第一篇：英语语言中的性别歧视
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 2 英语新闻标题的语言特点及翻译 3 诗歌《飞鸟集》的意象评析 浅析好莱坞英雄主义中的传统英雄和反英雄形象 5 从“三美”原则看《荷塘月色》的翻译 6 如果不复仇——论呼啸山庄中的爱与恨 7 [会计学]资产减值会计的应用研究 从儒学与基督教的角度探析中西文化差异 9 新加坡英语和英国英语比较研究 弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫《达洛卫夫人》的生态女性主义解读 11 中美婚姻价值观对比 The Impact of Cultural Differences on Sino-US Business Negotiations 13 从常见的中英文名字比较中英两国命名文化差异 艾伦金斯堡及其《嚎叫》之于二十世纪六十年代美国文化的影响 15 从节日习俗分析东西方文化差异——以春节和圣诞节为例 16 《纯真年代》中爱伦和梅的对比分析 从清教理想主义角度解读《红字》中的和谐思想 18 从《喜福会》母女代沟看中西文化冲突 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。原创Q 799 75 79 38 《喜福会》中母爱主题的文化阐释 21 论口译中的跨文化意识 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 23 华盛顿•欧文与陶渊明逃遁思想对比研究 24 从《丧钟为谁而鸣》看海明威的生死观 25 探析《红字》中齐灵渥斯的恶中之善 26 怎样提高初中生的英语口语 27 从礼貌原则看中英委婉语的差异 28 《名利场》中女性命运对比 The Analysis of Pearl in The Scarlet Letter 30 从华裔女性文学看东西方女性主义的发展与融合—— 以华裔女作家林湄及其作品《天望》为例
拜伦式人物—艾米莉•勃朗特——《呼啸山庄》的弗洛伊德解读 32 态度系统的评价价值－－以小说《傲慢与偏见》例 33 中英文颜色词的文化内涵及翻译 34 《喜福会》的女权主义解读 35 英汉动物词语文化内涵的差异 36 小学英语语法任务式教学 37 英汉产品简介的对比分析
《法国中尉的女人》中对维多利亚时代的批判
A Brief Analysis of Jack London’s Attitude towards Life Reflected in The Call of the Wild 40 论《麦田里的守望者》的意义
浅析英语语言中的性别歧视及消除语言歧视的策略 42 天鹅的涅槃——以跨文化交际的角度解读《喜福会》中母女关系 43 新闻新词的文化内涵与翻译 44 中美肢体语言的差异
试用标记模式理论分析广告语中的语码混用现象
从“绯闻女孩”与“我的青春谁做主”中浅析中美青年婚姻爱情观的异同 47 从功能翻译理论看企业简介汉英翻译
A Study on the Motivations of Korean Students in China: Impacts of Internationalization on Korean Higher Education 49 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 50 从《悲悼三部曲》看尤金•奥尼尔对古希腊悲剧的继承性超越 51 从信息层面探析语言翻译中的动态对等原则
A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Politeness between Chinese and English 53 希望失落的机械天堂——析《加算器》中的人性失落主题 54 《麦琪的礼物》主题与写作手法分析 55 纳博科夫小说《洛丽塔》的爱情讽刺
福克纳笔下的“南方淑女”－－从互文视角解析凯蒂和艾米莉的边缘化形象特征 57 浅析英语外加状语的语用功能
论简奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中的女性意识和婚姻观 59 英汉颜色词隐喻的认知比较与研究 60 东西方文化中团队意识的差别
西丽自我身份的寻求——《紫色》的女性主义解读
C-E Translation of Public Signs—From the Perspective of Functionalism 63 《我的安东妮娅》中的文化冲突研究
An Analysis on Feminism from the Perspective of Music in Little Women 65 英语中的汉语借词
论《老人与海》中人与自然的矛盾性与和谐性 67 从《人与鼠》看斯坦贝克艺术风格 68 论《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义 69 论“成长的烦恼”中的美国家庭文化
Psychological Portrayal in an Epistolary Novel－－－－On Samuel Richardson’s Pamela 71 试析《伊坦弗洛美》中细娜的药品与乡村生活的不和谐性 72 公共标识语翻译失误分析 73 五官习语的翻译 74 意象图式研究
透过好莱坞校园电影解析美国青少年的特点 76 金融英语的规范性及翻译策略研究
嘉莉妹妹失去自我的悲剧性命运对中国女性自我价值体现的启迪 78 论反语的语用功能
译前准备对交替传译成效的课堂研究——以礼仪祝辞类口译为例 80 从《永别了，武器》看海明威的战争观 81 世纪年代鲁迅与梁实秋之间的翻译论战 82 小组合作在高中英语阅读教学中的运用
The Influences of Religion On the American Society 84 《美国悲剧》中的对比手法运用研究 85 美国黑人英语的句法特征
从关联理论角度看英语广告中修辞手法的翻译 87 动物习语中文化意象的比较与翻译 88 论翻译的艺术
《麦田里的守望者》的文体特色分析 90 新闻英语中的委婉语及其翻译策略 91 论简爱的性格特征
关于数字在英语商务合同中的应用的讨论 93 论大学英语口语课外活动 94 从意象看《喜福会》的主题
比较《简爱》中女性“陈规形象”与《飘》中女性“新形象” 96 《爱玛》的婚姻观分析
从情景喜剧《生活大爆炸》看违反合作原则的言语幽默 98 英语修辞的翻译方法
习语的文化现象及翻译策略研究 100 英汉鸟类词汇文化内涵比较
托尼•莫里森《秀拉》中的女性主义
从《汤姆叔叔的小屋》看斯托夫人的宗教矛盾心理 103 《游泳者》中的艺术特色
A Comparison of the English Color Terms 105 On Children’s Psychological Needs from Harry Potter 106 李安电影中的文化融合现象
观《麦田里的守望者》的教育失败 108 简•爱性格魅力分析
《查特莱夫人的情人》中肉体与灵魂的平衡 110 《好人难寻》的冷漠主题分析 111 英汉恭维语及其应答对比研究
Ethic Values about Marriage and Sex in the Bible 113 英汉工具类名转动词实时构建的整合分析－－基于网络论坛语料 114
A Paralysed Wilderness—The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby 116 修辞在政治演讲中的作用－－以奥巴马获胜演讲为例 117 《推销员之死》的文化解读 118 论盖茨比悲剧的必然性
从中西婚礼文化看中西方文化差异
继承与颠覆—解读《傲慢与偏见》中的“灰姑娘”模式
On the Influence of Social Environment on Pip’s Growth in Great Expectation 122 产品说明书的翻译技巧
An Analysis of Mulan's Character in Moment in Peking 124 “以读促写”提高英语写作能力的教学法研究 125 中西方酒文化之比较研究
《他们眼望上苍》中的女性主义
从《喜福会》母女冲突看中美家庭教育差异 128 Feminism in Eileen Chang's works 129 中美广告语言文化异同研究
英文歌曲在提高英语专业学生口语能力方面的作用 131 埃兹拉•庞德和意象主义 132 中英数字习语的翻译
《了不起的盖茨比》中两个女主人公的道德沦丧的探析
Comparison between High and Low-context Culture in Language Expression 135 模糊语言的社会语用功能
《瓦尔登湖》生态批评视角分析
西方骑士精神与中国侠义精神的比较研究—以《亚瑟王之死》和《水浒传》为例 138 詹姆斯鲍德温《桑尼的布鲁士》中男主人公桑尼的自我救赎 139 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 140 废墟之鹰——《永别了武器》中亨利形象之分析 141 浅析俚语在美国亚文化群中的使用及其成因
