毕业论文--浅析企业团体意识的培育修改

第一篇：毕业论文--浅析企业团体意识的培育修改

浅谈企业团体意识的培养

内容摘要：随着世界进程的不断加快，改革开发的不断深入，市场经济的不断成熟，全球化进程的加速，团队精神越来越成为企业团队建设和团队管理的关键环节。企业团队精神的重要性对于企业的核心位置，可以说，在一定程度上，它决定了企业的前途和发展。企业团队的建设中企业文化起着重要的作用，企业文化就如同企业的灵魂，一个优秀的企业文化可以给整个团队带来新的力量，带领整个公司走上另一个高度。目前，在我国各企业建立和完善现代企业制度的同时，也特别重视企业文化的建设。在加强企业文化建设的过程中,关键之一就是要培育企业的团队精神。本文从企业团队以及企业团队精神的内涵着手，论述了企业团队精神的作用，培育团队精神的原则，以及培育团队精神的途径，以此来论述和强调企业团队精神的重要性。关键词：企业文化；企业团队；领导艺术；团队精神；沟通；创新

一.团队精神内涵

所谓团队精神，就是团队成员在领导的指导和带领下互相沟通和交流，协同一致为了共同的愿景而奋斗的精神。团队精神的形成并不要求团员牺牲自我，相反展示自己的个性，充分发挥个人的特长进而保证共同完成目标，而明确的协作意愿和协作方式则产生了真正的内心动力。团队精神的核心是协同合作，最高境界是全体成员的向心力，凝聚力，反映的是个体利益和整体利益的统一，并进而保证组织的高效率运转。在全球经济化，信息快速化这样的大环境下，无论是一个国家还是一个企业，甚至一个团队，都应该有自己的一个核心文化来展现自身的优点和魅力，从而促进自身的不断发展和跟上世界经济发展的步伐。有特色的企业文化更能使企业本身更具有竞争实力，更能受到外界的青睐。

所谓企业文化就是大家共同遵守的价值观念，也就是所有好的员工都心悦诚服接受的行事准则——一种“我们公司就是这样的”自豪的想法。企业文化是指企业中长期形成的、具有企业个性的信念和行为方式。它的主要内容有企业哲学、价值观念、道德规范、企业精神和行为准则等几个方面。目前许多企业，也都有自己独特的企业文化，就拿实习的公司来说，公司上下两百多人，每一个人除了参加技能学习以外，从进公司工作的第一天，我们每一个人都会对我们企业的企业文化进行培训和学习。进过专门的学习，也让我们每一个员工深深的认识到企业精神，了解企业的文化内涵。对自己团队和工作环境的一个认识，从而对子认识工作的规划，这也是企业人事变动相对比较稳定的一个重要因素。这也是整个公司在全国各地分公司能长期运营和发展良好的一个趋势。

（一）团队精神:作为组织灵魂的团队精神，一般是指经过精心培养而逐步形成的并为团队所有成员认同的思想境界、价值取向和主导意识。它反映了团队成员对本团队的特征、地位、形象和风气的理解和认同，也蕴含着对本团队的发展、命运和未来所抱有的理想与希望，折射出一个团队的整体素质和精神风格，成为凝聚团队成员的无形的共同信念和精神力量。具体来说，团队精神主要表现在以下两个方面:1.巨人集团的领导者史玉柱在最困难的时候，在企业即将破产的情况下，许多部下一直追随他，即使不发工资也意愿跟着他干，就是因为史玉柱身上有一种吸引力和感召力，能让员工喷发出他们的激情。这个例子充分的说明了卓越的领导者指引团队前进。领导者要有吸引力.感召力，要有凝聚力和协调能力2.在团队与其成员之

1间的关系方面，团队精神表现为团队成员对团队的强烈归属感与一体感。所谓归属感，就是要让团队的每一个成员都能够像回家一样，都能够在团队中感受到自己的自身价值。在团队成员之间的关系上，团队精神表现为成员间的相互协作及共为一体。在团队成员对团队事务的态度上，团队精神表现为团队成员对团队事务的尽心尽力，齐心协力。

（二）因为某种目标人们被组织在一起，就形成了团队组织，社会中常见的团队组织有很多，足球队、篮球队、医疗队、企业团队、交响乐队等，企业团队是各种社会团队中的一种。然而不同的团队也是有不同的企业的文化和精神，有的团队组织松散，效率不高；有的团队紧密团结，卓有效率，配合协调一致。有效率的团队组织具有如下作用：

1.团队合作可以形成强大的合力，产生团队组织大于个体简单相加的效率，可有效地达到目标。由于团队组织的合力可以产生大于个体简单相加几倍、几十倍甚至几百倍的力量，可以使用较少的人力达到较高的绩效，因此企业中许多工作都采用团队组织来完成。例如企业要达到开拓市场、改善产品品质、优化客户服务，缩短产品开发流程等目标时，实现人力资源优化。采用团队组织可以有效地达到目标，公司的人力资源合理的优化也和团队的合力息息相关。

2.团队合作可以增强解决问题的能力，可提高企业在竞争优势。团队组织的成员各有所长，知识结构和工作能力也不同，可以形成取长补短、集思广益，互相启发的整体优势，产生能力得到优化的结果，团队的竞争力的增强，企业的竞争优势因而也加强。团队成员在团队组织中也有机会提高能力，互相学习，取长补短发挥潜力，在完成挑战性的工作中使能力得到培养和加强。

3.团队合作可改善员工与企业关系，可培养员工的合作与协作能力。由原先“支薪型”员企关系变为“共同型”员企关系，员工不再是一贯的以只干一份工，只出一份力，只拿一份薪水为唯一目的，促使员工的精神状态由“离散型”转变为“聚集型”，同时培养了员工之间的合作与协作能力。现代化的生产更强调合作与协作的能力，在团队组织中就可以培养成员的合作与协作能力，取长补短。团队成员为共同的目标努力，为共同达到目标的理想所激励。反之，缺乏合作与协作意愿的队员将不受团队的欢迎，易影响整个团队的和谐。

二、培育企业团队精神的原则

综上所述，企业团队精神是一个企业的精神支柱，它在一定程度上决定了企业的前途和未来。塑造和培养团队精神，可以有效防止人心涣散，克服产生离心力和出现一盘散沙的状况。理想的团队组织是有效率的，能不断产生创新的、具有良好合作与协作能力的组织。良好的协作不仅要求有制度上的协作，而且也要求有理念上的协作，一方面员工要用团队精神的理念指导自己的行为。另一方面塑造团队精神必须强调协作原则、优势互补原则、团结一致向前看的原则和个人与集体相结合的原则。

（一）企业发展中，要塑造团队精神，因而要强调协作原则。协作原则是团队精神最主要的内容。企业制度安排要注意强调协作原则，企业对人员的选聘及安排要体现协作原则，企业的工作岗位设计也要贯彻协作原则。更大化的人力资源优化，为企业带来更大的经济效益。企业要宣传协作原则，制度和政策的制定要有利于发挥协作原则，以实现最有效的协作。团队中的每个人应以协作原则为工作的最高原则，一切工作服从于协作原则。都应该注重全局观。强调协作原则首先要在价值理念上认同协作原则，真正的理解协作原则的含义，如果没有协作原则，企业中每个部门和个人都强调自己的工作和利益那么最终难以塑造团队精神，企业整体实力很难得到提高。企业是有众多员工进行分工协作的群体组织，因而分工协作的状况也直接决定着企业的整体实力和综合效益。分工协作是企业正常运转的重要基础，但是良好的分工协作又取决于人的价值理念状况。要正确认识集体价值和个人价值，正确处理集体利益和个人利益的冲突。有些企业内部有些人难以同别人协作，就是因为在价值理念上不承认协作原则，看不到团队的重要作用，只看到个人的作用。如果一个企业没有团队精神理念的存在，而仅仅靠个人英雄主义，则必然会危害企业的整体利益和总体的有效协作，最终必然使生产力难以得到有效发挥。

（二）塑造团队精神，要坚持优势互补原则。优势互补原则把发挥人们各自的比较优势作为核心，在发挥人们各自优势的基础上进行协作。团队精神重视发挥人的比较优势，坚持优势互补的原则，把人们各自的比较优势组合在一起。因为人的能力是有差异的，人的能力表现在不同方面也各有所长。这种差异和特长实际上就是人们各自的比较优势，这些不同的比较优势需要组合，而团队精神理念，恰恰是要组合人们之间的这些比较优势，人们的比较优势经组合后才能形成一种更好的综合效应。而这些比较优势的组合又需要以团队精神为基础，如果没有团队精神，都互相看不起对方的比较优势，在这种情形下比较优势是难以组合的。在企业制度设计中，应强调塑造团队精神，企业活力的重要标准之一，就是要充分发挥团队成员各自的比较优势，只有比较优势的有效发挥，才能有企业的综合效益的增长。而这种综合效益能够增长，就必须要以团队精神的理念来指导。因为没有团队精神的理念基础，任何再好的不同优势都难以实现有效组合。因此，对于企业有效提高竞争力来讲，团队精神理念是极为重要的。

（三）塑造团队精神，要强调团结一致向前看的原则。有的企业内部人员互相瞧不起，看不到对方的优势，结果内战不断，从而严重地影响了企业的整体发展。所以塑造团队精神，要强调团结一致向前看的原则。企业中人们的矛盾，只能以团队精神来协调。即使有些矛盾是原则性的，也必须通过团队精神达到统一。不利于团队精神的行为要服从于有利于团队精神的行为，大家要以团队精神为重。

