新托福IBT综合写作六大误区解读+TPO22实例写作

第一篇：新托福IBT综合写作六大误区解读+TPO22实例写作

新托福IBT综合写作六大误区解读+TPO22实例写作

一直觉得综合写作是托福IBT考试中在短时间里最容易练出成果练到最高水准的。然而很多同学的习作，以及考试最后的判分，却发现结果却并不如人意。说综合写作能短时间上手原因如下：听力材料相比listening section要容易，阅读材料相比reading section要容易，所考查的组织语言要求相比independent writing也要容易。唯一要做的就是先听听力记下笔记，然后联系阅读材料，组织成一篇文章。

很多版友在准备综合作文时候陷入了一些误区，收集总结如下：误区一：字数超了扣分。

建议：查阅了最新版的OG，里面关于字数的描述如下：Suggested length is between 150 and 225 words.You will not be penalized if you write more，so long as what you write answers the question.也就是说只要你是在回答问题，多写是不会扣分的。而什么叫做回答问题呢？是不是整合听力和阅读材料呢？

有趣的是，紧接着我又看到了这样一条

CAUTION： You will receive a score of zero if all you do is copy words from the reading passage.You will receive a score of 1 if you write ONLY about the reading passage.To respond successfully，you must do your best to write about the ways the points in the lecture are related to specific points in the reading.可以理解成ETS很不待见抄袭阅读材料么？至少在how the task is phrased这部分ETS要求的只有听力材料，以及听力材料与阅读材料的关系这两点。我相信，既然没有要求，既然caution里面有关于只侧重阅读材料的严重后果，回答问题就是紧抓听力材料，加以逻辑性的复述，并明确指出与阅读材料的关系。误区二：模板。

这几乎是托福、GRE考试中TOP10常出现的词。不可否认，模板在初期教会我们最基本的文章组织方面确实有着很重要的作用。然而，在综合作文中应用模板并不是一个明智的选择。

建议：都知道综合写作的阅读材料和听力材料有着千丝万缕的联系，所以常见的模板几乎都是这样：一开头、一结尾、中间整齐的三段以及需要填充的blank.应用这样的模板导致的结果是，写出来的综合作文每段，几乎只是叙述一下阅读材料和听力材料中的主要观点。说严格地说，这样的东西不能算是综合作文，只能算是summary.误区三：差不多。

遇到了很多差不多先生，声称自己在“听力差不多能听懂，要点差不多能答全”。然而作文拿出来一看，听力材料的态度是有的，最主要的内容也是有的。但是做成了summary，逻辑方面干瘪。

建议：综合写作的听力确实比listening section材料要简单，但是要求却有着本质的区别。我自己的理解是，listening section中的内容只要像上课那样听懂了，理解老师的意思就行，记下来的笔记是为了自己理解，所做的题目是检测是否理解，除了理解二字，别无它用。然而综合写作的材料要求更进一步。这里的听力材料考核的是短时间聚集材料整合成有逻辑文章的能力，需要理解并记录听到的内容，然后进一步消化成自己的东西并输出成作文。

一言以蔽之，综合写作的听力需要细听！精听！完全突破！基于这种不同，为了不漏听，跟上lecture的思路，listening section的笔记我几乎不记，而综合写

作的听力我是猛记，多多益善。

误区四：summary。

在误区一中已经提到了，很多版友在写作中只是答出了要点，并未组织成一片令人信服的文章。要记住，integrated writing再简单也是writing，而不是integrated summary，请让rater看到，你是在总结论述，而不是归纳大意！

建议：就个人感觉来说，造成这个误区的理由有两个，一个是没有认清误区二，一个是听力没有练到家。按常理来说，一个能把听力材料内容把握，并理解其中逻辑关系的考生是不可能把综合写成summary的。照搬总会吧？把听力材料内容，论述简单改写照搬到作文里面，这是最简单的方法。高级一点的方法，根据材料删繁从简，找到侧重组织语言。