The Analysis of Promotion Strategy of L’Oréal in China 143 中西方礼貌原则及其差异对比研究 144 成人第二语言习得中的石化现象
运用超验主义解读《小妇人》中的女性形象
荒诞与抵抗——《局外人》中莫尔索的荒诞表现之原因分析
欧内斯特•海明威《雨中猫》和田纳西•威廉斯《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》中的女主人公的对比分析
Text Memorization and English Learning 149 《喜福会》中的中美文化冲突 150 中美体育报道的比较
151 从人性论分析维克多•雨果的《悲惨世界》 152 论《老人与海》中圣地亚哥性格的双重性 153 废墟上成长起来的南方新女性 154 An Analysis of Fagin in Oliver Twist 155 社交活动中肢体语言的研究 156 盖茨比的人物形象分析
157 《丧钟为谁而鸣》中罗伯特.乔丹性格的多视角分析 158 论《傲慢与偏见》中的女性形象
159 Euphemistic Expressions in Business Correspondences 160 The Tragic Color of Tender Is the Night 161 Tragedy of a Woman and Society—Comment on Far from the Madding Crowd 162 论《蝇王》中戈尔丁对人性之恶的解析 163 英汉双语词典中的语用信息 164 基于作品人物浅析菲茨杰拉德 165 电影《纳尼亚传奇》中的圣经意象
166 论文化差异在好莱坞电影《功夫熊猫》中的表现 167 交际法在中学英语的应用 168 解读《觉醒》中的个人主义
169 浅谈古希腊罗马神话对《哈利波特》系列小说(前四部)的影响 170 文化视角下的英汉委婉语翻译探讨
171 影响英语课堂合作学习有效性的因素分析及其对策 172 创世神话与民族特性—《旧约》与中国古代民间传说
173 An Analysis of the Fool in King Lear from the Perspective of New Historicism 174 从原型批评理论角度分析威利洛曼的悲剧 175 谈英汉励志谚语互译
176 浅析《儿子与情人》中的恋母情结
177 Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese by Analyzing Brand Names 178 英语语音学习中的母语负迁移现象研究
179 解析《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的性格特征及其成因 180 An Analysis of the Female Characters in Moment in Peking 181 试论盖茨比对其梦想生活的追求
182 从消费文化角度看《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的破灭 183 课堂管理对高中英语课堂互动的影响 184 浅析英语谚语中的女性歧视
185 从目的论看《红楼梦》中灯谜翻译 186 少儿英语语言学习策略调查与研究 187 《芭芭拉少校》中的现实主义 188 汉英叠词对比研究及其翻译 189 英语语言中的性别歧视 190 谈英语文学作品名称的汉译
191 A CP-based Analysis of Humor in Friends 192 A Study on Error Correction in JEFC Classroom 193 论英美文学作品中的人名寓意及翻译 194 浅谈中学生中国式英语产生及对策
195 跨文化交际中的社交语用失误及其对英语教学的启示 196 从标记理论看英语词汇性别歧视现象 197 特洛伊战争电影改编的语境探析 198 女性哥特视角下的《蝴蝶梦》研究
199 浅析英汉基本颜色词之文化内涵－－以“白”与“黑”为例 200 新兴资产阶级代表—鲁滨逊•克鲁索
第二篇：浅谈英语语言中性别歧视
浅谈英语语言中性别歧视
中文摘要
性别歧视在不同的社会制度和国家中都不同程度地存在。而作为一种普遍的社会现象，自然会在语言中得到折射。本文介绍了英语中的性别歧视语的种种表现形式，分析了这种现象产生的社会原因和文化根源，并总结了在英语语言运用过程中消除性别歧视的方法。关键词: 英语语言；性别歧视;产生原因；消除方法
Abstract
Sex discrimination exists in all the social systems and countries, and as a common social phenomenon, it is surly reflected in language.This paper lists out different forms of sex discrimination in English, analyses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and summarizes the corresponding methods of eliminating sex discrimination in English speaking.Key words: English;sex discrimination;causes;methods of eliminating
引言
在社会生活中，语言对男女一视同仁，但语言是文化的载体，并在人们不断使用的过程中逐渐得到丰富和发展。作为一个地区，一个民族约定俗成的一种表达方式，语言必然会反映出一定的社会价值观念和民族思维方式。性别歧视是以性别为基础而产生的一种社会歧视现象，«朗曼英语词典» 对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。《美国传统字典》的定义是“一种性别成员对另一性别成员，尤其是男性对女性的歧视”。虽然它可以表现为男性对女性的歧视，也可以表现为女性对男性的歧视。但是“性别歧视”通常是对女性的歧视，是人们对女性的偏见和男女社会地位不平等的反映。“女性长期以来被看作是the weaker sex/the second sex，是男性的陪衬和附属品。即使在标榜人权，平等的西方发达国家中也是如此。而现代女权运动轰轰烈烈的发展形势正是对这一不平等现象的反抗和反映。”[1](P80)从而在语言中，出现了多种多样的性别歧视语，英语也不例外。
一、性别歧视语言现象
（一）人际称谓
亲昵称谓
在西方，男性上司称呼他们的女性下属时可以用一些表示亲密关系的昵称，如sugar, darling, sweetie, girlie;反过来，女性下属却不能用这些昵称来称呼她们的上司，而且女性上司也不能如此来称呼她们的男性职员，可是，陌生男子或非亲密关系的男子却可用昵称来称呼女子，这说明在英美社会女性比男性社会地位低，受到的尊重比男性少。[2](P74)姓名称谓
在西方 ,女子婚前一般用父姓 ,婚后改用丈夫的姓 , 例如 :在西方婚礼上 ,新郎新娘步入教堂时 ,牧师宣布:“I now pronounce you man and wife.”“婚后的男子依旧是man ,而婚后的女子则由Miss变成了wife这种现象不乏女权主义者和职业妇女。”[2](P74)当时的美国总统Bill Clinton的夫人Hilary Rodhamon也在为自己的 ,即支持已婚女性不仅
应当标注夫姓 ,而且只应当标注夫姓 ,而不应继续标注父姓。尽管Hilary Rodhamon本人是一位女权运动者 ,但她还是把自己的名字根据丈夫和自己的政治需要, 先从Hilary Rodhamon改为Hilary Rodhamon Clinton, 最后改为Hilary Clinton。但是, 不管怎么改, 都不能超出如下选择: 要么跟父亲姓, 要么跟丈夫姓。这种以丈夫的姓冠之于前的称呼 ,表明妇女出嫁后就成了丈夫的私有财产, 是属于丈夫的, 因此无法得到与丈夫平等的权利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓, 已婚的用Mrs.或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。
指代称谓
1）提到男女双方时，双方不是处于平等地位，而是男先女后。
King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, husband and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr.Lucas and his wife Louise.2）.一些形式上没有男性标志的词意，人们习惯上把它们当作是男性词看待。
