鞋子、你必须把它们弄干净”可以判断空格处词义

2、根据句子成分确定词性

对于纯空格形式的填空,在确定词义后,还要判断所填词的词性。词性的判断主要是通过分析句子的成分来确定。一般情况下可以作如下分析:(1主语和宾语一般由名词、代词充当,有时也有动名词、不定式短语。如: From Monday until Friday, most people are busy working or studying, but in the evening or on weekends they are free to relax and enjoy _____.答案:themselves。解释:此处考查代词作宾语的用法。根据句子结构,句子的主语是they,谓语是are free,to relax and enjoy _____是目的状语,在这个状语中缺宾语,再根据语境“周末时自由放松”,所以要使用反身代词themselves。

(2谓语主要是由动词充当。在确定词义后,要判断其时态和语态。由于题目要求每空只填一词,所以时态一般只考查一般现在时和一般过去时。如: She is the one who always takes his sorrow as her own sorrow, the one who always _________ by his side whether he is poor or rich.答案:stands。解释:此处考查作谓语的动词,根据语境,此空含义是“站在(他身边”,即stand。同时根据前后句的时态可以判断要使用一般现在时,由于主语是she,所以使用第三人称单数stands。

但有时也可能涉及非谓语动词,如: At midnight, I woke up to find the wife ________ soundly in her man’s embrace.I could see the smile of security on her face.答案:sleeping。解释:此处考查语境理解及宾补结构的用法。根据语境“半夜我醒来时发现那人的妻子正在她的男人的怀抱中熟睡”,所以使用动词sleep的现在分词形式充当补语。

(3表语、定语和补语一般由形容词充当,有时也有动名词、现在分词和过去分词等。如: Every year, on Spring Festival Eve, CCTV broadcasts its Spring Festival Gala___________ to millions of viewers.答案:live。解释:此处考查语境理解及形容词充当补语的用法。broadcast…live意为“现场直播”。

(4状语主要由副词充当。如: He dug fo r 12 hours…24 hours._______,in the 38th hour, he pulled back a large stone and heard his son’s voice.答案:Eventually /Finally。解释:此处考查语境理解及副词充当状语的用法。从语境可以理解到此空含义是“终于,最后”,由于是修饰后面的整个句子,所以使用副词形式。

3、根据句子类型确定词类

若两个或几个简单句之间是逗号,可以判断,一定是填连词。连词有两类,一种是并列连词,一种是从属连词。我们可以根据句子的类型判断所要填的词类。主要有

以下几种句型:(1 并列句:并列句一般由简单句+并列连词+简单句构成,有时并列连词前有逗号,可以根据上下句的内在联系判断连词,如同等关系(and、转折关系(but、选择关系(or、因果关系(so等。如: “There are many mainland students at my university and all the other universities in Hong Kong.These students could not speak Cantonese at first, ______ I had to speak putonghua to make friends with them” said Chueng.答案:so。解释:根据上下句的语义可以判断是因果关系,所以使用so。句意为“这些学生不会讲广州话,所以,为了跟他们交朋友,我不得不讲普通话”。

(2 状语从句:当确定为状语从句后,就要通过语境理解,判断上下文的逻辑关系是时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的或其他,最后确定从属连词。如: _______the sun came out, he looked down and laughed.There was no abyss.Just six inches down there was a rock.答案:As/When。解释:根据前后两个都是简单句可以判断是缺从属连词,从第一句的含义来看,是表示时间的状语从句,所以使用as/when。

(3 名词性从句:当确定为名词性从句后,可以分析从句是否缺主语、宾语或表语,如果缺以上成分,一般情况下要使用what,有时可能使用who/whom或which;如果不缺以上成分,则考虑句子意思是否完整,完整的句子可以使用that,意思不完整的则考虑where, why, how, because等。如: I was in the train sitting opposite a middle-aged couple.They were ordinary in every respect, but ______ they did touched me deeply.答案:what。解释:此处考查主语从句的引导词。从句中缺表示物的主语,所以使用what。