（四）塑造团队精神，要重视发挥团队个人能力与依靠组织力量相结合的原则。提倡团队精神并不是忽视人们的个人能力，而是要强调重视发挥团队个人能力与依靠组织力量相结合的原则。既要强调每个人的个人能力，也要依靠组织力量，这两者必须要有效结合。这两者有效结合的结果，实际上就是形成团队精神理念的过程。现在许多企业强调发挥个人能力，但在一个企业中，不应存在任何一个人的所谓能力和利益的过度增长。也就是说，任何个人能力的发挥，都需要一种外部环境支撑，这种外部环境支撑就需要大家的合作。所以强调团队精神，就要重视发挥个人能力与依靠组织力量相结合。这是一个非常重要的价值理念。因为每个人有效作用的充分发挥，都需要其他人的配合。那些能干大事的人，同样需要一些只能干小事的人的配合，如果没有能干小事的人的帮助，他们最后可能什么事都做不好。注重团队精神的企业发展会很快，团队精神差的企业发展往往不快。个人能力虽然重要，但团队精神更为重要。如果只强调人们的个人能力而不强调依靠组织力量，那么这种企业最终很难保证可以持续发展下去。

三、培育企业团队精神的途径

当今，至中国加入 WTO以来，国内企业在面临国内同行业激烈竞争的同时，又面临着国际500强等诸多企业的严峻挑战。而有效地发挥企业团队精神，有助于企业集中人、财、物，发

挥集体效应，在最短的时间内创造出最新的产品，提高生产效率，增强企业竞争力，刻不容缓，从而使企业在竞争中立于不败之地。

显然企业团队精神的作用极大，问题的关键是企业如何发挥团队精神。从整体上说，发挥企业的团队精神必须坚持 “两手抓，两手都要硬”，即 “一手抓硬管理，一手抓软管理，软硬兼施”。硬管理主要包括：确立企业目标，建立科学的激励体系，实行科学的管理制度等内容。软管理指：企业如何通过沟通、协调，建立良好的人际关系与工作氛围；如何选拔人、充分地尊重人、培养人、爱护人，坚持以人为本；如何引导员工参与管理，发挥其工作的积极性、主动性、创造性；如何塑造企业领导者的人格魅力等。具体分析，笔者认为企业团队精神的发挥需要通过以下几个方面系统而配套的措施，而且各方面应相互协调、相互作用，从而使企业形成一个强有力的整体。

一个企业要吸引人，要使被吸引的人乐于热情而积极地工作，就要使这些人形成一个有效的群体，即形成团队精神。它的第一任务就是要确立一个目标，这个经营目标是对员工的一种利益吸引，也是对大家行为方向的一种界定。确立目标的关键是一定要明确而合理。明确合理的经营目标是把人们凝聚在一起的奋斗方向，在对目标认知与共识的基础上，才能鼓舞人们团结奋进的斗志。目标不能空洞，要导向明确、科学，要深入到每个员工的脑海中，使每个部门、每个人通过共同的目标，形成共同的整体。企业和人一样，旧的欲望被满足，新的欲望又诞生，否则就失去了动力。而要确保动力朝一个方向使劲，就要求对员工欲望的实现方式，即共同经营目标的确立要遵循明确、科学、合理的原则，既满足员工的要求，使大家形成团队精神，又有利于企业的长远发展。

总之，21世纪的市场竞争是人才的竞争，要让人才聚集在一起形成合力就必须加强团队精神的建设，这样才能形成强大的凝聚力，进而增强企业的核心竞争力，让企业在市场经济条件下越走越宽，越做越强。

参考文献

【1】 李慧波 团队精神【M】北京新华出版社.2004.【2】 曾仕强 中国式领导【M】北京大学出版社.2005.【3】 刘峰 管理创新与领导艺术【M】北京大学出版社.2006

第二篇：毕业论文修改

分类号

UDC

单位代码

1166

1密 级

公开

学

号

2009402034

四川民族学院

学士学位论文

高中英语词汇教学的探析

(初稿)

论文作者：

周均梅 指导教师：

学科专业：

研究方向：

提交日期：

2013年

月

日

中 国  康定

English Department

Sichuan University for Nationalities

Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools

by ZHOU Jun-mei

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Degree of B.A.in English

Sichuan University For Nationalities May 2013 Thesis Supervisor:

高中英语词汇教学的探析

摘要

爱玛在高中英语词汇教学中，传统的教学模式给老师的授课和学生的学习带来很多问题。致力于语言教学的国内外学者普遍认为词汇知识在语言运用和篇章理解方面有着至关重要的作用。自新课改以来，大多数中学都采用了新思路和新的教学方法，就本文的问卷调查来看，其成果不可忽视。该文章意在遵循新课改的要求，探析英语词汇教学中的规律和方法，主要从三个方面进行阐述：其一，新课改下,英语词汇教学的现状，从正反两方面分析，提出问题。其二，.英语词汇教学应遵循的规律，着重研究词汇教学中应注意的单词固有规律、学生生理与心理特点以及学生的记忆规律。其三，针对英语词汇教学探究的教学方法，具体有语境记单词教学法，以及对所学单词的复现和运用。

关键词：语词汇教学;注意因素;有效方法

i

Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools

Abstract

In terms of vocabulary teaching in senior high school, the traditional pattern has caused lots of problems to both the teachers and students.The domestic and abroad scholars, devoted to language teaching, generally believe that lexical knowledge is pretty crucial for the use of language and the comprehension of writings.Since the New English Curriculum, innovative ideas and teaching methods are introduced in most senior high.From the survey I conducted, the achievement it has got can’t be ignored.Based on the New English Curriculum, this essay aims at exploring the rules and approaches in vocabulary teaching, and it can be divided into three parts: first, the recent situation of words teaching under the reform.Both the positive and negative sides are presented, and key questions are put forward.Second, the rules one should obey, namely, words’ rules, students’ characteristics on physiology and psychology, and the memory law.Last but not least, some practible ways on this topic, like using contexts together with any other methods(such as roots, affix, and derivative terms), phonetic teaching, classification and utilization of words, and combination of related words, are provided.Key words: vocabulary teaching；factors；effective methods

ii

Acknowledgements

Here I owe the most sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Ms Xiao who leads me to finish this article.I thank her for her endless patience towards me and smart guide in mentality.She impressed the definition of teaching methods on me, and let me know that what I write must be practical and effective.Based on this, a survey among students seems a must.Therefore, I appreciate those friends who helped me finish the survey among freshmen in Southwest Petroleum University.As far as I am concerned, it is tough work to convince the freshmen to believe this is an innocent survey.Obviously, this investigation is very critic to my essay.And I thank them to analyze the questionnaire.I’ll also grateful to my classmates, because they gave me appropriate suggestions, and recommended me many useful books.As to some parts of my essay, they raised very meaningful questions and shared their opinions with me, which benefited my article a lot.Thus I realize that my essay have to be referred to the real situation in the class of senior high schools, the objective of the New English Curriculum, and some rules teachers need to obey.Last but not least, I thank my family very much.During my stay at school, they encourage me all the way, and provide me with careful care and sufficient money.What’s more, they are my inexhaustible.iii

Contents 中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………i Abstract………………..………………………………………………….………ii Acknowledgements..………………………………………………………….iii Introduction………………………………………………………… …………..1 Chapter One The present situation of lexical teaching in Senior High schools.........................................................................................3 1.1 Definition Positive phenomena are showed: teaching approaches of teachers and study methods of students are both improved.......................3 1.2 Negative aspects: unavoidable problems exist…………………………4 1.3 Questions are put forward…………………………………………………..5 Chapter Two The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching……………………………………………….6 2.1.The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching………………………………………………………………………….…6 2.1.1 The rules in vocabulary itself………….………………………… …… ….6 2.1.2 The factors of students’ physiology and psychology……………………..8 2.1.3 Teaching procedures should be in line with the memory law...................9 2.2 Feasible teaching approaches on English lexicon………………………9 2.2.1 The importance of the context and extra-curriculum reading……………9 2.2.2.Using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches……………………………………………………………….11 2.2.3 Activities to help remembering words……………………………… ……14 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………....15

