关于英文毕业论文基本格式的建议[五篇模版]

第一篇：关于英文毕业论文基本格式的建议

关于英文毕业论文基本格式的建议（2008年10月6日补充）

本“建议”是叶苗老师在参考某些国际学术规范的要求、国内一些权威著作、期刊和重点外国语学院的相关要求的基础上，结合本院情况总结出来的指导性意见。这些建议并不全面，还会继续补充和完善。希望09届本科毕业生撰写毕业论文时遵照执行。若发现有误，请与本人联系。

一、论文封面: 学校统一（全中文）。

论文第一页格式（全英文，字体上半部分使用Times New Roman 3号字、加黑，下半部分为Times New Roman 4号字）（页码标为I，居中）COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES Graduation Thesis for BA Degree in English Language and Literature Title Student:

______________ Class

______________ Supervisor: ____________ Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, China May, 2009

I

论文第二页格式：Acknowledgements„„„（单独占一页, Times New Roman 4号字。页码标为II）

论文第三页格式：先英文Abstract & Key words（Times New Roman,５号字，加粗,加冒号。后中文摘要和关键词（中文宋体5号，加粗，加冒号。页码标为III）论文第四页格式：（Times New Roman ４号字, 页码标为V）

CONTENTS 1.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„(page 1开始)2.……………………………………….………………………… 2.1...………………………………………………………….2.2.…………………………………………………………………...2.3.……………………………………………………………… 3.………………………………………………………………..3.1.………………………………………………………………

论文正文开始：(page 1开始)。

(正文开始每页要有页眉，写上论文题目，靠左。正文的大标题：3号字，粗体。小标题：四号字，粗体。内容：小四号字。字体：Times New Roman)·正文一律采用文内注释法，即在括号内列出作者，出版年代：页码.·例句编号用（1）、（1a）、(1b)、和（2）„的形式,全文统一编号。Bibliography(另起一页，左边顶格，页码为论文正文页码的延续）参考文献（宋体5号）：引据或参考文献按汉语拼音或英文字母姓氏A-Z顺序列出，英文文献在前，中文文献在后，并依次排上序号[1]、[2]、[3]„„，所列文献必须与文内注释对应。

二、引用文献的格式要求

（一）引用文献的基本格式

这里我们分两种情况来介绍引文的基本格式：第一种情况是把文献作者作为句子的一部分（通常作主语），我们把它叫做“格式1”；第二情况是把作者的姓放在括弧里，我们把它叫做“格式2”。在同一篇论文中，以上两种格式可以同时使用。格式1 格式1的基本做法是，把作者的姓（Family name）作为句子的一部分（通常作主语），随后用括弧标出所引用文献的出版年代。比如：

Long(1991:67)argues that without this, outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.如果文献有两个作者，则要将两个作者的姓都写出来，并用and连接(不能用&符号连接)。比如：

Perkins and Gass(1996:34)argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.如果文献有三个或三个以上（六个以下）的作者，论文中第一次引用时必须把所有作者的姓都写出来，用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓用and连接。

Sanders, Spooren and Noordman(1992:21)presents a useful taxonomy of coherence relations.在第二次及以后再引用该文献时，只需写出第一个作者的姓，再加上 et al.，比如： Sanders et al.(1992:65)studied coherence relations based on four criteria.注意，参考书目的条目中不允许使用et al.来代替其他作者。应列出文献的所有作者。如果所引用的内容在原文献中跨页（直接引用时一般应该只跨两页），则要标出页码范围，比如：

Hu(胡壮鳞1994:5~6)points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality”.在直接引用文献时，如所引用的内容较长（一般超过50单词），则应该另起一段，左右缩进。比如： „„

Lorenz(1999:76)voiced a very similar view that because in written communication, coherence cannot be explicitly negotiated face-to-face between text producer and text receiver，“writers therefore have every reason for trying to be unequivocal and to make their ideas, intentions and arguments unmistakably clear.One way of doing this is to carefully signal logical relations and thereby ‘signpost’ the path to coherence for the reader.Consequently, when looking at the fabrication of coherence in written discourse, we need to pay special attention to those explicit signposts of coherence, i.e.the text’s cohesive ties”(p.55).格式2 格式2的基本做法是，把作者的姓、出版年代以及页码均放在括弧里，出版年代紧随作者的姓，之后是页码。比如：

