浅谈英语语言中性别歧视

第一篇：浅谈英语语言中性别歧视

浅谈英语语言中性别歧视

中文摘要

性别歧视在不同的社会制度和国家中都不同程度地存在。而作为一种普遍的社会现象，自然会在语言中得到折射。本文介绍了英语中的性别歧视语的种种表现形式，分析了这种现象产生的社会原因和文化根源，并总结了在英语语言运用过程中消除性别歧视的方法。关键词: 英语语言；性别歧视;产生原因；消除方法

Abstract

Sex discrimination exists in all the social systems and countries, and as a common social phenomenon, it is surly reflected in language.This paper lists out different forms of sex discrimination in English, analyses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and summarizes the corresponding methods of eliminating sex discrimination in English speaking.Key words: English;sex discrimination;causes;methods of eliminating

引言

在社会生活中，语言对男女一视同仁，但语言是文化的载体，并在人们不断使用的过程中逐渐得到丰富和发展。作为一个地区，一个民族约定俗成的一种表达方式，语言必然会反映出一定的社会价值观念和民族思维方式。性别歧视是以性别为基础而产生的一种社会歧视现象，«朗曼英语词典» 对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。《美国传统字典》的定义是“一种性别成员对另一性别成员，尤其是男性对女性的歧视”。虽然它可以表现为男性对女性的歧视，也可以表现为女性对男性的歧视。但是“性别歧视”通常是对女性的歧视，是人们对女性的偏见和男女社会地位不平等的反映。“女性长期以来被看作是the weaker sex/the second sex，是男性的陪衬和附属品。即使在标榜人权，平等的西方发达国家中也是如此。而现代女权运动轰轰烈烈的发展形势正是对这一不平等现象的反抗和反映。”[1](P80)从而在语言中，出现了多种多样的性别歧视语，英语也不例外。

一、性别歧视语言现象

（一）人际称谓

亲昵称谓

在西方，男性上司称呼他们的女性下属时可以用一些表示亲密关系的昵称，如sugar, darling, sweetie, girlie;反过来，女性下属却不能用这些昵称来称呼她们的上司，而且女性上司也不能如此来称呼她们的男性职员，可是，陌生男子或非亲密关系的男子却可用昵称来称呼女子，这说明在英美社会女性比男性社会地位低，受到的尊重比男性少。[2](P74)姓名称谓

在西方 ,女子婚前一般用父姓 ,婚后改用丈夫的姓 , 例如 :在西方婚礼上 ,新郎新娘步入教堂时 ,牧师宣布:“I now pronounce you man and wife.”“婚后的男子依旧是man ,而婚后的女子则由Miss变成了wife这种现象不乏女权主义者和职业妇女。”[2](P74)当时的美国总统Bill Clinton的夫人Hilary Rodhamon也在为自己的 ,即支持已婚女性不仅

应当标注夫姓 ,而且只应当标注夫姓 ,而不应继续标注父姓。尽管Hilary Rodhamon本人是一位女权运动者 ,但她还是把自己的名字根据丈夫和自己的政治需要, 先从Hilary Rodhamon改为Hilary Rodhamon Clinton, 最后改为Hilary Clinton。但是, 不管怎么改, 都不能超出如下选择: 要么跟父亲姓, 要么跟丈夫姓。这种以丈夫的姓冠之于前的称呼 ,表明妇女出嫁后就成了丈夫的私有财产, 是属于丈夫的, 因此无法得到与丈夫平等的权利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓, 已婚的用Mrs.或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。

指代称谓

1）提到男女双方时，双方不是处于平等地位，而是男先女后。

King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, husband and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr.Lucas and his wife Louise.2）.一些形式上没有男性标志的词意，人们习惯上把它们当作是男性词看待。

英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为 professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate 等为男性，当我们听到有人说：My cousin is a professor 时，多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说明这些词是女性的，一般可在前面加上woman, lady, female 等 修饰语。如:woman professor, lady doctor, female worker等，这些所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male或是man,如:male nurse, man teacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见。

（二）词语发展

首先，表面上对应的词,含义却往往褒男贬女在英语中往往通过对女性名词的恶化来达到性别歧视的目的。几乎所有的女性名词都带有贬义,如queen, lady, mistress, madam等,其贬义为“雌猫”、“情妇”、以及“鸨母”等,而与之对应的king, lord, master, father 等词,如将他们的起首字母大写即可升格为“上帝”、“基督”、“主”、“神”等意义。

其次，英语中常用一些动物的名称来指称某些女性。

比如:bat(贱妇,丑妇,妓女);dog(丑妇,贱妇,没有成就的女人,妓女);chicken(见面熟的年轻女人);cat(恶妇,包藏祸心的女人,可卑的女人);cow(子女多的女人,肥胖而不整洁的女人,经常怀孕的女人,妓女);mutton(放荡的女人,做少女打扮的老妇女,妓女)。

并且，英语中还有一些带有轻蔑色彩,专指中老年妇女的词汇。

比如:trot(老太婆);hen(爱管闲事或嘴碎的中年妇女);warhorse(粗声大气,肥胖固执的女人);crone(干瘪皱皮的老太婆);hag(爱做坏事的老丑妇);witch(老丑妇);biddy(长舌妇);harridan(面容枯槁,脾气暴躁的老妇)。

（三）谚语运用

理性类

宋朝黄六鸿《福惠全书，弄名部》载：“妇人水性杨花，焉得不为所动”，诋毁女子“用情不专”，“缺乏理性”，在英语中就有相类似的谚语。

Long hair and short wit.(头发长，见识短)

When an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women.(若要女子有才智，除非毛驴攀上树)

言及女子“感情游移”“二三其德”的有：

A woman’s mind and winter wind change a lot.（冬天里的风，女子的心胸---变化异常）

Women, wind and fortune are ever changing.（女子，风向与命运，翻天覆地无常态）

婚嫁类

A fair face is half a portion.（姿色艳，嫁妆半）

When the candles are out, all women are fair.（烛灯熄，无妍女）

Daughters and dead fish are no keeping wares.（女大不中留）

Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can.（娶媳不忙，嫁女宜速）

There are many good women, it’s true;but they are in their graves.（世上好女实在多，可惜都在坟里卧）

He that has a white horse and a fair wife never wants trouble.（倘若妻俊马俊，一世难得安静）

性情类

一代文豪莎士比亚曾云：“弱者，你的名字是女人”（Frailty, your name is woman）弱女子的典型形象特征是“泪水涟涟”。

Woman is made to weep.(女子生来好哭)

Nothing dries so fast as a woman’s tears.（易干不过女子泪）

Woman is made of glass.（女子脆复弱，象是玻璃货）

Glass and lasses are brittle wares.（少女嫩脆，瓷杯易碎）

（四）职业中的性别歧视

许多表示职业的名词,如engineer ,pilot, scientist ,writer, doctor，pilot, scientist, engineer, pilot等对男女都适用,本来是中性词汇,本身没有性的区别。“由于历史上男性长期占据社会主导地位,人们习惯把它们与男性联系起来。”[3](P210)如要特别指女性从事相同职业时,往往在前面加上female, woman lady, 从而使女性职业名词在外在的形式上呈现出“有标志性”,如woman doctor, female pilot, woman scientist, woman lawyer等。而行业名称冠以男性标记反而不符合语言习惯,但男保姆、男护士除外。只有一些地位较底的职业,如nurse, secretary等,传统上让人联想到女性,而与男性无缘。这种习惯除了与历史和现实有关,也可以说是一种性别歧视。

二、英语语言中性别歧视现象产生的原因

（一）、历史原因

在西方文化传统中,男性一直被认为富于创造力。在《圣经》里,创造世界的耶和华为男性,而耶和华创造的亚当亦是男性,亚当的妻子夏娃只不过是亚当一条肋骨的衍化物,这一传统观念就把创造力固定在男人身上,后人便有了“男性的特质是创造力的天赋”的说法。并且在圣经《创世纪》关于上帝造人的神话成了语言起源学说的联想依据。“在他们看来,既然上帝造

了亚当这天下第一个男人,语言中的“性”范畴就应将阳性置于首位。如果把两者的顺序颠倒过来,就不符合语言习惯。” [4](P132)英语语法并没有规定“先男后女”的语序,但人们在长期的言语习惯中,大都以男为先,女为后,女性只能是跟随在男性后面的第二性别。男先女后的语序是如此常见,以至于反过来如说woman and man ,she or he等则会令人感到不习惯。