Bibliography….………………………………………………….… ……………16 Appendix A….………………………………………………….… …………......17 Appendix B….………………………………………………….… ……………..19

ii

Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools

Introduction

Since 20 century 70s, with the further researches into acquisition of language, we can recognize clearly that the mastery of vocabulary is quite crucial for language understanding and language output(Wang Jing，2009:11).The famous linguist Wilkins said: ―Without grammar, we can hardly express something;while without words, we can not express anything.‖（Wilkins D.A.，1972:85）So if one wants to learn a language well, the most basic thing he needs to do is learn words.While in traditional teaching pattern, teachers usually teach words solely.That is: they teach students to read new words, and give students the meanings, some collocations, and then ask them to remember.That is force-feeding method of teaching，aiming at increasing the quantity of words, not the quality of words’ output.As a result, students will be in a state of ―passive‖, very negative and lack interest, to some extent.Successful learning is forged out of learners’ motive and impulse, compiling methods of studying materials , interesting ,etc（He Keyong,2002:334）.There is no doubt that teachers are supposed to respect students’ emotion and interest, to obey the memory law.Besides, most words have not only a single meaning, and they are connected with other words and phrases closely.Quite a few linguists consider that teachers can not teach vocabulary solely.They should provide concrete context and typical sentences to teach, classify words due to meanings, expand interrelated words(synonyms, antonym, hyponymy),adopt topic inductions(based on a certain topic, students are going to imagine other words and collocations), and also conduct ways of roots、derivatives and compound words.But vocabulary is the sign of one’s thought, we learn and use them constantly because they can convey some meaning, and offer us ideas(He Keyong, 2002:344).To have a solid knowledge of learned words, students should practice them in real situations, and promote ability of using them.There is also another thing we should pay attention to that among the information we have forgotten, 80% is acquired at the first time of learning, and we lost it within 24 hours, after which the forgetting rate will decline(Li Guanyi, 2007:8).Besides observing this rule ,students also need remember the words repeatedly and regularly.Moreover ,as a teacher, presiding students actively output vocabulary rightly by using communicating principles of teaching is necessary In this essay ,I intend to discuss some factors influencing results of teaching and effective teaching methods for vocabulary, coming up with an approach of putting new words in contexts , and then students can think out their own ways to quicken and fortify their memory, such as working in groups to show special ways of remembering words ,using roots and derivatives.Chapter One The present situation of lexical teaching in Senior High schools.1.1 Positive phenomena are showed: teaching approaches of teachers and study methods of students are both improved.The modern education of China focuses on students’ quality education, and promotes their all-around ability.In line with this objective, the New English Curriculum was conducted at the beginning of 21 century, aiming at upgrading students’ mind, lighten their study burden, and make them more skillful in practice.In terms of the reform, the English teachers are required to plan the classes fit for the traits of teenagers’ physiology and psychology, linguistic rules of acquiring linguistics, in order to meet different needs of students.The questionnaire conducted among the freshmen(whose hometown is Chengdu)in Southwest Petroleum University this year, is named ―Questionnaire on how the Senior High students study English and remember English words‖(It is abbreviated as ―Questionnaire‖ in the following contents).From questions 11-14 in the Questionnaire, one can judge that English teachers have noticed that students play an most important role during lexical teaching, so that they have been adopting a series of effective approaches to present new looks in class:

 To introduce cooperative and inquiry learning process, and lessen students’ study burden to give more time and space. To change the dubious and sole way of explaining and extending vocabulary, to practice the learnt words in certain contexts, and to set scenes to use them. To adopt new and interesting ways(the Natural Approach/ Total Physical Response/ the Silent Way/Audio-lingual Method, etc.)based on students’ features. To apply multimedia which gather pictures/sound/letters/ video together besides the basic teaching device like chalks and blackboards, thus make the word

teaching more vivid and direct, and making the students more impressive on what the teacher imparts.While teachers’ aim is not to teach knowledge but methods, thus drawing out their study potential, achieving the goal of teaching.During the New English Curriculum, students’ study is more and more drew our attention.Among the Questionnaire, questions 6、8、11、17、24、26、27、30、31 have showed that:  They have realized that they themselves are the master of study;therefore they summarize effective approaches of learning and remembering vocabulary and discuss their doubts actively. They are exploring the rules of study constantly, classify the words which are similar in pronunciation, spelling, meaning, or have opposite meaning;they are also engaged in analyzing lexical roots, the speech, derivation and collocation.Then they can easily form a memory system. Besides applying what they have learned in practice, students use their spare time to learn extracurricular material, enriching their mind.From these phenomena we can conclude that the lexical teaching methods of Senior High schools in Chengdu are efficient to some extent.However, there are also many aspects need improving because there are some unavoidable problems.1.2 Negative aspects: unavoidable problems exist

The New English Curriculum is certainly a kind of reform, and it can be more effective in exploiting students’ potential and interest in applying the knowledge, which adapts to the social development better.Nevertheless, the solutions are always accompanied with problems.The reform helps to promote, while it never can achieve its goal in a short of time.The traditional lexical teaching still prevails among the Senior High schools, which means not that all the traditional ways are useless, but one needs to remove its bad ones.From questions 1、15、19、28 , one can conclude some drawbacks:  The teacher, as a leading factor, and the textbook, as a classroom center unscientifically dominate the whole class, making students have little time and

chance to think and participate. The teachers teach nonstandard pronunciation, causing students’ difficulties in listening and communication;the teacher imparts words solely without any context and explains words simply, causing students’ great troubles in translation and comprehension. The teacher goes against the memory law because he/ she doesn’t lead students to do review, and rarely put them in use. The teacher seldom expand the words to other usage except in the book, making students can’t master and use them flexibly.These problems led to some ―problem students‖.From questions 3, 4, 5,7,25, one can get the following troubles of the students. Most students are quite reliable on their teachers, short of perseverance, can’t review the learnt vocabulary regularly actively, and don’t look up words in dictionaries. Most students have got used to the teacher acting as a leading factor in class, reciting words repeatedly in order to pass exams. Students can use what they have remembered to solve practical problems, and can’t flexibly understand the words in other contexts and scenes.1.3 Questions are put forward.These negative sides are not produced in one day, and they are brought by the traditional teaching which has profound origins.That’s to say, we can’t handle them in one moment.It is the specific situations that one takes in account to reform the previous teaching selectively.Only borrowing the essence of lexical teaching overseas and innovate new approaches, can one succeed.Therefore, what causes these problems in lexical teaching? Certainly it connects closely with the necessary factors of the class: teachers, students, textbooks, the vocabulary itself, teaching approaches, etc.However everything has its rules.So in the teaching procedures, what kind of rules will the teachers obey and what factors they need to notice? Is there any effective lexical teaching methods?

Chapter Two The factors and rules that English teachers need to notice in lexical teaching.2.1 The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching.2.1.1 The rules in vocabulary itself

Each language has an abundant glossary, and every word is unique, but not isolated(Lan Chun, 2009:82).Without connection with those elements to which it closely relates to, the teaching is ineffective, and efforts don’t get reward.In order to make the teaching procedure promptly and effectively, and deepen students’ impression, comprehension and flexibility of using the words, teachers must analyze a certain word in different perspectives, as well as what it is associated with.Phonetic factors.Linguisticians believe that though the definition of vocabulary is various, the relevant basic content it refers to is just a matter of sound and meaning(Lu Guoqiang, 2007:1).From questions 10 and 23, one can judge that it is a popular recognition of students that the standard pronunciation helps a lot to listening and spelling.As a matter of fact, the standard pronunciation can benefits their expressions.Therefore, teachers ought to lead students to analyze phonetic symbols, spell and articulate correctly.Then students practice in this way repeatedly and regard it as a way of remembering words, which can avoid learning by rote.―Tease‖, taken for example, is pronunciated [ti: z].Before teaching students to read it, teachers can ask them to count how many vowels there are, whether every vowel has a corresponding pronunciation, and if they have, then how to?

Through analyzing, one can know that there are 3 vowels, among which, the ―ea‖ in the middle reads [i:], and the ―e‖ at the end is silent.From this, students can see that there is just only one vowel sound in the phonetic symbol, so‖ tease‖ is a single syllable.In that way, it is stressed.Those words like eat, meat, neat, least, beat, contain ―ea‖ reading [i:].Besides, teachers will also guide students to find out differences between [t]and[d], [i:] and[i], [s]and[z].Thus students will master some

pronunciation rules themselves, generalize some words containing the same pronunciation, and they can learn vocabulary by themselves in the long run.Word-formation.Aimed at fostering students’ ability to decompose word-buildings, and strengthen their understanding, the approaches like conversion, derivative, compound, acronym, blend, backformation, etc, are introduced.Here, examples are given about the former three kinds.Conversion.Among the English words one learns, the words whose part of speech can be conversed account a large proportion.For example, ―look‖ is usually used as a verb means ‖看‖ in Chinese.While in the phrase ―have a look‖, it is a noun.What’s more, when it refers to the expressions on face, it is a noun.Another example, ―head‖ is usually used as a noun, meaning ―头部‖ in Chinese.While when it acts as a verb, it means ―to lead‖, ―to entitle‖.Here examples are given to show nouns changed into verbs.Besides this, there are also adjectives changed into verbs(like better), adverbs changed into verbs(like out), adjectives changed into nouns(like the old), etc.Derivations.Generally prefix and suffix are added to words to alter their part of speech and meaning.For example, ―-r‖ is added to the verb ―write‖, and the noun ―writer‖ is formed.―Dis-‖ is added to the verb ―like‖, then the antonym ―dislike‖ got.―Ness‖ is added to the adjective ―nice‖, and then the noun ―niceness‖ formed.The following are some common affixes:

Noun affixes:-ness,-or,-er,-tion,-ence,-ian,-ess,-ty,-al,-sion； Verb affixes:-fy, en-,-ize,-ate;

Adjective affixes:-y,-ed,-ful,-tive,-able,-ing,-ish,-less,-y;Negative affixes: dis-,il-, im-,-in, anti-, mis-, non-;