误区五：听力材料和阅读材料的内容比例到底是多少。

这也算是一个特色的faq了，为此特别查阅了OG，并未发现类似的要求。建议：摘录OG第三版对5分作文的要求如下，select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading.答案很明显，听力内容绝对是最重要的，阅读材料不作要求，但是需要对两个材料中的观点relation做出明确的解答。我个人的观点是，阅读材料无须出现在最后的essay中，毕竟OG中并未要求。如果想丰满文章，或者凑字数，writing材料绝对不应该成为突破口，真正需要突破的是听力材料，你是否把它彻底挖掘了？

以TPO22的综合写作题ethanol为例示范一下自己写综合作文的方法。Reading notes：

①global warming

②reduce the amount of plants available for uses other than fuels

③compete with gasoline on price

PS：阅读材料只看了90多秒，扫到关键词就OK了。

Listening notes：

A good alternative

①convincing ；not add to ；the increase use ；release CO2 ；made from plants such as corn ；counteract the release ；plants absorb CO2 ；remove CO2②reduce the food for animals ；not eaten for animals

③will be able to ；3倍40% ；cheaper subsidy ；production increase→price drop

以上是我对阅读和听力部分做的笔记。其中第二点比较少，因为我在听的时候没有听出来cell wall这个名词，我本意是想用一个special chemical代替这个没听出来的东西，然后写进文章的。但是思考了一下我觉得还是不让这个词出现 了，我考虑用a part of plants that is not eaten by animals.PS：我现在觉得自己的笔记记得有点少，为什么最后写出来的内容还是挺多的。才想起来我当时一部分的内容是记在脑子里面了。比如②中的植物某部分是动物不吃的，乙醇恰好从其中获取，所以不会影响动物的食物来源，这条逻辑是放在脑子里的。③中的更多人买乙醇之后，价格会下降这条逻辑也是记在脑中的。

第二篇：tpo综合写作26

综合写作26

Reading

The zebra mussel, a freshwater shellfish native to Eastern Europe, has long been spreading out from its original habitats and has now reached parts of North America.There are reasons to believe that this invasion cannot be stopped and that it poses a serious threat to freshwater fish populations in all of North America.First, the history of the zebra mussels’ spread suggests that the invasion might be unstoppable.It is a prime example of an invasion made possible by human transportation.From the zebra mussel’s original habitats in Eastern Europe, ships helped spread it out along new canals built to connect Europe’s waterways.The mussel can attach itself to a ship’s bottom or can survive in the water—called “ballast water“—that the ship needs to take on to properly balance its cargo.By the early nineteenth century, the mussel had spread to the whole of Europe.It was later carried to the east coast of North America in the ballast water of ships traveling from Europe.The way ships have spread the zebra mussel in the past strongly suggests that the species will soon colonize all of North America.Moreover, once zebra mussels are carried to a new habitat, they can dominate it.They are a hardy species that does well under a variety of conditions, and they have a high rate of reproduction.Most important, however, zebra mussels often have no predators in their new habitats, and species without natural predators are likely to dominate their habitats.Finally, zebra mussels are likely to cause a decline in the overall fish population in habitats where they become dominant.The mussels are plankton eaters, which mean that they compete for food with many freshwater fish species.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they support/contradict specific points made in the reading passage.Listening

Narrator

Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.Professor

Contrary to what you just read, there are ways to control the zebra mussels’ spread.What's more, it is not so clear that the mussel is a serious threat to fish populations.True, the spread of zebra mussels couldn't be controlled in the past, but that's because people didn't have enough knowledge.In fact, there are effective ways to stop ships from carrying the mussels to new locations.Here's an

example.The way zebra mussels usually travel across the ocean is that a ship takes on some fresh ”ballast water" in Europe and then empties that water into American waterways when it arrives.Full of zebra mussels, but the ship can be required to empty out the freshwater and refill with ocean water while still out in the ocean.Saltwater will kill the mussels.Second, it's true that zebra mussels often don't have predators in their new habitats, but that's only in the beginning.What's been happening in Europe is that local aquatic birds sooner or later notice there's a new food source around and change their habits to exploit it.They switch from whatever they were eating before to eating zebra mussels.And birds can eat a lot of mussels.So zebra mussels aren't so likely to dominate their new habitats after all.Finally, even in habitats where zebra mussels become dominant, is the overall fish population likely to decrease.It's true that zebra mussels may have a negative impact on fish that eat plankton.But on other fish, they can have a positive impact.For example, the mussels generate nutrients that are eaten by fish that feed near the bottom of the lake or river.So bottom-feeding fish populations may increase, even if plankton-eating fish population decrease.一、阅读听力要点概括

