第一篇：纳米管制作皮肤感应器 翻译 中英
最后译文：
纳米管弹性制作出皮肤般的感应器
美国斯坦福大学的研究者发现了一种富有弹性且透明的导电性能非常好的薄膜，这种薄膜由极易感触的碳纳米管组成，可被作为电极材料用在轻微触压和拉伸方面的传感器上。“这种装置也许有一天可以被用在被截肢者、受伤的士兵、烧伤方面接触和压迫的敏感性的恢复上，也可以被应用于机器人和触屏电脑方面”，这个小组如是说。
鲍哲南和他的同事们在他们的弹透薄膜的顶部和底部喷上一种碳纳米管的溶液形成平坦的硅板，覆盖之后，研究人员拉伸这个胶片，当胶片被放松后，纳米管很自然地形成波浪般的结构，这种结构作为电极可以精准的检测出作用在这个材料上的力量总数。
事实上，这种装配行为上很像一个电容器，用硅树脂层来存储电荷，像一个电池一样，当压力被作用到这个感应器上的时候，硅树脂层就收紧，并且不会改变它所储存的电荷总量。这个电荷是被位于顶部和底部的硅树脂上的纳米碳管测量到的。
当这个复合膜被再次拉伸的时候，纳米管会自动理顺被拉伸的方向。薄膜的导电性不会改变只要材料没有超出最初的拉伸量。事实上，这种薄膜可以被拉伸到它原始长度的2.5倍，并且无论哪种方向不会使它受到损害的拉伸它都会重新回到原始的尺寸，甚至在多次被拉伸之后。当被充分的拉伸后，它的导电性喂2200S/cm，能检测50KPA的压力，类似于一个“坚定的手指捏”的力度，研究者说。
“我们所制作的这个纳米管很可能是首次可被拉伸的，透明的，肤质般感应的，有或者没有碳的纳米管”小组成员之一Darren Lipomi.说。这种薄膜也可在很多领域得到应用，包括移动设备的屏幕可以感应到一定范围的压力而不仅限于触摸；可拉伸和折叠的几乎不会毁坏的触屏感应器；太阳能电池的透明电极；可包裹而不会起皱的车辆或建筑物的曲面；机器人感应装置和人工智能系统。
其他应用程序
“其他系统也可以从中受益—例如那种需要生物反馈的—举个例子，智能方向盘可以感应到，如果司机睡着了，”Lipomi补充说。用这种材料制成的人工皮肤也可以用来恢复被截肢者（例如，如果他们装配的假肢是被皮肤覆盖的），受伤的士兵和被烧伤者的触觉。在初步结果的推动下，这个小组希望提高装置的压力感应度。目前所有的薄膜中，研究者的焦点主要在结构的拉伸度和透明度上，而在感应度上并非如此。他们也想使皮肤压力感应和神经细胞结合在一起，像尝试太阳能电池的电极一样。
在未来，这种薄膜也有可能被用在设计其他人类的器官，皮肤类的装置方面—--比如超人—--其特性诸如对湿度、温度、光的感应能力，甚至在化学和生物物种上也可以得到应用和尝试。
Nanotube springs make skin-like sensor
纳米管的弹性制作皮肤般感应器
Researchers at Stanford University in the US have discovered a type of highly elastic有弹性的, transparent thin film透明薄膜 that conducts electricity导电 extremely well.The film is made of wavy, spring-like carbon nanotubes碳纳米管 and could be used as the electrode material in “skin-like” pressure and stretch sensors.可以作为电极材料用在肤似般的触压和拉伸传感器方面。
@1美国斯坦福大学的研究者发现了一种富有弹性且透明的导电性能非常好的薄膜，这种薄膜由极易感触的碳纳米管组成，可被作为电极材料用在轻微触压和拉伸方面的传感器上。
Such devices这种装置 might one day be used to help restore恢复 touch and pressure sensitivity接触和按压敏感性 to amputees,被截肢者，injured soldiers受伤的士兵 and burn victims,烧伤 and also find applications in 应用robotics 机器人and touch-sensitive computer displays触屏电脑, says the team.@2 “这种装置也许有一天可以被用在被截肢者、受伤的士兵、烧伤方面接触和压迫的敏感性的恢复上，也可以被应用于机器人和触屏电脑方面”，这个小组如是说。
Zhenan Bao鲍哲南 and colleagues同事 made their transparent elastic films弹透薄膜 by airbrushing a solution喷一种溶液 of carbon nanotubes碳纳米管onto the top and bottom顶部和底部的表面上 surface of a flat silicone sheet平坦的硅板.After coating, 覆盖之后the researchers stretched the sheet.胶片 When the sheet then relaxed, the nanotubes纳米管 naturally formed wavy波浪, spring-like structures结构.These structures act as作为 electrodes电极 that can accurately精准的 measure 测量the amount of force力量总数 applied to应用于 the material.@3鲍哲南和他的同事们在他们的弹透薄膜的顶部和底部喷上一种碳纳米管的溶液形成平坦的硅板，覆盖之后，研究人员拉伸这个胶片，当胶片被放松后，纳米管很自然地形成波浪般的结构，这种结构作为电极可以精准的检测出作用在这个材料上的力量总数。
In fact, the set-up装配 behaves like a capacitor电容器, with the silicone硅树脂 layer 层storing electrical charge储存电荷, as a battery does.像一个电池一样 When pressure is applied to the sensor, the silicone layer compresses,压缩收紧 which alters改变 the amount of electrical charge电荷总量 that it can store.储存 This charge is measured 测量判断by the carbon nanotubes碳纳米管 on top and below the silicone.@4事实上，这种装配行为上很像一个电容器，用硅树脂层来存储电荷，像一个电池一样，当压力被作用到这个感应器上的时候，硅树脂层就收紧，并且不会改变它所储存的电荷总量。这个电荷是被位于顶部和底部的硅树脂上的纳米碳管测量到的。
When the composite film复合膜 is stretched again, the nanotubes纳米管 straighten out in the direction they are stretched理顺方向.The electrical conductivity导电性 of the thin film 薄膜does not change as long as the material is not stretched beyond