(4定语从句:当确定为定语从句后,首先要看看先行词指人、物、时间、地点,还是其他,然后判断引导词在从句中的成分,再根据定语从句的有关规则确定使用哪个

引导词。如: However, Cheung, _______ graduated from Hong Kong Baptist University this summer, has found that now she needs putonghua more than ever.答案:who。解释:此处考查非限制性定语从句的引导词的用法。由于先行词是人Cheung(张, 引导词在从句中作主语,所以使用who。

4、根据固定搭配、典型句型确定动词、名词、介词等

固定搭配的短语及习惯用法是属于比较简单的考点,只要平时注意积累基本上就能答对。如: V olunteer work plays an important _______in America’s high school education.答案:part。解释:此处考查短语play a part in的搭配用法。

但要有时命题者会在设计时增加一些难度,在短语之间插入其他一些成分,或将固定连用的短语分隔开来,这一点也需注意。

Some parents tried to pull him off the school’s ruins, saying, “It’s too late!They are all dead!There is nothing you can do!” ________each parent he responded with the same line: “Are you going to help me now?” And then he continued to dig for his son, stone by stone.答案:To。解释:此处考查短语respond to的固定搭配。由于宾语each parent放在了句首,短语被拆开,所以难度加大了许多。

二、提供单词原形的空格

1、括号内提供的是动词

当括号内提供的是动词时,主要要判断是谓语还是非谓语。

(1当考查的是谓语时,首先要判断其时态和语态。如: Since Hong Kong ________(rejoin China in 1997, more student from the Chinese mainland have chosen to study there.答案:rejoined。解释:此处考查作谓语的动词形式。根据主句的时态have chosen及从句的时间状语in 1997,此空动词应该是一般过去时态。

(2如果考查非谓语,要判断非谓语在句中的成分,根据不同成分使用适当的形式,其中使用ing形式和ed形式居多,有时也考查to do, to be done, having done等形式或名词,如: Ten years ago, Jessica Cheung was only 13._________(live with her parents in Hong Kong, she knew little putonghua.答案:Living。解释:此处考查作非谓语的动词形式。动词live(生活作原因状语,与逻辑主语she是主动关系,所以使用现在分词living。

2、括号内提供的是形容词或副词

如果括号内提供的是形容词,一般是判断考查副词,即要变成副词形式;如果括号内提供的是副词,一般是判断考察形容词,即要变成形容词形式。如: “Thirty-five cents,” she said___________(rude.答案:rudely。解释:此处考查副词作状语的用法。括号内提供的是形容词,要用来修饰动词said,所以要使用副词形式。

但有时也要根据语境判断是否要变成名词或否定含义。如: At last, her courage and _________(wise impressed both the CEO and Princeton University.答案:wisdom。解释:括号内提供的是形容词,但此空与前面的名词courage是并列成分,一起充当主语,所以要使用名词形式wisdom。

3、括号内提供的是名词

当括号内提供的是名词时,一般判断考查形容词,如: There, my voice sounds really__________(wonder because there’s a slight echo to it.答案:wonderful。解释:括号内提供的是名词,但此空作系动词sounds的表语,所以要使用形容词形式。

但有时也可能考查副词、动词等。如: A certain man planted a rose and watered it______(faith and before it blossomed, he examined it.答案:faithfully。解释:括号内提供的是名词,但此空是作状语,修饰动词water,所以要变成副词。注意:先将名词faith变成形容词faithful,然后再变成副词faithfully。

【实例分析】 实例1:(广东卷

I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains.The sun was setting when my car 1(break down near a remote and poor village.Cursing my misfortune, I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to 2 should have the honor of receiving me 3 a guest in their house.Finally, I accepted the offer of an old woman who lived alone in a little house.While she was getting me 4(settle into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to 5 small town some 20 kilometres away 6 there was a garage.I had noticed three hens running free in my hostess's courtyard and that night one of them ended up in a dish on my table.7 villagers brought me goat's cheese and honey.We drank together and talked 8(merry till far into the night.When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman 9 the trouble I had caused 10.短文解读:本文是一篇记叙文,讲述了作者在外旅行的一次经历。大意是:在一个穷乡僻壤的小山村附近,作者的车坏了。幸运的是,他受到了村民的热情款待,并在一老太太家里度过了一个愉快的晚上。