（二）、社会原因

性别歧视的根源可以追溯到史前时代男女所扮演的性别角色。由于男性的肌肉比女性肌肉发达,又不生育,于是他们担当起打猎、耕作的角色,妇女体弱、要生育,所以负责照顾孩子、料理家庭、采集食物等。那时,男女角色虽然不同,但还没有一方价值高于另一方的观念。“随着社会生产力的不断发展,男子逐渐从事更多的农业生产活动,占据了主导地位,妇女的地位随供给食物能力的降低而下降。”[5](P113)到了中世纪时期,妇女由于能生养孩子,能为土地所有者生养合法继承人,她们成了地主丈夫的宝贵财产。为了使妇女处于这样的地位,统治者便借助法律令女性屈服和受制于丈夫,于是,各种约束妇女的各种社会规范和习俗开始形成。在漫长的父系社会里,妇女地位低下,依附男性,受制于男性,这种观念逐渐根深蒂固,被人们视为理所当然。直到二十世纪,妇女的地位有了很大的改善,但是社会化偏见是在社会化的过程中，通过社会群体，父母，亲友，伙伴的言传身教和大众传媒（广播，电影，电视，报纸）获得的。人们对女性的歧视和偏见也是从父母，亲友或群体的交往中直接获得的，或通过大众传媒获得的。在英语中，受传统观念的影响，对女性的语言歧视已经成为了一种恶性循环。比如，人们一看到或听到“virgin”和“prostitute”这两个词，首先想到的就是“处女”和“妓女”的意思，而很少想到它们还分别可用于指“处男”和“男娼”。

（三）、生理原因

记的有人写道：在医院的育婴室里，每个刚出生的婴儿的小床上都有说明性别的标记，上面清楚写着：“I am a boy”或“It is a girl”.这里男孩的称呼是I, 而女孩却用it。在婴儿还不知道什么是语言时，而在他们的身上已深深打上了文化和语言的印记。在英语中用男性物主代词his指代包括女性在内的任何人的现象也不胜枚举。例如Has everyone completed his

assignment?还有Everyone should do his best on the exam.这里的his已经包括了女性在内。虽然女性享有就业、选举、教育等等同男性一样的权利,然而女性仍然处于社会的边缘,被认为是“弱者”(the weaker sex)和“他者”(the other);男性始终占据主导地位。” [6](P210)根据1980年的联合国统计,男性拥有世界资源的99%,而女性拥有的资源不到1%。“因此说,对女性的歧视与偏见有长期的社会历史根源。”[6](P219)

三、消除英语语言中性别歧视的方法

随着社会的发展和妇女社会地位的不断提高，尤其是随着美国女权运动的高涨，消除语言中的性别歧视的呼声越来越高。这其中核心问题有两个：如何直接剔除语言中的性别歧视词（sexist words）；如何消除第三人称代词泛指而引起的性别歧视问题。我们从英语性别歧视词的转换方式和如何选用恰当的人称代词来消除性别歧视问题的对策这几个方面来进行介绍和讨论。

（一）、性别歧视词转换成无性别歧视词（non-sexist words）的方法尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词，即无性别歧视词，例如：immigrant, voter, officer, coach, church member, grandparent, employee, testee, patriot, customers, dealer, clerk, civilian, politician, tutor, etc.2.以阴性词缀-ess, ette, rix和enne 结尾的词要避免使用并改成无性别歧视的词缀：-or, an, er或ist。例如：actress →actor, administratrix →administrator ,suffragette →suffragist, usherette→ usher ,comedienne→ comedian.3.写信时，如果不知道收信人的具体性别时，最好不要使用传统的Dear Sir, Dear Gentleman, Dear Madam, 可用工作职称代替以免出现差错。例如：Dear friends of the library, Dear Madams and Sirs, Dear personnel officer, Dear Committee Member, Dear Agent, Dear Director.（二）、规避第三人称代词泛指所引起的性别歧视问题的对策

1.采用复数形式

Sexist: When bathing a baby, never leave him unattended.Revised: When bathing a baby, never leave them unattended.2.用We/us/our改写原句

Sexist: From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.Revised: From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.3.改用第二人称

Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.Revised: You don’t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.4.改用被动语态

Sexist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both.Revised: One who, when given the choice of two evils，chooses both.5.用 he and she/ his and her ,但是使用的次数不宜太多，否则会造成用词累赘。s/he仅仅可以用于备忘录(memos)，便条(notes)，或者非正式的交谈之中。

6.用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替代

Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye, to keep him, two.Revised: To find a friend, one must close one eye, to keep a friend, two.7.采用交替使用阳性和阴性来达到平衡

例如：A young child is often persuaded by advertisements to buy what he sees on television.When the child does shopping with a parent, she sees the product on the shelf, remembers it, and asks to have it.（三）、英语教学作用

在英语教学中向学生传授新创立的中性表达法，学校和教师在语言的习得、文化的传授中起着不可低估的作用。改变对女性的否定态度,语言的改革也是重要的一环。语言教师同样也肩负着一份神圣的使命。在英语学习中,教师首先要规范自己的语言,在课堂上尽量避免带有性别偏见的语句。然后,教师根据教学内容把女权运动后英语中出现的新词、新用法传授给学生,有意识地加强性别平等的思想教育,让学生了解英语国家的社会变化、语言动态。应该强调妇女不应该被忽视。女人们每天在生活中仍然发挥着巨大的影响力。没有女人就没有男人的成功。女人们用自己的智慧竭尽全力使每个家庭生活更丰富多彩。

四、结论

在使用上面谈到的方法、对策时，我们一定要把握一个“度”，具体使用那一种方法、对策要取决于它能否使我们的写作、会话顺利进行并达到预期的效果。“正如以前女性主义思想家认为,女性与语言疏远太久,与她们的女性经验疏远太久,使她们不能将自己的经历符号

化。”[7](P331)传统的标准句法和确定的文类都代表父权制话语结构。因此女性主义试图找到新的语言和新的文学形式对女性现实做出反映。她们批评并激烈地改变既存语言,大胆地

进行创作实验,使用新词、新拼写、新语法结构、新意象和新隐喻以远离父权语言的权威结构,为女性寻求一片新的话语空间。女性主义的口号之一就是“妇女通过语言获得完全的解放”。而且，“语言是社会的一面镜子,语言中所折射出的性别差异和性别歧视现象并不是由语言符号本身的自然属性决定的,而是特定社会的价值观念和民族思维方式在语言中的必然反映。”[8](P287)语言本身是中性的,但语言的使用者却可以按照其社会观念和价值观念,赋予语言一定的语用色彩。若要消除语言包括人际称谓系统中的性别歧视现象,首先需根除社会上存在的性别歧视观念,语言的变革只有在社会变革的基础上才能最终实现。

从以上论述可以看到女性要获得自身的真正解放与不平等要做不懈努力。语言对社会的反映 经历了漫长的过程。旧的歧视清除了,新的歧视还会反映到语言中来。语言中性别歧视的真正消除,只能寄希望于在社会现实中,男女真正的平等。“索绪尔认为语言不仅是交际工具,还是思想的载体,没有语言作为载体和工具,人的思维也就无法发展。”[9](P267)性别歧视的改观不能等待男权的施舍,要女性自我的觉醒,要女性自己的参与。在强势和弱势文化的交汇中,同样需要弱势文化自身的努力。强调性别差异的重要性是必要的,但它只是过渡性的,女性不能只作为女性说话,男性也不能只作为男性说话。要走出性歧视的误区,出路在于语言的中性化,而实现语言的中性化,在于不断提高语言觉悟。因此,“女性运动要取得实质性的进展,不是依靠女性自身就能完成的,不仅需要世界范围内广大女性的团结,更需要寻求作为人类另一半的男性的支持与配合,因此更有必要加强与男性的沟通和协商。”[10](P113)

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[9](美)埃莱娜•肖瓦尔特.走向女权主义诗学.《新女权批评》及序言[Ｍ].纽约:潘修恩图书公司,1987。

