第一篇:五年级上册英语语法小结1
1、be动词:am、is、are。am用于I,are用于you,we,they和名词复数;is用于he,she,it和名词单数(统称为'三单',即第三人称单数)。
2、助动词,主要分为do和does。do用于主语为'非三单'(I,you,复数);does用于主语为'三单'(he,she,it,名词单数)助动词用于“否定句和疑问句”,后面一律加“动词原形”。例:(1)I like apples.否定句: I don't like apples.一般疑问句:Do you like apples?肯定回答: Yes,I do.否定回答: No, I don`t.(2)He reads books on Sundays.否定句:He doesn't read books on Sundays.一般疑问句:Does he read books on Sundays?
肯定回答:Yes,he does.否定回答:No,he doesn't.3、主语为'非三单'时,动词用原形;主语为'三单'时,动词后面加-s或-es。
4、名词单数变复数规则变化的规律
(1)以s,x,sh,ch结尾的单词,加-es。如bus-buses,box-boxes,dish-dishes,watch-watches(2)以o结尾,有的单词加-es,如tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes 有的单词加-s,如piano-pianos,photo-photos(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的单词,把y改成i,再加es,如story-stories,baby-babies(4)单词以f或fe结尾的,把f或fe改成ves。如,knife-knives,leaf-leaves(5)一般情况直接加-s,如 boy-boys,girl-girls,apple-apples 不规则变化
(1)字母a或o变成e,如man-men,woman-women,tooth-teeth,goose-geese(2)单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,Chinese,people(3)其他:child-children,mouse-mice
5、many+可数名词复数,much+不可数名词
some、any后面既可以加可数名词复数,也可以加不可数名词
some用于肯定句和表示请求及建议的一般疑问句(Would you like/ Can(May/Could)I...?)例如:(1)I'd like some apples.(2)There is some water in the glass.(3)Would you like some tea? May I have some noodles? any用于否定句和疑问句
例如:(1)I don’t have any notebooks.(2)I don’t have any soup for lunch.(3)Do you have any sisters? Is there any Coke?
6、形容词前面必须用be动词。例:He is my music teacher.Lucy is polite.7、情态动词:can,could,may,would,should,have to,has to,后面必须加动词原形。例如: I can swim.I have to eat vegetables.祈使句用动词原形。表示请求、命令等句子叫祈使句。它的主语是听话人(you),一般不需要说出来。通常以动词原形开头。
如:Let's go to school.Open the door,please.8、冠词 a、an、the 不定冠词(a、an),表示泛指,a+辅音,如 a young man,a university student an+元音,如 an e-mail,an active girl,an interesting book 定冠词(the),表示特指、世界上独一无二的东西,如the sun,the Great Wall(注:there be不与the连接)
9、时间介词 in,on,at in+一段时间:年份;季节;月份;上午、下午、晚上 on+具体时间:X月X日;星期几;节假日
at+时间点:at noon,at night,几点钟(at 7 o’clock;at 7:30)
10、play+体育项目,如play football,play chess,play sports,play basketball play + the + 乐器,如play the piano,play the pipa,play the violin
11、问人的外貌、个性特征以及物体的外观句式:
What + be动词+主语+like?
12、问星期几
What day is it today/tomorrow?
13、问你午餐吃了什么?(已吃)What do you have for lunch?
问你午餐想吃什么?(未吃)What would you like for lunch?
问午餐有什么吃?(未吃)What’s for lunch?
14、It’s time for + 名词,如 It’s time for music class.It’s time to + 动词,如 It’s time to go to school.15、16、The first day of a week is Sunday.like + 可数名词复数/不可数名词,如 I like Mondays./ I like beef.like + 动词的现在分词(动词的ing形式),如 I like reading.like + to + 动词原形,如 I like to read a book.
第二篇:初一上册英语语法知识小结
初一上册英语语法小结
1.there be 句型 “有”指 “某地有某物”形式 :there is, there are 例:There is some food in the fridge。冰箱里有一些食物。
There are many books on the desk.桌上有许多书。
区分:there is 用于修饰单数名词和不可数名词,例如:a book , an egg, milk,ice-cream.......there are 用来修饰可数名词复数
如果要表达某处没有某物 则要用there be 句型的否定形式,即在there be 后加not ,即 there be not 形式:there is not(there isn't)there are not(there aren't)例: There isn't any milk in a glass。
There aren't any vegetables in the fridge.若表示是否有,则要用 there be 句型的疑问句 即把be 提前 Be there 形式 Is there , Are there 例:Is there any milk in the glass?