【答案与解析】

1、答案:broke。解析:此处考查一般过去式及动词不规则变化的用法。句子属于典型句型be doing …when…结构,在when引导的句子中谓语要使用一般过去时,空格处单词是谓语功能,所以使用break的过去式broken。

2、答案:who。解析:此处考查宾语从句的引导词who的用法。空格前是介词短语as to(至于、关于,空格后是谓语及宾语,根据句子结构,空格处明显是主语,而且指人,所以使用who,其引导的从句作介词短语as to的宾语。

3、答案:as。解析:此处考查短语的固定搭配用法。Receive sb as…意为“把某人当作、、、、、、来接待”,句意为“当我在怨天尤人、想着该到哪过夜时,我意识到聚集在我周围的村民正在争论谁有幸在家里接待我这个贵宾”。

4、答案:settled。解析:此处考查过去分词作宾补的用法。根据句子结构,句子的主语是she ,谓语是was getting,宾语是me,空格处单词是补语作用,逻辑主语me与settle是被动关系,即“被安置下来”,所以要使用过去分词。

5、答案:a。解析:此处考查不定冠词的用法。从语境看,此处表示泛指,意为“一个小镇”。

6、答案:where。解析:此处考查定语从句的引导词where的用法。从句子结构看,先行词是a small town(some 20 kilometers away作定语,空格处为定语从句的引导词,在从句中作地点状语,所以使用关系副词where。意为“那里(小镇上有个修车厂”。

7、答案:other。解析:此处考查不定代词的用法。根据语境,是“其他”村民给我送来goat's cheese and honey,所以使用other。

8、答案:merrily。解析:此处考查副词作状语的用法及副词的构词规则。根据句子结构,空格处单词修饰谓语动词talked,括号内提供的词是形容词,因此要变成副词形式。意为“高兴地谈到深夜”。

9、答案:for。解析:此处考查介词for表示原因的用法。reward sb.for sth意为“因、、、、、、而酬谢/报答某人”。

10、答案:her。解析:此处考查代词作宾语的用法。根据句子结构,空格处单词在定语从

第五篇：高考虚拟语气 很全

虚拟条件句的三种基本类型：与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反。

条件句有真实条件句和非真实(虚拟)条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生：

If I have time, I will go with them.假若我有时间，我就同他们去。(陈述语气)If I were you, I would go with them.假若我是你，我就同他们去。(虚拟语气)▲ 与现在事实相反

若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should(would, could, might)+动词原形”：

If I knew her number，I could ring her up.要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道)▲与过去事实相反

若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should(would, could, might)+have+过去分词”：

If I’d left sooner，I’d have been on time.要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)

▲与将来事实相反

若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should(would, could, might)+动词原形”：

If I asked him，I’m sure he’d help us.如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做)注：几点特别说明

① 主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后。would, might, could的大致区别是：would表示结果，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较：

If you tried again，you would succeed.要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。(would表结果)

If you tried again，you might succeed.要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。(might表可能)If you tried again，you could succeed.要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。(could表能力)

④ 对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点： 一是这里说的与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测；

二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设)；

三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should(would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用直陈语气或祈使语气：

If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me.万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。（祈使语气）

If I should see him, I’ll tell him.万一我见到他，我就告诉他。（直陈语气）

2、错综时间虚拟条件句

所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整：

If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。

You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。

3、两个常考虚拟语气句型

▲ 句型介绍

这两个句型是If it weren’t for…和If it hadn’t been for…，这是两个很常用的虚拟语气句型，也经常受到命题人的青睐，其意为“若不是(有)”“要不是有”。如：

If it weren’t for water, no plant could grow.要是没有水植物就无法生长。

If it hadn’t been for your assistance，we wouldn’t have succeeded.=But for your assistance，we wouldn’t have succeeded.=Without your assistance，we wouldn’t have succeeded.5、wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气