If students have mastered these common affixes, they can be more skillful in applying words in practice.Compound.Compound words are formed by two or more words, which are easily understood.For example, a noun and a noun: policeman, blackboard, weekend, airplane, chairman；a gerund and a noun: waiting-room, living-room, dining-room；a adjective and a noun: gentleman, blue-sky, warm-heart, present-day.Besides, there 7

are also compound words that consisting of adjectives and verbs, prepositions and nouns, verbs and adverbs, adjectives and adverbs, etc.Very word has its unique traits and if students find and take advantage of them, they can go further and avoid cram up.2.1.2 The factors of students’ physiology and psychology.Education must adapt to students’ growth.It must be based on the development situation of personal physiology and psychology, development rules, mature mechanism, as well as fit for a certain level of growth, the developing order, all-round cultivation, uniqueness, etc.Thus, education can be a reliable insurance(Li Sen &Chen Xiaorui，2009:59).The Senior High students are transmitting from youngsters to adults, and finalize their shapes and personalities.Though their bodies and minds become mature gradually, their intelligence is more and more perfected, and their improvement on the faculty of memory, judge, logic thinking is outstanding, there appear many conflicts and contradictions.Above all, they strengthen their self-consciousness, independence of judging things, and competence of analyzing;on the other hand, their psychology is so unstable and sentimental that they are easily disturbed by outside things and will easily rebel others.Second, their perseverance increase to a higher level, and they can control and drive themselves to some extent;however, they still lack of willpower, and easily turn impulse and paranoid.Third, they are very enthusiastic and self confident;but they are also conceited.When they fail, they can never recover and then they will feel the study is boring.In addition, the day they step into the Senior High schools, they begin to burden all kinds of pressure, especially the college entrance examination.This results in their anxiety, tense, and tiredness.Based on the above analysis, one can judge that those students’ potential to learn is endless.But if the English teachers merely add the task of remembering and doing exercises, or just tell them some skills to cope with exams, their subjective initiative, activity, and the ability to think can’t find a way out.As a result, teachers, the ones that they can depend on, will one day make them lose their own thinking and creativity.Therefore, under the New English Curriculum, tedious lexical teaching approaches should be renewed, students’ potential needs exploiting, and passing exams is not that important as previous.To find out efficient methods, in what way students want to be taught must be taken into consideration.To sum up, I think that the approaches which can activate students’ initiative and interests, that to say, fit for their physiology and psychology, deserve the description ―efficient‖.2.1.3 Teaching procedures should be in line with the memory law.The great psychologist, H.Ebbinghaus discovered that lethe begins upon the moment the study stops.While the process is not heterogeneous.First, the Lethe’s speed is fast and quantity large, and then its speed will slow down and quantity small(Yang Hong&Wu Tianwu&Wang Chengxiang, 2006:143).As to daily study, teachers need to supervise and urge students to make a plan of remembering vocabulary and conduct it regularly.Sometimes, tests are supposed to be given to help them consolidate their impression and understanding.To deal with the newly learnt words, teachers can introduce this method: remembering the words every a unit time.For example, a student learns 10 words in 5 minutes in the morning;and uses another 5minutes to review in the middle of the morning;and repeats the review in more times until the student can remember all of them.What’s more, in daily class, teachers repeat the words to make them notice and review.In addition, contexts and scenes are supposed to be introduced.2.2 Feasible teaching approaches on English lexicon.2.2.1 The importance of the context and extra-curriculum reading.There is no doubt that all kinds of efficient methods have been put forward and applied in practice.Among these methods, one can find out that the most popular ones are like conversion, derivative, compound, acronym, blend, backformation which have been mentioned above.What’s more, introducing some social common sense by using the target word, giving students some scenes or contexts to figure out the word’s meaning, making some comparison between the similar words and

phrases, using the target words to tell or make up stories which can interest students, are also prevail among the Senior High classes.However, the context is the crucial factor or medium which determines different connotations of the same word, that is to say, without the context, a word’s diverse meaning can’ t be conveyed, and this word means little to the learners.As a result, learners can understand the same word in different texts, let alone use it flexibly.There is a common view that different contexts can endow the same word different connotation.On the other hand, individual words are critical in building blocks in text-meaning construction, efficient in converting graphic symbols into sound or meaning or information, and indispensable in comprehension(Keiko Koda, 2007:29).All in all, reading texts and studying glossary are simultaneous, and each of them benefits the other.From this reason, one can judge that lexical learning or teaching can’t be separated from the context.But in the textbooks, there are indeed many writings and grammar points, which are mastered by the students skillfully.Then why they can’t understand other texts from extra-curriculum materials, consisting of the same vocabulary they have learned? And why they can’t use the same glossary elastically in another way which is different from the usage in the text book?

That’s because students are lack of extra-curriculum reading.Repeated contact with a large amount of words in print is potential to gaining scholarly glossary, and developing techniques for studying new words from texts.It is quite necessary.While in most Senior High schools’ English classes, the textbook is the main-oriented material and teachers spend little time to notice the importance of extra-curriculum reading to students’ study.And then students have the excuse that it is not necessary to read other things because their main objective is to pass exams and get high scores and the teachers design the exams in line with the textbook.So this is a vicious circle in our education.So, from here, one can discover the reason for the students do little extra reading in English.If effective methods are intended to acquire, extra reading must be encouraged and studying new words in personal-suit ways should be incited.Nevertheless, teachers can’t spend much time in guiding students to do extra-reading in class because the class time is limited and the chief aim is to meet the syllabus’ requirements.Therefore there must be a plan, which both can make teachers have time to lead students to do extra-reading, and doesn’t affect the teaching procedures.But how to design that kind of plan? 2.2.2.Using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches.To assure the normal teaching process, teachers can lead students just do extra-reading once or twice a week.However, there are so many good methods to teach words.And if teachers merely use only the context, that will be tedious and soon the students will get bored.So how can the teachers balance the context and the vivid atmosphere?

As far as I am concerned, using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches.Well, maybe it makes people feel confused.Let me explain.Teachers can choose one passage from the extra-reading exercises as an example, but the passage must be suitable for students in both the degree of difficulty and rationality of arranging the new words.In that case, teachers have to figure out which level of English and vocabularies have the students are in, which part the students know well and which part they should make efforts to remedy.Referring to the passage ―After Divorce‖ in Appendixⅱ, one can see clearly how to make it.First, the passage is given with the 10 new words which are going to be learnt, and phonetic symbols are showed just after these words to facilitate students to pronounce.Second, after students finish the whole passage, they ought to know the main idea of the passage.Then, they’ll do a test.In the text, 10 questions are designed directed against the 10 words one by one.These questions are mainly about the words’ meaning, and conducted to let the students to dope out their meaning according to the context.Each question has 3 options that show 3 kinds of meaning of the same word, and students are required to choose the best one due to their

understanding.Third, the teacher leads students to analyze these questions one by one.While I have mentioned that each has its own traits, so various ways are encouraged to use that is to say, each word has a special way to learn.The specific learning procedures of each word is showed obviously in Appendixⅱ.And here I just select some typical points to discuss.Take the first word, ―split‖ for example, this word is very simple, but it is not easy to remember because its pronunciation /split/ and spelling will easily make students mix it with ―spilt‖, ―slip‖, ―splice‖, ―spiel‖ etc.So I suggest that teachers can use phonetic factors to remember.Above all, teachers teach students to enunciate the phonetic symbol ―sp‖, and to generalize some words containing the same sound: speed, space, spot, speak, spic, etc.Then, teachers can teach students to articulate the sound ―spl‖, and classify some words owning the articulation, splat, slake , spleen, splice, spore, etc.Therefore, the word ―split‖ can impress students well with its pronunciation.In addition, teachers can introduce the phrases ―split the vote‖, ―split the ticket‖ to students.In this way, students can learn something about the American election as well as the phrases themselves.I think this is better than only explaining the word or phrases.The same way is also applied to explain the second word ―parochial‖, the third word ―welfare‖, the fifth word ―utilities‖, etc.Another way is to use derivatives.For instance, the forth word ―comfortably‖, here I adopt derivatives.First of all, this word is derived from ―comfort‖, from which one can get a series of words.Com-in ―comfort‖ originally means combination/commonness, or serves as a root to stress the tone.And the ―-fort‖ originally refers to strengthen/enhance/reinforce.So the word ―comfort‖ can be explained in this way: if people come together to strengthen their union and care each other, the world will be peaceful and people will be cozy.Based on this, ―comfortable‖, ―comforts‖, ―comforting‖, ―comforter‖, ―comfortably‖ are got.The same way is suitable for the seventh word the eighth one ―extended‖.Then, I must mention that using interesting story to arouse students’ interest in

learning the knowledge the teachers are talking about is very popular nowadays.In the passage After Divorce, the word, ―teased‖ whose archetype is ―tease‖, is imparted through a fair tale.To explain the phrase, I use the story of the Crow and the Fox which has been very familiar to all the students in their childhood.Here it is used to show the fox cheats the crow to drop the meat from her mouth with a cunning strategy.This action of the fox is called ―to tease out the meat from the crow‖.Among the ten words, the tenth one ―hardship‖ is a compound word.In this situation, when learners meet it, first of all, they need to find how many words subject to ―hardship‖.It is easy to know that there are two words in it: ―hard‖ and ―ship‖.―Hard‖ means strict, severe, difficult, tough, solid, rigid, etc, and ship is a noun and verb meaning a large boat which carries passengers or cargo.Furthermore, it means a kind of relationship, ability, or situation, like judgeship, friendship, headship, relationship, etc.In this case, hardship can be explained this way: a sort of difficult situation.Besides all of above, I also use turn scenes into sentences which contain target words to require students to think out the word’s meaning in differences.This is used on the word ―split‖, ―teased‖, ―extended‖ in the passage After Divorce.What’s more, giving students target word’s synonymies and anonyms which I have used to explain nearly all the ten words.Perhaps limited by the passage, many interesting and effective methods are not adopted in these words.While if possible, teachers can integrate more in teaching.For example, telling differences between two or more words and phrases, making dialogues, reciting tongue twisters, making up short stories.Forth, after learning all the words, students are asked to reread the passage and redo the questions.At the same time, their speed should be much quicker.Fifth, students may forget what they have learnt very quickly within 24 hours.Consequently, the next class, teachers have to review those words for them.But, that will make the students passive.Therefore, students need to do the review themselves.They should work in groups, and each group has 2-3 people.The task is