the initial stretch amount初始弹性数量.Indeed事实上, the film can be stretched up to two and half times its initial length,初始长度的两倍 and in any direction without damage,任何一种不损害的方向 always reverting back重新回到 to its original dimensions原始尺寸, even after many stretches.甚至在多次被拉伸之后。When fully stretched,当被充分的拉伸后 the film has a conductivity导电性 of 2200 S/cm and can detect 检测a pressure of around 50 kPa, which roughly corresponds大致对应 to that of a “firm finger pinch”, according to the researchers.@4当这个复合膜被再次拉伸的时候，纳米管会自动理顺被拉伸的方向。薄膜的导电性不会改变只要材料没有超出最初的拉伸量。事实上，这种薄膜可以被拉伸到它原始长度的2.5倍，并且无论哪种方向不会使它受到损害的拉伸它都会重新回到原始的尺寸，甚至在多次被拉伸之后。当被充分的拉伸后，它的导电性喂2200S/cm，能检测50KPA的压力，类似于一个“坚定的手指捏”的力度，研究者说。
“Ours is probably the first stretchable, transparent, skin-like sensor – with or without carbon nanotubes,”
@5“我们所制作的这个纳米管很可能是首次可被拉伸的，透明的，肤质般感应的，有或者没有碳的纳米管” says team member Darren Lipomi.小组成员之一Darren Lipomi.说。
The film might find applications in a host of areas这个薄膜也许可在很多领域得到应用, including screens for mobile devices 移动设备的屏幕方面that can sense a range of pressures(not just touch)可以感应到一定范围的压力而不仅限于触摸;sensors for touch screens触屏感应器 that are collapsible可折叠的, stretchable 可拉伸的and virtually indestructible几乎是不可毁灭的;transparent electrodes透明电极 for solar cells太阳能电池 that could be wrapped around the curved surfaces包裹着曲面的 of vehicles车辆 and buildings建筑 without wrinkling不会起皱;and sensors for robots机器人感应装置 and artificial intelligence systems.人工智能系统
@6这种薄膜也可在很多领域得到应用，包括移动设备的屏幕可以感应到一定范围的压力而不仅限于触摸；可拉伸和折叠的几乎不会毁坏的触屏感应器；
太阳能电池的透明电极；可包裹而不会起皱的车辆或建筑物的曲面；机器人感应装置和人工智能系统。
Other applications其他应用程序
“Other systems could also benefit – such as those requiring 'biofeedback' – for example, 'smart' steering wheels that could sense if the driver was falling asleep,” adds Lipomi.“Artificial skin made from the material might also be used to restore the sense of touch to amputees(if they were fitted with装配 prosthetic limbs假肢 covered with the skin, for example), injured soldiers and burn victims.”
@7“其他系统也可以从中受益—例如那种需要生物反馈的—举个例子，智能方向盘可以感应到，如果司机睡着了，”Lipomi补充说。用这种材料制成的人工皮肤也可以用来恢复被截肢者（例如，如果他们装配的假肢是被皮肤覆盖的），受伤的士兵和被烧伤者的触觉。
Spurred on by its preliminary results, the team now hopes to improve the sensitivity to pressure of its device.For the films made so far, the researchers mainly focused on making the structures stretchable and transparent and not on the sensitivity as such.They would also like to integrate the skin-like pressure sensors with neurons, as well as try out the electrodes in solar cells.@8在初步结果的推动下，这个小组希望提高装置的压力感应度。目前所有的薄膜中，研究者的焦点主要在结构的拉伸度和透明度上，而在感应度上并非如此。他们也想使皮肤压力感应和神经细胞结合在一起，像尝试太阳能电池的电极一样。
“In the future, it should also be possible to use such films to design organic, skin-like devices with other human – and 'superhuman' – characteristics, such as the ability to sense moisture, temperature, light and even chemical and biological species,” states Lipomi.@9在未来，这种薄膜也有可能被用在设计其他人类的器官，皮肤类的装置方面—--比如超人—--其特性诸如对湿度、温度、光的感应能力，甚至在化学和生物物种上也可以得到应用和尝试。
第二篇：中英翻译差异
汉英文化差异对英语翻译的影响
【摘要】翻译活动并不是简单的文字转换，而是把一种语言转换成另一种语言的工作，因而是一种跨文化的活动。而各个民族的生活环境和生活经历不同造成了他们所创造的文化之间也具有巨大差异，这种差异又造成了各自语言上的巨大差异。这些差异对译者翻译过程以及翻译翻译结果的准确性产生巨大影响。本文将从地理位置、宗教信仰、生活习惯和习俗、以及词义联想和文化意象共四个方面探讨中西方文化的差异对翻译活动的影响。【关键词】汉英文化 英语翻译 差异 影响
引言
语言是社会现象,也是文化现象,语言反映文化,又受文化的制约,语言与文化的密切关系注定了翻译与文化的关系。根据一般概念, 翻译是将一种语言的信息用另一种语言表达出来的活动。这个概念只提及语言的信息, 未提到文化的信息, 是不完整的概念。世界上不同的民族和地域的人们创造了具有各自特点的民族地域文化，这种文化上的差异造成了各自语言的巨大差异，所以翻译不仅是把一种语言转换成另外一种语言的工作。更是文化上的交流活动。我国著名学者王佐良教授在谈到文化与翻译的关系时指出: “翻译工作者处理的是个别的词, 他面对的则是两大片文化。”
一、汉英的地理位置差异与英语翻译
