论英语学习习惯差异分析

第一篇：论英语学习习惯差异分析

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摘 要： 学习习惯的研究是人类情意研究的重要因素之一。通过对部分大学英语专业低年级学生的学习习惯的调查表明：女生比男生有着更好的学习习惯，她们的英语学习成绩普遍都比男生好，由此可见，良好的学习习惯是外语学习者成功的重要保证。

关键词：学习习惯；差异；调查分析

Abstract: The study of learning habits is one of the important factors in th e study of human feelings and wills.Based on the survey of learning habits of t he freshmen and sophomores of English majors in some universities, the paper sho ws that female students have better learning habits than male students, and fema le students generally do better in English learning.It can be concluded that go od learning habits can guarantee the success of foreign language learning.Key words:leaning habit;differences;survey

一、引言

以学习者为主体的学习过程研究已经成为当今外语教学者的研究主流，因为“外语教学，无 论是为何种教学目的，无论采用何种教学方法，最终结果必须体现在外语学习主体身上”［1］，对学习者的学习过程研究可以帮助教师教学活动的进行和研究。自从20世纪70 年代Rubin开始对英语学习者的学习策略进行研究之后，国内外众多专家学者就英语学习策略、学习观念、学习方法等方面也做了大量研究，他们的研究成果为广大研究者奠定了雄 厚的理论基础，为英语学习者提供了许多行之有效的实践指导。

通过对英语语言学习者学习效果的观察可以发现：有的学习者学得很轻松，有的学得非常吃 力。雅克博维次（Jakobovits）研究发现，影响外语学习的因素是：动力占33 ％，才能占33％，智力占20％，其他占14％。其中的非智力因素包括学习动机、学习方式、年龄、兴趣和心理、环境、习惯。通过对学习成功者和失败者的研究，林格伦（Lindgrern）发现在学习成功的因素中，“良好的学习习惯”占30%，“兴趣”占25%，“智力”占15%，“家庭”占5%，“其他因素”占25%［2］。从雅克博维次和林格伦的研究当中可以 看出，学习习惯对于英语学习过程确实起着举足轻重的作用。笔者通过对英语专业低年级学习者学习习惯的定量研究，目的在于分析学习习惯的共性与差异，以便让学习者能对照自我，发掘和发扬良好的学习习惯，提高英语学习效率。

二、研究结果与分析

1.研究方法

笔者以江苏、江西、四川、河南四省的英语专业一年级和二年级学生为调查对象，发出问卷 1200份，实际回收有效卷1058份，其中男、女生比例为30.8∶69.2，一、二年级比例为570∶488。以年龄和性别作为因子进行分析的原因在于：①学习者的年龄是一个不可完全忽视的因素，无论成年人还是儿童学习外语都有其各自的优势；②任何一个大学英语专业的女生人数都普 遍大于男生人数，学习成绩优于男生。为了更有规律地对学生的学习习惯进行归类分析，笔 者先用均值比较及方差分析研究各整体之间的差异以及影响各个自变量间的差异，然后进行 相关分析，研究它们之间相关的密切程度(见表1)。

2.学习习惯均值比较和方差分析

“制订学习计划”方面，男女生的差异非常显著，女生明显优于男生，大二的学生由于在大 学里的学习已进行了一年多，他们认为“制订学习计划”更重要，有趣的是，无论一年级还 是二年级学生，无论男生还是女生，在“选择学习材料”方面都认为有必要选择适合自己英 语水平的学习材料。

［2］章兼中.外语教育学［M］.杭州：浙江教育出版社，1997:197-198.文 章来源

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第二篇：英语学习习惯

最高境界：精通英语的三十个好习惯

学习英语的最高境界是什么，是习惯，只有习惯了学习英语，习惯了使用英语，那么才有可能掌握英语，下面列举出的学习英语的三十个好习惯，可以帮助你掌握学习英语的窍门。

1、将英语真正融入日常生活！不要学英语，而要生活在英语当中！

2、把难单词、难句子制作成海报，贴在家里最显眼的地方，不知不觉就掌握了！

3、不读英语就难受！不读英语就“寝食难安”！让读英语变成“最大的爱好”！

4、睁开眼睛的第一件事就是“大声喊英语”！喊出一天的活力和辉煌！喊出一天的充实和成功！

5、入睡前一定要大喊英语十分钟！让英语进入潜意识，做梦也在学英语。

6、“一日三餐前后”狂读五分钟英语，否则就不配吃饭，这叫“一日三餐法”！饭前读英语反思人生，饭后读英语有助消化！这是一个伟大的习惯！我要在全国普及这个习惯！

7、跑步喊英语！既锻炼了身体肌肉，又锻炼了口腔肌肉！两个肌肉都发达的人绝对有“非凡的竞争力”！具体做法：在出去跑步前，先抄写一段英语放在口袋里。

8、一看到公园，就跑进去大声喊英语。充分享受美景，充分呼吸新鲜空气！

9、“四个一”原则：每当我读英语或说英语的时候，我都会做到一抬头、一挺胸、一收小腹、一用力！这样，我的英语马上就会变得地道、好听！

10、平时说英语、练英语的时候一定要元音特别饱满！这样可以训练自己的非凡气质。

11、有空就练习辅音。要想说一口流利的英语，就必须做到：元音饱满悦耳、辅音准确清晰。比如，我经常拿一张纸放在嘴巴前面苦练爆破音： newspaper, popular, possible。我经常咬下嘴唇，苦练[v]这个音，夸张地朗读drive, vegetable, five等单词。