The first criticism is that the text-based researchers choose to study the text itself for “methodological convenience”(Givón, 1995:59).使用格式2时，如果文献有两位作者，则必须把两位作者的姓都写出来，用&连接（不能用and），比如：

One validates not a test, but ‘a principle for making inferences’(Cronbach & Meehl, 1955:297).（二）转引的格式 所谓转引，是指论文作者并没有看到某个文献的原始出版物，而是在另外一个文献中看到的。比如Chapelle在其1998年的某个文献中引用了Shepard在1993年发表的文章中的内容。现在论文作者看到的是Chapelle的文献，而不是Shepard的原始文献。如果论文作者希望引用Shepard的话，则应该用下面的格式：

If construct validity is seen as an exhaustive process that can be accomplished over a 50-year period, test developers may be inclined to think that any validity information is good enough in the short run(Shepard 1993: 444, cited in Chapelle 1998:78).上例中的cited in表示“转引自”，也可以用quoted from表示。注意，毕业论文中不能有过多的转引的内容。

（三）如何引用论文集的文献

论文集是指各章节由不同作者撰写并由一位或几位作者编辑出版的著作。负责编辑出版的作者称为editor(s)，封面和扉页一般会注明edited by，或在编辑者后面用括弧注明(Editor(s))。在论文集中，前言（Preface）、导论（Introduction）及每篇文章（或每章）都单独署名。引用论文集的内容时，要根据文献作者进行引用，不能用编辑者的姓名进行引用。比如，M.A.Gernsbacher和 T.Givón在1995年编辑出版了一本名为Coherence in Spontaneous Text的论文集。其中有A.Sanford和L.Moxey写的一篇文章Aspects of coherence in written language: a psychological perspective。如果要引用这篇文章的内容，则应该按以下格式： Obviously Reinhart’s criterion of relevance is in fact obviously psychological, since “relevance can only be defined with respect to background knowledge, and reasoning processes”(Sanford & Moxey 1995:163).在这种情况下，论文后面的参考文献的写法是：

Sanford, A.& Moxey, L.Aspects of coherence in written language: a psychological perspective.In Gernsbacher, M.A.& Givon, T.(Eds.), Coherence in Spontaneous Text.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995: 161-187.（四）如何引用中文文献

在用英文撰写论文的过程中，如果要引用中文文献，要将引用的中文信息翻译成英文，作者直接用中文名。比如：

For example, text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s were more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality”(胡壮鳞, 1994:5~6).（五）关于引文的其他注意事项

1．关于重复引用。在同一段落中，连续两次或两次以上引用同一文献时（中间没有引用其他的文献），从第二次开始，不重复文献作者的姓和出版年代，而是用ibid.代替。如所引内容在不同页码，可以在ibid.之后加上页码。凡是另起一段，全部要重写。比如：

A principle of text sequencing is that “without overt indications to the contrary, the order of mention of certain items may be assumed to reflect the order of these items in reality or in our conceptualization of reality”(Dik, 1997:435).This equals to say that textual description of events or states-of-affairs should follow either the order which actually exists in the worlds described or the order in which we perceive the worlds.As Dik(ibid.:436)further points out, “as long as the ordering within the discourse is in accordance with these natural defaults, this adds to the overall coherence.Where such orders are shifted around, overt markers must warn the interpreter of this marked situation”.2．有时论文中不是直接或间接引用文献，而只是为了描述或介绍研究现状而提及某些文献，往往同时提及多种文献。在这种情况下可以采用如下格式（注意使用e.g.,）：

The situation with accuracy is not so clear.Some studies(e.g., Foster & Skehan 1996;Skehan & Foster 1997;Mehnert 1998)do suggest that accuracy is raised when there is planning, but other studies(e.g., Crookes 1989;Ortega 1999;Wigglesworth 1997, 2001)do not support this claim.在这种情况下，可以用两种方法来安排文献的顺序。一是按文献的年代排列，较早的排在前面（如上例）；二是按作者的姓氏的字母顺序排列。

3．在同一处提及一个作者不同年代的文献时，可在括弧中列出若干个年代，用逗号隔开，按时间顺序排列。比如：

According to Halliday(1973, 1978, 1985, 1994), language has three main metafunctions, namely, ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and textual metafunction.4．如果需要同时引用某个作者在其独立完成的某个著作中的观点以及这个作者与其他作者合作的著作中的观点，可以采用下列两种格式：