一定的文化实体总是存在于一定的空间地域内的，因此它不可避免地要反映该地域的自然特点与物产经济的特点，具体反映在语言上也有所不同。在用自然景观或物体作比较时，不同的语言表现就存在明显的差异。就拿中国和英国相比，以英国为例，英国四周环海，是一个典型的岛国，并且在历史上英国的航海业非常发达，曾一度领先于其他国家，因而英语中与海洋有关的词语和表达就特别丰富。中国则不同，中国有2/3 的边界线在陆地上，文化的繁荣兴盛起源于中原。中华民族世代在亚洲大陆生活并繁衍，生活的方方面面都离不开土地，所以他们对土地有一种特殊的感情。在语言中也潜移默化体现与土地的关系，如，汉语“挥金如土”，比喻铺张浪费，花钱大手大脚，而英语中则用“spend money like water” 此外，英语中有大量关于船和水的俗语和习语，而在汉语中却找不到完全相同的对应，如: “all at sea”（指不知所措）、“as close as an oyster”（指守口如瓶）、“drink like a fish”（指豪饮）等等。中国人经常用“天南地北”来表达对祖国幅员辽阔的赞叹，而英国人则用“from sea to sea”来表达国土面积的意思。
“东风”和“西风”在中西文化中有着不同的解读，这也是由国家的地理环境的差异造成的。中国西邻高山，东临大海，东风就是温暖春天的象征，所以中国人偏爱东风，故素有“西风凛冽”与“东风送暖”之辞。而英国却拥有完全不同的地貌与气候，它西邻大西洋，东面与欧洲大陆相望，西风温暖而湿润，东风反而寒冷。英国人对西风的喜爱在雪莱的《西风颂》中表现得淋漓尽致，诗中有这么一句：“Oh the west wind.If winter comes, can spring be far behind.”（啊，西风！假如冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗？）如果不了解英国的地理环境，译者在翻译这个句子时可能就会感到困惑：为什么雪莱会歌颂寒冷的西风呢？因此，这种地理环境的差异有时会给翻译带来较大的困难。
二、汉英双方宗教信仰差异与英汉翻译
在语言漫长的发展历史中，宗教的影响是不容小觑的，各国的语言或多或少都会沾染上些许宗教色彩。英国人大多信基督教，按照基督教的理解，世界和宇宙是上帝创造的，这个世上的万事万物都要服从上帝的旨意。在中国则大多数人信奉佛教，在他们心中，由各派佛祖主宰这个世界。中英文中都有大量与宗教信仰相关的词语，中文里有“借花献佛”、“放下屠刀，立地成佛”等说法。在西方国家，人们表示对对方的祝福时常会说“God bless you!”，在鼓励灰心丧气的朋友时，人们通常会说“God helps those who help themselves”（天助自助者）。与宗教有关的典故在翻译工作中也很常见。如：“The thing I bought yesterday am found to be an apple of Sodom.” 中的“an apple of Sodom” 便是出自于圣经中的一个典故。据圣经《旧约·创世纪》记载, 所多玛是古代死海边上的一座城市, 由于那里的居民骄奢淫逸, 罪大恶极, 上帝降火烧毁了这座城,城中的百姓、庄稼和牲畜全都化为灰烬, 传说在那里的死海边上长着一种外表美丽、摘下便成为灰烬的苹果。后来, “an apple of Sodom” 比喻罪恶的城市, 罪恶之地。只有了解这一典故, 才能正确译成：“我发现昨天买的东西外表好看却实际无用。”如果译者不熟悉圣经里的这个典故，那么他在翻译的时候就不能准确地表达出原文的意思。
三、生活习惯和习俗的差异与英语翻译
我们常说: “ 一方水土养一方人。” 的确如此, 这其中也包含着文化的差异。汉语和英语是建立在不同文化基础上的两种语言, 它们各自反映着自己特殊的民族文化和历史传统。语言和文化是息息相关的, 有什么样的文化, 就会有与之相对应的语言来反映。
就拿数字来说，“8”在中国是一个吉利的数字，很多人在竞投车牌，电话号码等的时候愿意花上一大笔钱，就只为了图一个吉利。可是如果是拿这些数字给英国人，可能他们只会一笑而过甚至会觉得奇怪为什么要花那么多钱买一堆数字。称谓上，中国人是讲究尊卑大小，因此会有“舅舅”、“舅妈”、“叔叔”、“婶婶”等的称谓。可是在英语的 “uncle”、“aunt”这两个词就代替了这些称谓的麻烦。中国人性格上是比较内敛的，而外国人则思想相对比较开放。因而在生活上，中国人都喜欢委婉的表达自己的情感，比如：某人称赞某个人的女儿很漂亮时，中国人一般会说：“哪里，哪里。”以表达自己的谦虚。如果把这几句直接翻译过来就会闹出笑话：“Your daughter is beautiful.” “where, where.”所以在翻译这类词语时，译者一定要考虑到不同的生活习俗对日常表达的影响，千万不能僵硬地采用直译来传达原文的意思。除此之外，中国人见面很喜欢问别人：“你吃饭了没。”但是英国人则是喜欢见面就讨论今天的天气，两个极端反映出双方文化的差异。如果在翻译的时候没有这些文化内涵作为根基，那么译者也很难把真正的意思翻译出来。
四、词义联想和文化意象与翻译
由于英汉两个民族生活环境和生活经历的不同, 在词义联想和文化意象上必然存在着一些差异。例如: 对“dragon”一词的理解中西差异就很大, 中国人视之为神圣, 尊贵的象征, 因而望子成龙，称自己为龙的传人；而在西方人的眼中, 龙却是嘴里喷火的四足怪物, 在《圣经》 里是罪恶的象征。就拿“龙凤胎”一词举例，我们不能翻译成： “A baby dragon and a baby phoenix”那样很容易让西方人误解，甚至大为吃惊，感到不可思议。正确的译文应该是：“pigeon pair”。同样西方人对“dog” 的看法也与中国人大相径庭, 英语中含有“dog” 的习语很多, 大多表示喜爱的感情, 例如:“ a lucky dog”(幸运儿)；“ Every dog has his day.”(凡人皆有得意日。)等等, 而汉语中却说“痛打落水狗”“走狗”等,大多含有贬义。
中华文化五千年，其中最为璀璨而西方又无法相比的就是唐诗。中国的唐诗分门别类，有四言绝句，八言律诗等。中国诗人可以用用寥寥数十字去表达一个绝美的意境，就以《静夜思》为例：“床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡。”16字就已经把诗人的思念之前形象生动地表达出来。若是把这16字翻译为英文，那么字数肯定是超过原来的诗句，最重要的是诗句原来的意境也不复存在。又例如，中文中常有：“好好学习，天天向上”之说。英文中却是没有的，中国人自行翻译为：“Good good study, day day up.”明显就违反了英语的日常用法。又如：“If the public officials of higher authorities resort to bribery, those of lower authorities will follow.This is called：Fish begins to stink at the head.”以中国人的思维，或会翻译出：“上级公务员行贿受贿, 下级公务员也会效仿。这叫：鱼从头开始发臭。”完全的中国式英语，被中文思维所以困扰，所以才会出现最后一句翻译的笑话。以上种种课看出中英双方的思维差异之大，以此导致双方在词义联想以及意境上有巨大的差别。所以在进行翻译的时候，译者不能只顾转换语言符号而忽略非语言符号的结果。以‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’为例，它的英语文化涵义是什么? 怎样把这层意义转化到汉语译文中来, 使其也具有类似的汉语文化内涵, 换句话说，就是把这短短的英文句子翻译出具有中国风味的句子。这就需要译者有两种文化的词义联想和文化意象，将‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’与中文中的某些词句来年息起来，再根据语境得出翻译的结果，这样的句子才会更加“有味道”。而正确的译文应为：“上级公务员行贿受贿, 下级公务员也会效仿，这叫： 上行下效(或上梁不正下梁歪)。”上行下效或上梁不正下梁歪都是汉语习语, 寓意深刻, 能够较好地对接‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’中的文化内涵。结语