Are there any vegetables in the fridge? 注意:这里涉及some
any 的用法 some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是在表示请求的
疑问句中,是想要得到肯定答复的,要用some。例:Would you
like
some milk? 对于there be 疑问句的回答:肯定:Yes,there isare.No,there isn'taren't.2.havehas got 有 指某人有某物 例:I have a dog.我有一只狗。
He has a sister and a brother.他有一个姐姐和一个弟弟。区分 :have has: have用来修饰第一人称和第二人称和第三人称复数(I,we,they)has用来修饰第三人称单数(she, he , it)
若表示某人没有某物,则要用否定形式,即在havehas got 后加not 即have not(haven't)got ,has not(hasn't)got.例:I
haven't
got a sister but i have a brother.She hasn't got
bright
eyes and long hairs.某人是否有某物则要用havehas got的疑问形式,HaveHas +sb.sth.+ got Have they
got
a picnic at
weekends? Has the dog got a host family?(寄宿家庭)
寄宿制家庭,就是留学生住在当地人家了,有提供伙食或不提供两种,房租较高,适合高中生去寄宿!
回答:肯定:Yes, i we they
have.Yes , she he it
has.否定:No , i we they haven't.No, she he it hasn't.注意:there be 和 have got 的区别 两者虽都指“有”,但侧重点不同。例:《1》There are some food in the fridge.<2>The fridge has got some food.虽然都是“冰箱里有食物”但(1)句侧重于食物,(2)句侧重于冰箱。3.be(am is are)用法:我用am 你用are,is连着她他它,单数用is,复数用are 例:I am a student.She is a beautiful girl.He is a child.It is a dog.You are my teacher.They are my friends,The boys all are England.be 的否定形式 直接加not 即 am not,are not , is not.例:I am not an English.I am Chinese.She isn't kind.They aren't my friends.疑问形式把be提前 即 be+ 主语......? 例:Is he your father?
Are they going to have a party? 回答:肯定:Yes, I am.Yes,she he it is.Yes , you we they
are.否定: No, I am not.No, she he it isn't.No , you we they aren't.be的句式,所用情况:
1》be + 形容词(adj.).例:I am very happy.2> be+ 名词(n.)
例:He is a boy.3> be + 介词短语
例:She is in the school.4> be+形容词短语 例: He is only 11 years old.5> be+ 副词
例:Class is over.4.情态动词 can
can 可以 能够,表示某人能做某事 用法:can+v.原 不能做某事,则用can 的否定形式:
cannot(can't)+v.原
can没有人称和数的变化,因此谁能(不能)做某事都能用can 若表示某人是否能做某事 则要用can 的疑问形式,即can+sb.„„?
例:I can speak Chinese.I can't speak English.Can you speak English? He can swim but he can't play football.Can she play the piano? 疑问句回答 :肯定:Yes, I she you he it they we can.否定:No, I she he it you we they
can't.注意:can 表示“能力”时,指现在的能力,并不指过去或将来的能力。5.情态动词would
想 主要用于 would you like to...句型中,表示邀请。例:Would you like to go to school with me ? 回答一般有两种形式:1 表示愿意:I'd like love to.2 拒绝:Sorry, 原因。注意:would like to 本身并不表示邀请,而是想要。例:I would like to some books.另外,表示邀请还能说:Let's......Shall we......What How about.......还要注意邀请时询问信息的表达方式:1)询问时间:When is...2)询问地点: Where is....6 行为动词的一般现在时(根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。行为动词也叫实义动词,比如eat,sleep,行为动词后面只能副词修饰
系动词比如seem,be动词,可以用形容词,用法:
1.如果表示某人经常性或习惯性做某事,则要用行为动词的一般现在时 He goes to school every day.They eat dinner in the evening.2.若表示某人现在的动态,也可用一般现在时。I know him very well.我和他很熟。
He likes English very much.他非常喜欢英语。
若表示否定意义,若主语是第一人称或第二人称或第三人称复数,只要在谓语动词后加not,即do not(don't),若主语是第三人称单数,则要在谓语动词后加does not(doesn't)例:I don't go to school every day.She doesn't goes to the shop every day.You don' t sing vell well.若表示是否经常做某事 则要用疑问意义,将do does 提前即可 例:Do you
write a composition every day? 你每天写一篇作文吗?