12、尽量多地听录音！这是最有效、最便宜的学习方法！听得越多，语感就越好！而且你的英语发音就越好听。

13、看到的、听到的，都尝试翻译成英文，随时随地训练自己的“口译能力”！

14、每天有计划的训练自己的“翻译能力”，最好的办法就是每天翻译一篇小短文。学习英语的最高目标就是：中英文自由转换！这也是社会最需要的能力，当然这也是为你自己创造最大价值的能力！这个能力很难获得，一定要每天坚持练习！先准确翻译单词，然后是句子，其次是短文。

15、随时随地携带单词本，收集好单词、好句子、好文章！尤其是名言警句！

16、收集好文章，将所有让自己心动的文章反复朗读，最好能脱口而出！因为只有背诵课文才是征服英语的最终解决之路！

17、出门前，立刻制造一个小卡片或小纸条，随身携带，经常背诵！这是最有效的学习方法！

18、要养成一种伟大的习惯：善于利用一天当中大量的、被忽略的、被浪费的一分钟、两分钟！你一旦有了这个伟大的习惯，你的一天将是别人的两天，甚至三天！

19、要养成随身携带英语书的习惯！我在窗边、厨房、客厅，甚至厕所都放了英语书，快速看上一两分钟就足够了！什么都怕天天做，什么都怕坚持！

20、要养成热爱丢脸的习惯！管它说好说坏，只管疯狂地说！只有这样才会越说越好！You must enjoy losing face!

21、忘掉谦虚，卖弄得越多，记忆得越牢！

22、疯狂地热爱“难单词”！记住：这个世界上没有难单词，只有重复不够的单词！不信就试一试：qualified，合格的，a qualified accountant，一名合格的会计师。compliment，赞美，Thank you for your compliment.谢谢你的赞扬。

23、疯狂收集和掌握成语。英语的一个难点就是习惯用语，也可以称为习语。现在就送你一个：get on one’s nerves，意思是“让某人很烦”。请脱口而出这个句子：That noise gets on my nerves。(那噪音让我心烦。)

24、第一句不能脱口而出，坚决不学第二句！这又是一个伟大的习惯。刚开始的时候，进度可能比较慢，但一定要坚持，因为这样做会为自己打下坚实的基础！

25、把每天坚持朗读英语当成训练自己意志力的一个办法。这种训练一举两得：既让自己变得更有意志，而且顺便讲了一口流利的英语！

26、每天争取帮助一个对英语感兴趣，或激励一个开始操练英语！要做到这一点，你就必须自己先做出榜样！而且自己要取得一定的成绩才能说服别人！

27、每天都赞扬自己的记忆力，自己的语言模仿能力，自己的天赋！不要给自己的负面思想留下任何空间！从今天开始养成这个习惯！

28、每当自己想放弃的时候就想想成功时候的辉煌，就想想父母抚养我们长大所付出的艰辛，就想想语言这么简单的东西自己都无法征服所带来的耻辱，你就会重新充满斗志！

29、永远记住：重复就是力量！我们学不好英语，做不好工作的原因就是重复得远远不够！为了训练自己的英语功力和耐心，请你每个月都做这样一件事情：把一篇文章每天朗读三次，每次三遍，连续一个月！奇迹一定会发生！你的发音、语感，你的记忆力、理解力都会得到提升！

30、如果你是一名中学生，想考高分，那你必须养成下面这个习惯：每天读透一篇阅读理解；每周背诵一篇完形填空和一篇作文，每周听烂并脱口而出一套听力题。

第三篇：最新四川卷高考英语作文：论学习习惯

2013年四川卷高考英语作文题目主要是针对英语报开设的专栏，请同学们对学习习惯问题进行探讨。面对这样的高考英语作文题，大胆的秀出你的想法。另外附带一篇四川卷高考英语作文范文，供其参考。

某中学生英文报近期开辟专栏，讨论学习习惯问题，请你结合自身学习实际，按一下提示，用英文为该专栏写一篇稿件。

1.说明学习习惯与学习效果之间的关系;

2.介绍一种好的学习习惯并提出养成该习惯的建议;

3.描述自己在学习习惯方面存在的某个问题并给出改进措施

注意：

1.词数120左右，开头语已为你写好

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯

3.文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称

It’s useful and necessary to discuss learning habits.【2013四川卷高考英语作文：论学习习惯范文】

It’s useful and necessary to discuss learning habits.As we all know, good learning habits can make your study go to succeed.As a student, we should pay more attentions to our habits which we develop in our study.I’m sure “repeat” is a best habit.Do you develop the habit? If we want to improve our study, we should repeat what the teachers taught us again and again, and then we can understand or remember the knowledge which the teachers demand us to master.How to develop the habit? the first step, set a timetable, and stick to carry out the plan, don’t stop.When I do my homework, I often make mistakes with carelessness, how to overcome the shortage? I think I should think about it over and over as long as I do my homework.And then I do it little by little.Maybe in this way I can correct my mistakes.对于自己的学习习惯，任何人都不一样，所以针对这个话题，大家可以畅所欲言，在交流的过程中，弥补自己的不足，一同把学习成绩搞上去。