本文通过地理、宗教、生活习惯和习俗、以及在词义联想和文化意象四方面对汉英翻译的关系，初步地了解汉英文化差异对英语翻译的影响。我们可以看到，文化的差异给词语的表达打上了深深的文化烙印，语言承载丰富的文化内涵。而翻译不仅要力求语言意义上的等值，而且更重要的是文化意义上的等值。要想翻译出完美的作品，译者就必须在理解词的内涵上下功夫，深入了解译出语和译入语之间的文化差异，对译文做出综合判断，选择合适的翻译技巧，只有把文化和语言能力有机结合，才能做好翻译工作。
参考文献
⑴杨立刚.试析汉英文化差异与翻译.黑龙江教育学院学报,2004(6):99.⑵张捷.试论汉英文化差异对翻译的影响.吉林师范大学学报,2011(3):54 ⑶刘法公.汉英文化差异与汉英翻译信息障碍.外语与外语教学.2000(12):45
第三篇：英语中英翻译
exclusive privileges 独有的特权
better off 更好的
national income 国民收入
business investment expenditure 企业投资支出 replacement cost 重置成本
short-distance distribution 短途配送 downtown business district 市中心商业区 checkout counter 结账柜台 the required reserve 准备金 self-sufficient 自给自足的 shopping centre 购物中心 know-how 专有技术
floating captial流动资本 economies of scale 规模经济
talk show 谈话节目
viewer demographics 观众人口统计数据 the peculiar powers 独特的力量 foreign-trade zones 对外贸易区 investment demand 投资需求 outlying villages 偏远的村庄 advertising media 广告媒体 a change in situation 形式的变化 captial equipment 资本设备
原材料Raw material 产品统一条形码 The unified product bar code 标准化集装箱Standard container 贸易差额Balance of trade 名胜古迹historical interest 规模经济Scale economy 垄断性竞争Monopolistic competition 补偿贸易Compensation trade 赤字 in the red 原始资本积累 Primitive accumulation of capital
无形贸易Invisible trade 定期存款账户Deposit account 市场经济Market economy 商业银行Commercial Bank 生产资料The means of production 文明世界The civilized world 基础设施Infrastructure 额外储备金The extra reserves 保险费Insurance premium 直接税Direct tax 医疗设备 Medical device 人造丝Artificial silk 批量生产Batch production 携手合作Work together 垄断性竞争Monopolistic competition 在和平时期In times of peace 保险单Insurance policy 成本效益Cost effectiveness 提单 bill of lading 财政危机Financial crisis 人际关系Interpersonal relationship 每隔几分钟 every free minutes 保守秘密Keep a secret 国家税务State Taxation 生活方式 Way of life 两份报纸 two copies of newspaper
一块肥皂 a bar of soap
一件家具 a piece of furniture
一把剪刀 a pair of scissors
丢弃 throw away
陷入困境 get into trouble
工业产品 industrial goods
农产品 agriculture goods
一辈子一次性的收获 a one-in-a-lifetime acquisition
没有出路的工作 a dead-end job
付一大笔钱 pay good money
过时 be out of fashion
流行 be in the fashion
批量生产 mass-production
降低成本 lower the cost
在起作用 be at work
物美价廉的产品 better quality products at good values
所得税 income tax
投放市场 put on the market
小批量 in limited quantities
大量地 in large quantities
要求 ask for
下降 go down
从商go into business
努力做某事 strive to do sth.医疗设备 medical device
劣质产品 inferior products
一条面包 a loaf of bread
温和宽容的 easy-going
人造丝 artificial silk
假牙 artificial teeth
对„有害 be harmful to
警惕 be on guard
认为某事当然 take sth for granted
由„组成 be composed of
一个中年妇女 a middle-aged women
一些性格开朗的女孩 an open-minded girl
一个意志软弱的人 a weak-minded man
一个意志坚强的人 a strong-minded soldier
遭受 suffer from
由于压力 as a result of stress
警告信号 warning signals
交通阻塞 traffic jam
指出 point out
逃离 run away from
自杀 commit suicide
从事摄影 take up photography
高度工业化国家 a highly industrialized country
工业生产 industrial production
制成品 manufactured goods
领先 take over the lead
失去领先地位 lose one's lead
赤字 in the red
就„而言 as far as „ is concerned
易手 change hands
赚钱 earn money
金融中心 a financial centre
贸易中心 a commercial centre
国际贸易 international trade
外贸 foreign trade
商船船队 a merchant fleet
巨额金钱 vast sums of money
一大笔钱 a large sum of money
对付，处理 deal with
有形贸易 visible trade
无形贸易 invisible trade
贸易差额 trade gap
失血 loss of blood
高度机械化的工厂 highly mechanized factory
产品统一条形码 universal product code
黑白相间的条纹 zebra stripes(or black and white stripes)
斑马线 zebra crossing
油炸土豆片 potato chips