Reading Passage

Main points: The invasion of zebra mussel to North America is unstoppable and puts a threat to freshwater fish.Sub point 1: History suggests invasion might be unstoppable.Sub point 2: Mussels can dominate their new habitat.Sub point 3: Mussel threats fish population after they dominate the area.Lecture

Attitude: Contrary.Unsure mussels’ threat to fish population.Sub Point 1: There are effective ways to stop mussels in today’s knowledge.(Salt water)

Sub Point 2: Birds can be predators and eat mussels.Sub Point 3: Bottom-feeding fish may increase while plankton-eating fish decrease but overall fish population only likely to decrease.Answers

二、范文逐段赏析

Paragraph 1

Contrary to what is argued in the passage, the lecture demonstrates how zebra mussels are not likely to become an imperative threat to freshwater fish populations in North America.此段功能：

(Listening passage后文提到用L代替)

(Reading passage后文用R代替)

以L的观点为主要观点，mussels不会对淡水鱼群造成危害。首段一句话即确定全文逻辑为相反，contrary。

此段结构：

作者用一句话总结了全文讨论的问题，并告诉大家全文逻辑为相反。极其单刀直入。大家发现论点很简明时大可不必费心凑两句话再起下一段。

Paragraph 2

First of all, recently uncovered knowledge of zebra mussel has shed light on new ways to prevent their invasion.Even though people in the past have not been able to stop the spread of zebra mussels, knowledge and technology may help abate their spread in the future.For example, although a large amount of zebra mussels spread to America by staying in the ballast water that is emptied halfway on the journey across the Atlantic and replenished with sea water, the zebra mussels can be exterminated as soon as they are directly exposed to salt water.此段功能：

以L的观点起头，谈sub topic 1，说明现代科技相比旧时代科技有机会阻止mussels spreading.随后举听力中的具体例子为证明。

此段结构：

此段为总分结构。第一句陈述L的观点(可以阻止spreading)，第二句陈述R中的事实(过去的人确实未能阻止mussel spreading)，第三句呈现L中的事实(咸水可以消灭mussels)反驳R中的事实。

Paragraph 3

Furthermore, zebra mussels do not often dominate a new habitat for a long period of time.The lecture agrees that although zebra mussels may have no predators and reproduce rapidly in the beginning, it would not be long before predators take notice of this new source of food, and develop a taste for it, thus preventing its domination.此段功能：

还是以L观点出发，谈sub topic 2, 说明mussels不会经常统治它的栖息地。L中同意短时期内mussels没有天敌，但没过多久掠食者就会发现这些新的美味从而结束mussels的统治。

此段结构：

总分结构。第一句总结L观点说明mussels完全统治是不成立的。第二句陈列L中同意R的证据。第三句陈列L反驳R的补充理由证据。

Paragraph 4

Finally, zebra mussels alone would not cause the decline of overall fish populations.Although zebra mussels may perhaps cause the decline of plankton eaters, as the passage suggests, they would also provide nutrients for bottom-feeding fish and ultimately cause the population of those fish to increase.此段功能：

讨论sub topic 3, 说明mussels不会造成总体鱼群数量的下降。L说虽然他同意R的观点(mussels造成plankton eaters下降)，但是伴随而来的bottom-feeding fish的数量上升从而导致总体鱼群数量上身。

此段结构：

总分结构。第一句总结L观点。第二句依然是陈列L同意R部分的证据。随后第三句陈列L中补充的证据来反驳R的观点。

三、范文全篇总评

1、逻辑结构

全文遵从总分结构，开头段直接一句话总结+逻辑，展开全文反驳基调。随后三段依照3个分论点依次展开。在分论点的论证中，作者阐明了L的态度，先小幅度同意R的观点，随即立刻补充新证据，反驳R的观点。作者利用R的证据，补充新证据后证明了R原来观点的片面性，从而达到一一驳倒的效果。