英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为 professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate 等为男性，当我们听到有人说：My cousin is a professor 时，多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说明这些词是女性的，一般可在前面加上woman, lady, female 等 修饰语。如:woman professor, lady doctor, female worker等，这些所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male或是man,如:male nurse, man teacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见。
（二）词语发展
首先，表面上对应的词,含义却往往褒男贬女在英语中往往通过对女性名词的恶化来达到性别歧视的目的。几乎所有的女性名词都带有贬义,如queen, lady, mistress, madam等,其贬义为“雌猫”、“情妇”、以及“鸨母”等,而与之对应的king, lord, master, father 等词,如将他们的起首字母大写即可升格为“上帝”、“基督”、“主”、“神”等意义。
其次，英语中常用一些动物的名称来指称某些女性。
比如:bat(贱妇,丑妇,妓女);dog(丑妇,贱妇,没有成就的女人,妓女);chicken(见面熟的年轻女人);cat(恶妇,包藏祸心的女人,可卑的女人);cow(子女多的女人,肥胖而不整洁的女人,经常怀孕的女人,妓女);mutton(放荡的女人,做少女打扮的老妇女,妓女)。
并且，英语中还有一些带有轻蔑色彩,专指中老年妇女的词汇。
比如:trot(老太婆);hen(爱管闲事或嘴碎的中年妇女);warhorse(粗声大气,肥胖固执的女人);crone(干瘪皱皮的老太婆);hag(爱做坏事的老丑妇);witch(老丑妇);biddy(长舌妇);harridan(面容枯槁,脾气暴躁的老妇)。
（三）谚语运用
理性类
宋朝黄六鸿《福惠全书，弄名部》载：“妇人水性杨花，焉得不为所动”，诋毁女子“用情不专”，“缺乏理性”，在英语中就有相类似的谚语。
Long hair and short wit.(头发长，见识短)
When an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women.(若要女子有才智，除非毛驴攀上树)
言及女子“感情游移”“二三其德”的有：
A woman’s mind and winter wind change a lot.（冬天里的风，女子的心胸---变化异常）
Women, wind and fortune are ever changing.（女子，风向与命运，翻天覆地无常态）
婚嫁类
A fair face is half a portion.（姿色艳，嫁妆半）
When the candles are out, all women are fair.（烛灯熄，无妍女）
Daughters and dead fish are no keeping wares.（女大不中留）
Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can.（娶媳不忙，嫁女宜速）
There are many good women, it’s true;but they are in their graves.（世上好女实在多，可惜都在坟里卧）
He that has a white horse and a fair wife never wants trouble.（倘若妻俊马俊，一世难得安静）
性情类
一代文豪莎士比亚曾云：“弱者，你的名字是女人”（Frailty, your name is woman）弱女子的典型形象特征是“泪水涟涟”。
Woman is made to weep.(女子生来好哭)
Nothing dries so fast as a woman’s tears.（易干不过女子泪）
Woman is made of glass.（女子脆复弱，象是玻璃货）
Glass and lasses are brittle wares.（少女嫩脆，瓷杯易碎）
（四）职业中的性别歧视
许多表示职业的名词,如engineer ,pilot, scientist ,writer, doctor，pilot, scientist, engineer, pilot等对男女都适用,本来是中性词汇,本身没有性的区别。“由于历史上男性长期占据社会主导地位,人们习惯把它们与男性联系起来。”[3](P210)如要特别指女性从事相同职业时,往往在前面加上female, woman lady, 从而使女性职业名词在外在的形式上呈现出“有标志性”,如woman doctor, female pilot, woman scientist, woman lawyer等。而行业名称冠以男性标记反而不符合语言习惯,但男保姆、男护士除外。只有一些地位较底的职业,如nurse, secretary等,传统上让人联想到女性,而与男性无缘。这种习惯除了与历史和现实有关,也可以说是一种性别歧视。
二、英语语言中性别歧视现象产生的原因
（一）、历史原因
在西方文化传统中,男性一直被认为富于创造力。在《圣经》里,创造世界的耶和华为男性,而耶和华创造的亚当亦是男性,亚当的妻子夏娃只不过是亚当一条肋骨的衍化物,这一传统观念就把创造力固定在男人身上,后人便有了“男性的特质是创造力的天赋”的说法。并且在圣经《创世纪》关于上帝造人的神话成了语言起源学说的联想依据。“在他们看来,既然上帝造
了亚当这天下第一个男人,语言中的“性”范畴就应将阳性置于首位。如果把两者的顺序颠倒过来,就不符合语言习惯。” [4](P132)英语语法并没有规定“先男后女”的语序,但人们在长期的言语习惯中,大都以男为先,女为后,女性只能是跟随在男性后面的第二性别。男先女后的语序是如此常见,以至于反过来如说woman and man ,she or he等则会令人感到不习惯。
（二）、社会原因
性别歧视的根源可以追溯到史前时代男女所扮演的性别角色。由于男性的肌肉比女性肌肉发达,又不生育,于是他们担当起打猎、耕作的角色,妇女体弱、要生育,所以负责照顾孩子、料理家庭、采集食物等。那时,男女角色虽然不同,但还没有一方价值高于另一方的观念。“随着社会生产力的不断发展,男子逐渐从事更多的农业生产活动,占据了主导地位,妇女的地位随供给食物能力的降低而下降。”[5](P113)到了中世纪时期,妇女由于能生养孩子,能为土地所有者生养合法继承人,她们成了地主丈夫的宝贵财产。为了使妇女处于这样的地位,统治者便借助法律令女性屈服和受制于丈夫,于是,各种约束妇女的各种社会规范和习俗开始形成。在漫长的父系社会里,妇女地位低下,依附男性,受制于男性,这种观念逐渐根深蒂固,被人们视为理所当然。直到二十世纪,妇女的地位有了很大的改善,但是社会化偏见是在社会化的过程中，通过社会群体，父母，亲友，伙伴的言传身教和大众传媒（广播，电影，电视，报纸）获得的。人们对女性的歧视和偏见也是从父母，亲友或群体的交往中直接获得的，或通过大众传媒获得的。在英语中，受传统观念的影响，对女性的语言歧视已经成为了一种恶性循环。比如，人们一看到或听到“virgin”和“prostitute”这两个词，首先想到的就是“处女”和“妓女”的意思，而很少想到它们还分别可用于指“处男”和“男娼”。
（三）、生理原因
记的有人写道：在医院的育婴室里，每个刚出生的婴儿的小床上都有说明性别的标记，上面清楚写着：“I am a boy”或“It is a girl”.这里男孩的称呼是I, 而女孩却用it。在婴儿还不知道什么是语言时，而在他们的身上已深深打上了文化和语言的印记。在英语中用男性物主代词his指代包括女性在内的任何人的现象也不胜枚举。例如Has everyone completed his
assignment?还有Everyone should do his best on the exam.这里的his已经包括了女性在内。虽然女性享有就业、选举、教育等等同男性一样的权利,然而女性仍然处于社会的边缘,被认为是“弱者”(the weaker sex)和“他者”(the other);男性始终占据主导地位。” [6](P210)根据1980年的联合国统计,男性拥有世界资源的99%,而女性拥有的资源不到1%。“因此说,对女性的歧视与偏见有长期的社会历史根源。”[6](P219)
三、消除英语语言中性别歧视的方法
随着社会的发展和妇女社会地位的不断提高，尤其是随着美国女权运动的高涨，消除语言中的性别歧视的呼声越来越高。这其中核心问题有两个：如何直接剔除语言中的性别歧视词（sexist words）；如何消除第三人称代词泛指而引起的性别歧视问题。我们从英语性别歧视词的转换方式和如何选用恰当的人称代词来消除性别歧视问题的对策这几个方面来进行介绍和讨论。