炸薯条 French fries
黑白电视机 black and white televisions
墨画 black and white
身上青一块紫一块 be black and blue
光学扫描器 an optical scanner
激光束 laser beam
目的是 be designed to
消灭，消除 do away with
付账后离开 check out
到达登记 check in
现金出纳机 cash register
在左边 on the left side
收款台 check out counter
原材料 raw materials
制成品 manufactured goods
近在手边 at hand
衣夹 clothes-peg
晒衣绳 clothes-line
桌布 a tablecloth
洗碗布 a dishcloth
洗碗机 a dishwasher
原始人 primitive people
现代人 modern people
穿着 be dressed in
从„上刮去 scrape„from
把„纺成„ spin„into„
把„制成make„into
4000万年前 over four thousand years ago
在远古时 in the time immemorial
富人和穷人一样 the rich and the poor alike
想到 think of
剪去 cut off
讲故事 spin a yarn
保守秘密 keep a secret 直接税 direct taxes
间接税 indirect taxes
收入所得税 income taxes
纳税人 taxpayer
税务员 tax-collector
免税的 tax-free
国税 state taxes
地方税 local taxes
穷人 the poor
富人 the rich
年轻人 the young
老年人the old
高达 as high as
以„形势 in the form of
政府机关 government offices
凭借 by means of
在某个星期一的早晨 on a Monday morning
在星期一的早晨 on Monday morning
乘火车 take train
乘公共汽车 take bus
布莱克一家 the Blacks
向某人道别 say goodbye to sb.向某人道歉 say sorry to sb.每隔几分钟 every few minutes
每隔一天 every other day
每隔一行 every other line
不久以后 shortly afterwards
通向 lead to
抓牢 hold on to
一打鸡蛋 a dozen eggs
在阳光下 in the sun
注意 pay attention to
继续作某事 keep(on)doting
好像 as if
自信 self-confidence
自信的 self-confident
自大的 self-important
自助的 self-service
自给自足的 self-sufficient
自学的 self-taught
一般的 in general
确信 be sure of
习惯于 become accustomed to
抱怨 complain about
说实话 tell the truth
说谎 tell a lie
适用于 apply to
处理 deal with
依赖于 depend on
必修课 a required course
同„相处 get along with
考虑 think about
日复一日 from day to day
从始自终 from beginning to end
每况愈下 from bad to worse
减速 slow down
在使用中 in use
不再使用 out of use
免费入场 admission free
免所得税 free of income tax
免费获得某物get sth.free
再步行一段路即可到达的距离之内 within walking distance
探知，查明 find out
得到以下结论 come to the conclusion that
得出结论 draw a conclusion
交通高峰时间 rush hours
交通拥挤 traffic jams
援助计划 aid program
视觉教具 visual aids
助听器 hearing-aid
捏粘土 work clay
揉面团 work dough
一定数量的 a certain amount of
大量地 in large amounts
小额地 in small amounts
优于 be superior to
劣于 be inferior to
把„与„相混合 mix„with„
把„与„分开 separate„from
把„分成 separate„into
用尽 use up
表现了„的特点 be characteristic of
究竟，到底 on earth
五大湖区 the Grate Lakes region
通知某人某事 inform sb of sth.利用 take advantage of
准备某事 be ready to do sth.很容易拿到 within easy reach
够不到 out of reach
想出，熟思 think out
在人力方面 in terms of manpower
在理论上 in terms of theory
投资于 invest in
以„代替„ replace„with„
创新进步innovational advances
大波动 major fluctuations
领导，带头 take the lead
成群，大批 in a swarm
一大群蚂蚁 a swarm of ants
生产资料 means of production
大量购买 buy in bulk
参考书 reference book
面对„困难 come up against
利息率，利率 the interest rate
货币市场 money market
企业投资支出 business investment expenditure
不愿做某事 be reluctant to do
和„联系在一起 be associated with
与„有关系 be related to
归因于 ascribe to
规模经济 economies of scale
以空前的速度 at an unprecedented rate
换句话说 to put it in somewhat different words
成功地做成某事 succeed in doing sth
压出，榨取 squeeze„out of
每一单位投入 every unit of input
多于，超过 in excess of
过渡 to excess
在非常有利的条件下 under extremely favorable conditions
优于，胜过 be superior to
劣于，次于 be inferior to
在春末 in late spring
企图做某事，尝试做某事 attempt at doing sth
攻击，袭击attempt on
拆开，拆散 take sth apart
国民生产总值 Gross National Product(GNP)
生产性投资 productive investment
与„并驾齐驱 keep pace with
由于„的原因owing to
因„值得受到称赞 deserve credit for
与„对照，与„对比 as opposed to
外汇分配 foreign exchange allocations