Does it smell
good? 它闻起来很香吗?
注意:行为动词的一般现在时中涉及了频度副词,用法:用于行为动词之前,be动词之后
常见的频度副词有:often,always,usually,never, seldom,sometimes等 7.变法总结
名词变复数(1)一般在词尾加-s
例词:bags, vegetables,books(2)以s , x , ch , sh 结尾的加-es 例词: watches , boxes , buses,brushes(3)以o 结尾的加-es 例词:heroes 英雄 negroes 黑人 tomatoes 西红柿 potatoes 土豆
(4)以o 结尾的加-s 例词:zoos , zeros(5)以 辅音字母+y 结把y 变 i 加-es 例词:baby——babies,city——cities(6)以 f 或 fe 结尾,把f 或 fe变成-ves 例词: life——lives 第三人称单数变化形式和名词变复数变化形式相同。
第三篇:学位英语语法高频考点小结 1
学位英语语法高频考点小结(1)
1.点动词与延续性动词的区别.所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如:begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive,join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
I have bought a book.我买了一本书。.I’ve had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。
2.have got的含义.have got形式上是现在完成时,却和have是同一个意思
She has got a slight temperature.She has a slight
temperature.她有点发烧。
3、用于现在完成时的句型
It is the first / second time....that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time(that)I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。
八、过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。如:
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如:
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候,我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
(3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。例如:
Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。
(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如:
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。
(5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如:.He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
(6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中,例如:
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan,intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。例如:
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我们本来希望能来看看你。
(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first(second, etc)time(that)…等固定句型中。例如:.Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。
九、将来完成时
a.状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b.动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:You will have reached
Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达上海了一语法重点串讲 语法是三级英语统考的一个重点,它将体现在所有五个题型中,但重点将集中在以下几个方面。
1、时态:常用的10—11种
2、语态:被动语态
3、情态动词
4、虚拟语气
5、动词的非谓语形式三种
6、各种从句(主、宾、表、定、状、同位语从句)
7、主谓一致
8、倒装句
9、强调句
10、附加疑问句 第一章 语法重点串讲 第一节 动词的时态
考试重点:一般现在时(if 从句和as soon as 从句);进行时表将来;现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别;完成时瞬间动词以及have(has)been, have(has)gone的区别;过去完成时的时间状语;将来完成时。
一、一般现在式:
1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态:常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。
例:He goes to work every day.他每天去上班。
2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实,所以一般不用时间状语。
例:The earth is round.地球是圆的。
3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。
例:I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。
4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作:常用的连词有as soon as,when,till,if。
(1)They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams.A.have finished
B.finish
C.finished
D.was finishing
(答案:B)(1996年22题)
(2)When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force.A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
(答案:C)(1992年59题)
二、一般过去时:
1、表示过去的动作或状态:常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。
例:You've already missed too many classes this term.You _____ two classes just last week.A.missed
B.would miss
C.had missed
D.have missed
(答案:A。有具体的时间状语要用过去时。)(1995年59题)
2、used to do sth:过去常常做…
例:I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(意味着现在不在早晨散步了。)
3、it is high time(that)…句型中,谓语动词用过去时。
例:Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?
A.give up
B.gave up
C.would give up
D.should give up
(答案:B)(1999年31题)三、一般将来时
1、will(shall)+原形动词:表示将来的动作或状态。
例:He will come and help you.他会来帮助你的。
2、be going to +动词原形:表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。
例:Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗?