[10]朱跃.论英语词义的变化和使用所反映出的对妇女性别的歧视现象[Ｊ].四川外语学院,1995。

第二篇：论英语中的性别歧视

景德镇陶瓷学院科技

艺术学院

本科生毕业论文（设计）

题目：Sexism in English Vocabulary 学 号： 姓 名： 院（系）： 专 业： 完成时间： 指导老师：

CONTENTS Acknowledgements…………………………………………..Abstract in Chinese…………………………………….Abstract in English…………………………………….1.Definition……………………………………………… 2.Sexism in word-formation methods………………..2.1 Suffixes………………………………………….2.2 Sexism in compound words……………………..3.Sxism in Naming and Addressing…………………..3.1 Sexism and Naming……………………………….3.1.1 Sexism in the first names………………..3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names……..3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Naming of First Names……….3.1.2 Sexism in the family names…………… 3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names 3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names upon marriage 3.2 Sexism and Addressing……….3.2.1 Sexism in Addressing Terms…..3.2.1.1Female Social Titles upon Relationship with Male…

3.2.1.2 Derogation of Female Honorific Titles…………….3.2.1.3 Abusive Addressing Patterns………………..4.Sexism in Proverb and Slang……………………………..4.1 Sexism in Proverb…………………………………………… 4.2 Sexism in Slang……………………………………… 5.Conclusion……………………………………………………..6.Bibliography……………………………………………………

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Hou Xiaohua,my supervisor,for her constant and inspiring guidance and encouragement.She has walked me through all the stages of writing of the thesis.Without her constant and illuminating instruction,this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second,i would like to expree my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers who taught me when i have striving for my Bachelor Degree for their excellent lectures and inspiring ideas.Last, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years.I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis

摘要

英语不仅是一种语言工具，也是一种意识形态工具。性别歧视这一文化观念反映在语言的词汇学中。牛津高级字典是这样解释的：“不平等的对待人，尤其是对女性，因为她们的性别”。本篇论文将从英语词汇构词法、词义、称谓语及谚语和俚语分析英语词汇中的性别歧视。所以对性别歧视了解的越多，避免的困难也就越多。这是很有实际意义的。关键词：语言；英语词汇；性别歧视

ABSTRACT

English is not only a language tool, but also an ideological tool.Vocabulary of the language can faithfully reflect the culture it serves such as sexism.The oxford advanced learner's dictionary explains it as below: the unfair treatment of people, especially women, because of their sex.This article will discuss sexism that exists in English lexicon in terms of word formation ,word meaning ,naming and addressing terms ,as well as proverb and slang terms.So the more you know it, the better you will avoid trouble.Therefore, the present research has important practical significances.Key words： language；English word;sexism;

1.Definition

Sexism，according to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s English

-Chinese Dictionary is defined as prejudice or discrimination against people(esp.woman)because of their sex;and according to Longman Dictionary of Comtenporary English ,sexism is defined as ideas and believe that menbers of one(usually man)sex are more able and clever than theode of the other sex.It is manifest in all forms of behavior from subtle gestures and especially language to exploitation and oppression，and in all human institutions from the family to the multinational corporation(Paula S．Rothenberg 1988：21)． It affirms the dominance of men over women，jnst as Rosemary Radford Ruether(1993：165)holds that“sexism is gender privilege of males over females．It is males primarily who have originated this form of oppression，benefited from it，and perpetuated it，legally and ideologically．”In this sense，it keeps women in second．classstatus，denies them their rights to control their own bodies，and denies personal，mental，and physical safety；it reinforces the false notion that any man who is gentle，flexible，compassionateor gay becomes“feminine”and thereby loses status and respect． 2.Sexism in word formation

Word formation is one of the elements in language from which we can find many examples of sexism.The most obvious one is the word “history”,which it combines words “his”and “story”.It claimed that the history belonged to man not the woman.In general,it is divided in to two categories,adding suffixes and compounding.2.1 Adding suffixes Adding-tress is common among words like ,actress,authoress,sculptress and waitress.Although it sometimes awarded some outlanding achievements of women,the importance of its role isn‟t the same as man.For instance,we usually call a man of a general manager,rather than a general manageress.The highest rank of poet in British is Poet Laureate,which it award to every distinguished poet including both males and females.Howerever,rarly had it probably honored a poet of Poetess Laureate.Word like hostess is widely accepted by people in bar ,which its meaning had been degraded.The same as in the terms of JewessNegrss and Quakeress

The suffix of-ette includes three meanings.The first one aims at small size,such as “cigarette(香烟)” and “kitchenette(小厨房）”.The second level is artifical ,such as “Leatherette(人造皮）”.The third level derives from the last two meanings which discloses the oweakness of woman and subordinates to man.As a result ,it discininates against woman obviously.Woman are unfairly treated.Duing the turn of 19 century and 20 century ,“Suffragette”was frequently used by women who wanted to strive rights for women.However,the public and media used it with derogation.Words like aviatrix(女飞行员），executrix(女执行官）and dominatrix(母夜叉)added the suffix of-trix,which all present an insular prejudice towards women.Women are so weak and fragile that they need obey to men.2.2 Sexism in compound words

In addition to sex discrimination in suffixes,compounding is a good example too.Take word-formationof common words made by “man” and “woman”for example.on one hand,there are a great many words with “man”,like human,policeman,chairman,businessman,sportsman,superman,mankind,postman,Englishman,airman,salesman,clergyman,kinsman,countryman,etc.Even the word “woman”is made up of “man.All these words should refer only to the male,while in fact,the meanings of these words also cover woman,which is obviously unfair to the female.Actually,this kind of words are regarded as masculine words in grammar.According to the point of view in English history,it inherits word-formation principle of Latin and old English in grammar gender.So such kinds of words empasize masculine in word structure.At the sametime,it also stresses that all things are done by the mmale, not the female in practical use.That is quite unfair to the female.On the other hand,in social life,pepole always regard women with discrimination.If a woman is engaged in noble cases,she will face much more difficulties than men.And the following meaning of words also show that the words made up of”woman”mainly emphasize the characteristics of women who are engaged in some kind of profession or belong to a certain of sector.For example,(1)Womankind: female human beings(2)Chairwoman: a woman presiding officer of an assembly meeting,committee or board(3)Womanpower:the power of woman physcial strength(4)Policewoman: a woman who is in a member of a police force(5)Womanhood:the state of being a woman;woman(6)Horsewoman:a woman horseback rider

3.Sexim in Naming and Addressing Spender(1985:24)notes: one of the features of English language practices which are inherently sexist is the use of naming and addressing terms.”Naming and addressing terms play an important role in interpersonal communication.They are continuously used in our daily life hence the social and cultualfactors encoded in them are very valuable for us to explore.3.1 Sexism and Naming

Naming system usually includes first name,middle name and family nam,such as “William Jefferson Clinton”.First name such as”William”in the example,is otherwise known as Chtistian name,forename or given name.Middle name like”Jefferson”in the example occurs betwwen the first name and family name as the second forename,and is usually represented by its capitalized initial letter and is often used in formal occassions.Family name is known as Surname,or last name,which is a name shared in common to identify the mumbers of a family,which is usuallyinheritedfrom the ascending generation on the paternal side,such as‟Clinton”in the example.This part will discuss the sexist phenomena in the first and family name on the basis of the analysis of their semantic features.3.1.1 Sexism in the first names

Giving first name to the infant is one of the most important tasks.First name is truly a lifetime gift from parents;it helps define the children within the family,school and the outside word.Hence an analysis of sexism in first names is very significant.3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names