that each group has to come up with a way to deepen the memory of at least two new words.They can copy the teachers’ way but their explanation must be correct;they can also create new ways like singing a song, playing a game, reciting something, doing some comparison, etc.However, since time is limited, their review should be controlled within 10 minutes.And every class, 2 or 3 groups are supposed to perform.As to the rest of the words which have been learnt last time but not reviewed by groups’ performance, teachers can help students go through them in 5 minutes.2.2.3 Activities to help remembering words.Although some students have a very large vocabulary, they always do badly in exams.To some extent, it is because they don’t know how to use them.And they are under great pressure of the college entrance examination, and have much exercise to do.So, English teachers can plan some activities to arouse their initiative in lexical learning, and use their mastered glossary in practice.These activities can be words’ competition, using given words to make up a short story in 5minutes, singing English songs, watching interesting movies and then taking notes to repeat the plots in English, debates, etc.Whatever ways teachers apply, the aim is to enhance the students’ ability of using what they have learnt in practice.This benefits a lot to their listening, reading comprehension, writing, speaking, and even single option.And this method can also lessen their stress, finding some pleasure similar to the undergraduates.14

Conclusion

It’s easy to point out the drawbacks of teachers’ teaching pattern;it’s a bit difficult to figure out the reasons;the most difficult thing is to feel the feasible ways of teaching and they will turn out effective in practice.While teaching lexicon is a very applicative technique, in that case, if one designs new methods to teach, he must conduct it in class.And based on observe and study teaching situation and the average level of the student body in a certain school, one can come up with the authentic problems and set a point where teachers should focus on their weak parts and make great efforts to improve.Only in this way can the methods agree with the real conditions, and turn out successful.As to new teachers, raising some new approaches to solve teaching lexical problems is not an easy thing.Therefore, except doing and analyzing investigates, and comparing different results caused by different methods, they need to consult those teachers who have rich experience, and good at managing the whole class.Perhaps not all the suggestions those teachers give are suitable for a certain school, but one can combine the advice with the local situation, and come up with the way fit for the class.That’s to say, selecting the ones fit the teachers’ personalities and the students’ study.Besides that, as I stated before, taking the factors: rules in vocabulary itself, students’ physiology and psychology, the memory law into consideration is really an important stage.And the method, using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches is just a minimum one, and whether it suits specific classes, one needs to implement it and refine it.Anyway, this procedure is mainly to explain in all kinds of ways.Thus, it can not be avoided that the students will get tired to some extend.Therefore, I propose some activities which interest students and provoke their potential.And of course, teachers need to consider the local conditions.Generally speaking, watching movies, performing a play, holding a debate, etc are all ways to make students learn something and happy.Bibliography 崔刚，孔宪遂，《英语教学十六讲》，北京:清华大学出版社，2009。

王晶，《词汇深度知识及其在教学上的运用》，辽宁：沈阳航空工业学院外国语学院，2009（11）。

Wilkins D.A.Linguistics in Language Teaching.Cambridge: MIT press, 1972.何克勇，《英语词汇及起源》，北京: 清华大学出版社，2002。

李观义，《具有中国特色的外语教学法》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2007。Keiko Koda.Insight into Second Language Reading.Beijing: Cambridge University press, 2007.伍谦光，《语义学导论》，长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998。

李森，陈晓瑞，《现代教育学基础》，上海：华东师范大学出版社,2009。阳红，吴天武，王呈祥：《心理学新编》，武汉：华中师范大学出版社，2006。蓝纯，《语言学概论》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2009。

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Appendix A 新课改下高中学生对英语学习和英语单词记忆问卷调查

调查对象：西南石油大学2012届成都籍新生

调查人数：100人 调查时间：2012年9月1日~2012年9月9日

调查人：周均梅

1.你在做英语试卷的时候，觉得哪部分是最难的？（）

A．听力（40％）B.单项选择（4％）C.完形填空（32％）D.阅读理解（12％）

E.书面表达

（8％）

F.短文改错（4％）2.你一周上英语课的节数（不含晚自习）（）

A.14节（20％）B.12节（28％）C.11节（16％）

D.10节（8％）

E.9节（4％）F.8节（0%）

G.7节（0%）

H.6节（24%）3.你有没有制定自己的记忆单词的计划？为什么？（）

A.有，这样可以帮助我更好地巩固单词，形成单词记忆的系统。（12％）B.没有，感觉没必要，平时要考试或者听写的时候再临时记忆。（32％）C.有时，但是不能坚持，缺乏毅力。（48％）D.从未，我不喜欢学习英语，觉得记忆单词非常枯燥。（8％）4.在英语课堂上，你喜欢―老师努力讲解，学生认真听和记笔记‖这种教学方法吗？（）

A.非常喜欢（8％）B.喜欢（12％）C.还可以（48％）

D.不喜欢（32％）5．你会对学过的单词做及时的复习吗？（）

A.会复习（28％）B.不会复习（24％）

C.有时复习（44％）

D.大部分时间会复习（4％）

6.到目前为止，你认为记忆单词最有效的方法是？（）

A.老师指导的方法（20％）

B.自己总结的方法（44％）

C.同学介绍的方法（20％）D.其他方面的方法（16％）

7.你在读英语文章碰到生词时，会查字典吗 ？（）

A.读完文章后推测该词的含义，再查字典（28％）B.先停下来查字典，确定其含义后再继续读。（28％）

C.只要了解文章大意，推断出文章的大意即可（8％）

D.知道文章的大意就好，没必要追究每个单词的含义（36％）

8.你平时记忆单词的时候，会把拼写相似、含义相近或相反、发音相似等词进行联系记忆吗？（）

A.经常会(16％)