3、be to +动词原形: 表示安排或计划好了的动作。
例:The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.三环路将在国庆节前通车。
4、be about to +动词原形:表示即将发生的动作。
5、例:The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。
6、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如:go ,come, start, arrive,leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。
(1)We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我们明天动身去北京。
(2)The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight.外宾今晚到达济南。
四、过去将来时
表示在过去预计将要发生的动作,常用于宾语从句。
例:He wanted to know when the conference would start.他想知道会议何时开始。
五、现在进行时
1、表示此时此刻(说话时)正在进行的动作。
例:The teacher is talking with his students.这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。
2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作,但此刻并不一定在进行。
例:I am attending a conference in Beijing.我正在北京参加一个会议。
六、过去进行时
1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。
例:He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。
2、when 和while 的用法
(1)I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis.A.was playing B.am playing C.play D.played
(答案:A。连接词when 表示时间上的点,其所引导的句子用过去时,while 表示持续的一段时间,其所引导的句子用过去进行时。)(1998年43题)
(2)When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more.A.talk B.talked C.will talk D.talking
(答案为B)(1999年35题)
(3)One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A.has slept B.were sleeping C, slept D.was sleeping
(答案为D)(1996年23题)
3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作,同样,过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。
例:He went to see Xiao Li.He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。
七、现在完成时
1、表示动作刚刚结束(常和just, now, already, yet等词连用);或表示动作的结果(一般不用时间状语)。
(1)Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯已经关上了)
(2)I have lost my pen.我把笔丢了。(说明过去某时丢的,现在我还没有找到这支笔。)
2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在,并且可能会继续延续下去(常用since引导的短语或从句,或由for 引导的短语连用)。
(1)He has lived here for 30 years.他住在这儿已经三十年了。(现在还住在这儿)
(2)They’ve known each other since childhood.他们从小彼此相识。(现在还继续来往)
3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is +时间+since…..(过去时)
英语中有些动词不能延续,因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。
(1)He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer.A.gone into
B.joined in
C.been in
D.come into(答案:C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时,只能用含有持续意义的动词,不可用瞬间性动词。)(1995年49题)
(2)It is 3 years since I left Shanghai.我离开上海已经三年了。
(如果是非延续动词,这时常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替,从句用过去时态。)
4、have(has)been to 和have(has)gone to 的区别
have(has)been to:去过某地(表示某人的一种经历),可以和once,twice,often,never,ever 连用。
have(has)gone to:去某地了(表示某人已经离开此地,在去某地的路途上或已在某地,所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称),此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。
(1)He has gone to America.(意思为他已经去了美国,现在不在此地)
(2)He has been to America twice.他去过美国两次。
八、过去完成时
1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作(即过去的过去)。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
例:About the sixth century A.D.when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper.A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
(答案:B)(1997年35题)
2、表示从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。
例:The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there.A.had been on
B.was on
C.has been on
D.would be on
(答案:A)(1995年24题)
3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中,由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序,因此,主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示,而不用过去完成时。
例:I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。
4、过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…,一…就…。句型之中,句子到装。
(1)No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go.A.than
B.when
C.as
D.while
(答案为A)(1997年50题)
(2)Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他刚打开门,蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。
九、将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。
1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____.A.will have
B.leaves
C.will have left
D.is leaving
(答案:C)(1995年25题)
2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back.A.shall finish
B.must have finished
C.have finished
D.shall have finished(答案:D)(2000年24题)
十、现在完成进行时:表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作,这个动作一般会继续延续下去,或是到说话时结束,但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。
例:I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking(答案:D)(1998年49题)第二节 被动语态
考试重点:感官动词和使役动词的被动语态;动词短语的被动语态;情态动词的被动语态;用主动表示被动的含义。
一、感官动词及使役动词(如:see,feel,hear,watch,make,bid)在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补,改为被动语态时要加to。
1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A.came
B.come
C.to come
D.have come
(答案为C)(2000年58题)
2、We were made to study harder.我们被要求努力学习。
二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词,构成短语。变被动语态时,短语动词做及物动词用。
1、The children are well looked after.这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。
2、The doctor has been sent for.已经派人去请大夫了。
三、情态动词的被动语态
构成:情态动词+be+过去分词。
1、The work must be finished before lunch.这项工作必须在午饭前干完。
2、Nothing can be seen from here.从这儿什么也看不见。
四、用主动表示被动的含义
常用:need/require +doing sth(=to be done)(此句型主语大多为物)
例:My room is a mess.It needs _____.A to be tidying up
B.tidying up
C.to tidy up
D.tidied up
(答案为B)(2000年47题)
第三节 情态动词 考试重点:情态动词+完成时
情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化,在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看,着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。
一、must +现在完成时
表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。
1、Mr.Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A.must have received
B.must have failed to receive
C.must receive
D.must fail to receive
(答案:B)(1998年44题)
2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A.would have had
B.could have had
C.should have had
D.must have had
(答案为D)(2001年58题)
二、should(ought to)+完成时
表示应该做的事情而没有做,否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。
1、They have done things they ought _____.A.not to do
B.not to be done
C.not to have done
D.not having done
(答案为C)(1999年59题)
2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.A.had a telephone
B.have phoned
C.should have phoned
D.should be phoned
(答案为C)(2000年26题)
三、could +完成时
表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜,遗憾。
1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.他本来能够参加我们的,但是他没有收到我们的请贴。
2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.我本来能及格的,但是没有努力学习。
第四篇:英语语法小结
顺口溜教你如何学好英语
英语语法知识点及单词众多,枯燥繁杂,对于大部分同学来讲记忆起来往往比较困难,人们的记忆似乎又是有限的,学的东西多了,难免会忘记,会记错。那不如来看看下面为大家搜集的这些顺口溜,让他们来教你如何能更好的学好英语,而且不容易去忘记。
时间名词前所用介词的速记歌
年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。
遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。
要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。
午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错。
at也用在时分前,说“差”可要用上to,说“过”只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记,莫让岁月空蹉跎。
be made of 和be made from 巧记
物质不变用of, 物质变化from, 如果物质不明白,可问君自何处来?