第四篇：论中西饮食文化之差异英语4000字

编号（No.）SFLC2013 200905210230 宁夏师范学院外国语学院 学士学位论文

An Analysis of Different Food Cultures between China and Western Countries 作者姓名曹俊峰 论文方向英美文化 指导教师马生仓

答辩时间

2013年5月25日

Abstract Food is the basic need for human survival and development, but also is one of the basic forms of social life.Different countries have different food cultures.This thesis analyzes the differences in food culture between China and western countries from several different aspects, including food perceptions, tastes and nutritions, food targets, tablewares, and manners as well as pursuit.Certainly, these differences are obvious.As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite in communications between Chinese and westerners.Key Words food culture；differences；communications；China；western countries CONTENTS I.Introduction……………………………………………………………………….....1

II.Literature Review......................................................................................................1 III.Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries……...…2 3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions……………………………...…...…....2 3.2 Different Food Targets……………………………………………………….....4

3.3The Styles of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares…….……………………...5 3.4 Differences in Pursuit…………...………………………………………..…….8 IV.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...….....9 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….10

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................11 I.Introduction Food is the basic need for human survival and development;also it is one of the basic forms of social life.In different historical backgrounds, however, there are different food perceptions, different food needs and the way of using food.In the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has been integrated into all aspects of life.Chinese and western cultures had been the two major types of world cultures.And the food culture is very important both in Chinese and western cultures.Chinese food culture has a long history.It has experienced several years of historical development and become an important component of China’s traditional culture.In the long process of development, Chinese people gradually form their own unique food culture.Meanwhile, Chinese food becomes a bright pearl of food and cultural treasures in the world.On the contrary, western food culture keeps always a kind of rational perception.Western people pay more attention to lightly flavored and dietary equilibrium.People no longer excessively pursue taste because they choose food’s nutrition.People try to research the difference of the nutrition.This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in China and western countries.Knowing about the differences between Chinese and western food cultures and their development, foreign language learners can not only increase the understanding of languages and cultures, but also enhance the efficiency of cross-cultural communication.At the same time, the contact between different countries becomes much tighter through the incorporation of a global economy.II.Literature Review Many scholars are interested in different food cultures between China and western countries.In Yin Li and Han Xiaoling’s book, writers mainly describe the relationship of idioms and folklore(Yin Li, Han Xiaoling.2007:39).And the writers also tell about food culture.Their opinion is that food manner is not just to satisfy people’s physical needs, what is more, food is a social behavior, and it has rich cultural connotations.Different regions, countries and peoples gradually form a distinctive food culture, because it is affected by natural environment, product, geography, climate, economy, politics, religion, philosophy, history and so on.Food custom is a visualized reflection of food culture.Food custom belongs to the scope of a big culture.It is also an independent branch of folklore.In Jiang Yan’s thesis, she refers to the differences of Chinese and western food cultures(Jiang Yan, 2007:50).First, people can accept actively western food culture by analyzing the differences of Chinese and western food cultures.At the same time, people should notice western etiquette through cross-cultural communication so that they can grasp the nation’s cultural characteristics on the basis of seeking common ground while accepting the existing differences.Second, this way can also train people’s adaptability.Finally, people can avoid effectively the misunderstandings which are caused by the differences of cultures, too.Through analyzing those papers, the author proposes reasonable suggestion about food culture.Moreover, these papers explain the significance of learning the differences between Chinese and western food cultures.In addition, these papers only state that it is important to learn food culture for people, but authors don’t mention that people should respect food culture of every country.In other words, people shouldn’t discriminate every country’s food culture.Besides, people should notice how to choose nourished food.III.Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western food cultures have different characteristics.The differences in perceptions, tastes and nutrition;food targets;the styles of having dinner and tablewares;and interest have reflected the different food cultures in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of food culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions Christianity has deep influence on Western food perception.Christianity stresses that human beings must absolutely obey the order of the God;they must respect soul;they propose people’s reason;they control people’s desire;they ignore people’s value of life and significance;they pay more attention to the happiness of heaven.Christianity thinks that the ancestor of the human being was expelled from the Garden of Eden by God because they ate forbidden fruit.So people have original sin.In their life, they gain purification and pleasure of soul with believing in God and taking part in religious ceremony.So human being controls food.The Bible says that man does not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.Perter Bromhead said that western countries have a rational food perception and they pay more attention to scientific food perception(Perter, Bromhead,1978:3).Western countries stress natural value of food.They attach importance to protein, fat, quantity of heat and vitamins in food.However, they are particular about whether nutrient ingredient in food is reasonable collocation；whether the supply of calories is just right;whether these nutrition constituents are fully absorbed by people.In addition, they try to keep normal juice and natural nutrition of food, rather than pursue food’s color, scent, design, as well as its variety.Even if the taste is same or insipid, people will eat it.Because western people pay more attention to food’s nutrition constituent.They don’t connect food with spiritual enjoyment.Even food will reflect a strong practical and utilitarian purpose.Western