However, McNamara(1995;McNamara & Lumley, 1997)has challenged the Bachman model.However, researchers have challenged the Bachman model(McNamara, 1995;McNamara & Lumley, 1997).5．在同一论文中如果需要引用的两个作者的姓氏相同（即使出版年代不同），则需要加上作者的名字（First name）的首字母加以区分。比如：

R.Dawkins(1986)and M.S.Dawkins(1980)have contributed to an understanding of consciousness in animals.6．如果所引用的文献没有具体的作者，而是某个机构出版物，在引用时用机构的名称代替作者的姓，比如：

Retired officers retain access to all of the university’s educational and recreational facilities(Columbia University,1995:54).7．词典或百科全书一般用出版物的名称，如果有大家熟悉的缩写形式，也可以使用缩写形式。

三、参考书目的基本格式

（一）专著

[序号]主要责任者.文献题名（外文文献用斜体）[M].出版地：出版社，出版年，起止页码.例：[1] 刘国钧，陈绍业，王凤翥.图书馆目录[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1957, 15-18.[2] Elliott E.Columbia Literary History of the Unite States[M].New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.（二）论文集、编著中的析出文献

[序号]析出文献主要责任者，析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者。原文献题名(外文文献用斜体)[C].出版地：出版年, 起止页码.例：[1]方梦之.加强对比语言学的研究[A].杨自俭，李瑞华.英汉对比研究论文[C].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1990, 79-85.[2]Carter R.Is There A Literary Language?[A].Steel & Threadgold Language Topics Vol.2 [C].Amsterdan/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1989.（三）期刊文章

[序号]主要责任者.文献题名(外文文献用斜体，书和杂志的名字要斜体，文章名字不要斜体。)[J].刊名.年，卷（期）：起止页码.例：[1]王东风.论翻译过程中的文化介入[J].中国翻译.1998，(5)：6-9.[2]Vigil, F.& J.Oller.Rules of Fossilization;a tentative model[J].Language Teaching.1976,(26)：281-295.（四）译著

[序号]原著者姓名.原著名(斜体)[Z].译者姓名.书名.译著出版地：出版社，出版年, 起止页码 例：Faulkner W.The Sound and the Fury[Z].李文俊.喧哗与骚动.上海：上海译文出版社, 1984, 81-82.（五）报纸——[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.示例：

[1]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报，1998-12-25（10）.（六）国际标准、国家标准——[序号]标准代号标准顺序号-发布年标准名称[S].示例：

[1]GB/T 16159-1996 汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S].（七）电子文献格式——[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献记载类型标识].电子文献出处或可获得地址.示例：

[2]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].http:‖>.(注：网上资源慎用)

（十二）参考书目的排列顺序

排列参考书目的顺序时要遵守以下规则：

1．所有条目按文献作者的姓氏的字母顺序排列，先英文后中文。2．同一作者在不同年代的文献按时间先后顺序排列。如：

Halliday, M.A.K.Spoken and Written Language.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Halliday, M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(Second Edition).London: Edward Arnold, 1994.3．由某个作者独立撰写的著作排在该作者与其他作者合作的著作之前，比如：

Halliday, M.A.K.Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning.London: Edward Arnold,1978.Halliday, M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(Second Edition).London: Edward Arnold,1994.Halliday, M.A.K.& Hasan, R.Cohesion in English.London: Longman,1976.Halliday, M.A.K.& Hasan, R.Language, context, and text: aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective.London: Oxford University Press,1989.4．作者的姓名有复姓时，姓名前有前缀（如van, de），正文中只出现名字，而在参考文献中则要出现名字的前缀，按照前缀的字母顺序排列。如下面的de Beaugrande, R.1980排在Dahlgren, K.1992之后，而不是按照Beaugrande中的首字母B来排顺序：

Dahlgren, K.Convergent evidence for a set of coherence relations.In Stein, D.(Ed.), Cooperating with Written Texts: The Pragmatics and Comprehension of Written Texts.pp.631~663.Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992.de Beaugrande, R.Text, Discourse, and Process: Towards a multidisciplinary science of texts.Norwood, NJ.: ABLEX Publishing,1980.此时de应该大写还是小写要查清楚，最好的做法是看看这个作者的文章在其他人的作品中是如何引用的。

