第一篇：英美文学中的圣经
引言：《圣经》是一部历史的史书,是一部的经典作品,是西方社会流传最广、发行量最大、读者最多的一本书，其影响远远超过了宗教领域，渗透到社会文化各个方面。文学界历来公认《圣经》本身就是一部优秀的文学作品，是极为重要的文化遗产，在英美文学中更是形成特有的“圣经现象”,为英美文学提供了取之不尽、用之不竭的素材,对英美文学产生了深远的又独一无二的影响。《圣经》同时也是英语文化的重要支柱。对这一现象进行研讨，能加深我们对《圣经》对英美文学影响的认识。
《圣经》既是一部记录希伯来人历史的史书，同时又是一部内涵深邃的哲学著作。《圣经》(The Holy Bible),由《旧约篇》和《新约篇》两部分组成。《旧约篇》谈的是犹太人的宗教信仰和历史;《新约篇》说的是耶稣的生平和基督教产生及其发展的历史。在英美文化传统形成的过程里，它的影响是独一无二的。以《圣经》为代表的希伯来文学同中国文学、印度文学和希腊文学一起，共同构筑了世界文学大厦的四根支柱。
第二篇：《圣经》对英美文学的影响
《圣经》作为一本巨著，本身就体现了世界古代文化的巨大成就，并向文学家们提供了丰富的创作素材和驰骋想象的艺术天地。
《圣经》既是一部记录希伯来人历史的史书，同时又是一部内涵深邃的哲学著作。在英美文化传统形成的过程里，它的影响是独一无二的。它已成为英美文学作品最基本的素材宝库。因此，《圣经》对英美文学产生了深远的影响。
《圣经》具有大众化的语言特点，风格简洁清新、深刻有力，语言庄重经典，生动热情，节奏鲜明，旋律如诗歌般优美且结构严谨，内涵丰富，极具说服力。
《圣经》体裁众多，既有神话、传说、寓言，又有诗歌、杂文、短篇小说。有书信、演讲，还有布道。表现手法也是丰富多彩，从隐喻、象征、夸张到讽刺、双关等等，不胜枚举。
在整个英美文学发展时，尚不能找到第二部书像它那样对英美文学产生如此巨大而深远的影响。我们看浮在海洋上的冰山，露出水面的尖端只是整个冰山的一小部分而已。《圣经》之于英美文学，恰似冰山的基础同其山巅的关系。有时一句话，一行诗，甚至一个词语，后面都有《圣经》传统知识作为支撑，这是因为英美文学作家在创作过程中都自觉不自觉地受其影响。
一、《圣经》是许多英美文学作品的重要素材。
西方及英美作家以《圣经》故事为素材进行创作的人很多，不胜枚举。如，弥尔顿的《失乐园》，约翰·班杨的《天路历程》，惠特曼的《草叶集》等。
二、许多英美文学作品直接援引《圣经》中的词句或人名为作品标题或人物名称。
直接援引《圣经》作题目，从而为作品渲染气氛、奠定基词的例子举不胜举。美国作家威廉·福克纳的《押沙龙，押沙龙》就是很明显的例子。仔细体会后便会发现，直接援引《圣经》中“押沙龙”作题目，的确有统领全篇的效果，且寓意可谓幽深至甚。此外，威廉·福克纳的另外一部巨作《去吧，摩西》书名也取自《圣经·旧约全书》，也有相似的艺术效果。
三、在英美文学作品中的许多作品情节和人物性格都融汇着《圣经》故事的寓意
许多英美文学作家把《圣经》故事的寓意融汇到作品的情节或人物性格里，使这些故事发挥有力陪衬和烘托作用。不了解《圣经》故事作品的人在理解这种文学作品时便难免流于表面和肤浅。
以莎士比亚为例，是善用《圣经》典故寓意的大师，在他的作品中《圣经》典故俯拾即是，不懂《圣经》的人，读起来会感到吃力。《威尼斯商人》、《哈姆雷特》等莎士比亚作品的每一出戏都充满着《圣经》典故。
四、英美文学作品创作受《圣经》的观念和精神影响巨大。
《圣经》的观念和精神对英美文学创作的巨大影响。如在世界文学中反复出现的、被无数作家使用的文学原型———“替罪羊”就源自一个宗教典故。
如霍桑的代表作之一，《红字》，其中的人物白兰的最终回归很好地体现了替罪羊原型的主要特征。再如，《圣经》的仁慈、宽恕博爱是莎士比亚戏剧竭力表现的主题，从而构成了莎剧鲜明的个性。众所周知，《圣经》自始至终鲜明地贯穿着仁慈、宽恕和博爱的基督精神。
《圣经》如影随形般地融入到莎士比亚的剧作之中。”
第三篇：英美文学
Analysis of Robinson Crusoe
2009级师范三班刘静 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s
failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only
indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full
understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a
remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and
never lose hope.