（一）、性别歧视词转换成无性别歧视词（non-sexist words）的方法尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词，即无性别歧视词，例如：immigrant, voter, officer, coach, church member, grandparent, employee, testee, patriot, customers, dealer, clerk, civilian, politician, tutor, etc.2.以阴性词缀-ess, ette, rix和enne 结尾的词要避免使用并改成无性别歧视的词缀：-or, an, er或ist。例如：actress →actor, administratrix →administrator ,suffragette →suffragist, usherette→ usher ,comedienne→ comedian.3.写信时，如果不知道收信人的具体性别时，最好不要使用传统的Dear Sir, Dear Gentleman, Dear Madam, 可用工作职称代替以免出现差错。例如：Dear friends of the library, Dear Madams and Sirs, Dear personnel officer, Dear Committee Member, Dear Agent, Dear Director.（二）、规避第三人称代词泛指所引起的性别歧视问题的对策
1.采用复数形式
Sexist: When bathing a baby, never leave him unattended.Revised: When bathing a baby, never leave them unattended.2.用We/us/our改写原句
Sexist: From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.Revised: From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.3.改用第二人称
Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.Revised: You don’t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.4.改用被动语态
Sexist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both.Revised: One who, when given the choice of two evils，chooses both.5.用 he and she/ his and her ,但是使用的次数不宜太多，否则会造成用词累赘。s/he仅仅可以用于备忘录(memos)，便条(notes)，或者非正式的交谈之中。
6.用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替代
Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye, to keep him, two.Revised: To find a friend, one must close one eye, to keep a friend, two.7.采用交替使用阳性和阴性来达到平衡
例如：A young child is often persuaded by advertisements to buy what he sees on television.When the child does shopping with a parent, she sees the product on the shelf, remembers it, and asks to have it.（三）、英语教学作用
在英语教学中向学生传授新创立的中性表达法，学校和教师在语言的习得、文化的传授中起着不可低估的作用。改变对女性的否定态度,语言的改革也是重要的一环。语言教师同样也肩负着一份神圣的使命。在英语学习中,教师首先要规范自己的语言,在课堂上尽量避免带有性别偏见的语句。然后,教师根据教学内容把女权运动后英语中出现的新词、新用法传授给学生,有意识地加强性别平等的思想教育,让学生了解英语国家的社会变化、语言动态。应该强调妇女不应该被忽视。女人们每天在生活中仍然发挥着巨大的影响力。没有女人就没有男人的成功。女人们用自己的智慧竭尽全力使每个家庭生活更丰富多彩。
四、结论
在使用上面谈到的方法、对策时，我们一定要把握一个“度”，具体使用那一种方法、对策要取决于它能否使我们的写作、会话顺利进行并达到预期的效果。“正如以前女性主义思想家认为,女性与语言疏远太久,与她们的女性经验疏远太久,使她们不能将自己的经历符号
化。”[7](P331)传统的标准句法和确定的文类都代表父权制话语结构。因此女性主义试图找到新的语言和新的文学形式对女性现实做出反映。她们批评并激烈地改变既存语言,大胆地
进行创作实验,使用新词、新拼写、新语法结构、新意象和新隐喻以远离父权语言的权威结构,为女性寻求一片新的话语空间。女性主义的口号之一就是“妇女通过语言获得完全的解放”。而且，“语言是社会的一面镜子,语言中所折射出的性别差异和性别歧视现象并不是由语言符号本身的自然属性决定的,而是特定社会的价值观念和民族思维方式在语言中的必然反映。”[8](P287)语言本身是中性的,但语言的使用者却可以按照其社会观念和价值观念,赋予语言一定的语用色彩。若要消除语言包括人际称谓系统中的性别歧视现象,首先需根除社会上存在的性别歧视观念,语言的变革只有在社会变革的基础上才能最终实现。
从以上论述可以看到女性要获得自身的真正解放与不平等要做不懈努力。语言对社会的反映 经历了漫长的过程。旧的歧视清除了,新的歧视还会反映到语言中来。语言中性别歧视的真正消除,只能寄希望于在社会现实中,男女真正的平等。“索绪尔认为语言不仅是交际工具,还是思想的载体,没有语言作为载体和工具,人的思维也就无法发展。”[9](P267)性别歧视的改观不能等待男权的施舍,要女性自我的觉醒,要女性自己的参与。在强势和弱势文化的交汇中,同样需要弱势文化自身的努力。强调性别差异的重要性是必要的,但它只是过渡性的,女性不能只作为女性说话,男性也不能只作为男性说话。要走出性歧视的误区,出路在于语言的中性化,而实现语言的中性化,在于不断提高语言觉悟。因此,“女性运动要取得实质性的进展,不是依靠女性自身就能完成的,不仅需要世界范围内广大女性的团结,更需要寻求作为人类另一半的男性的支持与配合,因此更有必要加强与男性的沟通和协商。”[10](P113)
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第三篇：英语中对女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征
英语中对女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征
减小字体 增大字体 作者：张 娜 来源：考试周刊 发布
时间：2007-11-03 关键字:英语 女性 性别歧视 语言 词汇
摘要：本文从熟语和人名两个方面，运用举例、对比等方法，探讨了英语中对女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征。
关键词：性别歧视 熟语 人名 词汇特征引言
性别歧视是以性别为基础而产生的一种歧视现象，是一个性别成员对另一个性别成员的歧视，既包括对女性的歧视，也包括对男性的歧视，实际上常指对女性的歧视。性别歧视反映在语言中就形成了语言性别歧视。语言中的性别歧视观点是在揭示了语言的不对称现象以后提出来的。语言学家们相信，受宗教法规、等级制度等制约的文化环境中的语言，反映的是男性世界图景的本质内容—男性属于中心地位，而女性的形象却是残缺不全。文化伴随意义，语言国情学研究的一个重要方面是受民族文化制约（即形式上来表现）的附属义，主要包括潜在的感情色彩和评价色彩，两者相互联系，其总和概括地体现了人们对事物现象的褒贬态度（顾亦谨，1991：23-4）。词汇与社会发展的关系最密切，透过词汇的文化伴随意义，可以看到文化里渗透的性别歧视。本文将从熟语、人名两个方面谈谈英语中对女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征。女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征
2.1熟语
熟语按其性质可分成谚语、俗语等六类（王德春，1997：144）。本文仅讨论前两类。
2.1.1 谚语
谚语是人类智慧的结晶，语言简洁的化身。语言学家把它形象地比喻为“民族之明镜”，“语言活化石”（杨永林，1987：37）。谚语作为观念文化的产物和语言的组成部分，无疑会折射出性别歧视的思想意识。
汉语里的“三个女人一台戏”说的就是女人多嘴多舌，英语里也有类似的说法：Three women and a goose make a market.在英语谚语里，描写女人多言的谚语似乎跟鹅结下了不解之缘。比如：Many women, many words;many geese, many turds（鹅的粪多，女人的话多）；Where there are women and geese, there wants no noise（有女人有鹅，把耳朵都能吵破）。（徐超墀，1983）