▲ 用法说明

动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。

若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；

若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词； 若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would(could)＋动词原形。如：

注：特别注意

从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关，而与wish的时态无关，比较：

I wish I were rich.要是我现在有钱就好了。

I wish I had been rich.要是那时我有钱就好了。

I wished I were rich.当时我后悔自己没有钱。

I wished I had been rich.当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。

6、if only后的句子用虚拟语气

if only 与 I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况相同：

If only she had had more courage!她再勇敢一些就好了。

If only I had listened to my parents!我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。

If only she would go with me!她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!注：if only 通常独立使用，没有主句。

7、as if(though)从句用虚拟语气

▲ 基本用法

以as if(as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气，若表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时； 若表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；

表示将来的可能性不大，用would(might, could)+动词原形：

He acts as if he knew me.他显得认识我似的。

They treat me as though I were a stranger.他们待我如陌生人。

He talks as if he had been abroad.他说起话来好像曾经出过国。

注：两点说明(1)从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈述语气：

It looks as if we’ll be late.我们似乎要迟到了。

(2)注意 It isn’t as if…的翻译：

It isn’t as if he were poor.他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。

8、It’s time后的从句用虚拟语气

▲ 基本用法

从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来，有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见，且should不能省略)，其意为“(早)该干某事了”：

It’s time we went [were going, should go].我们该走了。

It’s time I was in bed.我该上床睡了。(不用were)

9、would rather后句子用虚拟语气

在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that从句中, 句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气，表示”宁愿做什么”，具体用法为：

▲ 一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望

I’d rather you went tomorrow(now).我宁愿你明天(现在)去。

▲ 用过去完成时表过去的愿望

I’d rather you hadn’t said it.我真希望你没有这样说过。

10、宾语从句用虚拟语气的10种类型

▲ I wish后的宾语从句

动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would(could)＋动词原形。如：

I wish I could be of some use.我希望我能有什么用处。

We wish he didn’t smoke.我们希望他不吸烟。

I wish prices would come down.我希望物价能降下来。

▲ 表示“坚持”后的宾语从句

主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

I insisted that he(should)stay.我坚持要他留下。

注：动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较：

He insisted that I had read his letter.他坚持说我看过他的信。

He insisted that I should read his letter.他坚持要我看他的信。

▲ 表示“命令”后的宾语从句

主要是指order, command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： He ordered that it(should)be sent back.他命令把它送回去。

▲ 表示“建议”后的宾语从句

主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

He suggested that we should leave early.他建议我们早点动身。

注：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会：

He suggested that we(should)stay for dinner.他建议我们留下吃饭。

I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him.我觉得你与他心照不宣。

▲ 表示“要求”后的宾语从句

主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

I ask that he leave.我要求他走开。

He requires that I(should)appear.他要求我出场。

▲ 表示“提议”“投票”后的宾语从句

主要是指move, vote等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

I move that we accept the proposal.我提议通过这项提案。

▲ 表示“敦促”后的宾语从句

主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

He urged that they go to Europe.他敦促他们到欧洲去。

▲ 表示“安排”后的宾语从句

主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

He arranged that I should go abroad.他安排我去国外。

▲ 表示“希望”“打算”后的宾语从句

主要是指动词desire, intend后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

She desires that he do it.她希望他做此事。

▲ 表示“指示”后的宾语从句

主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

The general directed that the prisoners should be set free.将军指示释放那些俘虏。

11、主语从句中的虚拟语气

在It is necessary，important，strange，natural，advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.；

it is a pity；It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed等结构后的主语从句中要用虚拟语气，即Should+动词原形或只用动词原形。如：

▲ It’s important…类

这一类型主要包括It is(was)important(necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that...句型。如：

It is impossible that he should go home.他不可能会回家去。

▲ It’s a pity…类

It is a pity that she should fare so badly.她竟吃得这么差，真可怜。

▲ It’s desired…类

这种主语从句还常用在It is(was)desired(suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc.)that...句型。如：