people think that food is just existent means, but it uses a more scientific, normative and reasonable manner(Keith,Sinclair,1980).For example, school leaders will arrange a nutritionist for students in middle school in order to ensure teenagers to have enough and balanced nutrition.But western food also has big shortcomings.For example, they don’t eat animal’s viscera.In other words, they don’t pay more attention to food without nutritional value.Meanwhile, the cooking skill of western people often reflects mechanical and rigid.All kinds of vegetables will never mix together and taint by other odor.And they can’t change another pattern.Chinese people pay more attention to eating.In China, there is a proverb that bread is the staff of life.The proverb explains that people regards food as heaven.For thousands of years, the nation was in a low productivity level, people didn’t have enough food to eat.Chinese people think that eating is the most important thing over others.If a kind of culture treats eating as the first thing, then there will be two phenomena: On one hand, people will make eating’s function to acme.Its function can maintain existence and health.On the other hand, too much attention to eating will make people respect the pursuit of delicious food.In Chinese cooking technique, Chinese people pursue delicious food to acme, and they make a living by developing restaurant industry in overseas.Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food.Chinese people like appraising the pros and cons of food from color, scent, design, as well as its variety and so on(Li Mingying,1997).They pursue a kind of mood without expressing in language.Simply speaking, Chinese people pay more attention to taste.Certainly, taste is the charm of Chinese food.Taste not only satisfies people to be eager for delicious food, but also brings physical and mental pleasure.Chinese food excessively stresses taste and mental enjoyment.Chinese food also has its disadvantages, it ignores nutrient ingredient in food.Chinese people regard delicious food as the first request.However, it is a pity when people regard delicious food as the first request.A large of traditional food need go through a long period of frying and strewing, so the nutrient ingredient in food is destroyed.Chinese people often ignore the nutrition’s analysis and reasonable nutrition’s collocation.In a word, western food pays more attention to food’s nutrition from scientifically analyzing, while Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food.Both sides should learn from each other and make food more perfect.3.2 Different Food Targets Food target roots in the differences of ethnic cultural background.Western people eat more meat.They pay more attention to animal’s protein and fat in their food(Leslie,White,1949:06).Meat plays an important role in the food structure and mainly includes beef, chicken, pork, lamb, and fish.The cultural background connects with western nomads and maritime national culture.People regard sailing, fishing, hunting and nomadic as their own main activities.Planting is a complement to the activity.So animals are the main source of their food.In modern times, the proportion of planting industry is on the increase.But the proportion of meat is still higher than Chinese food.Although the proportion of meat is smaller than vegetables, people have another food—tofu which can make up nutrition for human being.Tofu is a traditional food.Its history dates back to the western Han Dynasty.Not only is the taste of tofu very delicious, but also it has much the nutrient ingredient in food.It is good for people’s health.People often say that the green vegetables and tofu can protect the human being.Tofu can be made different dishes and snacks.At times, it can be made delicious food with little tofu.People regard tofu as main ingredient and second ingredient.The life conditions of Chinese people are affected by the agricultural civilization.Staple food is wheat and beans.Certainly, vegetables dominate Chinese food.People often call vegetarians dishes（Paul,Anthony,1975:68）.Chinese people usually add to meat dishes in festival.This kind of food custom has deeply influenced on Buddhism.Buddhists believe that animals are “creature”, and “creature” can’t be killed.Even people can’t eat them.However, with the development of living standards and the popularity of nutritional perception, Chinese people are increasing the proportion of meat and dairy products on the table.Similarly, western people also add vegetables to their food.Chinese and western foods have been gradually moving towards integration(Lin Lirui,2009:11).Western people like eating cold dishes in salad or cold drink.But Chinese people prefer to hot dishes.Most of the main dishes are hot.Western people believe that dishes are a longing.So they only eat a large piece of meat and the whole chickens and even “hard food”.They want to pay more attention to taste from dishes.So the cooking techniques for Chinese cooking also show great randomness.Many western people think that something is garbage, but Chinese people believe that these are excellent raw materials.Foreign chefs don’t know how to handle these things, but in a Chinese chef hand, they can transform bad into good.It goes to prove that Chinese food is the wide randomness of materials.According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese people eat six hundred kinds of vegetables.It is six times more than in the west.In fact, vegetarian dishes are common food in the Chinese dishes.Chinese people can eat meat in holidays or at the higher living standards.Since ancient times, people have been saying of “vegetarian dishes”.Vegetarian dishes are the dominant statement in people’s usual food.Chinese people make plant as the main dishes, and kinds of dishes have a lot of connect with the advocacy of Buddhism.They regard animals as “people”.On the contrary, plants don’t work in the laws of nature.Therefore, Chinese people advocate the vegetarianism.When western people introduce food characteristic of their own country, they pay more attention to reasonable collocation of nutrition than in China.Even they have more developed food industry, Such as, canned food and fast food.Although the taste is same, saving time and nutrition is good.So western people are stronger than Chinese people: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular development;but Chinese people are small and thin;their shoulders are narrow;their complexion are yellow.And consequently, Chinese people are known as plant character, western people are known as animal character(Wang Renxiang, Xiao Xiao 2007).To sum up, western people pay more attention to meat on food targets, they can absorb more fat and protein, so they are stronger than Chinese people.However Chinese people pay more attention to vegetables.They are more healthy than westerners.3.3 The Style of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares The different food culture is also reflected in having dinner and using tablewares in China and western countries.3.3.1 Having Dinner