夫妻关系中对女性歧视表现得尤为突出，比如：A woman, a dog and a walnut tree, the more you beat them, the better they are.（拳脚之下出好妻，棍棒之下有义犬，核树敲打结果多。）The house goes mad when women gad.（女人爱闲荡，一家乱纷纷。）Smoke, rain and a very crusty wife make a man weary of house and life.（烟熏、雨漏、泼辣妇，使人厌世家难住。）（徐超墀，1983）
2.1.2俗语
现代美国俗语里，对女性的性别歧视表现为把女人比作食物、植物、动物。有些词乍看挺美，但实际上语义双关。这与女人的外貌、性别及年龄密切相关。随着年龄的增长，容颜的苍老，所用的词也发生变化，含有轻蔑、讽刺、厌恶之意了。可见女人处在被供养、观赏、品尝和玩弄的地位，女性的重要性仅仅在于美丽、年轻和性方面。下面对“The book of slang”(1983)中出现的带有对女性性别歧视的词汇进行分类。
2.1.2.1比喻食物
peach 桃子；漂亮女子；cherry樱桃；处女；sweet-pie甜馅饼；情人；tart果馅饼；妓女；举止轻佻的女子；cheesecake干酪饼；富于性感的裸体女人像；mutton羊肉；做少女打扮的老妪；tomato西红柿；妓女；漂亮女子
2.1.2.2比喻植物
blossom花；女人；daisy雏菊；漂亮姑娘；rose玫瑰；极其美丽可爱的女子；rosebud玫瑰花苞；漂亮姑娘；初入社交界的女子；clinging vine有藤蔓的植物；依赖男子的女子；wall flower墙头花；舞会中无舞伴的女子；shrinking violet蜷缩的紫罗兰；羞怯的女子。与此相反，男人的角色主动、刚毅、果敢，难以想象有谁把男人与花朵联系在一起。唯一能侮辱男人的就是骂他象个女人似的：pansy（三色紫罗兰，无大丈夫气的男子）
2.1.2.3比喻动物
人们用动物比喻男人和女人，并把自己的好恶和褒贬也带进了这种比喻。由动物的形象及其比喻引起的联想常能产生各种各样受民族文化制约的附加意义。这种附加意义反映的就是民族心理特征以及民族风俗和伦理道德观念。
cat猫；心地恶毒的女人；bitch母狗；坏女人 淫妇；crone老母羊；干瘪的老太婆；butterfly蝴蝶；轻浮的人（尤指女人）；bat蝙蝠；妓女；dragon龙；严厉固执的女人；heifer小母牛 漂亮姑娘； shrew地鼠；泼妇；悍妇。
美国作家Nilson.A.P.(1982)曾将女人的一生用chicken metaphor来描述，英文如下：In her youth, she is a chick, then she marries and begins feeling cooped up, so she goes to hen parties where she cackles with her friends.Then she has her brood and begins to henpeck her husband.Finally she turns into an old biddy.幼时，她是一位可爱的小女孩，长大后结了婚，开始有种被关进鸡笼里个感觉，于是她去参加妇女集会，在那里唧唧喳喳与女友们说个没完。再后来，生了孩子，开始象母鸡啄米一样无休止地谴责丈夫。最后，她成了一位十足的长舌妇。
这段话用一连串绝妙的双关语，形象地描写了女人的一生，其中几个“关键词”都与鸡有关。如chick（小鸡；小女孩；年轻的女子），coop（把鸡关进笼子；受束缚），cackle（母鸡下蛋时咯咯叫；形容女人嘀嘀咕咕地讲），hen parties（母鸡群；妇女集会），brood（（鸡等）一窝；小孩），henpeck（鸡啄米；“妻管严”），biddy（母鸡；长舌妇）。
2.2人名
从表面看，人名只是人们用语言区别人的特定标志，每个人名都有具体的确定所指，千万个人名只是相区别的语言个体存在。实际上，无论是人名的外在形式还是内在含义，都与相应的社会文化紧密相关。（顾亦谨，1991：77）
2.2.1名字的文化内涵
2.2.1.1名字的含义
“人名是各族人民历史的一部分，它们反映了各族人民的风俗、信仰、希冀、向往和艺术创造以及它们与历史的联系（顾亦谨，1991：77）”。因此，名字在一定程度上代表了社会的观念，反映出父母对男孩、女孩的不同期望。人们普遍认为女子名应该表现出女性的美丽、温柔与“贤妻良母”的气质（刘晓民，1998：89），所以女性常以花卉、小动物和珠宝为名，以显其娇气、嫩弱、依赖、爱惜、呵护，供人欣赏、受人珍藏等被动意味。如：花卉Rose, Lily, Violet;小动物Faw, Salmon, Vanessa;珠宝Ruby, Jewel, Crystal, Diamond, Margaret等。
2.2.1.2名字的短暂性
女性在年幼时，是父亲的daughter，从父姓；长大了，就成了某某人的girl friend；结了婚，按照惯例，不仅要放弃姓，有时甚至是名字。当妇女无权拥有自己的“姓氏”，无权拥有自己家族的“姓氏”时，无形中就强化了女人是男人的财产这样一种观念（Spender D.,1985:24-5）。比如在美国，一个叫Mary William的女子和一个叫Henry James的男子结婚后，Mary William的名和姓完全被取消了，她从此被称为Mrs James。丈夫死后，妇女仍得保留夫姓，若是再嫁，又得换后来丈夫的姓。
即使出了名，享有较高的社会地位，也没有多大改变，如大名鼎鼎的英国前首相Mrs.Thatchel（撒切尔夫人）,虽为铁娘子，但人们也只知她是Mrs.Thatchel, 而真正的姓氏却鲜为人知。上任美国总统Klinton的夫人原来也是一位婚后坚持用娘家姓的“解放了的妇女”，为了帮助丈夫竞选总统，才改用夫姓。对她来说，这大概是为丈夫的事业所做的最尴尬的牺牲。更换姓名的传统，反映了美国女性是男人的附属品，没有选择自己姓名的权利。
2.2.2名字的作用
在英语语言中对女性的性别歧视表现在一些表示女性和女孩名称的词，经常被用来指称一些令人厌恶的事物。如：南美洲有一种毒性很大的蜘蛛，交配后将雄蜘蛛吃掉，英语中称其为black widow spider。
在美国，过去常以女性的名字来给飓风命名。二战期间，美国海陆军气象人员首次以女孩名字按字母顺序为太平洋上爆发的飓风命名。该方法于1952年被美国气象局采用。第一张飓风名单为“Alice Barbara, Carol, Dolly, Edna, Florence, Gilda, Hazel, Irene, Jill, Katherine, Lucy, Mabel, Norma, Orpha, Queen, Rachel, Susie, Tina, Una, Vicky and Walis”。破坏性很大的飓风称为Hurricane Betty。气象局用女孩名字命名飓风的做法曾引起许多妇女的不满和抗议，因为名字与飓风雷同的女性受到了人们的取笑，并由此造成生活中的麻烦和苦恼（夏决芬、陈晓珊，1999：71）。
有些毒品的名称也冠上了女性的名字。在Judith S.Neaman %26 Carole G.Silver写的“A Thesaurus of Euphemisms”(1983)一书的“（服毒后的）幻觉与幻觉者“中，一共有20个词语，其中5个用来描写女性，1个描写男性，中性14个。如用Mary, Mary Jane, Mary Anne, Mary Warner婉指大麻毒品marijuana;用 White Lady, Old Lady White 婉指可卡因毒品cocaine;用White Nurse, Miss Emma婉指毒品吗啡morphine,而男性名称婉指毒品的只有Boy一词，人们用它婉指毒品海洛因heroin。
通过对女性名字用途的考察，我们也找到了女性受歧视的痕迹。
小结
本文从歧视女性这一角度，从熟语和人名两个方面，运用举例、对比等方法探讨了英语中对女性性别歧视语言的词汇特征。性别歧视的研究对我们有很大的启发。语言是用来表达思想的，它反映着操这种语言的民族的文化。学习语言，不仅要掌握语言符号，还要掌握符号里蕴涵的民族文化信息。只有这样，才能真正掌握语言，充分发挥其交际工具的作用。
参考文献：
［1］顾亦谨.语言与文化—俄语语言国情学概论［M］.郑州：河南人民出版社,1991.［2］王德春.语言学概论［M］.上海：上海外语教育出版社,1997.［3］杨永林.性别歧视在谚语里的表现［J］.外语教学与研究,第2期,1987.［4］徐超墀.英谚译介［M］.福州:福建教育出版社,1984.［5］黄凌，郭建民.英语谚语里的女性歧视［J］.兰州大学报,第1期,1992.［6］刘晓民.英汉性别歧视语与文化渊源［J］.广东教育学院学报,第3期,1998.［7］Spender D,1985,Man Made Language［M］.London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.［8］夏决芬，陈晓珊.浅谈英语语言中的性别差异［J］.湖南教育学院学报，第6期，1999.