论文格式常见问题（补充）一.论文行文结构

1.论文的总体顺序是：封面，扉页，致谢（Acknowledgements），英文摘要(Abstract)，中文摘要，目录(Contents)，缩写词列表(Abbreviations)，正文，参考文献（Bibliography），附录（Appendix；附录要编号）。

2.文章中每段文字不能少于3－4行，太少的文字不能单独成段。所有段落首行缩进（4个字母的空间）。自动换行后一率顶格。

3．不允许使用Microsoft Word的自动编号功能（录入时取消自动编号功能），也不能使用bulletin的格式（加黑点罗列）。

4.标题与正文之间要有距离。不同层次的标题字号应该有所区别。最小层次的标题可以与正文字号相同，但是要加粗字体以示区别。

5.不同的标题之间不能按次堆列在一起，中间应该有文字过渡。另外标题下面不能直接出现表格、图形、例句等，要有文字过渡。

6.每个section 的字数不能太少，同级的section字数应该大致相等，不能相差过于悬殊。每个section如果中间没有出现下级标题的话一般不要超过3页，否则应该将本节内容划分更为细致。最低层次的subsection（如2.2.2.1）的篇幅不能太长（1~2页为宜）。段落不宜过长。一个段落一般不超过一页的一半篇幅。但是段落也不能太短（如2~3行），至少5~6行以上为宜。

7.实验中哪组是实验组，哪组是控制组要交待清楚。实验组叫做Experimental Group，习惯用EG表示，控制组叫做Control Group，缩写为CG。

8.出现例句时，例句与正文的字体字号应该有所不同以示区别。

9.文章不能无缘无故随意出现空半页的情况。表格和图形如果排版时排不下，可以整体排到下一页。

10.正文中不要出现缩写。例如，don’t，can’t。不能使用非正式用语，如quite many, a lot of, a little。不能使用祈使句。11.一些常见术语，第一次出现时要出现全称，在括号里写出缩写，例如second language acquisition（SLA），再次出现时则直接写SLA。

12.文章时态问题：建议大多数时候用一般现在时；除了例如investigate，study，conduct a study 这种强调动作的动词经常出现过去时之外。13.文中大的段落之间应空一行，其他按默认处理。二.表格及数据

1.表格不能跨页。为了保证表格在一页上可以把后面的文字提到前面写。如果表格过长一页放不下可以在下页继续，把表头照抄过去。

2.表格的标号问题：可以从Table 1，Table 2 „..按数字顺序列下去；也可以根据表格所在的章节列出。比如第三章的第一个表格就是 Table 3.1，第二个就是Table 3.2，以次类推；不能出现Table 3.1.1 的情况。

3.表格中的数字小数点后保留的位数应该统一：惯例是平均分保留到两位；P值保留三位；一般不要超过四位。4.在使用Word，Excel，SPSS计算数据时数据位数太多，计算机会自动将其变为科学计算法，但我们在呈现数据时要将其变成普通数据。

5.一般我们在判断T是否著差时，P值只取到0.05 和0.01；不能理想当然的取其它值。小于0.05是显著，在表格中要标出*；小于0.01 是非常显著，在表格中标出**, 并在表格下面说明一个星号，两个星号分别是p值小于0.05 和0.01 时。

6.表格要划线清楚，以免读者出现对错行的问题。上下和左右线应对齐。三.有关摘要的问题

这篇论文研究的主题/范围是什么？ 作者提供了哪些背景信息？ 本研究的目的是什么？ 研究是怎样进行的？ 有哪些主要研究发现？

研究所带来的启示包括哪些？ 四.有关结论的问题

第二篇：毕业论文参考文献基本格式

附件五：

xxxx大学本科毕业论文（设计）

参考文献规范格式

一、参考文献的类型

参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：

M——专著

C——论文集

N——报纸文章

J——期刊文章 D——学位论文

R——报告

S——标准

P——专利 A——文章

对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：

［ＤＢ/OL］——联机网上数据(database online)［DB/MT］——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)［Ｍ/CD］——光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)［ＣＰ／DK］——磁盘软件(computer program on disk)［Ｊ／ＯＬ］——网上期刊(serial online)［ＥＢ/OL］——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母.如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F.& I.Gordon.；