Whether it is family meals or formal feasts in China, Chinese people will sit around and share enjoyment each other(Lv Wenwen).They also toast each other or persuade others to eat delicious food.The scene has created harmonious and happy atmosphere.Especially in all kinds of festivals, Chinese people gain enjoyment from having dinner together.The style of having dinner is the most important tradition of Chinese food culture.The style is on the basis of patriarchal clan system’s perception.Having dinner together is popular with family or clan at first.Then it extends to outside the family.Chinese people usually educate and express all kinds of proprieties by having dinner together.So these reflect the relationship of the old and the young, the noble and the humble, the intimate and the aloof.Because having dinner together pander to traditional family perception and objectively play an important part in maintaining family’s stability and promoting family members’ unity and harmony.Therefore, having dinner together has been handed down generation after generation.All family members gather together by sitting around and sharing one seat.This will be a family happiness.But having dinner together also has disadvantages that people don’t pay more attention to food’s health and scientific using.Wasting food becomes more and more serious.Nowadays, people gradually realize this disadvantage and start to change.In entertainment of having dinner together, eating food is not the most important problem, but a face-saving is very important.The standard of price, the grade of dishes and rich dishes are often regarded as the master’s feeling carrier.When the host entertains guests, the host will prepare for a wonderful meal.This shows the host’s enthusiasm, because the standard of entertainment is a symbol of warm hospitality.Therefore, the hosts are afraid to end up with “penny pinching”, so they always prepare much more than the actual consumption.As people say, Chinese people get in touch with each other in order to make others owe debt of gratitude.People often pay more attention to face-feeling in culture of having dinner.In general, the entertainment of having dinner together adopt pattern of consumption of“Person who entertains guests should check out”.Chinese people often follow the principle of reciprocity.This kind of debt of gratitude is not equal and optional communication, but it is the human sentiment’s exchange of owing and repaying.People firstly emphasize interpersonal harmony in having dinner together, and then they pay more attention to food.Therefore, in the process of having dinner together people often pay more attention to the coordination and distribution or interpersonal relationship, social roles and the debt of gratitude.Western people are accustomed to individual serving when they are eating.Although western people eat food by sitting around in western banquet, everyone eats the dishes and food in their plates（Ji Qing,2008:42）.Western individual serving is a typical form and that is buffet.Diners take a set of tableware, and then get delicious food from plate.Certainly western people don’t have fixed seat, and they can freely pace back and forth.The style of having dinner not only can fully satisfy individual to be fond of food, but also can communicate each other and exchange individual feelings or information.So food is only a kind of means and foil in western feast rather than the whole purpose.The core of feast is friendship.The style of having dinner adequately embodies western people to respect individuality and self, and also stresses individual independence.It is different from cultural patterns of the whole unification of China.Especially since Renaissance movement, western society has energetically advocated equality, freedom, human rights and liberation spirit.The Renaissance movement immensely publicizes the human personality and the sense of freedom, and also creates a cultural environment which stresses individual’s free development.So, the difference of Chinese and western food culture comes from emotional and rational.But the difference becomes fuzzy with the development of science.More and more people no longer pay more attention to food hygiene and nutrition.3.3.2 Tablewares Generally speaking, Chinese people don’t use much tablewares when they have meals.Mainly they have bowls, dishes, chopsticks and spoons, and they don’t use very often.Chinese cooking is particular about tableware’s shape and size as well as food’s coordination.Even they stress “beautiful utensil”.Chinese people treat food as art activity.Not only can people surely feast guests’ mouths, but also get a kind of art enjoyment from Chinese food.Western people use metal knives and forks which mainly contained stainless steel, fine silver and silvering and so on.Besides, as people know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks.It originated in lifestyle of the ancient nomadic of the European.They made a living by knives, and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat.After people took up residence, the knives and forks appeared in the kitchen.All kinds of cup, plate or dish have its own function.This tableware can’t be mixed to use.For example, there are different kinds of names for glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.In serving English meals, people use so much tableware with different kinds and sizes.In a word, western people emphasize the function of tablewares, while Chinese people stress the shape of dish and individual’s feeling.3.4 Differences in Pursuit In China, cooking is a kind of art, And it is similar to other arts.Chinese people stress that if you want to cook, you must like cooking.Chinese cooking has been regarded as great fun by people.A woman writer once said that she was fed with doing housework.But she was interested in cooking dishes.A slice of onion and a bit of meat can cook a delicious dainty.She appreciated this kind of art.The instant-boiled mutton and Sichuan hotpot become more and more popular so that many people are fond of them.On one hand, the dishes are fresh and tender.People can freely eat them.On the other hand, Chinese people can enjoy the interesting cooking on the process of having dinner.The work can enrich people’s life because they have great fun for cooking.China has a large number of cooking skill: heat, stir-fry, and quick-fry, braise, steam, crisp, scrabble, blast, and wire drawing and so on.And Chinese cooking take cutting technique and heating control in baking seriously.Chinese cooking is similar to the music, the dance, the poetry and the drawing.Both of them can improve realm of life.Western cooking is easier than Chinese cooking.They only pursue the nutrition of food.It leads people to ignore enjoyment of food.Thus, western cooking is particular about scientific and standard perception.The fired chicken of KFC need to put up ingredients on the basis of food’s illustration, and the temperature of oil or time of the fired chicken should follow the standard in the menu.So the job of chef becomes very boring and mechanical.In the process of cooking, western people usually represent more mechanical in designing dishes.Even they are absolutely in accordance with the recipes.Every now and then they use scale measuring pot and scale pan in order to achieve accuracy.It leads western cooking to be short of new idea at times.Their dishes are mainly frying, stir-frying and braising instead of food’s shape and color.Western people think that playing while working is dereliction, and working in playing is a losing deal.However, Chinese people believe the transformation of working and playing.IV.Conclusion We can easily find that the differences between Chinese and western food cultures are very obvious from this thesis.They have different food perceptions, tastes, nutrition, food targets and interests;they also have differences in the style of having dinner and using tableware.Both of them have their own special advantages.With the economic globalization and information exchange speeding up, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, Chinese and western food cultures continuously mix together and mutually complement(Zou Wenguang,1998).The exchange of food culture is in people’s daily life.Chinese people can learn from the perception that western people stresses food’s nutrition.And Chinese people should make Chinese food more outstanding.At present, Chinese people make more efforts to draw all the perfect achievements in the world.Chinese people should make use of a chance to absorb splendid cultures from other countries according to China’s reform and opening up policy which creates the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.It is essential for English learners to study food culture which is the important part between Chinese and Western cultures.In the process of learning English, learners should pay attention to the difference of culture between Chinese and western, know more about countries regarded English as native speaking language, so as to cultivate good thinking model.Learning food culture is benefit for learners to promote the ability of cross-culture communication and stimulate the interest of learning English.As we all know, language is the supporter of culture, so learning language is not a process of learning vocabulary and grammar.We should emphasize the cross-culture communication so as to achieve the real purpose of learning English.As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite between Chinese and western exchanges.Bibliography