第四篇：论英语中的性别歧视
景德镇陶瓷学院科技
艺术学院
本科生毕业论文（设计）
题目：Sexism in English Vocabulary 学 号： 姓 名： 院（系）： 专 业： 完成时间： 指导老师：
CONTENTS Acknowledgements…………………………………………..Abstract in Chinese…………………………………….Abstract in English…………………………………….1.Definition……………………………………………… 2.Sexism in word-formation methods………………..2.1 Suffixes………………………………………….2.2 Sexism in compound words……………………..3.Sxism in Naming and Addressing…………………..3.1 Sexism and Naming……………………………….3.1.1 Sexism in the first names………………..3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names……..3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Naming of First Names……….3.1.2 Sexism in the family names…………… 3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names 3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names upon marriage 3.2 Sexism and Addressing……….3.2.1 Sexism in Addressing Terms…..3.2.1.1Female Social Titles upon Relationship with Male…
3.2.1.2 Derogation of Female Honorific Titles…………….3.2.1.3 Abusive Addressing Patterns………………..4.Sexism in Proverb and Slang……………………………..4.1 Sexism in Proverb…………………………………………… 4.2 Sexism in Slang……………………………………… 5.Conclusion……………………………………………………..6.Bibliography……………………………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Hou Xiaohua,my supervisor,for her constant and inspiring guidance and encouragement.She has walked me through all the stages of writing of the thesis.Without her constant and illuminating instruction,this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second,i would like to expree my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers who taught me when i have striving for my Bachelor Degree for their excellent lectures and inspiring ideas.Last, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years.I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis
摘要
英语不仅是一种语言工具，也是一种意识形态工具。性别歧视这一文化观念反映在语言的词汇学中。牛津高级字典是这样解释的：“不平等的对待人，尤其是对女性，因为她们的性别”。本篇论文将从英语词汇构词法、词义、称谓语及谚语和俚语分析英语词汇中的性别歧视。所以对性别歧视了解的越多，避免的困难也就越多。这是很有实际意义的。关键词：语言；英语词汇；性别歧视
ABSTRACT
English is not only a language tool, but also an ideological tool.Vocabulary of the language can faithfully reflect the culture it serves such as sexism.The oxford advanced learner's dictionary explains it as below: the unfair treatment of people, especially women, because of their sex.This article will discuss sexism that exists in English lexicon in terms of word formation ,word meaning ,naming and addressing terms ,as well as proverb and slang terms.So the more you know it, the better you will avoid trouble.Therefore, the present research has important practical significances.Key words： language；English word;sexism;
1.Definition
Sexism，according to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s English
-Chinese Dictionary is defined as prejudice or discrimination against people(esp.woman)because of their sex;and according to Longman Dictionary of Comtenporary English ,sexism is defined as ideas and believe that menbers of one(usually man)sex are more able and clever than theode of the other sex.It is manifest in all forms of behavior from subtle gestures and especially language to exploitation and oppression，and in all human institutions from the family to the multinational corporation(Paula S．Rothenberg 1988：21)． It affirms the dominance of men over women，jnst as Rosemary Radford Ruether(1993：165)holds that“sexism is gender privilege of males over females．It is males primarily who have originated this form of oppression，benefited from it，and perpetuated it，legally and ideologically．”In this sense，it keeps women in second．classstatus，denies them their rights to control their own bodies，and denies personal，mental，and physical safety；it reinforces the false notion that any man who is gentle，flexible，compassionateor gay becomes“feminine”and thereby loses status and respect． 2.Sexism in word formation
Word formation is one of the elements in language from which we can find many examples of sexism.The most obvious one is the word “history”,which it combines words “his”and “story”.It claimed that the history belonged to man not the woman.In general,it is divided in to two categories,adding suffixes and compounding.2.1 Adding suffixes Adding-tress is common among words like ,actress,authoress,sculptress and waitress.Although it sometimes awarded some outlanding achievements of women,the importance of its role isn‟t the same as man.For instance,we usually call a man of a general manager,rather than a general manageress.The highest rank of poet in British is Poet Laureate,which it award to every distinguished poet including both males and females.Howerever,rarly had it probably honored a poet of Poetess Laureate.Word like hostess is widely accepted by people in bar ,which its meaning had been degraded.The same as in the terms of JewessNegrss and Quakeress
The suffix of-ette includes three meanings.The first one aims at small size,such as “cigarette(香烟)” and “kitchenette(小厨房）”.The second level is artifical ,such as “Leatherette(人造皮）”.The third level derives from the last two meanings which discloses the oweakness of woman and subordinates to man.As a result ,it discininates against woman obviously.Woman are unfairly treated.Duing the turn of 19 century and 20 century ,“Suffragette”was frequently used by women who wanted to strive rights for women.However,the public and media used it with derogation.Words like aviatrix(女飞行员），executrix(女执行官）and dominatrix(母夜叉)added the suffix of-trix,which all present an insular prejudice towards women.Women are so weak and fragile that they need obey to men.2.2 Sexism in compound words
In addition to sex discrimination in suffixes,compounding is a good example too.Take word-formationof common words made by “man” and “woman”for example.on one hand,there are a great many words with “man”,like human,policeman,chairman,businessman,sportsman,superman,mankind,postman,Englishman,airman,salesman,clergyman,kinsman,countryman,etc.Even the word “woman”is made up of “man.All these words should refer only to the male,while in fact,the meanings of these words also cover woman,which is obviously unfair to the female.Actually,this kind of words are regarded as masculine words in grammar.According to the point of view in English history,it inherits word-formation principle of Latin and old English in grammar gender.So such kinds of words empasize masculine in word structure.At the sametime,it also stresses that all things are done by the mmale, not the female in practical use.That is quite unfair to the female.On the other hand,in social life,pepole always regard women with discrimination.If a woman is engaged in noble cases,she will face much more difficulties than men.And the following meaning of words also show that the words made up of”woman”mainly emphasize the characteristics of women who are engaged in some kind of profession or belong to a certain of sector.For example,(1)Womankind: female human beings(2)Chairwoman: a woman presiding officer of an assembly meeting,committee or board(3)Womanpower:the power of woman physcial strength(4)Policewoman: a woman who is in a member of a police force(5)Womanhood:the state of being a woman;woman(6)Horsewoman:a woman horseback rider
3.Sexim in Naming and Addressing Spender(1985:24)notes: one of the features of English language practices which are inherently sexist is the use of naming and addressing terms.”Naming and addressing terms play an important role in interpersonal communication.They are continuously used in our daily life hence the social and cultualfactors encoded in them are very valuable for us to explore.3.1 Sexism and Naming
Naming system usually includes first name,middle name and family nam,such as “William Jefferson Clinton”.First name such as”William”in the example,is otherwise known as Chtistian name,forename or given name.Middle name like”Jefferson”in the example occurs betwwen the first name and family name as the second forename,and is usually represented by its capitalized initial letter and is often used in formal occassions.Family name is known as Surname,or last name,which is a name shared in common to identify the mumbers of a family,which is usuallyinheritedfrom the ascending generation on the paternal side,such as‟Clinton”in the example.This part will discuss the sexist phenomena in the first and family name on the basis of the analysis of their semantic features.3.1.1 Sexism in the first names