out of question和out of the question
无the“无问题”,(毫无疑问)
有the“有问题”,(不可能)
巧记不规则名词单变复
男女脚步牙鹅,老鼠加虱婆。
man-men;woman-women;foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese;mouse-mice;louse-lice.区分long before 和before long
long 在前(long before),“很久前”,long在后(before long),“不久后”。
巧记lie和lay
躺 lie,lay,lain,lie in bed again;
撒谎 lie,lied,lied,don't be a liar;
产蛋 lay,laid,laid,a hen laid an egg;
或者记住以下口诀也不错:
规则的“撒谎”,不规则的“躺”,“躺”过就“下蛋”。“下蛋”不规则。
“规则”指规则变化,“不规则”即不规则变化,如lie作“撒谎”解时,是规则变化,即其过去式和过去分词直接加-d:“躺过”的“过”指的是过去式,即lie的过去式lay是“下蛋”的原形:“下蛋”是不规则变化。
基数词变序数词歌
基变序,有规律, 词尾加上-th(fourth,sixth)一、二、三,特殊例,结尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third)
八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth), ve要用 f替;(fifth,twelfth)
ty将y改成i, th前面有个e。
加-ing要双写的常见动词
一个m,两个d和g
(swim)(nod, rid)(dig, beg)
三n,四p,十个t
(run, win, begin)
(dip, drop, mop, stop)
(sit, hit, fit, set, get, let, put, regret, forget, pat)
before和ago巧记
before带在点之前,ago总在段之后。
before时态不确定,过去时中用ago。
A Fu's Cap(阿福的帽子)
常见的要求跟动名词作宾语,跟不定式作宾语的动词有:
advise, forbid, understand, suppose, consider, allow, permit.接首字母即为A Fu's Cap(阿福的帽子)
冠词基本用法口诀
名词是秃子,常要戴帽子,可数名词单,须用a或an,辅音前用a,an在元音前,若为特指时,则须用定冠the,复数不可数,泛指the不见,碰到代词时,冠词均不现。
与sometime易混淆词汇区分:
分开“一段时间”, some time表示“一段时间”;
相聚“在某一时”, sometime表示“在某一时”;
“有时”相聚加s,sometimes表示“有时,不时”;
“几次”分开带s,some times表示“几次,次数”。
以o结尾名词变复数
连
一个有信仰的海湾首领叫农奴到屋顶拿手帕。(belief,gulf,chief,serf,roof,handkerchief后接s)
工作间里有架钢琴,钢琴上有台收音机,收音机旁有幅照片,照片里有动物园,动物园里有竹子。(studio,piano,radio,photo,zoo,bamboo后接s)
其实,以o结尾的名词单数变复数的规则至为简单,用不到什么口诀,只需记住一句话:
有生命的加-es,无生命的加-s.(火山有死活之分,故volcano的复数形式为 volcanoes.)