In English lots of female names derivate from male names by adding affixes for example,Stephen-Stephanie,Dana-Dana.Affixs play an important role in the formation of female names.After researching affixes used to refer to female in English,Mills(1995:93)claims that those affixes lead to a view of women as a derivation from a male universal norm and the female form is seen as the marked term and the male as the unmarked term.Therefore,it is not a surprise that female names would have some consistent marker bias.Many female names derive of male ones by addingthe suffixes “-a”(or “-ia” due to phonetic reason), “e” and “-line” to them.like Albert and Alberta、、Alex and Alexa、Daniel and Danielle、Gabriel and Gabriell and Paul and Pauline etc.First corresponding with the above, research has shown that male names differ fromfemale ones in two major aspects.Firstly, male names are shorter in spelling than female names according to the research, There are many male names are formed with one syllable such as Jim, Fred, John, Bob and Jack, while only few female names are one syllable.Furthermore, fewer female names have three or more than three syllables, such as Roberta, Victoria and Amand.Part of the explanation of this study lies in the fact that many female names are originated from male names by adding one or more syllables.Secondly, male names are phonologically different from female ones.This thesis finds that majority of male names are ended with consonant phonetic symbol in which some male names end with the stops [d], [t], [k] such as Robert, Richard, Jack;while only two femalenames do, namely, Brooke and Jade.However, most of female names analyzed endedwith a vowel [i], [i:], [ə], such as Mary and Anna, but only a few male names do so.Cutler argues(1990: 476), “Small vocal tracts such as [i], [i:], [ə], which producehigh-pitched sounds, are typically possessed by smaller, weaker, less threateningbeings.” Therefore, the frequent use of [i] in such female names as Tracey, Mary andBonnie, and [ə] in Rita, Selina and Lisa, reflects “smallness and lack of threat are heldto be desirable attributes of females”.Theoretically, the practice of deriving female names from male ones forms the contrast in which men are dominant and women are subordinate in society and meanwhile it is in accordance with the belief in Bible that woman was created from a rib of man.3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Meaning of First Names

The names that people give their children show the hopes and dreams they have for them and also reflects their parents‟ hope and expectations for their children.So from their first names,we can know the different attitudes of parents to boys and girls.First names for girls and boys often reflect stereotyped features of feminity or.masculinity prevailing in a particular culture or society.It is undeniable that first names contain various connotations and this thesis will make an effort on the sexism in name‟s connotation In our society the vast majority of first names carry clear feminine or masculine connotations.People no matter in the East or West attach great importance to marking the child‟s sex when choosing a name for him or her.And in baby naming book, there might be two lists: one for girls and another for boys.According to it, parents are recommended to choose a name that identifies the child‟s sex.Besides marking the sex of the child, first names for girls and boys often reflect stereotyped features of femininity and masculinity prevailing in culture.More female names contain the connotation associated with appearance while more male names contain connotation associated with wealth, power, wisdom and intelligence.It reflects the sexist expectaton that male should improve internal quality and female should pay more attention to external beauty.3.1.2 Sexism in Family Names

Family names are passed down from generation to generation, it symbolizes the blood relationship and development of a family.From the way of giving family names, it is not difficult to find the sexism.3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names

When women were born, they were given their fathers‟ name and adopted their husbands‟ names upon marriage.It‟s only sons who carry on their fathers‟ name forever, whereas women lost this capacity when they got married.This stresses the portrayal of women as the prosperity of men, passed from father to husband.They just have no freedom to own their own names.US Senator Hilary Clinton.Either way she names herself after a man－ her father or her husband, or both.Children typically inherited their fathers‟ rather than their mothers‟ family names, which enables fathers but not mothers to achieve a direct continuity of naming from generation, provided they have sons.Even if there are only daughter, however the derivation of female forms from male names enables the transmission to continue.It‟s very common for women in English-speaking countries to adapt their husbands‟ names upon they got married.Thus women are said to“marry into families and families are sad to „die out‟ if an all-female” generation occurs.Thus, Spender comments:“Practically”, it means that women‟s family names don‟t count and there is one more device making women invisible.”

In the ceremony, the, the official asks,“ Who gives the bride away?”and the father answers.“I do”, or “Her mother and I do”, but that does not solve the problem inherent in the idea that a bride is something to be handed over from one man to another.3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names upon Marriage

When a woman is referred with her husband‟s name, as in “Mrs.John Smith”, she is rendered both subordinate and invisible.For example, when a woman named Helen Keller marries to a man named John Fords, She is submerged by being called Mrs.John Fords.Even the woman is of high social status;it is the same with her.One of the candidates in 2008 Presidential Election of the United States of America, Hilary, the former president of Bill Clinton‟s wife, kept her maiden name “Hilary Rodham” after marriage.But in order to help her husband in the election, she had to change her names.Though allegedly a feminist, she has shifted between naming herself Hilary Rodham, Hilary Rodham Clinton and Hilary Clinton.Despite the fact that some countries no longer legally require for women to adopt their husband‟s names upon marriage, women who do not conform to this practice still face many practical and attitudinal obstacles.3.2 Sexism and Addressing

3.2.1 Sexism in Addressing Terms Addressing term is a mark that indentifies the relationship of people in social activities, which can present our ideal and social ties.It is used frequently in the communication.According to different criteria, address forms can be divided into different classifications.They can be divided into: social titles, occupational titles, endearments, abusive terms,kinship terms etc.3.2.1.1 Female Social Titles upon Relationship with Male Mr、Miss and Mrs are used frequently when we refers to address someone in social communication.All adult men are called Mr, however women have different addressing terms after they get married.As we know, marriage and age is private.The title of Mrs indicates that women are reluctant to disclose his marriage condition, which is unfair to women.In addition to this ,when adapting the Mrs, her family names do not belong to her own ,but her husbands‟.“Iron Lady” Margaret Thatcher and Nobel Prize Lady Marie Curie did not change this condition.These two famous persons still surbodinated to men.人们在社会交往中称呼某个男性或女性个体时，最常使 用的是Mr、Miss 和Mrs。对所有成年男性都统称为Mr，而对于 成年女性则有已婚和未婚的不同称谓。众所周知，婚姻和年龄 一直都是涉及到个人隐私的话题，而Mrs.这一称谓公开宣布 了女性不愿意表明的婚姻状况，让女人永远都得不到和男人 能够平起平坐的对待。更有甚者，当使用Mrs.的时候，女性使 用的不是自己的姓氏，取而代之的是丈夫的姓，表明自己已经 嫁给了某人，即使是一代名相“铁娘子”撒切尔夫人和诺贝尔 物理奖的居里夫人也没有改变这种现象，这两位女强人虽闻 名世界却仍旧摆脱不了被的问题。这一语言现象正

是由于人们认为男人是世界的主宰，而女人只是男人的附属

3.2.1.2 Derogation of Female Honorific Titles

In the male-orienated society, people honor high stature to men solely, for instance chairman、spokesman and policeman.However when woman gets achievements in her career, she will be regarded as an example.Such as words, doctor、lawyer can both designate the same state or condition as it did for men.However,it is a convention for people classifying them into male-dominated society.for example, “master” and “mistress”.In an earlier society, master and mistress were simple male-female equivalents meaning “one who has control over or ownership of something or has control over another or others”.With the changing of society, “master” now generally refers to a man who has power over others or who has acquired skills in some field.But its feminine counterpart cannot be used in this way.It is practically restricted to its sense of “paramour”, a woman who a man has a sexual relationship with, but is not married to.For example, “He is a master of intricacies and academic politics”, and “Catherine declined to be his mistress, and returned to her husband”.3.2.1.3 Abusive Addressing Terms for Female

Abusive terms of address are unfriendly and insulting terms to address others;convey quite unpleasant affections.There are two major types of words that are most likely to serve as abusive addressing terms which females are humiliated.Examples of the first type are: “wanton” is used to address a woman who is immoral, lewd, and unchaste.The second type are associated with such words as ass, pig, rat, tigress, duckie, shrew, turkey, cow, goat which is closely connected with the figurative meanings of such foods, plants and animals.A.Foods The food terms have not escaped the process of derogation, which often associated with women show women‟s passive image and subordinate status.The following are some examples: cheesecake—a picture of a naked lady;dumpling—short and fat women;mutton—indicating an elderly lady dressed up as a young girl in “mutton dressed(up)as lamb”;

sweet-pie—a mistress;tart—a prostitute or women behave frivolously or a woman considered to be sexually;B.Plants

Plants names are involved in addressing male or female.But the semantic prototype of male is a gigantic tree while that of female is flowers.Plants names are used to address females, they often have insulting meaning as follows: clinging vine—a woman who overly depends on a man emotionally;shrinking violet—a shy woman;wall flower—a woman who has no one to dance with.C.Animals