Giving first name to the infant is one of the most important tasks.First name is truly a lifetime gift from parents;it helps define the children within the family,school and the outside word.Hence an analysis of sexism in first names is very significant.3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names
In English lots of female names derivate from male names by adding affixes for example,Stephen-Stephanie,Dana-Dana.Affixs play an important role in the formation of female names.After researching affixes used to refer to female in English,Mills(1995:93)claims that those affixes lead to a view of women as a derivation from a male universal norm and the female form is seen as the marked term and the male as the unmarked term.Therefore,it is not a surprise that female names would have some consistent marker bias.Many female names derive of male ones by addingthe suffixes “-a”(or “-ia” due to phonetic reason), “e” and “-line” to them.like Albert and Alberta、、Alex and Alexa、Daniel and Danielle、Gabriel and Gabriell and Paul and Pauline etc.First corresponding with the above, research has shown that male names differ fromfemale ones in two major aspects.Firstly, male names are shorter in spelling than female names according to the research, There are many male names are formed with one syllable such as Jim, Fred, John, Bob and Jack, while only few female names are one syllable.Furthermore, fewer female names have three or more than three syllables, such as Roberta, Victoria and Amand.Part of the explanation of this study lies in the fact that many female names are originated from male names by adding one or more syllables.Secondly, male names are phonologically different from female ones.This thesis finds that majority of male names are ended with consonant phonetic symbol in which some male names end with the stops [d], [t], [k] such as Robert, Richard, Jack;while only two femalenames do, namely, Brooke and Jade.However, most of female names analyzed endedwith a vowel [i], [i:], [ə], such as Mary and Anna, but only a few male names do so.Cutler argues(1990: 476), “Small vocal tracts such as [i], [i:], [ə], which producehigh-pitched sounds, are typically possessed by smaller, weaker, less threateningbeings.” Therefore, the frequent use of [i] in such female names as Tracey, Mary andBonnie, and [ə] in Rita, Selina and Lisa, reflects “smallness and lack of threat are heldto be desirable attributes of females”.Theoretically, the practice of deriving female names from male ones forms the contrast in which men are dominant and women are subordinate in society and meanwhile it is in accordance with the belief in Bible that woman was created from a rib of man.3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Meaning of First Names
The names that people give their children show the hopes and dreams they have for them and also reflects their parents‟ hope and expectations for their children.So from their first names,we can know the different attitudes of parents to boys and girls.First names for girls and boys often reflect stereotyped features of feminity or.masculinity prevailing in a particular culture or society.It is undeniable that first names contain various connotations and this thesis will make an effort on the sexism in name‟s connotation In our society the vast majority of first names carry clear feminine or masculine connotations.People no matter in the East or West attach great importance to marking the child‟s sex when choosing a name for him or her.And in baby naming book, there might be two lists: one for girls and another for boys.According to it, parents are recommended to choose a name that identifies the child‟s sex.Besides marking the sex of the child, first names for girls and boys often reflect stereotyped features of femininity and masculinity prevailing in culture.More female names contain the connotation associated with appearance while more male names contain connotation associated with wealth, power, wisdom and intelligence.It reflects the sexist expectaton that male should improve internal quality and female should pay more attention to external beauty.3.1.2 Sexism in Family Names
Family names are passed down from generation to generation, it symbolizes the blood relationship and development of a family.From the way of giving family names, it is not difficult to find the sexism.3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names
When women were born, they were given their fathers‟ name and adopted their husbands‟ names upon marriage.It‟s only sons who carry on their fathers‟ name forever, whereas women lost this capacity when they got married.This stresses the portrayal of women as the prosperity of men, passed from father to husband.They just have no freedom to own their own names.US Senator Hilary Clinton.Either way she names herself after a man－ her father or her husband, or both.Children typically inherited their fathers‟ rather than their mothers‟ family names, which enables fathers but not mothers to achieve a direct continuity of naming from generation, provided they have sons.Even if there are only daughter, however the derivation of female forms from male names enables the transmission to continue.It‟s very common for women in English-speaking countries to adapt their husbands‟ names upon they got married.Thus women are said to“marry into families and families are sad to „die out‟ if an all-female” generation occurs.Thus, Spender comments:“Practically”, it means that women‟s family names don‟t count and there is one more device making women invisible.”
In the ceremony, the, the official asks,“ Who gives the bride away?”and the father answers.“I do”, or “Her mother and I do”, but that does not solve the problem inherent in the idea that a bride is something to be handed over from one man to another.3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names upon Marriage
When a woman is referred with her husband‟s name, as in “Mrs.John Smith”, she is rendered both subordinate and invisible.For example, when a woman named Helen Keller marries to a man named John Fords, She is submerged by being called Mrs.John Fords.Even the woman is of high social status;it is the same with her.One of the candidates in 2008 Presidential Election of the United States of America, Hilary, the former president of Bill Clinton‟s wife, kept her maiden name “Hilary Rodham” after marriage.But in order to help her husband in the election, she had to change her names.Though allegedly a feminist, she has shifted between naming herself Hilary Rodham, Hilary Rodham Clinton and Hilary Clinton.Despite the fact that some countries no longer legally require for women to adopt their husband‟s names upon marriage, women who do not conform to this practice still face many practical and attitudinal obstacles.3.2 Sexism and Addressing
3.2.1 Sexism in Addressing Terms Addressing term is a mark that indentifies the relationship of people in social activities, which can present our ideal and social ties.It is used frequently in the communication.According to different criteria, address forms can be divided into different classifications.They can be divided into: social titles, occupational titles, endearments, abusive terms,kinship terms etc.3.2.1.1 Female Social Titles upon Relationship with Male Mr、Miss and Mrs are used frequently when we refers to address someone in social communication.All adult men are called Mr, however women have different addressing terms after they get married.As we know, marriage and age is private.The title of Mrs indicates that women are reluctant to disclose his marriage condition, which is unfair to women.In addition to this ,when adapting the Mrs, her family names do not belong to her own ,but her husbands‟.“Iron Lady” Margaret Thatcher and Nobel Prize Lady Marie Curie did not change this condition.These two famous persons still surbodinated to men.人们在社会交往中称呼某个男性或女性个体时，最常使 用的是Mr、Miss 和Mrs。对所有成年男性都统称为Mr，而对于 成年女性则有已婚和未婚的不同称谓。众所周知，婚姻和年龄 一直都是涉及到个人隐私的话题，而Mrs.这一称谓公开宣布 了女性不愿意表明的婚姻状况，让女人永远都得不到和男人 能够平起平坐的对待。更有甚者，当使用Mrs.的时候，女性使 用的不是自己的姓氏，取而代之的是丈夫的姓，表明自己已经 嫁给了某人，即使是一代名相“铁娘子”撒切尔夫人和诺贝尔 物理奖的居里夫人也没有改变这种现象，这两位女强人虽闻 名世界却仍旧摆脱不了被的问题。这一语言现象正
是由于人们认为男人是世界的主宰，而女人只是男人的附属
3.2.1.2 Derogation of Female Honorific Titles