第四篇：英美文学
术语解释：
Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:
1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI
1591The First part of King Henry VI
1592The Life and Death of King Richard III;The Comedy of Errors
1593Titus Andronicus;The Taming of the Shrew
1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona;Love’s Labour’s Lost;Romeo and Juliet
1595The Life and Death of Richard II;A Midsummer Night’s Dream
***8Much Ado About Nothing;The Merry Wives of Windsor;The Life of King Henry V
1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;As You Like It
1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will
In the second period:
1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida;All’s Well That Ends Well
160416051606Antony and Cleopatra
1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus;Timon of Athens
1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre
In the third period:
1609Cymbeline, King of Britain
1610The Winter’s Tale
1612The Tempest;The Life of King Henry VIII
7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.To die, to sleep, no more.8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, essayist.John Donne, a metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)
John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1
out of Eden.John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻画人物。
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部现实主义小说，作品的主题是通过对主人公鲁滨孙的成功刻画，歌颂资本主义上升时期那种不畏艰难和困苦，充满野心和冒险精神，富有百折不挠，顽强毅力和斗志，依靠自己的双手改变一切、创造一切的自我奋斗和创业精神。Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨击当时英国的议会政治和反动的宗教势力，通过描写格列佛四次遇险，写出了作者看透了当代的腐败，以讽刺的方法，抨击了当时腐败的社会。Attack the Britain
parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.John Smith is the first American writer.Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on
surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express
Transcendentalism是美国浪漫主义最高潮时期的体验，认为世间万物都是平等的。
Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between
mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.诗歌鉴赏
Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?我能否将你比作夏天？
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美丽温婉。
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，And summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暂。
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休恋那丽日当空，And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,转眼会云雾迷蒙。
And every fair from fair sometime declines,休叹那百花飘零，By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于无常的天命。
But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫发无损。
Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也无缘将你幽禁，When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的诗中长存。
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。
全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter），包括三个四行组（quatrain）和一个对偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式，即abab cdcd efef gg。
二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇，破坏意美
Sonnet 29
When, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes当我受尽命运和人们的白眼，I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零，And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞶的昊天,And look upon my self and curse my fate顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰，Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一个一样富于希望，Featured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似，又和他一样广交游，Desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求这人的渊博，那人的内行，With what I most enjoy contented least最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头；
Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，当我正要这样看轻自己，Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破晓从阴霾的大地
From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升，高唱着圣歌在天门：
For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的爱使我那么富有，That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就。
赏析：对社会、对自己的命运的不满和无奈。格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter）.韵式，即abab
cdcd efef gg。
To a Waterfowl《 致 水 鸟 》
-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特
Whither, 'midst falling dew,披着滴落的露珠，While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空灿烂，白日的行程就要结束；
Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际，Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤单的前程追逐？
总结：As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you(waterfowl)are
going?
Vainly the fowler's eye看你远远飞翔而无计可施，Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾；
As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,满天红霞把你映衬，Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。
总结：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without success, a hunter(fowler)might try to
bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.Seek'st thou the plashy brink你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨，Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？
Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水冲刷的海滩，On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔腾起伏？
• 总结：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?
There is a Power whose care有上苍把你关照，Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在无路的海岸为你指路，The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和无边的空际，Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。
• 总结：There is a Power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.All day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕动翅膀，At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空气稀薄暴风寒冷，飞在高处，Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地，Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。
总结：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.And soon that toil shall end,你很快就会结束这样的劳苦，Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即将找到你夏天的住处；
And scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼唤自己的伙伴，Soon o'er thy sheltered nest.芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。
• 总结：you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will
end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall grasses.Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身躯全被吞没，Hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深渊里，你踪影全无；
Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底，And shall not soon depart.我将久久地久久地把它记住。
• 总结:I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the lesson you taught me.He, who, from zone to zone,谁，从一个地方到另一个地方，Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越无限的天空作必然的飞翔，In the long way that I must tread alone,也会在我必须独自跋涉的长途上，Will lead my steps aright.正确地引导我的脚步。
赏析：There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.
第五篇：英美文学
《英美文学》复习方法
一、找到《英美文学》的辅导书，例如《自考一本通》《自考直通车》等类型的汉语版辅导书。
二、先把汉语版辅导书的课文翻译通读，理解了全书每个章节的内容和知识点；用汉语记录重点；
三、第一轮复习顺序：
1、先看英国文学，后看美国文学
2、按照时间顺序看，每个时代都有代表性文学流派和代表作家及代表性作品
3、按照课本的章节顺序，看完汉语译文后，对照英语译文，划出课本上对每个时代代表性流派，代表作家和代表作品的描述和评论。名词性描述一般是填空题和选择搭配题；评论部分是简单题和问答题；*只看代表性的重要信息，非代表性作品和作家生平介绍不用看；记住某个时代某个流派有哪些代表作家，哪些代表性作品及该作品的简要介绍和评论。
4、按照章节划出重点信息，然后整理笔记；
5、全部整理完毕之后，基本上对文学史和代表文学作品有了基本了解。
四、第二轮复习顺序
1、找到历年真题，做题的时候对照答案，寻找该答案在课文原文中的原始线索，并作好整理记录；
2、整理理解全部真题的答案以后，对课本的重点知识就有了比较清楚的理解；
五、考前突击复习
1、依据真题笔记和第二轮复习的笔记，对不熟悉的部分进行重点复习。
2、根据以往考题的研究，旧题还会重新考，所以大家要关注所有做过的真题和各章节中没有考过的但属于代表性知识的部分，这些有可能是将要考的新题。自学考试已经有历史了，所以过去的真题加起来也就是全书的重点知识网络，所以认真复习真题并理解消化，整理帮助记忆，这对于考试制胜是最好的办法。
*警告：千万不要抛开课本直接做真题；
千万不要死记硬背，而是要在理解的基础上反复读，抄写，默记；反复整理笔记，新的笔记只记录没有掌握好的，直到最后的笔记成为提纲式的。
〈高级英语〉复习方法说明；
一、对照辅导书，精读课文，做课后练习；
二、找来历年考试真题，认真做，查到答案在课本中的相关地方
三、认真复习真题，总结知识点；错题本，反复研究错题
四、回到课本，从头到尾认真阅读课文，全面复习重点知识点；
五、整理真题，再次复习错题；
*高级英语上下册32个单元，复习面积很大，所以必须早动手，狠下功夫。
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