When you use an animal name for a female, usually they are smaller animals like “kitten”, “bunny”, “chick” which are more likely to become pejorative;and others like “chicken”, which more likely to acquire sexual suggestions.Male, however, are referred to as being a tiger, moose, or even as a bear to show aggressive masculine attribute and dominance to female.When you use an animal name for a female, usually they are smaller animals like “kitten”, “bunny”, “chick” which are more likely to become pejorative;and others like “chicken”, which more likely to acquire sexual suggestions.Male, however, are referred to as being a tiger, moose, or even as a bear to show aggressive masculine attribute and dominance to female.The following are examples:(a)For females bitch—a woman considered to be spiteful or overbearing or a lewd woman;butterfly—a showy or frivolous person(esp.a female);cat—a malicious or spiteful woman or an evil woman;chicken—prostitutes;(b)For males

goat—an old man who is sexually active or a lecherous man;loin—a brave, strong, or fiercely cruel person(usu.of males);tiger—a fierce, determined person(esp.males);wolf—a man given to paying unwanted sexual attention to women or a satyr.From the example discussed above, we could conclude that names of foods, plants and animals used to address female are sexist, because most of them humiliate female from the perspectives of appearance, personality and identity and meanwhile imply that female is inferior to male or easy to be obtained by male.4.Sexism in English proverbs

English proverbs reflect the social customs and cultural perceptions of the English-speaking countries.Since sexism is embodied in human culture, English proverbs unavoidably reflect sexist discrimination.This essay penetrates into sexism in English proverbs from three perspectives, namely status, personality flaws, and demands on women.4.1 Sexism in English proverb There are many proverbs that indicate women‟s low condition in society and her vulnerability in family.The following examples are classified into three kinds a.Social status and family status Man, woman and devil are three degrees of comparison.(男人、女人和魔鬼，三个等级分贵贱。)If the husband be not at home, there is nobody.(丈 夫不在家，等于说没人。)

A woman‟s advice is never to seek.(女人的建议一文 不值。)A woman of no birth may marry into the purple.(夫荣 妻贵。)A woman, a dog and a walnut tree, the more you beat them, the better they‟ll be.(拳脚之下出好妻，棍棒之下 有义犬，胡桃敲打多结果。)A man is a man though he have/has but a hose on his head.(家贫袜当帽，仍是男子汉。)A man of straw is worth of a woman of gold.(稻草男 儿抵得上金玉女子。)A fair face is half a portion.(姿色颜，嫁妆半。)Since the acient time ,women were suppressed under the low social status and suffered a lot.They subordinated to men and acted as an animal for men beating.b.vulnerability characteristic(1)Women are fragile

Frailty , thy name is woman.(脆弱啊，你的名字是女 人。)Woman is made to weep.(女人生性爱流泪。)A woman and a glass are ever in danger.(女人易毁，玻璃易碎。)A woman is the weaker vessel.(女人是易碎的器皿。)It is no more pity to see a woman weep than to see a goose go bare foot.(女人哭如鹅光脚走路，根本不值得可怜。)(2)Women are changeable.A woman is a weather cock.(女人是风向标。)A winter weather and women’s thoughts change oft.(秋 天的云，女人的心—变化莫测。)Women are wavering as the wind.(女人心思犹如风之多 变。)There’s nothing sooner dry than women’s tears.(什 么也没有女人的眼泪干得快。)(3)Women are noisy and troublesome.A woman’s tongue is the last thing about her that dies.Where there are women and geese, there wants no noise.(哪有鹅和女人，哪不缺喧闹声)Foxes are all tail and women are all tongue.Three women and a goose make a market.(三个女人一只 鹅，市场里面闹哄哄。)A woman’s tongue wags like a lamb’s tail.(女人饶 舌如同羔羊摆尾。)Words are women, deeds are men.（女人的嘴巴，男人的 行动。）

(4)Women are deceptive, pretentious and evil.Every woman would rather be beautiful than good.(女 人爱美不重德。)Tell a woman she is fair, and she will soon turn fool.(跟女人讲她长得漂亮，很快她就会晕头转向。)Bad woman are worse than bad men.Trust not a woman, when she weeps.Bad women can do more than the devil.Women are the devil’s nets.(女人是万恶之源。)There is no devil so bad as a she-devil.(魔鬼当中女 人最坏。)3.Traditonal requirments The smell of an onion from the mouth of the lovely is sweeter than that of a rose in the hand of the ugly.(美女口中葱蒜臭，胜过丑女手中玫瑰香。)Husbands are in heaven whose wives scold not.(老婆 不唠叨，丈夫就像生活在天堂里。)A simple maiden in her flower is worth a hundred coats of arms.(正值芳龄的纯洁少女值一百枚勋章。)Beauty without virtue is like a rose without scent.(美而无德犹如花无香味。)Silence is the best ornament of a woman.(女子文静，不须治容。)Maidens should be mild and meek, swift to hear, and slow to speak.(少女尚温柔，多听慢开口。)Modesty is the ornament of women.(稳重为妇女增美。)A good wife and health are a man’s best wealth.(贤 妻与健康是丈夫最佳财富。)从古至今，女性都处在被观赏和被品位的地位，在男性占主 导的社会中，女性被要求既要上得厅堂，又要下得厨房，既要有 貌，又要有德，既要纯洁，又要贤淑。

第三篇：试析英语谚语中的性别歧视

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《呼啸山庄》男主人公希斯克里夫的性格分析 33 跨文化交际中的语用失误与避免方法

A Masterpiece “Stolen” from the Past—Intertextuality Analysis of The Great Gatsby 35 从翻译美学探究散文英译 36 简•爱性格魅力分析

旅游英语中的跨文化交际语用失误分析 38 高级英语课堂中教师角色研究

英文商务信函的语言特点和写作原则 40 简爱性格魅力分析

从文化负载词褒贬意义看中西文化差异 42 论《愤怒的葡萄》中的生态批评思想

浅析英语专业学生在听力理解中的策略运用 44 通过《荆棘鸟》来探究考琳麦卡洛的内心世界 45 词汇衔接手段在新闻英语中的应用

浅析田纳西•威廉斯剧作《欲望号街车》的同性恋倾向

The Symbolic Meaning of Setting and Characters in Howards End 48 A Humanistic Study on Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities 49 功能对等理论视角下的商务合同翻译研究 50 从电影《阿凡达》透视美国文化

The Seven-Eighths of The Old Man and the Sea: an analysis of “Iceberg Theory” 52 文化差异对国际商务演讲的影响 53 谐音现象促成因素及其启示的研究

English-Chinese Advertisement Translation 55 论男权主义在圣经语言中的体现 56 英文电影名汉译中的功能对等 57 英语委婉语中的转喻现象分析 58 英汉动物词汇隐喻意义的对比研究 59 教师在初中教学中对学生的评价

“I” and Rebecca－－A Study on the Comparison of Two Female Characters in Rebecca 61 中国英语在中国文化输出中的作用 62 中西方寒暄语简要对比研究

试析《啊，拓荒者》中的生态伦理观

合作学习在初中英语写作教学中应用的可行性研究 65 浅析《飘》中斯嘉丽的婚姻观

《潜鸟》女主人公——皮格特托纳尔悲剧的探析 67 英语词汇教学方法探讨

《苍蝇》的叙事艺术及悲剧主题探究

英语中的汉语借词折射出的中国对外关系史

托马斯哈代与张爱玲作品中女性悲剧命运对比研究——以苔丝和顾曼桢为例 71 浅析国际商务谈判礼仪的文化差异 72 中西方文化中的节日比较

场独立和场依存对不同主题阅读材料的影响研究 74 To Foster Pupils’Interests in English Teaching 75 分析《雾都孤儿》中的讽刺手法

《宠儿》的黑人女性主义解读（开题报告+论）77 《喜福会》中的象征主义

American Individualism and Its Reflection in the Film Erin Brockovich 79 浅析苔丝悲剧命运的形成原因

The Emerging Tendency of Marketing—Network Marketing 81 A Study on the Cross-Cultural Management in the Sino-American Joint-Venture Enterprises－－With Special Reference to Changan & Ford Motor Company 82 英语词汇中的性别歧视 83 中华民族主义的新表现：“中国威胁论”——构建民族认同的一种手段 84 An Analysis of Hamlet’s Delay of Revenge in Hamlet 85 布什总统演讲词中幽默话语的语用功能分析 86 浅析《小妇人》中乔的女性意识及其成长过程 87 Demystification of Model Minority Theory 88 浅析汉英翻译中中式英语的现象 89 多媒体技术在早期英语教育中的应用