②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例

1．期刊类

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.【举例】

[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计（论文）教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver.The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999,(3): 62 – 67.2．专著类

【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.【举例】

[4] 刘国钧，王连成.图书馆史研究[Ｍ].北京：高等教育出版社，1979：15-18，31.[5] Gill, R.Mastering English Literature [M].London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3．报纸类

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.【举例】

[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W.Between Silences: A Voice from China[N].Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4．论文集

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】

[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.[9] Spivak,G.“Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A].In C.Nelson & L.Grossberg(eds.).Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C].Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G.Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A].In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards(eds.).Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C].New York: Cambridge University Press.1996.pp.50-78.5．学位论文

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】

[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.6．研究报告

【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】

[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.7．专利

【格式】[序号]专利所有者.题名[P].国别：专利号，发布日期.【举例】

[13] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利：881056073, 1989–07–26.8．标准

【格式】[序号]标准编号，标准名称[S].【举例】

[14] GB/T 16159—1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].9．条例

【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期 【举例】

[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05 10．电子文献

【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期.【举例】

[16] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].http: //, 1998–08–16/1998–10–04.[17] 万锦.中国大学学报论文文摘（1983–1993）.英文版 [DB/CD].北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 1996.11．各种未定义类型的文献

【格式】[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地：出版者, 出版年.三、注释

注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。

附件五：

参考文献著录格式举例

参考文献：

[1] 左平良.论生存性债权对担保物权的优先行使[J].云梦学刊，2001，(4).（期刊类）[2] 郭明瑞等.优先权制度研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2004，33.（书籍类）

[3] 张亚辉.无父母的世界[EB/OL].http://data/article/2006/05/985.html.2006-5-12.（网络类）

[4] 梁慧星.民商法论丛[M].北京：法律出版社，1997，44.[5] 徐学鹿.破产法[M].北京：人民法院出版社，1999，67-69.[6] 李玉璧.商法原理[M].兰州：兰州大学出版社，2000，23.[7] 王欣新.破产法专题研究[M].北京：法律出版社，2002，70-71.[8] 吴建斌.国际商法新论[M].南京：南京大学出版社2001，56-58.[9] 张庆安.中美企业破产制度特点比较[J].经济与法，1995，(1).[10]何勤华、李秀清.外国民商法导论[M].上海：复旦大学出版社，2000，87-90.[11] 谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报，1998-12-25(10).(报纸文章)[12]张佐光，张晓宏，仲伟虹，等.多相混杂纤维复合材料拉伸行为分析[A]．见：张为民编.第九届全国复合材料学术会议论文集(下册)[C]．北京：世界图书出版公司，1996.410～416.（论文集）

[13]金宏.导航系统的精度及容错性能的研究[D].北京：北京航空航天大学自动控制系，1998.(学位论文)[14]KyungmoonNho.Automatic landing system design using fuzzy logic [R].AIAA-98-4484,1998.(科技报告)[15]GB/T 16159－1996，汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S](国际或国家标准)

[16]姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利：881056073，1989-07-26.(专利)