B.偶尔会（64％）C.一般不会（8％）

D.从不（12％）9.你记忆生词时会将该词的名词形式、动词形式、形容词形式、副词形式以及其基本用法综合记忆吗？（）

A.经常会（12％）B.偶尔会（48％）

C.一般不会（28％）

D.从不（12％）10.你认为标准发音和单词记忆有联系吗？（）

A.完全无关（20％）

B.正确发音能增强学生语感，帮助正确拼写单词（40％）

C.有一定联系，但不大（20％）

D.不清楚（20％）

11.你是喜欢老师以―单词读音—单词含义—单词运用‖的教学方法一个人讲解，还是喜欢参与小组讨论、与同学合作学习的方法来记忆单词？（）

A.老师一个人讲解，学生做笔记（12％）

B.两种方法都用会比较好（32％）

C.比较喜欢与同学讨论，合作性学习（48％）

D.用任何一种都行（8％）12.学习新单词的时候，老师会提供一定的语境进行练习吗？（）

A.经常（44％）

B.偶尔（28％）

C.很少（16％）

D.基本没有（12％）13.你所在的学校，已经使用多媒体对英语进行教学了吗？（）

A.是的，全多媒体教学（32％）

B.是的，偶尔使用（24％）

C.有在用，但是很少（20％）

D.基本没有（24％）

14.通常你的英语老师会用一些有趣的方法帮你记单词吗？（例如：编顺口溜、玩游戏、讲故事）（）

A.经常（14％）

B.偶尔（32％）

C.很少（24％）

D.基本没有（32％）15.你认为老师应着重哪些方面的讲解（）（可多选）

A、语法（20％）

B、词汇（28％）C、翻译（44％）

D、语篇分析

（28％）

E、做题技巧（16％）

16.你认为大学英语教学的重心应该是（）（可多选）

A、语法（16％）

B、听力（48％）

C、阅读（20％）

D、口语（44%）

E、写作（8％）

17.你认为在英语课堂中，最有利于提高你的英语能力的活动是：（）（可多选）

A、两人对话（12％）B、小组讨论（28％）C、个人发言（36％）D、其他（24％）18．每天你课外学习英语多长时间？（）

A．2小时以上

（8％）

B、1小时左右（40％）C.一个半小时左右（16%）D、少于1小时（36％）

19． 你阅读除课文以外的其它英语读物吗？（）

A、经常（20％）

B、偶尔

（20％）

C、从不（40％）20.在听英语时，碰到生词我会跳过生词继续听下去。（）

A、非常同意（12％）B、同意（48％）

C、不同意（12％）D、无所谓（28％）21.在英语课上，我注意老师在口语表达中常用的词语（）。

A、经常注意（12％）B、有时注意（52％）C、没注意过（20％）

D、他用什么词语与我无关（16％）

22．我会有选择的记忆课外阅读材料中碰到的生词和未学过的短语。（）

A：非常同意（18％）

B：同意（30％）C：有点同意（18％）

D：有点不同意（28％）

E：不同意（6%）

F：非常不同意（0%）

23．假如在听力时碰到生词，我会尽量记住生词的发音，然后根据发音在字典上查找它的拼写及相关意思。（）

A：非常同意（20％）B：同意（20％）C：有点同意（36％）D：有点不同意（20％）

E：不同意（4％）

F：非常不同意（0%）24．写作文时我尽量使用刚学过的生词和短语。（）

A：非常同意（32％）B：同意（40％）C：有点同意（12％）D：有点不同意（8％）

E：不同意（4％）

F：非常不同意（4％）

25．我用重复念和重复拼写的方法来记生词。（）

A：非常同意（28％）B：同意（48％）

C：有点同意（8％）D：有点不同意（12％）

E：不同意（4％）F：非常不同意（0%）26．记单词时，我会联想有关的同义词或反义词。（）

A：非常同意（20％）

B：同意（28％）C：有点同意（16％）

D：有点不同意（20％）

E：不同意（16％）

F：非常不同意（0%）27．记单词时，我经常联想同词根的词。.（）

A：非常同意（8％）B：同意（40％）C：有点同意（44％）D：有点不同意（12％）

E：不同意（16％）F：非常不同意（4％）

28．学习单词时，我只记忆精读课本词汇表上列出的词。（）

A：非常同意（20％）B：同意（28％）C：有点同意（12％）D：有点不同意（20％）

E：不同意（20％）F：非常不同意（0%）

29．我不仅学习词汇在课文中的意思，而且学习词汇在课文以外的意思。（）

A：非常同意（20％）

B：同意（40％）

C：有点同意（12％）

D：有点不同意（16％）

E：不同意（4％）

F：非常不同意（8％）30．我课外主动看英语电视和电影。（）

A：非常同意（12％）B：同意（44％）C：有点同意（28％）D：有点不同意（8％）

E：不同意（8％）

F：非常不同意（0%）31．我坚持每星期用英语写一篇日记。（）

A：非常同意（8％）B：同意（28％）C：有点同意（24％）D:有点不同意（16％）

E：不同意（24％）F：非常不同意（0%）32．我经常去英语角和别人交谈。（）

A：非常同意（24％）

B：同意（24％）

C：有点同意（12％）

D：有点不同意（32％）

E：不同意（4％）

F：非常不同意（4％）33．我主动通过生词的汉语意思来记住所学的生词。（）

A：非常同意（4％）B：同意（32％）C：有点同意（24％）D：有点不同意（24％）

E：不同意（12％）

F：非常不同意（4%）

Appendix B After Divorce My parents divorced/ di′v ɔ:st /（离婚）when I was two, and the repercussions/、ri:p ə ｀k ʌ ʃ ə n/(影响)of their split /split/lasted long after it was final.My mother was a parochial /p ə｀rəukiə l/school teacher who earned just enough to stay off welfare/｀welfεə /, but not enough for us to live comfortably/｀k ʌ mf ə t ə bli/.Utilities /ju:｀tiliti/in our home were shut off（不够用）from time to time, and it seemed like we would never catch up.My mother also worked nights, so after school I would go to my grandparents' house.I spent little time with my mother because she worked during the week, and eventually(最后)on weekends, too.My most painful memories of that time are not of being teased/ti:zd/ for my limited wardrobe/｀w ɔ:dr əu b/, or the times we had no running water because my mother missed payments.The most difficult experience was watching my mother cry at night, while I hugged her and told her I loved her.Through all this, I learned so much.I came to value education, family and faith.I worked hard in school, and earned good grades.I learned from my mother's example(she went back to school after three children and a divorce)that it is important for a woman to go to college and not depend on a man.I came to value extended/iks｀tendid/ family support and developed a close relationship with my grandparents and cousins because I was with them so much while my mother

worked.Last, my faith became very strong.Although my mother was very busy, she made sure we all went to church together every Sunday.Most important, we did not blame God for our situation.Instead, we thanked Him for the good things in our lives.We were grateful for the people who cared about us, for not being on the streets, and for good health when we did not have health insurance/in｀ʃ uərəns /.My parents' divorce caused hardships/｀ha:dʃip/ and pain, but it was also an experience that I would not change because of how much I learned.1.What does the word ―split‖ mean?()

A.An opening(裂缝)made violently as by pulling apart;B.A break or separation in some relationship.C.A promised or claimed share of loot(战利品)or money.2What does the word ―parochial‖ mean?()

A Relating to or supported by or located in a parish(教区)；

B.Narrowly limited in outlook or scope;C.Some place which is too far away or remote.3.What does the word ―welfare‖ mean?()

A.Governmental provision of economic support to people in need.B.Something beneficial that aids or improves someone’s life or well-being.C.A contented(满足的)state of being happy, healthy and prosperous(繁荣的).4.What does the word ―comfortably‖ mean?()A.In mental comfort(舒适);without stress.B.In physical comfort.C.In financial(经济的)comfort.5.What does the word ―Utilities‖ mean?()

A A company that performs a public service;subject to government regulation.B Some daily tools or things used in household such as soap(肥皂)and washing powder.C The quality of being of practical use.6.What does the word ―teased‖ mean?()A.Feeling mild pleasurable excitement.B.Mock or make fun of some one;playfully.C.Annoy(使 烦恼)persistently（不断地）7.What does the word ―wardrobe‖ mean?()

A A tall piece of furniture that provides storage(储存)space of clothes;has a door and rails or hooks for hanging clothes.B Collection for clothing belonging to one person.C Collection for costumes(服饰)belonging to a theatrical（剧院的）company.8.What does the word ―extended‖ mean?()A Quite long in duration(延长);B Great in rang(范围)or scope(视野)C Became large in material(物质)rang or stretched forth 9.What does the word ―insurance‖ mean?()

A Promise of reimbursement(退还，偿还)in the case of loss;a kind of business paid to people or companies that so concerned about danger that they have made B Written contract or certificate of insurance;

C Protection for the safety of somebody or something.10.What does the word ―hardships‖ mean?()

A Situation in which your life is difficult or unpleasant, often because you don’t have enough money.B Ships which is old and can’t work well.C Some problems which are hard to solve.Following is the teaching procedures: 1.Split.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciate it correctly.Then give them its part of speech.And its elementary meaning is‖分开、分裂、断裂、分担‖，which in English we can connect it with‖cut/share/break/crack/segment/disagree/divide/sever/separate,etc‖.Moreover, Split can be transitive verb, intransitive verb, adjective and noun.What’s more ,students can associate the opposite meaning:―联合、团结、联系、结合‖，which in English we can say ―unite/connect/combine/together/same/cooperate, etc‖.②Give students the following sentences and ask them to figure out what split means in each sentence:

*If something splits or you split it, it is broken into parts.*A split in a group is a disagreement between its members.*A split is a long crack.*If some people split something, they share it with each other.③ Giving some usage of split in order to help students to consolidate their impression about it.Ask them whether they know ―split the ticket/split the vote/split one’s side‖.Then Teacher explains them in details.*split the vote:(the candidate, the small parties)to attract another candidate’s or party’s votes causing destruction to both sides and makes the third win.And this usually happens in the western countries.*split the ticket: to vote for more than one party.*split one’s sides: to laugh very happily so that one will press his belly.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―split‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 1.2.Parochial ①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciate it correctly.Generally speaking, it is adjective.When teaching this word, Teacher shows the meaning in English;at the same time, students guess it in Chinese.For example, parochial is closely connected with parish;it also refer to ―narrow/limited/ short sighted/small-minded‖ ②Parochial school.It is a kind of religious school, as a sort of assistant education of normal one in West countries, especially America.Another narrow usage is that it refers to the grammar schools of Christianity established by small parishes.As to British education, the parochial schools set up by the national religion form the basis of the educational system assisted by the state.③Some collocations and use in scene.For example: *parochial affairs;

*He is too parochial in his outlook because he is in parish.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at parochial in the passage, identify its 21

meaning and finish exercise 2.3.Welfare.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.In English, its meaning is very similar to or closely connected with benefit/prosperity/interest/advantage/health/peace.So students can guess its basic meaning is ―福利、健康、安宁、幸福‖.And it is a noun.②Next analyze its formation to make it impressed on students.From its spelling and pronunciation we can jude that welfare consists of two parts: ―wel‖ and ―fare‖.―Wel‖ is similar to well, and we can treat it as ―good/fine/well‖；on the other hand, ―fare‖ convey the meaning ―fee/the price of ticket/food‖.In that case, the compound word ―welfare‖ is associated with benefit/prosperity/interests, etc.③ Teacher gives students some expressions of welfare in our daily life.* welfare fund

*social welfare

*welfare state

*child welfare

④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―welfare‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 3.4.Comfortably.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.In English, its meaning is very similar to or closely connected with cosines/ease/pleasure, etc.What’s more, it is an adverb.② Point out that comfort is comfortably’s derivation.Let’s start from the derivation, comfort(it can be a noun and a verb), which can be divided into two parts: ―com‖ and ―fort‖.The root ―com‖ is interrelated with combination/commonness, that is to say, it means ―共同的‖in Chinese;on the other hand, it serves as a root to stress the tone.The root ―fort‖ is closely linked with strengthen/enhance/reinforce, which mostly means ―加强‖in Chinese.So the word comfort can be explained in this way: if people come together to strengthen their union and care each other, the world will be peaceful and people will be cozy.Comfort +-able(an adjective derivational morpheme, meaning‖可……的‖ in Chinese):comfortable(舒适的)；

Comfort +-ing(an adjective derivational morpheme, meaning possessing a certain quality): comforting(令人舒适的)；

Comfort +-er(an noun derivational morpheme, meaning a kind of people or thing): comforter(安慰者、羊毛围巾)；