网络流行语翻译评析——“神马都是浮云”个案分析 91 剖析托尼•莫里森笔下的黑人世界 92 科技英语语篇中的语法隐喻研究

A Comparison of the English Color Terms 94 Translation Strategies of Chinese-specific Idioms 95 《乞力马扎罗的雪》中的象征手法解析 96 从自然主义角度解读《苔丝》的悲观主义 97 从《喜福会》母女代沟看中西文化冲突

The Impact of Gender Differences on Language Learning Strategies 99 欧内斯特•海明威《雨中猫》和田纳西•威廉斯《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》中的女主人公的对比分析

《本杰明•富兰克林自传》和《嘉莉妹妹》美国梦的对比研究 101 对《大地》中女性人物的生态女性主义解读 102 DOTA游戏英雄名称汉译策略

The Comparison of Diet Culture between China and America 104 从目的论看《红楼梦》中成语的翻译 105 公示语英译错误分析

论《傲骨贤妻》字幕翻译中的归化和异化策略 107 中西方对鬼怪认识的差异

归化和异化策略在《红楼梦》文化负载词翻译中的应用 109 探析国际贸易中的跨文化风险

非英语专业学生学习英语的动机和策略调查 111 图式理论在高中英语阅读中的运用

电影《苔丝》的缺失——与原著《德伯家的苔丝》的比较 113 对《愤怒的葡萄》中圣经原型的分析 114 论英汉植物词语的文化附加义 115 论模糊限制语在广告中的语用功能

On Alice Walker’s Womanism in The Color Purple 117 试析《假如明天来临》的叙事艺术

The Analysis of the Double Character of Wuthering Heights’ Hero——Heathcliff 119

On the Disposal of Cultural Differences in the Translation 121 A Reflection upon American Heroism Based on Reviews of Hollywood Movies 122 奥斯卡.王尔德的美学观点及其在《道连格雷的画像》中的体现 123 从《艾玛》看简奥斯汀小说中的对话运用 124 提高学生说英语的兴趣和能力 125 英汉新词形成因素研究

影响中学生英语学习的心理因素分析 127 鼓励性教学方法在中学英语教学中的应用 128 浅谈在华跨国公司的本土化策略

从《去吧，摩西》中的“熊”看福克纳对人性的探讨

失败的逃亡—从《麦田守望者》中主人公的逃亡看个人意识对社会的超越 131 网络语言特色分析

论《野性的呼唤》的多重主题 133 新加坡英语和英国英语比较研究

英语毕业论文)从利益最大化的角度分析商务谈判中的报价策略 135 奈达“功能对等”理论在中国电影片名英译中的运用分析 136 An Analysis of Gothic Features in Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado 137 中美个人理财规划的对比分析

On the Translation of Children’s Literature in the Light of the Skopostheory:A Case Study of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 139 从电影《刮痧》看东西方文化差异

Study of the Translation of Flower Image in Chinese Classical Poetry 141 初中英语课堂教学师生互动有效性研究 142 诗歌《飞鸟集》的意象评析 143 论大学英语口语课外活动

A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Address Terms 145 An Interpretation of Initiation Theme in Heart of Darkness 146 《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻

Symbolic Meanings of Babel in The Dogs of Babel 148 A Study on Subtitle Translation of Legal Films 149 从《红字》看霍桑的道德思想观

On the Integrative Use of Multiple Teaching Methods in Middle School English Class 151 论企业对员工过度压力的管理

152 从《一间自己的房间》看弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫的女性主义 153 英文谚语的文化场景在中译文中的缺失与弥合 154 《了不起的盖茨比》—美国梦的破灭 155 毛泽东诗词中典故翻译的对比研究 156 从文化角度看中美家庭教育的差异 157 英文电影中俚语的翻译策略

158 两种文化中不同的生存希望——以电影《肖申克的救赎》和《活着》人物命运分析为例

159 跨文化视角下研究英汉民俗词语的不等值翻译 160 中式英语成因之分析 161 英语语言中的性别歧视

162 浅谈文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响及对策 163 温和的反叛者——论《小妇人》中的女性群像 164 论《荆棘鸟》中的女性意识 165 跨文化背景下的广告翻译技巧 166 文化负迁移对翻译的影响

167 高中英语写作中母语负迁移现象分析

168 A Comparative Study of Inversion between English and Chinese 169 中美篮球背后的青年文化 170 论《看不见的人》的主人公的心理成长历程

171 天鹅的涅槃——以跨文化交际的角度解读《喜福会》中母女关系 172 浅析爱伦坡《乌鸦》的语音象征 173近年来汉语中英语借词的简析

174 《愤怒的葡萄》中圣经的象征和隐喻

175 从王尔德喜剧中的花花公子形象解读王尔德信奉的纨绔主义 176 英汉基本颜色词的文化内涵对比及其翻译

177 《红字》中的丁梅斯代尔和齐灵渥斯谁更“恶”？

178 生命不息，奋斗不止——海明威小说中的英雄伦理观和英雄形象研究 179 比较《百万英镑》和《阿Q正传》 180 超音段特征对意义的影响 181 中英文化差异与翻译策略

182 新闻英语中的委婉语及其翻译策略 183 试析英语谚语中的性别歧视

184 简•奥斯汀《诺桑觉寺》中人物对爱情和婚姻的不同态度 185 浅谈商标的特点及其翻译 186 试论英语学习中的动机

187 试究中国古诗词英译中的常用技巧—以《发如雪》为例

188 A Thousand Splendid Suns: from the Perspective of Initiation Story 189 企业英文简介中的概念语法隐喻分析

190 以马斯洛需求层次理论分析《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情婚姻观 191 试析中英婚姻生活差异及其原因 192

193 紫色中女人意识的觉醒

194 论礼貌制约下You-attitude在英语商务信函中的用法 195 跨文化交际中的中西方时间观念

196 跨文化交际中英语副语言的表现和交际功能

197 从《悲悼三部曲》看尤金•奥尼尔对古希腊悲剧的继承性超越 198 论D.H.劳伦斯诗歌中的救赎意识 199 《呼啸山庄》的哥特式传统

第四篇：英语中对女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征

英语中对女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征

减小字体 增大字体 作者：张 娜 来源：考试周刊 发布

时间：2007-11-03 关键字:英语 女性 性别歧视 语言 词汇

摘要：本文从熟语和人名两个方面，运用举例、对比等方法，探讨了英语中对女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征。

关键词：性别歧视 熟语 人名 词汇特征引言

性别歧视是以性别为基础而产生的一种歧视现象，是一个性别成员对另一个性别成员的歧视，既包括对女性的歧视，也包括对男性的歧视，实际上常指对女性的歧视。性别歧视反映在语言中就形成了语言性别歧视。语言中的性别歧视观点是在揭示了语言的不对称现象以后提出来的。语言学家们相信，受宗教法规、等级制度等制约的文化环境中的语言，反映的是男性世界图景的本质内容—男性属于中心地位，而女性的形象却是残缺不全。文化伴随意义，语言国情学研究的一个重要方面是受民族文化制约（即形式上来表现）的附属义，主要包括潜在的感情色彩和评价色彩，两者相互联系，其总和概括地体现了人们对事物现象的褒贬态度（顾亦谨，1991：23-4）。词汇与社会发展的关系最密切，透过词汇的文化伴随意义，可以看到文化里渗透的性别歧视。本文将从熟语、人名两个方面谈谈英语中对女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征。女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征

2.1熟语

熟语按其性质可分成谚语、俗语等六类（王德春，1997：144）。本文仅讨论前两类。

2.1.1 谚语

谚语是人类智慧的结晶，语言简洁的化身。语言学家把它形象地比喻为“民族之明镜”，“语言活化石”（杨永林，1987：37）。谚语作为观念文化的产物和语言的组成部分，无疑会折射出性别歧视的思想意识。

汉语里的“三个女人一台戏”说的就是女人多嘴多舌，英语里也有类似的说法：Three women and a goose make a market.在英语谚语里，描写女人多言的谚语似乎跟鹅结下了不解之缘。比如：Many women, many words;many geese, many turds（鹅的粪多，女人的话多）；Where there are women and geese, there wants no noise（有女人有鹅，把耳朵都能吵破）。（徐超墀，1983）