第三篇：毕业论文英文致谢

毕业论文致谢1 First of all, I would like to thank my mentor professor Xiang Ji During my pH.d., teacher Ji teach by precept and example，and let me learn a lot such as how to be a good man and learn the truth.In my doctoral thesis research in the face of a huge field, teacher Ji in the topic direction, the paper structure, thesis methods and other aspects are tirelessly inspired and guided by me, step by step in order to guide my progress.The years of my Ph.D.is the most memorable time in my life。Teacher Ji rigorous academic attitude and a strong spirit of innovation always infected me, urging me, encourage me, and it will benefit me all my life, along with me on the academic road of the future.Secondly，thank to Professor Jian Xia，School of architecture and urban planning of Suzhou University of science and technology, Xia teacher from the research materials and research methods, and many other aspects of my paper to provide a great help, So that my paper is possible to complete.I would like to thank Prof.Liu Zuyi of Suzhou University of Science and Technology for their excellent guidance and review of my paper.I benefited a lot.I would like to thank Professor Jiang Chang of the School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, for giving me a great idea of my thesis.Their suggestions in the field of underground space are very enlightening for the paper.Their help made the paper go smoothly.Thanks to the Tsinghua University School of architecture professor Weimin Zhuang and Beijing University of Technology School of architecture and urban planning of professor Jian Dai on my thesis detailed review.Thanks to the China University of Mining and Technology School of mechanics and civil engineering professor Junwu Xia on my thesis guidance and comments.I would like to thank the senior engineer of Chen Jun, Jiangsu Provincial Planning and Design Institute, for his important help during my research.I would like to thank Professor Lian Si of Suzhou University of Science and Technology for their valuable suggestions.Thanks to Professor Yingxin Zhu of the School of Architecture for my patience.I would like to thank the chief architect of Rongguo Hu of China Academy of Building Research for my important suggestion.Thanks Hui Wang Associate Professor, Jie Hong associate professor, teacher Chao Luo, teacher Chaochao Chu and Rui Ma, Jun Lan, Hao Wang, Jian Tong Zhao, Da Zhang, Dong Wang, Xinbin Liang, Jiaqi Zhu and other teachers, The discussion of the paper and the warm help.Thanks Huiyu Sun for helping me.Thanks Yang Yang for helping me.Thanks Yunmin Jiang for helping me.Finally I would like to thank my parents for many years of my training, and in my study and research with great encouragement and life of my spirit on the full support.致谢2

Thanks to my tutor Professor ChenFei , this paper was completed under the guidance of the tutor.Without the guidance, encouragement and financial support , the paper can not be successfully completed.I have fruitful results and deep feelings in the five years of successive postgraduate and doctoral programs of study.Tutor's excellent quality of behavior, rigorous attitude, the spirit of innovation, ability to grasp the overall situation and sweep down irresistibly from a commanding height, selfless work spirit for students to establish a model of a subtle role, this is also the most valuable wealth that tutors impart to students.In this regard, I would like to pay deep tribute to my tutor.Thanks to Professor Tian Zuzhi, he has been taking the utmost care it from selection of subject to completion of this thesis.Even in his busy schedule, Professor Tian also took time to read the article, and put forward many valuable comments and suggestions, so that the author benefited greatly.I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and respect to Professor Tian Zuzhi.Grateful to professor Li Aimin, associate professor Meng Deyuan, associate professor Liu Shanzeng, postdoctoral Qiu Bingjing for the guidance and help in the theoretical analysis and experimental research of the paper.Express heartfelt gratitude to the leadership and staff of Xuzhou five Ocean Science and Technology Ltd, which received great support in the design, manufacture and assembly process of the experimental platform , especially the Mr Deng Zhipeng, Mr Meng Zhigang , Mr Wu Hongzhi, Engineer Yue Fuliang and other workshop Masters.Thank you for the help and care given by the teachers, brothers and sisters in the laboratory and life.Thank you for the happy time they spent with me for five years.Thanks to my family for their care, understanding and support,their selfless dedication and silent hard work is the driving force and courage for me to move forward.In the coming days, I will repay them with all my heart with gratitude.I would like to offer my highest respect and sincere thanks to my family.Thank you for the relevant expert and scholar to review my thesis in their busy schedule, and put forward valuable guidance and suggestions.In this regard, I would like to express my deep gratitude to all the experts and scholars.致谢3 I would never have been able to successfully finish this Ph.D thesis without the guidance of my supervisor, and help from my friends as well as support from my family.First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof.Cao Yijun for his extensive guidance on my research work: from the topic of the thesis, experiments, to the writing of this thesis.His immense knowledge, rigorous attitude and tireless teaching greatly benefited me.I would like to thank him for the advice he provided on both research as well as life in general.Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank Liu Shaofang, professor of Public Foreign Languages at CMUT, who taught me how to write professional thesis in English and laid a good foundation for my doctoral degree.In addition, I am grateful to all teachers from School of Chemistry and Engineering at CUMT, for their help on scientific research methods.Last but not least, a special thanks to my family for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life.I would not be in the position where I am now without their love, encouragement and understanding.