[1]Paul,Anthony.A Guide to the English-speaking Word[M].London:Longman Group Ltd, 1975.[2]Keith,Sinclair.A History of New Zealand[M].London:Penguin,1980.[3]Leslie,White.The Science of Culture[M].New York:Random,1949.[4]Perter,Bromhead.Life in Modern Ameican[M].London:Longman Group Ltd,1978.[5]蒋艳.中西饮食文化差异的原因分析及其研究意义[J].湖北:湖北教育学报,2007(50).[6]林丽瑞.中西方饮食文化之比较[J].上海:消费导刊,2009(11).[7]李明英.社会习俗与饮食文化[J].锦州:锦州师范学院学报,1997.[8]棘青.图说世界饮食文化[M].长春:吉林出版社,2008(42).[9]吕雯雯.中西传统节日饮食中的文化差异[J].陕西:陕西师范大学学报,2009.[10]王仁湘,肖潇.图说中国文化[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2007.[11]殷莉,韩晓玲.英汉习语与民俗文化[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.[12]邹文广.人类文化的流变与整合[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1998.Acknowledgments My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to professor Ma Shengcang, my teacher for his constant encouragement and guidance.He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis.Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, who lead me into the world of English.They instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.Last, my thanks would go to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out any problems during the difficult course of thesis.

第五篇：学习成绩的差异归结与学习习惯的差异

学习成绩的差异归结与学习习惯的差异

1.尊重与欣赏老师的习惯

亲其师，信其道。一个学生同时面对的各学科教师，长短不齐,在所难免。所以学生要学习好，除了我们老师努力提高能力水平，适应学生外，学生更要尊重老师，适应老师，并学会欣赏自己的老师。不同层次的老师，学生用不同的方式，眼睛向内、提高自我的方式去适应，与老师共同进步。从现在适应老师，长大了适应社会。不会稍不如意就埋怨环境。2.自学预习的习惯

自学是获取知识的主要途径。就学习过程而言，教师只是引路人，学生是学习的真正主体，学习中的大量问题，主要靠自己去解决。阅读是自学的一种主要形式，通过阅读教科书，可以独立领会知识，把握概念本质内涵，分析知识前后联系，反复推敲，理解教材，深化知识，形成能力。学习层次越高，自学的意义越重要，目前我国的高考为选拔有学习潜能的学生，对考生的自学能力有较高的要求。提前预习，是培养自主学习的精神和自学能力，提高听课效率的重要途径。提前预习教材，自主查找资料，研究新知识的要点重点，发现疑难，从而可以在课堂内重点解决，掌握听课的主动权，使听课具有针对性。3.专心上课的习惯