2、语言表达

全文十分紧凑，并启用了一些新词语赋予色彩。

其中值得借鉴的词语和句式有：

1.Recently uncovered knowledge of zebra mussel has shed light on new ways to prevent their invasion

Recently uncovered:最近新发现的

/Newly discovered/ It is recently found out/

Shed light on: 给与了希望

/Shown/ Given/ Illuminated

2.The lecture agrees although………….(R的观点)………..，….…(L的观点会抵消R的观点)….。

3.Ultimately：最终的，终极的

/Finally/ At last/ In the end/ After all/

Ultimately, the success of his company depends on good marketing.

第三篇：求职信写作六大误区

求职信写作六大误区：-内容--在与一些经常来校园招聘的外企招聘经理座谈心得时，我们经常向招聘经理打听学生求职中的错误，以便我们在今后的工作中提醒学生；最希望听到招聘经理表扬学生身上的优点，这证明了我们的学生在进步、在成熟。根据招聘经理提出的意见和建议，我总结了学生书写求职信的六大误区，希望同学们有则改之，无则加勉。

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1、一封通函走天下：不量身定做，一封信打遍天下。

2、二次利用不修改：重复简历主要内容。

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4、四舍五入都从简：对公司的描述过于空泛、过于浅薄。

5、五体投地对自己：热情洋溢的长篇抒情和不着边际的吹捧或自夸。

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6、六神无主乱阵脚：格式不够工整，缺乏美感。

第四篇：托福 tpo26 综合写作

In terms whether the zebra mussel will exert negative influence on North American, the passage and lecture are contradictory to each other.The author believes that zebra mussel might do harm the local species as they arrived while the lecturer holds a different opinion.First of all, the author makes a point that the history events suggest the zebra mussel's invasion is unstoppable.In the past, human transportation makes it possible for zebra mussel spread around the whole Europe and it is likely to happen again in North American.However, the lecturer demonstrates a different idea that a change made in the “ballast water” will prevent the invasion of zebra mussel from continuing.He says that if we refill the “ballast water” with ocean water, the mussel will no longer survive because the saline water might probably kill them all.Second, contrary to the belief in the passage that zebra mussel is able to conquer the new habitat due to their high reproduction rates and adaptation ability, as well as lacking predator, the lecturer says that the hypothesis made by author is not true.He mentions that there are many local bird will eat the zebra mussel as a major prey.As a result, the zebra mussel is unlikely to dominate the new habitat.Finally, regarding whether the zebra mussel will cause the decline in the fish population since they may compete for food such as plankton with fish species.The author thinks it is a possible consequence brought by zebra mussel.However, the lecturer refutes it that the mussel can't reduce the fish population because they provide enough nutrient for bottom living fish.

第五篇：牛人经验：托福iBT写作27+完全攻略

考托者应记住的几条公理

1，托福作文就是新八股文

2，托福作文只要练好了人人可以拿27+

3，托福作文得高分不意味着你英语水平有多高

4，提高英语水平靠多听多读多背多说多写多练多译

首先让我们全面剖析新托福作文：（以下要求均为我自己的理解，非官方版本，官方要求请参照OG）

integrated writing/综合写作:要求考生在3分钟内读一篇文章，然后听一个lecture，在20分钟内根据文章和lecture内容写一篇250字左右文章比较两者的观点。（注：文章内容和lecture内容注定是对立的，如果你考的不是对立的，那只有一种可能，你的RP次到了人神共愤的地步了。）

综合写作的八股在于：第一段指出reading passage和lecture内容是对立的；第二、三、四段从三个方面/点来说明他们的内容是怎样对立的；第五段总结一下他们之间确实是对立关系。

independent writing/独立写作：给定一个题目，要求考生在30分钟内写出400字左右的文章，要求逻辑清晰，论述有力，无明显的语法和词法错误。

独立写作八股在于：第一段陈述你的观点，支持哪一方；第二、三、四段从三个方面论述你的观点；最后一段总结一下，综上所述，某某观点是正确的。综合写作：模板，套模板，一定要套模板！