第四篇：英文毕业论文陈述句

sci 句型大全作者： 满大鹏

再也不用愁SCI了，再也不愁论文中的英文怎么写了！！英语学术论文常用句型 来源： 辛亮的日志 英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1.In this paper, we focus on the need for 2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review 1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body 1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section 1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract 1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in 15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1.Introduction Time 1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive 2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the 4.The development of...is explored 5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose 1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx 4.The scope of this research lies in 5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows: 8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10.The main objective of such a...system is to 11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13.In order to take advantage of their similarity 14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed 15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues 17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods 20.This illustration points out the need to specify 21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review 23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade 25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to 35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to 37.Characterized the...system as 38.Developed an algorithm to 39.Developed a system called...which 40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41.Emphasized the need to 42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken 44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46.Point out that the problem of 47.A study on...was done / developed by [] 48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49.The approach taken by [] is 50.The system developed by [] consists 51.A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to 56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that 58.Their work is based on the principle of 59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established 61.The...studies indicated that 62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question 63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69.An unanswered question 70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed 73.The three prime issues can be summarized: 74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to 76.It is expected to be serious barrier to 77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

第五篇：英文毕业论文细谈

一篇优质的毕业论文，它的目录也一定是很精简，一目了然的。因为普通的毕业论文都有一万字上下，篇幅很长，尽管设了分标题，但读起来也还是比较费力的。而在开篇设一个目录，便能让读者简洁明了的看懂你的文章框架结构以及大致走向。所以，今天优越论文网服务老师就来给大家讲解一下目录的制作。

一、清楚目录提纲之间的关联。

优越论文网老师提醒留学生，在之前已经比较了开题报告和提纲的区别，现在要知道目录和提纲的关系。

学生写了开题报告，对于文章的选题方向，当前国内外研究状态，自己要论证的观点有了介绍；在此基础上列出outline，文章要分为哪几大部分论述，每一部分内部又要用哪些分标题、内容来证明，可以写得比较简单、大概、笼统。而目录又是在提纲的基础上进一步准确无误地呈现全部文章的结构。

二、了解目录的重要性。

1、通过阅读目录，读者能够在阅读文章之前对全文的内容、结构有一个大致的了解，以此来决定对于此文是读还是不读，是要略读还是精读。你的文章有没有参考价值，能不能作为别人研究的二手资料。

2、目录可以为读者在选择论文中的某个分论点是提供极大的方便。比如在Word、PDF或是其他格式下阅读，读者认为某一部分可以适当引用的，只需要根据目录迅速定位即可。

3、目录作为论文的导读图，必定是准确的，与文章的纲目一致，即目录中的每一个分标题在文中都有对应关系。必定是清楚无误的，后面对应的页码也是正确的。必定是完整的，作者在制作目录的时候补课不可缺少某一标题，尤其是大的板块标题。

三:制作目录方法。

在Word中最简单也最麻烦的就是在大标题后的一页手录进去，然而对于文档的使用比较熟悉的人会发现，有着更为便捷准确的方法，英国优越论文网老师特别为留学生们总结如下内容。

1、在文档开头，选中要设置一级标题的文字内容，设置好字体、字号等格式，然后选择菜单中的“格式”-“段落”-“缩进和间距”选项卡-“大纲级别”设为1级!(关键步骤!)-“确定”。用同样的办法可以设置二级、三级....标题，区别就是在“大纲级别”里相应选择2级、3级等。

2、用刚设置好的一级标题去刷其它一级标题，其它级别标题依此类推。

3、光标放到想插入目录的位置点“插入”-“引用”-“索引和目录”-“格式”，右边的“显示级别”选择你前面设置过的最大目录级别，最后 “确定”。

目录能够帮助读者更方便的阅读你的论文，同学们一定要重视起来哦！以上就是优越论文网服务老师对论文目录的简单介绍了。优越论文网是一家英国留学申请与论文作业辅导的正规机构,在过去的10年时间里,帮助了英国高校学生顺利申请了一大批英国名校,以及辅导留学生们完成了coursework, assignment，essay, assignment, research proposal, presentation等各种文书的辅导,得到成千上万的留学生的真正认可.到2015为止，优越论文网实现了客服24小时在线一对一的客户沟通；我们拥有最专业的评估团队, 我们的turn-it-in系统检测帮助留学生朋友保证他们的论文原创性； 同时, 我们还有着庞大的英国院校师资力量支持等优势.如果还有什么不懂的欢迎随时打电话来咨询优越论文网服务老师哦！