教与学应该同步，应该和谐，因此学生在课堂上要集中精神，专心听教师讲课，认真听同学发言，抓住重点、难点、疑点听，边认真听边积极思考。哪怕是你已经超前学过了，也还是要认真听，要把教师的思路、其他同学的思路与自己的思路进行对比分析，找出解决问题的最佳途径。并在这过程中，尽量多理解记忆一些东西。

4.认真观察，积极思考的习惯

对客观事物的观察，是获取知识最基本的途径，也是认识客观事物的基本环节，因此，观察被称为学习的“门户”和打开智慧的“天窗”。每一位同学都应当学会观察，逐步养成观察意识，学会恰当的观察方法，养成良好的观察习惯，培养敏锐的观察能力。

“观察”这两个字有两层意思，“观”是看的意思，“察”是想的意思，看了不想，不是真正的观察，对认识客观事物毫无意义。要做到观察和思考有机结合，要善于提出问题，要积极思考在学习过程中碰到的问题，积极思考教师和同学提出的问题，通过大脑进行信息加工，总结得出事物的一般规律和特征.我们观察事物，提出问题，思考问题，回答问题，一般要求达到：有根据、有条理、符合逻辑。

孔子说：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”罔即迷惘，殆即疑惑。孟子说：“尽信书不如无书。”孟子所言之书，是专指《尚书》，今天可以理解为：对书本知识不可以全信，而应该批判地吸收。清代学者王夫之说：“致知之途有二，曰学，曰思。”这都是在强调养成认真思考习惯的重要性。5.善于提问的习惯

我们要积极鼓励学生质疑问题，带着知识疑点问老师，问同学，问家长。学问、学问，学习就要开口问，不懂装懂最终害自己，提问是主动学习的表现，能提出问题的学生是学习能力最强的学生，是具有创新精神的学生。6.切磋琢磨的习惯

《学记》上讲“独学而无友，则孤陋而寡闻”，同学之间的学习交流和思想交流是十分重要的，遇到问题要互帮互学，展开讨论。每一个人都必须努力吸取别人的优点，弥补自己的不足，象蜜蜂似的，不断吸取群芳精华，经过反复加工，酿造知识精华。

7.独立作业的习惯

作业是教学活动的重要组成部分和自然延续，是学生最基本，最经常的独立学习实践活动，也是反映学生学习情况的主要方式。做作业的同时也时一种学习和积累的过程。中学的作业一般包括两大部分，一是书面的，二是看书思考或实践操作的。

做作业的目的是巩固所学的知识，是培养独立思考能力，不是为了交教师的差，或是应付家长。有的学生做作业的目的不明确，态度不端正，采取“拖、抄、代.……等等”，会做的马马虎虎，不会做的就不动笔；有的学生好高骛远，简单的是会而不对，复杂的对而不全，这些不良习惯严重的影响了学习效果。所以我们要重视做作业，在做习题时要认真思考，总结概念、原理的运用方法、解题的思路、并且尽量多记忆一些有用的中间结论。8.仔细审题的习惯

审题能力是学生多种能力的综合表现。要求学生仔细阅读材料内容，学会抓字眼，抓关键词，正确理解内容，对提示语、公式、法则、定律、图示等关键内容，更要认真推敲，反复琢磨，准确把握每个知识点上的内涵与外延。同时还要培养自己能从作业，考试中发现自己的错误，及时纠正的能力。9.练后反思的习惯

读书和学习过程中，尤其是复习备考过程中，每个同学都进行强度较大的练习，但做完题目并非大功告成，重要的在于将知识引申、扩展、深化，因此，反思是解题之后的重要环节。

一般说来，习题做完之后，要从五个层次反思：

第一，怎样做出来的？想解题采用的方法；第二，为什么这样做？想解题依据的原理；第三，为什么想到这种方法？想解题的思路；第四，有无其它方法？哪种方法更好？想多种途径，培养求异思维；第五，能否变通一下而变成另一习题？想一题多变，促使思维发散。当然，如果发生错解，更应进行反思：错解根源是什么？解答同类试题应注意哪些事项？如何克服常犯错误？“吃一堑，长一智”，不断完善自己。10.复习归纳的习惯

复习就是消化知识，加深理解和记忆，达到举一反三。复习也就是通过对知识，对解决问题的思路进行提炼，进行归纳整理，使零碎的知识，分散的记忆得到一个串联，从而学生的知识系统化、条理化、重点化，避免前后知识的脱离与割裂。复习是有规律的，复习必须及时，否则超过了人的记忆极限点再去复习，将要多花几倍的时间，而且效果不好。因此必须有计划的不间断地复习。每天尽量把当天的东西都复习一遍，每周再做总结，一章学完后再总的复习一下。对记忆性知识的复习，每一遍的用时不需多，但是反复的遍数要多，以加深印象。每章每节的知识是分散的、孤立的，要想形成知识体系，课后必须有小结归纳。对所学知识进行概括，抓住应掌握的重点和关键。对比理解易混淆的概念。每学习一个专题，要把分散在各章中的知识点连成线、辅以面、结成网，使学到的知识系统化、规律化、结构化，这样运用起来才能联想畅通，思维活跃。11.整理错题集的习惯