或者熟记下列口诀:
A.“两人两菜”(hero,negro,potato,tomato)
B.一句话 Negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes
C。有生命的加Es,无生命的加-s.倒装口诀
副词开头要例装,人称代词则如常。
only修饰副介状,位于句首半倒装。
否定意义副连词,“既不…也不”须倒装。
表语前置主语长,衔接自然常倒装。
such代词做表语,引起主谓要倒装。
Not only开头句,前一分句须倒装。
had,were,should虚拟句,省略if半倒装。
动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的特殊动词
一些动词要掌握,have,let和make,此三动词是使役,“注意”“观察”“听到”see,还有feel和watch,使用它们要仔细,后接“宾补”略去“to”,此点千万要牢记
除此之外,还可以掌握“八字言”,一感feel,二听hear,listen to,三让have,let,make,四看see,look at,observe,watch
使用口诀:
感使动词真奇怪,to在句中象妖怪。主动句里它走开,被动句里它回来。动词let要除外,to词可来可不来。
后只接动名词做宾语的一些常用特殊动词
特殊动词接“动名”,使用它们要记清,“放弃”“享受”可“后悔”,“坚持”“练习”必“完成”,“延期”“避免”非“介意”
掌握它们今必行。
记住f(e)结尾的名词复数
妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;(wife, knife, thief)
躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。(shelf, leaf)
I Drop Caps
在某些表示请求、命令、建议等动词后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词要用动词原形或should+动词原形。
I—insist, d—denand, r—request/require/recommend, o—order, p—propose, c—command, a—advise, p—preqersic, s—suggest.WITHSPEM
有些动词用过去完成时,常表示“想做而未做”的意思。可巧记其首字为组成的“withspem”,代表:wish, intend, think, hope, suppose, plan, expect, mean
另附巧口诀让你轻松背英文单词
1.马戏团的鹦鹉
它一岁的age(年纪)
会说人的language(语言)
头脑很懂manage(经营)
要求增加wage(薪水)
惹得老板rage(发怒)
把它关进cage(笼子)
2.败家女的生活
天生就很lazy(懒惰的)
生活就爱cozy(舒适的)
上街血拼crazy(疯狂的)
体胖心感uneasy(不安的)
减肥虚脱dizzy(头晕眼花的)
成天沉溺fantasy(幻想)
3.贫农发家史
下播下seed(种子)
种出却是weed(杂草)
只能当作feed(饲料)
生存无法proceed(继续)
冒险去采seaweed(海带)脚被刺伤bleed(流血)
拼命加快speed(速度)
回来销售succeed(成功)
见财心生greed(贪婪)
4.武术冠军擒贼
那天我骑着cycle(自行车)见有人偷旧bicycle(自行车)还美其名曰recycle(回收利用)
我便鼓起了muscle(肌肉)八卦掌划出semicircle(半圆)
擒贼被写进了article(文章)
5.英国的过去
大英帝国无bound(边界)
英联邦国家abound(大量存在)流通货币是pound(英镑)
随处英语的sound(声音)
满城绅士牵hound(猎狗)
6.超级逃兵
行军方向forward(向前的)
他的方向backward(向后的)
逃跑方式awkward(笨拙的)
其实是个coward(懦夫)
7.掌舵手
有一个volunteer(志愿者)把船来steer(驾驶)
快乐是sheer(纯粹的)神情却queer(古怪的)
高傲像deer(鹿)
8.码头黑老大
野心相当large(大的)
想把地盘enlarge(扩大)
要想在这discharge(卸货)
保护费要overcharge(多收)
谁敢把我charge(控告)
9.便宜无好货
话说有个student(学生)
旅行需要tent(帐篷)
去到商店rent(租借)
只要几百cent(分)
野营发生accident(事故)
原来没有vent(通风孔)
骨架还全bent(弯曲)
奸商让人resent(愤恨)
10.排骨抢劫案
教堂旁边的shop(商店)
正大声播放pop(流行音乐)
卖美味红烧chop(排骨)
口水好像要drop(滴下)
无奈没有钱shop(买东西)抢一盘朝外hop(跳跃)
越过绊脚的mop(拖把)
猛地撞上了bishop(主教)
被抓住交给cop(警察)
实践证明,在掌握英语语法的学习过程中,如果辅之以适当的记忆技巧,会达到事半功倍的作用。上条英语口诀仅是很少的一部分,希望对同学们有所启发,也可以在在平时的英语学习中注意知识的积累,培养自己的归纳总结能力,编出适合自己记忆的英语口诀。
第五篇:英语语法小结
英语语法小结
根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议,他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础,其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查,但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解,有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式,这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解,而且有助于学生做好英译汉,写好作文。
(一)情态动词
一.情态动词的现在完成式的用法
情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的 1.表示已经发生的情况。1)must have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。如:
My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”
[A] must be had been [C] must have been [D] had to be(答案为C)
2)can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如:
Mary my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] couldn’t have received ought to have received [C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received(答案为A)
3)may / might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。如:
At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2.表示虚拟语气。
1)needn’t have + 过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于”didn’t need to do”,译为“其实没必要……”。如:
You needn’t have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.[A] needn’t dress up did not need have dressed up [C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up
(没有必要穿的那么正式,体现是说话者的建议,实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定,答案为D)
2)should have +过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,译为“本应该……”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了,译为“本不应该……”。如:
I regret having left the work unfinished;I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好,但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成。
3)ought to have +过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为“该……”,与should 的完成式含义类似。如:
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.4)could have +过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如:
What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5)may/ might have +过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”。如:
It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.二.几个情态动词常考的句型:
1).may/might(just)as well “不妨,最好”,与had better相近; Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已经取消了,你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。2).cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如:
You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候,越小心越好。
The final chapter covers organizational change and development.This subject cannot be over emphasized.3).usedn’t 或did’t use to 为used to(do)的否定式。4).should 除了“应该”一层意思外,考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.我无法想象他竟然这样做。三.情态动词被动关系的主动表达法
1. want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。Your hair wants cutting The book is worth reading The floor requires washing.2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing,两种形式都表达被动的意义
The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.(二)形容词、副词及比较级最高级 一.形容词的修饰与位置
一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀”ly”往往是副词,但有的以“ly’结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳:以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词: costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的earthly 尘世的 只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语:
afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的
awake 醒着的 alone 单独的,惟一的alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的
asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的well 健康的 content 满意的unable 无能的 只作前置定语的形容词
earthen 泥土做的,大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅,只不过
only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的little 小的 live 活的