停止 leave off
可自由支配的收入 disposable income
对„负责 be responsible for
准备，筹备 provide for
到现在为止 as yet
弥补 make up for
政府支出 government expenditures
消费支出consumption expenditures
时间滞差 a time lag
总计，合计 in the aggregate
集中精力于 concentrate on
与„有很大关系 have a lot to do with
与„无关系 have nothing to do with
逐渐获得，逐渐建立 built up
免税 tax exemptions
技术，技能 know-how
擦去 wipe away
辨别，区别 distinguish one thing from another
建于„之上 be based on/upon
独有的特权exclusive privileges
独家代理权 exclusive agency
商标 trademark
商品名称 trade name
同类卖价，批发价格 trade price
关于 with respect to
不管，不顾虑 without respect to
公平交易 fair dealing
使„与„相关联 attach„to„
就„之限度，在„范围内 so far as
无形因素 intangible factors
无形资产 intangible assets
对某事加以考虑 take sth into account
大约，多少有一点 more or less
广泛的兴趣 a wide range of interest
相当独特 fairly individual
显著，杰出 stand out
反之亦然 vice versa
垄断性竞争 monopolistic competition
常常 more often than not
纯粹的垄断 pure monopoly
纯粹的竞争 pure competition
纯粹浪费时间 a pure waste of time
至于 as for
需求曲线 demand curve
概言之，一般说来 in general
阻止某人做某事 preclude sb from doing sth
排除所有误解 preclude all misunderstanding
需求计划 demand schedule
与„竞争 in competition with
不完全竞争市场 imperfectly competitive market
与„配对 be paired with
以任意的形势 in random fashion
与„合并 be merged with
有几分，稍稍 in some measure
把„至于显著地位 bring into the foreground
产生 arise from
部分独立 partial independence
经济学文献 economic literature
给„以其应有分量 give due weight to
集中精力于 focus attention on
观点 point of view
与„不协调 out of harmony with
与„协调 in harmony with
经济增长的代价the cost of economic growth
不惜任何代价，无论如何 at all costs
丧失，牺牲 at the cost of
势如破竹的胜利 an overwhelming victory
极度的悲哀 overwhelming sorrow
绝大部分公民 the overwhelming number of its citizens
渴望，向往 yearn for
继续，连续 a continuation of
为„奋斗 struggle for
心醉于，被迷倒 be charmed with
踩，践踏 tread on sth
踩在某人的脚趾上 tread on sb's toes
相互追逐 tread on each other's heels
得意洋洋 tread on air
与某人祸福与共 cast in one's lot with sb
决不是，绝对不 anything but
盼望，期待 look forward to
结果，因此 in consequence
富裕繁荣的社会 the affluent society
在富裕的环境中 in affluent circumstances
对„满意 be content with
丰富的饮食 food and drink in abundance
过着丰衣足食的生活 live in abundance
依次，轮流 in turn
赶上琼斯家 keep up with the Joneses
赶上，不落后 Keep up with sb/sth
继续作某事 deep on doing sth
更富有，跟舒服 be better off
生产商诱导而产生的需要 producer-induced demand 成为„之一部分 enter into sth
自然增长或产生 accrue from sth
英国的工业革命 the English Industrial Revolution
传统的生活方式 traditional pattern of life
仅仅，只不过 nothing but
等于 amount to
不是，而是 not„but„
吸引„的注意 get the attention of
食品杂货店 grocery store
为„竞争 compete for
干得好 do a good job
记在心里 remain in one's mind
收款台 checkout counter
国营公司 state-owned company
合资公司 joint ventures
白雪覆盖的山顶 snow-covered peak
糖衣药丸 sugar-coated pills
营业时间 business hors
因公 on business
开始谈正事 get down to business
激烈的竞争 strong competition
通货膨胀 inflation
顺差 surplus
城市商业区 downtown business district
保险业 insurance
不断的 never-ending
受限于 be limited by
被认为是 be perceived as
把„局限于 confine„to
为了一切有实用价值的目的 for all practical purposes
能够做 in the position to do
使„变成 turn„to
对„有影响 have an effect on
总纲 general principles
以„为目的 be aimed at
与„相关的 relate to
与„联系在一起 associate with
太阳能 solar power
受„的控制 be subjected to
引入 lead up
通讯系统 communication system
能源危机 an energy crisis
财政危机 a financial crisis
业余画家 an amateur painter
业余摄影家 an amateur photographer
道德的基础 the basis of morality
柱基 the base of a pillar
自然现象 the phenomena of nature
故意的 on purpose
商业银行 a commercial bank
金融机构 a financial institution
金融中心 a financial centre
财政困难 in financial difficulties