夫妻关系中对女性歧视表现得尤为突出，比如：A woman, a dog and a walnut tree, the more you beat them, the better they are.（拳脚之下出好妻，棍棒之下有义犬，核树敲打结果多。）The house goes mad when women gad.（女人爱闲荡，一家乱纷纷。）Smoke, rain and a very crusty wife make a man weary of house and life.（烟熏、雨漏、泼辣妇，使人厌世家难住。）（徐超墀，1983）

2.1.2俗语

现代美国俗语里，对女性的性别歧视表现为把女人比作食物、植物、动物。有些词乍看挺美，但实际上语义双关。这与女人的外貌、性别及年龄密切相关。随着年龄的增长，容颜的苍老，所用的词也发生变化，含有轻蔑、讽刺、厌恶之意了。可见女人处在被供养、观赏、品尝和玩弄的地位，女性的重要性仅仅在于美丽、年轻和性方面。下面对“The book of slang”(1983)中出现的带有对女性性别歧视的词汇进行分类。

2.1.2.1比喻食物

peach 桃子；漂亮女子；cherry樱桃；处女；sweet-pie甜馅饼；情人；tart果馅饼；妓女；举止轻佻的女子；cheesecake干酪饼；富于性感的裸体女人像；mutton羊肉；做少女打扮的老妪；tomato西红柿；妓女；漂亮女子

2.1.2.2比喻植物

blossom花；女人；daisy雏菊；漂亮姑娘；rose玫瑰；极其美丽可爱的女子；rosebud玫瑰花苞；漂亮姑娘；初入社交界的女子；clinging vine有藤蔓的植物；依赖男子的女子；wall flower墙头花；舞会中无舞伴的女子；shrinking violet蜷缩的紫罗兰；羞怯的女子。与此相反，男人的角色主动、刚毅、果敢，难以想象有谁把男人与花朵联系在一起。唯一能侮辱男人的就是骂他象个女人似的：pansy（三色紫罗兰，无大丈夫气的男子）

2.1.2.3比喻动物

人们用动物比喻男人和女人，并把自己的好恶和褒贬也带进了这种比喻。由动物的形象及其比喻引起的联想常能产生各种各样受民族文化制约的附加意义。这种附加意义反映的就是民族心理特征以及民族风俗和伦理道德观念。

cat猫；心地恶毒的女人；bitch母狗；坏女人 淫妇；crone老母羊；干瘪的老太婆；butterfly蝴蝶；轻浮的人（尤指女人）；bat蝙蝠；妓女；dragon龙；严厉固执的女人；heifer小母牛 漂亮姑娘； shrew地鼠；泼妇；悍妇。

美国作家Nilson.A.P.(1982)曾将女人的一生用chicken metaphor来描述，英文如下：In her youth, she is a chick, then she marries and begins feeling cooped up, so she goes to hen parties where she cackles with her friends.Then she has her brood and begins to henpeck her husband.Finally she turns into an old biddy.幼时，她是一位可爱的小女孩，长大后结了婚，开始有种被关进鸡笼里个感觉，于是她去参加妇女集会，在那里唧唧喳喳与女友们说个没完。再后来，生了孩子，开始象母鸡啄米一样无休止地谴责丈夫。最后，她成了一位十足的长舌妇。

这段话用一连串绝妙的双关语，形象地描写了女人的一生，其中几个“关键词”都与鸡有关。如chick（小鸡；小女孩；年轻的女子），coop（把鸡关进笼子；受束缚），cackle（母鸡下蛋时咯咯叫；形容女人嘀嘀咕咕地讲），hen parties（母鸡群；妇女集会），brood（（鸡等）一窝；小孩），henpeck（鸡啄米；“妻管严”），biddy（母鸡；长舌妇）。

2.2人名

从表面看，人名只是人们用语言区别人的特定标志，每个人名都有具体的确定所指，千万个人名只是相区别的语言个体存在。实际上，无论是人名的外在形式还是内在含义，都与相应的社会文化紧密相关。（顾亦谨，1991：77）

2.2.1名字的文化内涵

2.2.1.1名字的含义

“人名是各族人民历史的一部分，它们反映了各族人民的风俗、信仰、希冀、向往和艺术创造以及它们与历史的联系（顾亦谨，1991：77）”。因此，名字在一定程度上代表了社会的观念，反映出父母对男孩、女孩的不同期望。人们普遍认为女子名应该表现出女性的美丽、温柔与“贤妻良母”的气质（刘晓民，1998：89），所以女性常以花卉、小动物和珠宝为名，以显其娇气、嫩弱、依赖、爱惜、呵护，供人欣赏、受人珍藏等被动意味。如：花卉Rose, Lily, Violet;小动物Faw, Salmon, Vanessa;珠宝Ruby, Jewel, Crystal, Diamond, Margaret等。

2.2.1.2名字的短暂性

女性在年幼时，是父亲的daughter，从父姓；长大了，就成了某某人的girl friend；结了婚，按照惯例，不仅要放弃姓，有时甚至是名字。当妇女无权拥有自己的“姓氏”，无权拥有自己家族的“姓氏”时，无形中就强化了女人是男人的财产这样一种观念（Spender D.,1985:24-5）。比如在美国，一个叫Mary William的女子和一个叫Henry James的男子结婚后，Mary William的名和姓完全被取消了，她从此被称为Mrs James。丈夫死后，妇女仍得保留夫姓，若是再嫁，又得换后来丈夫的姓。

即使出了名，享有较高的社会地位，也没有多大改变，如大名鼎鼎的英国前首相Mrs.Thatchel（撒切尔夫人）,虽为铁娘子，但人们也只知她是Mrs.Thatchel, 而真正的姓氏却鲜为人知。上任美国总统Klinton的夫人原来也是一位婚后坚持用娘家姓的“解放了的妇女”，为了帮助丈夫竞选总统，才改用夫姓。对她来说，这大概是为丈夫的事业所做的最尴尬的牺牲。更换姓名的传统，反映了美国女性是男人的附属品，没有选择自己姓名的权利。

2.2.2名字的作用

在英语语言中对女性的性别歧视表现在一些表示女性和女孩名称的词，经常被用来指称一些令人厌恶的事物。如：南美洲有一种毒性很大的蜘蛛，交配后将雄蜘蛛吃掉，英语中称其为black widow spider。

在美国，过去常以女性的名字来给飓风命名。二战期间，美国海陆军气象人员首次以女孩名字按字母顺序为太平洋上爆发的飓风命名。该方法于1952年被美国气象局采用。第一张飓风名单为“Alice Barbara, Carol, Dolly, Edna, Florence, Gilda, Hazel, Irene, Jill, Katherine, Lucy, Mabel, Norma, Orpha, Queen, Rachel, Susie, Tina, Una, Vicky and Walis”。破坏性很大的飓风称为Hurricane Betty。气象局用女孩名字命名飓风的做法曾引起许多妇女的不满和抗议，因为名字与飓风雷同的女性受到了人们的取笑，并由此造成生活中的麻烦和苦恼（夏决芬、陈晓珊，1999：71）。

有些毒品的名称也冠上了女性的名字。在Judith S.Neaman %26 Carole G.Silver写的“A Thesaurus of Euphemisms”(1983)一书的“（服毒后的）幻觉与幻觉者“中，一共有20个词语，其中5个用来描写女性，1个描写男性，中性14个。如用Mary, Mary Jane, Mary Anne, Mary Warner婉指大麻毒品marijuana;用 White Lady, Old Lady White 婉指可卡因毒品cocaine;用White Nurse, Miss Emma婉指毒品吗啡morphine,而男性名称婉指毒品的只有Boy一词，人们用它婉指毒品海洛因heroin。

通过对女性名字用途的考察，我们也找到了女性受歧视的痕迹。

小结

本文从歧视女性这一角度，从熟语和人名两个方面，运用举例、对比等方法探讨了英语中对女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征。性别歧视的研究对我们有很大的启发。语言是用来表达思想的，它反映着操这种语言的民族的文化。学习语言，不仅要掌握语言符号，还要掌握符号里蕴涵的民族文化信息。只有这样，才能真正掌握语言，充分发挥其交际工具的作用。

参考文献：

［1］顾亦谨.语言与文化—俄语语言国情学概论［M］.郑州：河南人民出版社,1991.［2］王德春.语言学概论［M］.上海：上海外语教育出版社,1997.［3］杨永林.性别歧视在谚语里的表现［J］.外语教学与研究,第2期,1987.［4］徐超墀.英谚译介［M］.福州:福建教育出版社,1984.［5］黄凌，郭建民.英语谚语里的女性歧视［J］.兰州大学报,第1期,1992.［6］刘晓民.英汉性别歧视语与文化渊源［J］.广东教育学院学报,第3期,1998.［7］Spender D,1985,Man Made Language［M］.London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.［8］夏决芬，陈晓珊.浅谈英语语言中的性别差异［J］.湖南教育学院学报，第6期，1999.