4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:
remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。
如:All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二.形容词与副词的比较级与最高级
1.考比较级时,考生应把握:
1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如:
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.[A]as good as as good [C]good [D]good as
在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。如:
The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half.[A] of last year’s those of last year’s
[C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s
(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”,而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D。
Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置
原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为….若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…,但again一般放在原级词之后,即 “as+原级+again+as”.如:
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times(答案为B)
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.”
[A] twice so much twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice(答案为B)
My uncle is as old again as I am
4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:
inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.如:
Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial(答案为A)
Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研题)
5)“比较级+and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:
Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse
The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比较级前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the(more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思。如
Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有关比较级的特殊句型:
A): not so much…as…与其说……不如说……
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and as [C]but [D] or
人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为B
B)no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……
The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so not much [C]much more [D] no more(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为D)
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than(答案为D)
C)no/not any less…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/not any more…than意思相反
She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮
D)just as… so… 正如……,……也……(用倒装结构)
Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.[A] as it is the same is [C] so is [D] and so is(答案为C)
2.最高级形式应注意的问题:
1)最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。
in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意:among…相当于one of …,不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来
如:
all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among Of [C]For [D]To 答案为
2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:
any other +单数名词
the other +复数名词
the others
anyone/anything else
上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。
3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants,要注意与 “the +形容词最高级+of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:
He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me
Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language 三.不用比较级和最高级的形容词:
1)表示颜色的有:white, black
2)表示形态的有:round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形),level
3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy 4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike
5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite
7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四.平行结构与比较级
平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如:
The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比not only…but(also);prefer…to…;rather than有的是同类对比:and;but;or;both… and…;either…or…;neither…nor…..平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:
1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如:
It is better to die one’s feet than.[A]living on one’s knees live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees(答案为D)
Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。
1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如:
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案为A
For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say(答案为B)
2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如:
At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.(三)代词及其指代一致 一.代词的指代 1.that的指代作用
that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的that of。如
Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这里that指代前面的the role。
No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2.one的指代作用
one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如:
A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A] that he [C]one [D]this 答案为[C]
3.do的替代作用。
do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化。如:
For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.二.代词指代一致问题
代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。
Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.这里he指代前面的person。
It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。
Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.这里me必须用宾格形式。
代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律: 1.邻近和靠近原则
由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but(also)连接先行词时候,如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致,就用其相应的一直的人称代词;如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink
2.当no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代词作主语时候,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式。如: Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’t it?
3.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果 each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如: They each have two coats
we are each responsible for his own family 4.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数 如:the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident
(三)主谓一致问题
主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则: 语法一致原则 意义一致原则 就近一致原则