与生俱来的特权 the privileges of birth
活期存款账户 checking accounts
定期存款账户 savings accounts
州政府 the state government
联邦政府 the federal government
答应一项帮助 grant a favor
答应一项请求 grant a request
发给银行执照 grant a charter to the bank
一定量的资产 a specified volume of assets
遵循一定的常规 follow certain practices
隶属于州的银行 state banks
国家银行 national banks
活期存款 demand deposits
与„相结合 couple with
部分准备制的原理 the fractional reserve principle
在任何一次 at any one time
可用，握有 on hand
公债 government loans
内债 domestic loans
外债 foreign loans
可能的买主 a prospective buyer
增加了 increase by
增加到 increase to
被看作 be counted as
防备取款 a precaution against withdrawals
追溯到 trace to
法定最低储备金 the required reserve
额外储备金 excess reserves
就„意义而言 in the sense
在某种意义上 in a sense
自由港 free port
外贸保税区 foreign-trade zones
经济特区 special economic zones
从事于政治 engage in politics
忙着工作 be engage in business
与某人订婚 be engage to sb.普通港口 a regular port
中东 the Middle East
远东 the Far East
近东 the Near East
关税壁垒 tariff barriers
起作用，生效 in operation
为„付关税 pay a tariff on„
索价，要价 charge„for
原材料 raw material
制成品 manufactured products
码头工人 dock workers
造船厂，修船所 dockyard
内河航行 inland navigation
广告媒介 advertising media
天天，逐日 from day to day
并肩地，相互支持地 side by side
说出，(尤指无意间)吐露 throw out
吐露秘密 throw out a secret
有吸引力，引起兴趣 appeal to
目标观众 target audiences
有线电视 cable television
有线电视广告收入 cable ad revenues
使遭受，面对 be exposed to
抛却，扔掉 throw away
旧货商 a junk dealer
预付费用 the advance cost
成本效益 cost effectiveness
被分为 be segmented into
(广播中的)答问节目 talk shows
解释，说明 account for
使(某人)信服 convince„of„
相当提前 well in advance
有„倾向的 be subject to
有很高的重复接触率 high repeat exposure
保险 insurance
保险额 insurance value
保险公司 insurance company
保险范围 insurance coverage
保险费 insurance premium
作为对„的报答 in return for
防御 protect against
不愿意做某事 be unwilling to do
经商，经营 in business
因公有事 on business
赚钱 make a profit
收入，接受，吸收 take in
付钱(如福清费用)pay out
投保人 policyholder
保险单 policy
建于„之上 be based on
索价，要价 charge for
毛利 gross profit
净利 net profit
国民生产总值 gross national product
统计学原理 a statistical principle
大数定律 law of larger numbers
随„变动 vary with
在相反的情形下 in the opposite situation
使恢复 bring sb back to
在„之前 prior to
为此目的 toward this end
由于„而发生 result from
导致 result in
故意行为 an intentional act
放火纵火 set fire to sth
在欺诈的情况下 in cases of fraud
有助于，促成 contribute to
重置费用 replacement cost
资本支出 capital expenditure
资本货物 capital goods
固定资本 fixed capital
流动资本 floating capital
资本积累 accumulation of capital
原始资本积累 primitive accumulation of capital
把„用于 employ„in„
以同样的方式 in the same manner
有几分，有点儿 in a manner
补偿贸易 compensation trade
在和平时期 in time of peace
在战争时期 in time of war
足够的 a sufficiency of sth
迫使某人做某事 oblige sb to do sth
侵占，侵害 encroach upon/on
预定，命中注定 be destined for
由„所造成的 be occasioned by
在大多数情况下 upon most occasions
在那个时机 on that occasion
曾经，有一次 on one occasion
很少，不常 on rare occasions
足以 be sufficient to
从„而产生出来的 be derived from
使恢复 restore to
投资需求 investment demand
投资规模 investment scale
消费者需求 consumer demand
国民收入 national income
指出 point out
在„方面起着关键作用 be pivotal in
设身处地 put oneself in the place of
可能作某事 be likely to do 许多 a host of
对某事加以考虑 take sth into account
对某事不予考虑 leave sth out of account
在开始时 at the outset
从开始时 from the outset
政府的年限 the life of a government
企业预测 business expectations
决定性的因素 a crucial factor
在重要的关头 at the crucial moment
在„方面 in terms of
国内工业 home industries
国内产品 home products
国内贸易 the home trade
国内市场 the home market
美国国会 the United States Congress
外贸保税区法 the Foreign Trade Zones Act