第五篇：中文新闻报道中的语言性别歧视现象探讨

中文新闻报道中的语言性别歧视现象探讨

摘 要 由于受到中国古代“男尊女卑”思想的影响，女性的社会地位和应扮演的角色即使在现代社会仍然饱受争议，在各行各业都存在着男性对于女性的性别歧视现象。这种性别歧视现象也广泛的存在于新闻报道所使用的语言当中。本文试图从性别歧视在新闻报道中的不同表现入手，探析如何避免歧视性语言的出现。

关键词 新闻语言；性别歧视；平等意识

中图分类号G2 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1674-6708（2015）137-0012-02

新闻语言自人类社会的产生经历了一个漫长的发展过程，随着社会的发展需要而得到不断的改进和完善。从大众传播学的角度来看，新闻语言是文字在传播过程中的一种编码方式，而汉语文化的博大精深使得在编码过程中语言所要表达的意图发生改变或遭到误解，这些都有可能造成不同层次方面的语言歧视。在所有已知的语言体系当中，性别歧视可以说是表现最为突出的一种语言歧视现象。在新闻报道中的性别歧视一般是指在不是必须的情况下，在能力、秉性及职业等多方面将女性和男性加以区分或强调。语言性别歧视的表现

1.1 男性中心论

汉语是一种有性别的语言，这种性别首先就体现在人称代词和部分名词的选用上。在中文的新闻语言中的男性中心论主要体现在选用词汇的词序和语义上。首先，在长期以来形成的语言习惯当中，几乎所有有关男女性别的词汇都是男先女后，例如兄妹，夫妻，男才女貌等。在男性为主的社会里，社会结构概念和人们的认知角度都倾向于男权化，人们的经验结构随之也会产生一种心理定势，从而对词序产生强制作用。其次，在一些新闻报道中，如果新闻当事人包含两种性别，在代词的选择上多数会选用男性的“他们”来笼统涵盖当事人的性别。如果在不确认当事人的性别情况下，新闻报道中多数习惯选用“他”而不是“她”。这种词序的安排和笼统包含在新闻报道中的使用，潜移默化的给读者造成了一种以男性为主体的认知。再次，在语义上的歧视主要体现在一般和男性相关的词汇都是中性词汇或隐含褒义，而女性相关的词汇则大量含有贬义。我们在新闻报道中看到“娘炮”、“寡妇”“女流之辈”等词语都过分强调女性性格特征中负面的一部分，认为软弱、贪婪、充满消费欲望是女性的共同特征和代言词。另一方面把女性看作是男性的附属品，只有具备了男性性格中坚毅的品格的女性才是杰出的。如中国网一则标题为“埃及著名交际花被捕 系军方领导人赛西的狂热粉丝”报道，在标题中使用了“交际花”这一词语，交际花多指旧时在社交场中活跃而有名的女子，含有轻蔑意义，虽然现代有时也用来指代妩媚且交际能力强的女子，但是此处用在新闻标题中过分强调女性的交际特征，并且在文中使用了诸如“恶毒”“放荡”等形容词对其进行描述。看看新闻网的一则新闻标题为“赵丽颖吃醋陈晓约袁珊珊 撅小嘴当场变身母老虎”。“母老虎”这一词语也含有贬义，多用来形容泼辣剽悍的女人，出现在标题中表达的是对女性的一种刻板印象。诸如此类词汇在新闻报道中屡见不鲜而且往往是隐蔽的，甚至是连女性本身也难以察觉其中的歧视意味。

1.2 女性外貌特征强化

在新闻报道中女性的外貌特征常被放大或强化，把可观赏性作为女性最重要的社会价值之一。“蛇蝎美女”、“性感尤物”、“红颜祸水”等用来形容女性的词语多数是从男性的角度出发，美貌与否都是以男性的审美标准为尺度进行评判。“女神”、“小花旦”、“女汉子”等词汇在新闻中的频繁出现其实也是一种常见的语言歧视现象。多次担任总理记者会首席翻译的张璐也因为其才华外貌出众而出现在各大新闻报道中，而这些新闻报道几乎都在标题中给“张璐”这个名字冠以“美女翻译”的修饰性定语，相对于她的才华，媒体在报道当中首先提及的却是她的端庄典雅。以下是一些媒体在报道中所使用的一些标题。

“总理记者会美女翻译张璐迷翻网友” 中国青年网

“美女翻译张璐现身总理记者会 依旧高大上 ” 扬子晚报

“两会美女翻译引关注 冷艳干练神似赵薇” 新快报

可以看出，女性出众的外貌才是能够吸引大众的话题，相比之下女性的才能和学习力经常在报道中被淡化或忽略。

1.3 女性角色标签化

由于“男主外，女主内”的思想根深蒂固，在新闻报道中，女性的角色往往更容易被标签化，教师、护士、家庭主妇等作为传统的女性角色被广泛认可，而对于身居要职声名显赫或是独树一帜的女性大肆报道，似乎女性的成功或失败相对于男性来说都是异常的。英拉作为泰国历史上第28位总理，她的上任与职务解除都成为各大媒体竞相报道的题材。而在所有与英拉有关的新闻报道中，我们经常会见到“首位女总理”、“美女总理” 等词汇的出现，而且绝大部分会作为定语出现在新闻标题中。在有关女性政要的新闻中，媒体更关注的是她们的性别，容貌与家庭等因素。这种对于国际政要的女性身份的特殊强调，实质上是对女性所扮演的社会角色的一种不公平对待，因为在整个社会的整体认知中，“总统”“总理”等一般被默认为男性词汇，而实际在语言学中这些词语是中性的，并没有性别标记。包括像美国国务卿希拉里?克林顿、韩国总统朴槿惠、德国总理默克尔等女性国际政要在许多报道中所扮演的都是一个“突破自我”的女性形象，因为这与传统的女性角色定位冲突。再来看一些新闻标题：

“铤而走险骗钱财 家庭主妇成囚犯” 法制网

“温州大妈聚众吸毒 寂寞是主因” 中国妇女报

“贪官情妇成高危人群 为何还有女人趋之若鹜往上扑” 中国网

不难看出，在这些新闻标题中，无一不把女性的社会角色标签化，在人们的意识中，已经形成这样的一种思维定式：女性的角色应该是母亲，所有女性的身上都散发着母性的光辉，生儿育女是每个女人必须经历的人生过程；女性的角色应该是家庭主妇，洗衣做饭操持家务是女人在家庭生活中理应承担的责任；女性的角色应该是被称为“白衣天使”的护士，长相姣好，轻声细语的呵护每一个病患。在有关贪污腐败案例的报道中，“情妇”、“小三”、“二奶”等词语更是成为高频词汇，把官员贪污腐败的发生与女性的作用联系起来，夸大或强调女性在此类案件中的负面影响和作用。这些词汇的选用都是语言性别歧视的一种体现。结论

人们对于周边生活世界的认识大多数是来自大众传媒，新闻文从业人员的基本素质和价值取向直接影响着社会的建构。所以对于新闻从业者来说，应该正视语言性别歧视现象，在新闻报道过程中树立平等公正的思想观念，摆脱刻板印象带来的影响，无论是在议题选择上还是遣词造句上，都应考虑到不同群体的感受和利益。对于每一篇新闻报道都要仔细斟酌其所运用的词语是否有言外之意，是否是在真正客观公正的反映某个社会现象或问题，要在不断的新闻实践基础之上总结经验和方法，提高对可能出现的语言性别歧视的敏感性，不断提高自己的业务水平。通过更加温和客观的传播方式体现出大众传媒对于社会的人文关怀。

参考文献

[1]徐莉.传媒语言的性别歧视[J].安徽师范大学学报，2008（1）.[2]孙书蝶.大众传媒中的性别歧视[J].新闻爱好者，2003（3）.