理由：1，模板让你的思路更加清晰，这是ETS要求的。

2，20分钟！开玩笑，怎么凑到300字？当然要用模板！

3，阅读听力我都不怕，就怕作文，写三句话错两句，我怎么得26+？当然还是用模板，既然是模板就意味着是你精挑细选的句子，保证了写作的质量！

提醒：1，模板要富于变化，一篇只能用5句那你就要准备10句！

2，模板不能一味照搬别人的，避免重复！

3，保证模板里的句子没有语法和用词错误！

一般来说，大家把一下几个句子稍微变形，即完成了综合写作第一步

1.The lecture discusses…which differs from the main idea in the reading that…（用于第一段）2.The professor made the point that …The reading , in contrast, held a different view.（用于第一或第二三四段）

3.Another important point showed in the listening material is that …but the reading presents a conflicting idea that…（用于第三四段）

4.Finally, the professor stated that...which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that...（用于第四段）

5.In general, the professor discussed the problem of …that the reading viewed in a contraryopposingdifferent angle.（最后总结段）

6.According to the lecture… on the other hand while the reading stated that …

7.The professor made the point that… on the contrary in contrast however, the writer demonstrated an ideathat…

8.The lecture supportsillustrates the idea that…

9.The lecture contradictsrefutes is contrary to is the opposite of the idea that…

10.Contrary to the belief in the passage that …the professor says that…

11.The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that… by saying that…（6-11均用于第二三四段）

大家可以把连接词变化一下，把动词变化一下或句式稍变，11句话灵活运用。

除了模板以外，综合写作我们还需要做什么？

做笔记，做听力笔记！

99．9%的情况下，综合写作的主体内容是三个对立的观点，所以大家只要把这个三个点记下来，然后把阅读里相应的三点抠出来放到模板里面去，你的综合写作就做完了，就是这么简单！独立写作怎么办？

很遗憾，独立写作没有固定的模板，起码我没用过。没有模板怎么能叫八股文呢？独立写作的八股在于它的题目很固定，如果不信，请翻看OG上给出了那几百道例题。绝大部分题目是：**和**相比，你觉得哪个更好/更合理？/你更支持哪个观点？ 一部分题目是：*******，你怎么办？/你是怎么看的？

还有极小部分发散性题目很少考，而前面两种其实是一种题目，不信？你看个例子。

Q：Your school has received a gift of money.What do you think is the best way for your school to spend this money? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.这个题目没有给你二选一的选项，我们要做的是把它转化为二选一，捐款的用途无外乎这么几种：建图书馆、体育馆（还可细分篮球、**。。）、学生公寓、办公大楼、买电脑。。这么多选项你只要从中挑选一个，然后把这个和其他的相比较这篇文章你就搞定了！

除了题目固定之外，写作的手法同样很固定。其实大家只要熟读范文100篇，不会背书也能写。而且能写高分作文。具体的方法就是在论坛找到那谁谁谁的185篇满分作文，挑选其中你觉得写的不错的把其中铺垫的句型，转换词挑出来，背一背，背多了你会发现所有的满分作文其实是一个套路出来的流水线作品（除极少数作文）。流水线作文谁不会写呢？那满分作文其实很简单的 关于托福作文的几个比较常见的问题：

1,多少字数合适？

ＯＧ上说综合写作１５０－２２５，独立写作３００。个人认为综合２５０字，独立３８０＋比较妥当，但是不用追求太多的字数，有字数没质量的作文绝对不能得高分。但是有质量的作文字数肯定少不了，ＥＴＳ要求Use specific reasons and details to supportyour choice，你想想达到这个要求的作文字数能太少吗？

2,要准备多少时间？

三到四周

第一周把***185范文看透，每个题目自己都分析一下，同时学习好的句子。后面两周每天练一篇综合一篇独立，练手感，同时练打字速度。（用老键盘练，不能用笔记本键盘）

3，托福作文这么八股，考了高分其实不算什么，为了达到北美大陆以后我们写起论文来杠杠的，我们一起为提高整体英语综合实力努力吧。多听多读多背多说多写多练多译！相信能就一定能

相信能就一定能