Comfortable +-ly(an adverb derivational morpheme): comfortably(舒适地)；

Comfort +-s(a plural derivational morpheme，standing nouns): comforts(令人愉快的人或物)③Give some expressions used in daily life, and set a scene to make students to use them in conversation.*comfortably off

*creature comforts

* comfortable winner ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―comfortably‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 4.5.Utilities.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Teacher leads students to figure out its archetype ―utility‖, which can be both a noun and a adjective.Being a noun, it possesses two parts of meaning.On the one hand, its meaning is abstract, sharing the same connotation with effectiveness/use/function to some degree;on the other hand, its meaning is concrete, sharing the same connotation with service/ public welfare/tool/implement to some

degree.Being an adjective, it means useful in many ways or works.Teacher gives definitions or examples to make it more clear to students:(1).The utility of something is its usefulness.(2).A utility is an important service such as water, electricity, or gas that is provided for everyone, and that everyone pays for.② In English, the root ―util-‖ refers to ―use‖.In that case, ―-ity‖ is added to it to form a word ―utility‖, connecting with ―use‖.③So Teacher show students some utility’s phrases.First, let them guess;And then give them the answers;Last, set some scenes to practice.*utility pole

*domestic utility

*utility service

*utility room

*utility theory ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―utilities‖ in the passage, identify it-s meaning and finish exercise 5.6.Teased.①Giving basic information about this word, which is: Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Teacher point-s out that its archetype is tease, which can be a noun and a verb.As a noun, it has the meaning of ―someone who likes laughing at or playing jokes on others‖.As a verb, it means ―to laugh at others or make jokes about them in order to embarrass, annoy, or ups-et them.‖ Teacher shows students several sentences to deepen their comprehension.*My brother is such a tease.*The best way to deal with a tease is to ignore him.*The other boys tease him because he is fat.②From tease, one can get teaser, possessing the same meaning as ―someone who likes laughing at or playing jokes on others‖.What’s more, it refers to ―a difficult question, especially in competition‖.For example, whether to accept this offer is really a teaser.③ Teacher uses the tale of the Crow and the Fox to explain the phrase ―tease out‖.ThenTeacher gives a conclusion: the phrase means using some cunning way to get certain information / solution/secret/profit, etc.So in this tale, the fox tries to tease out the meat from the crow.More sentences are imparted: *They try to tease out the answer without appearing to ask him.*The thief intended to tease out the key to the door from the baby.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―teased‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 6.7.Wardrobe.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.It is a nou-n.When one sees this word, he can get the same meaning from closet/bureau, and kn-o w that it means ―a tall cupboard or cabinet in which one can hang your clothes‖.More sentences are showed to students:

*Someone’s wardrobe is the total collection of clothes that they have.*She stuffed her clothes in the wardrobe.② Wardrobe can be divided into two parts: ―ward‖ and ―robe‖.Ward: as a noun, it means ―a room in a hospital which has beds for many people, ofte-n people who need similar treatment‖(病房)or ―a district which forms part of a political constituency or

local council‖（行政区、选区）.*Ward off(v.avoid)

*warder(n.someone who works in a prison supervising the prisoners.)

*warden(n.doorkeeper/the head of a county)

Robe: a loose piece of clothing which covers all of your body and reaches the ground.(睡袍)For example, she put her robe on the chair.*Work robe

*baby robe

To sum up, the word, wardrobe can be explained this way: a cabinet where one’s clot-hes are deposited.③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―wardrobe‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 7.8.Extended.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.First, Teach –er shows students its archetype ―extend‖.Extend is a transitive verb and intransitive verb.And ―extend‖ contains two-faced meaning.On the one hand, it approximates to reach /increase/expand /enlarge /stretch/ magnify /broaden/ lengthen out, meaning ―延伸、增大、扩大‖ in Chinese.On the other hand, it approximates to donate /give grant supply/ furnish /contribute /allot/ provide /present, meaning ―给予、捐赠、分配‖in Chinese.Some examples are given: *The boss extended money to create new products.*This metal will extend when it is heated.②Extend can be separated into two parts: ―ex-‖ and ―-tend‖.Ex-: A: to make something out, such as exclude/expel/expose/extract, etc.B: something or someone is no longer the one it or he once was, such ex-wife, ex-president, ex-colonial.Tend-: A: to notice/ look after /care/mind, etc.B: something is likely to happen frequently;someone is likely to behave/say in a certain way.To sum up, ―extend‖ basically can be explained this way: something is likely to get larger/more/longer/out/spread.More meaning of it is show in the following sentences: *This speech has extended for two hours.(持续)*This paper extends to a lot of practical problems.(涉及)*I’m glad that you extended my mother an invitation.(发出)③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―extended‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 8.9.Insurance.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Generally speaking, it is a noun, meaning an arrangement where you pay money to a company, and they pay money back once something bad occurs to you, such as if your belongings are stolen or damaged/ if you catch a severe disease(保险);What’s more it also refers to some measures done to make up great loss in future（保险措施）.②Teacher tells students that insurance’s verb is insure(intransitive and transitive).And insure can be analyzed as following: insure consists of two parts: ―in‖ and ―sure‖.In-: inside;in power;on position or it is a negative affix.Sure: certain;firmly assure something;and it can be both an adjective and adverb.Therefore we can explain ―insure‖ in this way: one is certain about something heartily(确

定)；one promises somebody something(保证);one safeguards somebody/something（保护）.Moreover, some synonyms are offered: *assure

*affirm

*guarantee

*certify ③Teacher introduces some expressions used in daily life: *insurance company

* insurance act

* insurance law

*insurance amount

*insurance industry ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―insurance‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 9.10.Hardship.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.It is usually used as a noun, approximating to ―difficulty/ trouble/ handicap, etc‖.②Two parts(hard and ship)forms ―hardship‖.From this, hardship is defined as a compo--und word.Hard: strict, severe, difficult, tough, solid, rigid, etc.Ship: a noun and verb;a large boat which carries passengers or cargo.Furthermore, it means a kind of relationship, ability, or situation, like judgeship/friendship/leadship/relationship, etc.So in hardship,-ship means a kind of situation, and hard refer to difficult.Thus, hards--hip signifies a sort of difficult situation.③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―insurance‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 10.25

第三篇：毕业论文修改注意事项

毕业论文修改注意事项

1、不要出现错别字；

2、所有数字、字母都要在英文状态下输入，字母要倾斜；

3、论文中红字的地方要注意；

4、封面的版本注意统一，题目下面部分没有学号这一行；

5、论文题目太长的可以分成两行写，要居中；

6、封面的下划线注意粗细长短统一，不要一长一短一粗一细；

7、目录中，二级标题注意空格，不要顶格写，和一级标题区分开，有层次；页码尽量对齐，不要明显长短不一；

8、论文中（包括英文翻译中）不要有你的名字，学号，指导老师姓名；不要出现“本文”、“我们”等词语；

9、改的时候，文件保存名，就用答辩序号加“毕业论文”，如24号.毕业论文.doc；

10、摘要，关键词，参考文献，这几个字不要用【】括起来，摘要两字之间有空格；

11、摘要，关键词，不要顶格写，要空两格，包括英文翻译；

12、每一段空两格，不要总是顶格开始；

13、英文翻译注意去掉背景；

14、关键词，key words，注意加s，因为关键词有几个，是复数；每个关键词中间用“；”隔开，英文每个关键词语第一个字母不要大写；

15、题目下一行写“数学与应用数学2008级(1)班”，英文翻译“Mathematics and applied mathematics2008(1)class”；

16、表格、图等要居中排列，表名加黑；

17、参考文献，这四个字顶格写，序号用[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]，括号不要用【】这种，在序号要后空一格，如

[12] 谭小江，伍胜健，复变函数简明教程.北京:北京大学出版社，2006.[13] 夏志，一类复变函数极点阶数的确定.渤海大学学报（自然科学版），2005.18、行距一般为1.5倍；

这些只是常出错的地方，具体情况具体分析，不包括所有论文。

大家一定相互传阅，不要坚定自己的就一定是最标准的格式，多和几个人比较才能减少问题的出现。修改好后，明天（3月7号）自己发给黄朝军老师（hcjh6@163.com）。

第四篇：楼盘团体购买协议书修改(讨论稿)