平时要把有什么疑问或是弄错的地方随手拿张纸记下，经常看看，看会了、记住了才扔掉。有价值的就用专门的本子记下，并找些可以接受的类型题、同等程度的相关知识点研究一下它们的异同，解题的技巧和办法。12.客观评价的习惯

学生应养成正确对待自己和他人，正确对待成功与挫折，正确对待考试分数的好习惯。若学生能客观地评价自己和同学在学习活动中的表现,是一种健康心理的体现。只有客观地评价自己、评价他人，才能评出自信，评出不足，从而达到正视自我，不断反思，追求进步的目的，逐步形成辩证唯物主义认识观。怎样养成良好的学习习惯

明确了养成良好的学习习惯的意义并了解哪些学习习惯是好习惯、哪些学习习惯是不良习惯以后，就应该自觉地培养好习惯，克服坏习惯，让好习惯伴随终生，让坏习惯尽快与你告别。要养成良好的学习习惯，可按下列步骤进行： 第一步：耐心发动，逐渐加速。

会开车的人都有这样的体验，天气冷时，车打着火后要过一会儿才能快速行驶，一打着火就快速行驶反而会灭火的。一个人培养习惯也是如此，要循序渐进。一开始先朝着理想目标动起来。一次行动的价值要超过一百句口号，一千次决心。一个学生，在前进的道路上，如果能说到做到，便很了不起。久而久之，便习惯成自然了。俗话说：“有志者，立长志；无志者，常立志”。为何常立志?原因是：很想好好做，就是做不好。因此，要养成良好的学习习惯，第一步就要说到做到，坚定不移。计划每天要记10个英语单词，就一天不落地去记；认识到写字潦草、做题马虎这些毛病，就在写字、做题时严加注意，确保字字工整，题题复查；意识到了不良学习习惯的危害，就自动自觉地克服；制订了学习计划，就定时定量地去完成；决心使自己的学习成绩在全班、全校的位次前移，就要千方百计地挖掘自己学习的潜能。

第二步：控制时空，约束自己。

人的行为，很大程度上受情景因素的影响。比如，一个中小学生，已经认识到打游戏机的负作用了，不想再打游戏机了，可是，一走近游戏厅就忘乎以了，就把握不住自己了。因此，在习惯形成的过程中，在自己的自制力还不十分强的情况下，应从控制自己的活动时间和活动空间入手来约束自己的行为。在时间上，从早上起床一直到晚上就寝，都安排满有意义的学习内容和活动内容，不让一日虚度，不让一时空耗。在空间上，严格控制自己的活动范围，歌厅、舞厅、游戏厅、录像厅、台球室等游乐场所，无论自己多么好奇，无论别人怎么引诱，也不要去。第三步：偶有偏离，及时调整。

许多同学自制力比较差，在好习惯形成过程中，或者在坏习惯克服过程中，容易出现反复、拖拉、敷衍、放任等现象，容易出现跟着感觉走的现象。这就要求自己要严格监督自己，发现偶有偏离，立即作出调整。比如，发现自己的字写得不规整了，发现上课时自己精神溜号了，发现自己没有执行或没有完成学习计划了，发现自己躺着看书、看电视了，发现自己走路或骑自行车时思考问题了......立即作出调整。培养习惯，就像走路一样，发现走的路线不对，及时调整到对的轨道上去，久而久之，一条小路便踩出来了。第四步：进入轨道，自由飞行。

按照良好学习习惯的要求去努力，先是慢慢启动，继而逐渐加速，在行进中不断调整，最后进入轨道。这就像卫星一样，一旦进入轨道，就再也不会走走停停了，就会沿着轨道不停地飞行。进入轨道以后，你就仿佛进入了自由王国，你再不必着意约束自己，而是顺其自然，你是在做惯性运动。这时你还需要注意两件事：一是要消除外部干扰，二是要排除内部故障。外部干扰主要是那些可能使你偏离甚至脱离轨道的引力，内部故障主要是受挫折时情绪不佳而放纵自己。对付外部干扰有一种有效的办法，就是改变环境，转移注意力。当你的生活圈内有人向你施加不良引力时，你可以寻找理由暂时跳出这个圈子，消除不良引力，努力去做自己应该做的事情。排除内部故障的有效途径也是转移注意力。当你的内部发生故障时，如产生忧郁、悔恨、愤懑、迷恋、惋惜、忧伤等情绪波动时，你可以通过做具体的事情来转移注意力。

有人说，儿童的心田是一块神奇的土地，播种了一种思想，便会有行为的收获，播种了行为，便会有习惯的收获，播种了习惯便会有品德的收获，播种了品德，便会有命运的收获。也有人说，行为养成习惯，习惯造就性格，性格决定命运。这些话似乎有些绝对，但良好的习惯对人生的确太重要了。习惯是一种惯量，也是一种能量的储蓄，养成良好学习习惯的人，要比那种没有养成良好习惯的人以及养成不良学习习惯的人具有较大的潜在能量。