In the male-orienated society, people honor high stature to men solely, for instance chairman、spokesman and policeman.However when woman gets achievements in her career, she will be regarded as an example.Such as words, doctor、lawyer can both designate the same state or condition as it did for men.However,it is a convention for people classifying them into male-dominated society.for example, “master” and “mistress”.In an earlier society, master and mistress were simple male-female equivalents meaning “one who has control over or ownership of something or has control over another or others”.With the changing of society, “master” now generally refers to a man who has power over others or who has acquired skills in some field.But its feminine counterpart cannot be used in this way.It is practically restricted to its sense of “paramour”, a woman who a man has a sexual relationship with, but is not married to.For example, “He is a master of intricacies and academic politics”, and “Catherine declined to be his mistress, and returned to her husband”.3.2.1.3 Abusive Addressing Terms for Female
Abusive terms of address are unfriendly and insulting terms to address others;convey quite unpleasant affections.There are two major types of words that are most likely to serve as abusive addressing terms which females are humiliated.Examples of the first type are: “wanton” is used to address a woman who is immoral, lewd, and unchaste.The second type are associated with such words as ass, pig, rat, tigress, duckie, shrew, turkey, cow, goat which is closely connected with the figurative meanings of such foods, plants and animals.A.Foods The food terms have not escaped the process of derogation, which often associated with women show women‟s passive image and subordinate status.The following are some examples: cheesecake—a picture of a naked lady;dumpling—short and fat women;mutton—indicating an elderly lady dressed up as a young girl in “mutton dressed(up)as lamb”;
sweet-pie—a mistress;tart—a prostitute or women behave frivolously or a woman considered to be sexually;B.Plants
Plants names are involved in addressing male or female.But the semantic prototype of male is a gigantic tree while that of female is flowers.Plants names are used to address females, they often have insulting meaning as follows: clinging vine—a woman who overly depends on a man emotionally;shrinking violet—a shy woman;wall flower—a woman who has no one to dance with.C.Animals
When you use an animal name for a female, usually they are smaller animals like “kitten”, “bunny”, “chick” which are more likely to become pejorative;and others like “chicken”, which more likely to acquire sexual suggestions.Male, however, are referred to as being a tiger, moose, or even as a bear to show aggressive masculine attribute and dominance to female.When you use an animal name for a female, usually they are smaller animals like “kitten”, “bunny”, “chick” which are more likely to become pejorative;and others like “chicken”, which more likely to acquire sexual suggestions.Male, however, are referred to as being a tiger, moose, or even as a bear to show aggressive masculine attribute and dominance to female.The following are examples:(a)For females bitch—a woman considered to be spiteful or overbearing or a lewd woman;butterfly—a showy or frivolous person(esp.a female);cat—a malicious or spiteful woman or an evil woman;chicken—prostitutes;(b)For males
goat—an old man who is sexually active or a lecherous man;loin—a brave, strong, or fiercely cruel person(usu.of males);tiger—a fierce, determined person(esp.males);wolf—a man given to paying unwanted sexual attention to women or a satyr.From the example discussed above, we could conclude that names of foods, plants and animals used to address female are sexist, because most of them humiliate female from the perspectives of appearance, personality and identity and meanwhile imply that female is inferior to male or easy to be obtained by male.4.Sexism in English proverbs
English proverbs reflect the social customs and cultural perceptions of the English-speaking countries.Since sexism is embodied in human culture, English proverbs unavoidably reflect sexist discrimination.This essay penetrates into sexism in English proverbs from three perspectives, namely status, personality flaws, and demands on women.4.1 Sexism in English proverb There are many proverbs that indicate women‟s low condition in society and her vulnerability in family.The following examples are classified into three kinds a.Social status and family status Man, woman and devil are three degrees of comparison.(男人、女人和魔鬼，三个等级分贵贱。)If the husband be not at home, there is nobody.(丈 夫不在家，等于说没人。)
A woman‟s advice is never to seek.(女人的建议一文 不值。)A woman of no birth may marry into the purple.(夫荣 妻贵。)A woman, a dog and a walnut tree, the more you beat them, the better they‟ll be.(拳脚之下出好妻，棍棒之下 有义犬，胡桃敲打多结果。)A man is a man though he have/has but a hose on his head.(家贫袜当帽，仍是男子汉。)A man of straw is worth of a woman of gold.(稻草男 儿抵得上金玉女子。)A fair face is half a portion.(姿色颜，嫁妆半。)Since the acient time ,women were suppressed under the low social status and suffered a lot.They subordinated to men and acted as an animal for men beating.b.vulnerability characteristic(1)Women are fragile
Frailty , thy name is woman.(脆弱啊，你的名字是女 人。)Woman is made to weep.(女人生性爱流泪。)A woman and a glass are ever in danger.(女人易毁，玻璃易碎。)A woman is the weaker vessel.(女人是易碎的器皿。)It is no more pity to see a woman weep than to see a goose go bare foot.(女人哭如鹅光脚走路，根本不值得可怜。)(2)Women are changeable.A woman is a weather cock.(女人是风向标。)A winter weather and women’s thoughts change oft.(秋 天的云，女人的心—变化莫测。)Women are wavering as the wind.(女人心思犹如风之多 变。)There’s nothing sooner dry than women’s tears.(什 么也没有女人的眼泪干得快。)(3)Women are noisy and troublesome.A woman’s tongue is the last thing about her that dies.Where there are women and geese, there wants no noise.(哪有鹅和女人，哪不缺喧闹声)Foxes are all tail and women are all tongue.Three women and a goose make a market.(三个女人一只 鹅，市场里面闹哄哄。)A woman’s tongue wags like a lamb’s tail.(女人饶 舌如同羔羊摆尾。)Words are women, deeds are men.（女人的嘴巴，男人的 行动。）
(4)Women are deceptive, pretentious and evil.Every woman would rather be beautiful than good.(女 人爱美不重德。)Tell a woman she is fair, and she will soon turn fool.(跟女人讲她长得漂亮，很快她就会晕头转向。)Bad woman are worse than bad men.Trust not a woman, when she weeps.Bad women can do more than the devil.Women are the devil’s nets.(女人是万恶之源。)There is no devil so bad as a she-devil.(魔鬼当中女 人最坏。)3.Traditonal requirments The smell of an onion from the mouth of the lovely is sweeter than that of a rose in the hand of the ugly.(美女口中葱蒜臭，胜过丑女手中玫瑰香。)Husbands are in heaven whose wives scold not.(老婆 不唠叨，丈夫就像生活在天堂里。)A simple maiden in her flower is worth a hundred coats of arms.(正值芳龄的纯洁少女值一百枚勋章。)Beauty without virtue is like a rose without scent.(美而无德犹如花无香味。)Silence is the best ornament of a woman.(女子文静，不须治容。)Maidens should be mild and meek, swift to hear, and slow to speak.(少女尚温柔，多听慢开口。)Modesty is the ornament of women.(稳重为妇女增美。)A good wife and health are a man’s best wealth.(贤 妻与健康是丈夫最佳财富。)从古至今，女性都处在被观赏和被品位的地位，在男性占主 导的社会中，女性被要求既要上得厅堂，又要下得厨房，既要有 貌，又要有德，既要纯洁，又要贤淑。
第五篇：试析英语谚语中的性别歧视
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152 从《一间自己的房间》看弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫的女性主义 153 英文谚语的文化场景在中译文中的缺失与弥合 154 《了不起的盖茨比》—美国梦的破灭 155 毛泽东诗词中典故翻译的对比研究 156 从文化角度看中美家庭教育的差异 157 英文电影中俚语的翻译策略
158 两种文化中不同的生存希望——以电影《肖申克的救赎》和《活着》人物命运分析为例
159 跨文化视角下研究英汉民俗词语的不等值翻译 160 中式英语成因之分析 161 英语语言中的性别歧视
162 浅谈文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响及对策 163 温和的反叛者——论《小妇人》中的女性群像 164 论《荆棘鸟》中的女性意识 165 跨文化背景下的广告翻译技巧 166 文化负迁移对翻译的影响
167 高中英语写作中母语负迁移现象分析
168 A Comparative Study of Inversion between English and Chinese 169 中美篮球背后的青年文化 170 论《看不见的人》的主人公的心理成长历程
171 天鹅的涅槃——以跨文化交际的角度解读《喜福会》中母女关系 172 浅析爱伦坡《乌鸦》的语音象征 173近年来汉语中英语借词的简析
174 《愤怒的葡萄》中圣经的象征和隐喻
175 从王尔德喜剧中的花花公子形象解读王尔德信奉的纨绔主义 176 英汉基本颜色词的文化内涵对比及其翻译
177 《红字》中的丁梅斯代尔和齐灵渥斯谁更“恶”？
178 生命不息，奋斗不止——海明威小说中的英雄伦理观和英雄形象研究 179 比较《百万英镑》和《阿Q正传》 180 超音段特征对意义的影响 181 中英文化差异与翻译策略
182 新闻英语中的委婉语及其翻译策略 183 试析英语谚语中的性别歧视
184 简•奥斯汀《诺桑觉寺》中人物对爱情和婚姻的不同态度 185 浅谈商标的特点及其翻译 186 试论英语学习中的动机
187 试究中国古诗词英译中的常用技巧—以《发如雪》为例
188 A Thousand Splendid Suns: from the Perspective of Initiation Story 189 企业英文简介中的概念语法隐喻分析
190 以马斯洛需求层次理论分析《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情婚姻观 191 试析中英婚姻生活差异及其原因 192
193 紫色中女人意识的觉醒
194 论礼貌制约下You-attitude在英语商务信函中的用法 195 跨文化交际中的中西方时间观念
196 跨文化交际中英语副语言的表现和交际功能
197 从《悲悼三部曲》看尤金•奥尼尔对古希腊悲剧的继承性超越 198 论D.H.劳伦斯诗歌中的救赎意识 199 《呼啸山庄》的哥特式传统
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