It is requested that a vote be taken.建议付诸表决。

12、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气

在advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation，suggestion，idea，plan，order等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即should+动词原形或只用动词原形。如：

Our suggestion is that you（should）be the first to go． 我们的建议是你应该第一个去。

13、在 lest，for fear that(以免), in case(以防)引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气 在 lest，for fear that(以免), in case(以防)从句中用should＋动词原形, should 可以省略.She walked quietly lest she(should)wake up her roommates.她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友。

为方便记忆，表格对比

使用虚拟语气的主要句型 谓语动词的虚拟形式 例句

表现在的虚拟条件句 从句：用动词过去（be 多用were）

1.If I were you, I should study English.2.I would certainly go if I had time.主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形

表过去的虚拟条件句 从句：had + PP

1.If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test.2.If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.主句：would/should/could/might +have + PP

表将来的虚拟条件句 从句：①用动词过去②should +V原③（were +to do）1.If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.2.If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.主句：would/should/could/might +have + PP

省略 if 的条件句 从句：用倒装形式，即把were,had等置于句首。(并只限were/ had)主句：根据虚拟的情况采取与从句相应的形式。

1.Were I in school again(= If I were in school again, I would work harder.)

2.Were it not for the rain,(不能说Weren’t it for the rain,)I would go swimming.错综时间条件句（从句与主句所表示时间不一致）根据从句与主句表示的不同时进行调整。

1.If you had worked hard yesterday, you would be tired now

2.If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things woud be going so smoothly.含蓄条件句（虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文之中，从句不表现出来）

(常见有but for“要不是” without等)根据句子表达的实际情况选用相应的虚拟条件句中的主句的动词形式

1.Without air, there would be no living things.2.I would have given you more help, but I was busy now.名词性从句中的虚拟语气

wish, “可惜……”“……就好了”，“悔不该……”“但愿……” wish后从句：与表各种时间的虚拟条件句中的从句动词形式基本相同。

具体：

1，表与现在不能实现的愿望，从句用“过去时，be 用were”

2.表与过去不能实现的愿望，从句用“had+PP 或 could/would +have +PP“ 3..表与将来不能实现的愿望，从句用“could/would +动词原形” 1.I wish I were a bird.2.I wish I had known the answer..would rather 后的宾语从句 would rather后从句：动词常用过去式

1.I would rather they came tomorrow

demand, insist,suggest, command, order, require, request, desire等一类动词后的宾语从句（suggest表“暗示、隐含等”insist表“强调，力言等”不用虚拟语气。）从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。

1.I suggest you(should)go at once.2.He suggested that he patient’s leg should be cut and this suggested that he was not good at the case.(注意两个suggest的准确翻译)

“It is(was)+上述demand/suggest等动词过去分词important,natural,strange ,necessary等形容词）”后的主语从句 从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。

1.It ordered that the army(should)get there by 4 a.m.2.It is necessary that she(should)be sent there at once.order,suggestion,idea,plan, proposal, advice, demand等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句 从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。

His demand is that we(should)finish the work in 3 hours.特殊形式的虚拟语气

as if 引导的从句（表示非真实时）但表真实时，不用虚拟语气。与虚拟语气条件中从句动词形式基本相同。

1.Tom speaks as if he were a girl.2.He looks as if he had been to Beijing.so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句 May/might/should +V原 I live so that others may live better.It is(the very/high)time that后的定语从句 从句谓语动词常用过去式，有时也可用should+动词原形

It is(high)time that we went(should go)to bed.It is time that I were leaving.省去主句的If only(要是……就好了)虚拟条件句 与wish后的宾语从句谓语形式相同。

If only I hadn’t lost the chance!(= I wish I hadn’t lost the chance)

某些表祝愿的句子 常用原形或“May+动词原形” Long live world peace!May you be happy1

表委婉客气的是常语句 情态动词的过去式+动词原形 Could I borrow your bike? Would you please give me a hand?