楼盘团体购买协议书

甲方：

地址：代表人：乙方：

地址：代表人：

经甲、乙双方友好协商，本着“平等、自愿、互利、互惠、双赢”的原则,就乙方代表购房主团体购买（以下简称购买）商品房事宜签订本合同以供双方共同遵照执行。

第一条房地产项目基本情况

1、乙方购买甲方开发的海南房地产开发有限公司“”项目一期10、11号楼的全部房产。（附楼盘设计图）

2、项目地址：海南。双方商定销售范围为“”项目中的第10、11栋楼，可售标准层建筑面积：。

3、该商品房为在建商品房，已具备《城市商品房预售管理办法》规定的预售条件，已取得《商品房预售许可证》（附五证复印件）。

第二条销售形式

乙方购买海南房地产开发有限公司开发的“”项目一期 10、11 号座。（附楼层图）；

10号楼不做按揭，11号楼可做银行按揭；

乙方购买10、11号楼后甲方无偿为乙方的购房客户办理手续。

第三条计价方式及价款

甲方与乙方约定按下述方式计算商品楼的价款：

按所销售面积计价，约定10号楼平均金额为￥元/㎡；

按所销售面积计价，约定11号楼不做按揭部分平均金额为￥元/㎡、按揭部分平均销售价格为￥元/㎡；

10号楼总金额￥元（大写）；

11号楼总金额（按50%按揭预算，以实际成交为准）￥元（大写）。

第四条 付款方式及期限

甲方同意乙方按分期付款方式如下：

1、合同签订30个工作日内，支付30%购房款，￥万（大写）；

2、主体结构封顶后30个工作日内，支付30%购房款，￥万（大写）；

3、交房时，支付35%购房款，￥万（大写）；

4、客户获得房产证时，支付5%购房款，￥万（大写）。

5、按揭客户首付40%（按当地银行书面规定执行）。

第五条双方权责

1、乙方权利：

 乙方为方便团购，有权利取得销售所需的各种合同证件（复印件）、资料、印刷品；

 乙方非按揭客户有权在交房后三个月内签署房地局的网签合同，并有

权在签订房地局网签合同时更名；

 乙方如需要，甲方同意对乙方销售人员进行培训、配合工作；

 乙方有权利要求甲方为乙方客户完成销售手续（签署买卖合同、房产

备案等工作）；

 乙方有权利收取客户购房款。

2、乙方责任：

 乙方按时交付楼款，未按本合同规定的时间付款，每逾期一日支付应

付款1‰的违约金。

 乙方在销售号楼时，应对甲方楼房的户型面积、建筑指标、配套设施进行准确表述。

3、甲方权利：

 甲方有权要求乙方按时交付购楼款；

 甲方为乙方购房客户提供的购房发票总额为客户实际购房总金额。

4、甲方责任：

 按期交楼，在年月日前具备基本装修条件，即提供水、电的畅通；在年月日之前交房给乙方，每逾期一日支付乙方已

付房款1‰的违约金。

 及时提供给乙方销售所需要的培训资料。

 配合乙方购房工作，完成合同签约、备案等相关工作。

 未经乙方许可，甲方不得将乙方所购甲方未经乙方许可便将乙方所购 10、11 号楼宇另外销售，甲方除退

还乙方购房款的同时赔偿乙方购房总款的30%。

 甲方确保甲方其他房屋的对外销售价格不低于附件1（甲方公开销售

价格表）的90%。

 甲方须积极配合乙方客户成交，甲方任何人员不得以任何理由和形式

抢乙方的客户。

 如在合同期限内，出现“限购”等国家政策，甲方须按本合同规定为

乙方所有客户办理买房、办理房产证等手续，由此所产生的一切费用

由甲方承担。

第六条补充说明

1、在双方确定合同终止后，合同约定销售范围的剩余房屋由甲方自行

销售。乙方之前已付款项按本合同第三条约定的价格购买相应面积的房屋；

2、本协议为保密协议，双方应共同遵守，如有一方泄密，承担所有的经济损失及法律责任。

3、未尽事宜双方协商后签订补充协议，补充协议与本协议具备同等法

律效力。

4、如有争议，双方协商解决，解决不成，可交当地执法机关仲裁或司法解决。

第七条本协议一式肆份，双方各执两份，经双方签字盖章并在乙方的第一批定金打到甲方账户之日起生效。

甲方：乙方：

代表人：代表：

电话：电话：

年月日年月日

第五篇：如何培养小学生团体小组合作意识

如何培养小学生团体小组合作意识

新课程改革强调学生学习方式的转变，小组合作学习是课堂教学中充分发挥学生主体作用的一种有效方法，也是当前引导学生主动学习的重要途径，课堂中利用小组合作学习可以提高单位时间里学生学习、交往、表达的效率，这样优势互补，有利于培养探究意识和合作精神，也有利于学生交际和解决问题能力的发展。那么如何有效培养他们团体合作的意识呢？

一、教师要营造促进合作学习的氛围

小组合作学习时畅所欲言、各抒己见的学习环境可以激发学生思维，带动新一轮的交流与合作，并在交流与合作中不断创新。首先，转变教者的观念，把结论的发现权还给学生。学生通过独立思考、合作交流能解决的问题，教师决不包办代替。相信学生都是具有自主探索能力和合作创新潜能的探求者。合作学习中并不放弃教师的主导作用，明确教者的定位：指导者、组织者、合作者、激发者。教学过程中要宽容接纳学生的失败和失误。其次，转变学生的观念。对习惯于生活父母安排，学习靠教师授受的学生要进行学习价值观和学习目的性的教育，帮助其克服依赖性。学生要做到心情愉悦，敢想、敢说、敢问，思维处于一种积极的状态；学生要懂得自己才是学习的真正主人，只有通过自身的不懈努力，用自己的方式去理解知识、学习知识，这样才能学好知识；学生要充分认识到自身的潜能，树立合作成功的自信。要营造和谐民主的氛围，把微笑、鼓励、幽默、接纳等富有人情味的艺术带给学生，给学生提供一个宽松、和谐、有心理安全感的学习环境，促使其自动与他人交流合作。

二、小组团队的组成要科学明主

受传统教育的影响，独立思考、一问一答的学习方式在学生心中根深蒂固，突然间要让学生在课上以小组合作的形式去解决某些问题，学生难免有些生疏，合作时要么七嘴八舌乱讲义通，要么干脆不说坐享其成，要么鹦鹉学舌人云亦云。因此，要有效地开展小组合作学习，首先应培养学生的合作意识。

1．小组规模：一般情况，学习小组以4-6人为宜，这样前后邻座的几个同学围坐在一起，大家面对面坐在一起，讨论问题时比较方便，同时讨论起来很热烈。

2．合理分组：科学地分组是小组合作学习的前提。因此，分组时将班内学生按成绩、性格、爱好、技能等进行分类梳理，然后按组内异质、组间同质的原则编排成合作小组。只有这样，才能为组内互补互助提供基础，同时也为全班各小组间展开公平竞争创造条件，促进组内合作、组间竞争同时，为了让学生有更广泛接触和合作机会，一段时间后可以对小组成员进行轮换、重组。定期不定期地进行评优，调动学生的合作积极性。

3．明确分工。合理明确的分工是保证合作学习的基础。如可以让学生分别承担某一任务，承担某方面的信息搜集等。这样有分有合可以保证全体成员的积极参与。除了按任务分工外还可进行角色分工，如轮流担任记录者、分析者、检查者、解说者、答题者等。在分工中还要注意经常更换角色，使体会每个角色的工作和责任，并从中学会互相理解、体谅、支持，从而增强团队凝聚力和归属感。

三、勤于训练养成良好的合作学习习惯

小学生自我管理能力差，还没有形成合作学习的意识和能力，在实施的过程中学生没有良好的合作学习习惯，课堂虽然活跃，但显现的是无序、低效。良好的课堂秩序和养成良好的合作学习习惯都会直接影响到课堂教学和学生的学习效果。小组合作学习的目的是让人人参与学习全过程，使学生学得生动活泼，人人尝试成功的喜悦，首先要培养学生积极动脑、认真思考、踊跃发言的习惯，让学生真正参与课堂教学，主动探究新知的形成过程，并把自己的探究过程用语言表达出来，在组内进行交流。这既能发现与自己不同观点的解决问题方式，也能为学有困难的学生提供帮助，真正发挥团体的合作精神。由于长期受教知识习惯的影响，学生只能处于被动接受状态，他们不习惯也不会主动思考，不知从何想，更不知从何说，难以用语言表达。教师要耐心扶助，除教给他们一步一步的思考的方法，还可努力创设便于学生思考的情境，激发学生的动脑欲望，逐步形成动脑、动口的习惯，使学生在小组合作中敢想、敢做、敢说。在交流时，教师要培养学生认真听取别人意见的习惯。在具体的学习情境中引导学生体味别人的闪光点，思考为什么自己没有想到，这样学生就会明白倾听别人的发言是一种好的学习方法，既可以学习别人的优点，又可以找到与别人的差距。同时可开展教育，使学生明确不听取别人的意见是一种不文明、不道德的行为，逐步培养学生虚心听取别人意见的习惯。

四、小组学习的鼓励与点评要及时

评价具有激励与改进的功能，能否正确恰当地运用评价这种手段，对学生可持续发展的影响是巨大的。首先我们对小组合作学习的评价要关注结果，更要关注过程，要让学生经受挫折，更要让学生感受教师的信任和赞赏，体验成功的快乐。在小组合作学习期间，教师可以通过巡视和学生问答进行合作过程中的评价。在汇报合作学习结果时，教师要适时地对学生的发言作出明确的判断，有时判断要委婉或延缓一些。有这样良好的氛围，学生会更喜欢小组合作学习。其次，对小组合作学习的评价，必须改变以往单纯鼓励个人竞争的作法和相应的评价方式，要侧重鼓励小组成员之间互助合作，将整个评价的重心由激励个人竞争达标转变为激励小组集体合作达标，确立全新的合作学习的评价指标和评价标准。

总之，为了学生的发展，教师要转变新的观念，积极调动学生学习知识的主动性，主动参与到学习小组活动中，对小组中的问题进行及时的指导。当然，小组合作学习作为一种新的学习方式，不光存在着以上的问题，还有很多问题存在。比如小组合作学习如果处理不当，容易出现两极分化的现象；再如学生数过多，怎样才能保证小组合作学习的有效性等。这些问题都是我们很现实的存在问题，有待于我们更进一步去研究，去探讨和改进，使小组合作学习在教学活动中发挥出更大的作用，使学生成为课堂真正的主人