(英国)议院的法案 An Act of Parliament
(美国)国会的法案 The Acts of congress
外贸保税区管理委员会 the Foreign Trade Zone Board
董事会 the Board of Directors
国际商务局 the Bureau of International Commerce
天津商检局 Tianjin Commodity Inspection Bureau
美国商业部United States Department of Commerce
市场经济 market economy
计划经济 planned economy
决定性的测验 the crucial test
决定性的问题 the crucial question
在重要的关头 at the crucial moment
以分散的方式 in a decentralized fashion
市场价格机制 a price-and-market mechanism
技术工 skilled labor
劳工与雇主之间的关系 labor relations
工党 the Labor Party
纯粹的形式 a pure form
英国工业革命 the English Industrial Revolution
法国大革命 The French Revolution
普遍地 at large
倾向于做某事 be inclined to do sth.全社会 society at large
有„倾向的 be subject to
由„产生的 stem from
实质上，根本上 in effect
供求机制 the supply and demand mechanism
完全承袭„传统 in the full tradition of
对于„感到悲观 be pessimistic about
对于„感到乐观 be optimistic about
指出 point out
个人利益private interest
社会利益 society interest
支持某人on sb's side
获胜，击败 triumph over
高度计划的社会主义经济 highly planned socialist economies
用这样或那样的方式 in one way or another
介入 step in
决不 by no means
当然，必定 by all means
就„而言 as far as„is concerned
比较利益 comparative advantage
把„从„解放出来 free„from
使„束缚于 bind„to„
生产过程 production processes
比较利益原则 the law of comparative advantage
指„而言 refer to
把„比作为 compare to
适用于 be applicable to
使适应，使适合 be geared to/toward
为某事给某人报酬或奖赏 reward sb for sth
把„应用于，使用于 apply„to„
归类程序 sorting process
彼此 one another
相比之下 by contrast
卷入 involve in
完完全全的自由贸易 perfectly free commerce
致力于 devote„to
对„有益处的 be beneficial to
整个社会的普遍利益 the universal good of the whole
独特的力量 the peculiar powers
大批量生产 mass production
总的生产规模 the general mass of productions
总收益 general benefit
商业往来 commercial intercourse
文明世界 the civilized world
把„用于„ employ„in
不得不做某事 be obliged to do sth.在„方面低劣 inferior in
在„方面优越 superior in
交换 in exchange for
对„有利 be advantageous for
使„从„转移到 divert„from„to
标准化集装箱 standardized containers
集装箱运输container transport
陆运 overland transportation
海运 sea transportation
空运 air transportation
水运 water transportation
管道运输 pipeline transportation
联运 combined transport
承运人 carrier
托运人 consignor
收货人 consignee
铁路运单 consignment note
空运单 air waybill
租船合同 charter party
提单 bill of lading
订舱单 booking note
重新占领市场 regain market share
背负式运输服务 piggy-back service
从„方面来讲 in terms of
专门从事 specialize in
与„结合 merge with
失效，崩溃 break down
存货占用成本 inventory carrying costs
短途送货short-distance distribution
长途送货long distance distribution
汽车装运的货物 trucked goods
空运货物 air freight
基础设施 infrastructure 1.Food,for example,is a kind of goods.everyone eats food,but the ayerage person does not think much about all the things that must happen before food appears on his plate.例如，食品就是一种商品，人人都要吃东西，但是一般人对食品出现在他们盘子里之前势必发生的一切并不多去想。
2.Men andmachines made the wood into paper,which had to be packaged and carried by trucks and put into stores.at every step in process peopre had to paid for their work,money had to be usedfor buying and so on.人使用机器把木材制造成纸，然后纸被包装好并用卡车送到各个商店在这过程中的每个阶段，人们的工作都必须得到报酬，买机器，修机器等等都得花钱。
3.When there are no resources left,we will start tolook after what we have.but why can’t we act before this happens?why can’t we goback to a society in which prevention of waste is a virtue?当地球上的资源耗尽时，我们就会珍惜所拥有的东西。但是为什么在一切发生之前，我们就不能有所作为呢？为什么我们不能回到制止浪费就是美德的社会去呢？
4.This has led directly to the ‘throw-away society’and to the waste of the earth’s resources.这直接导致“浪费社会”的产生和对地球资源的浪费。
5.Just think of the expensive packaging material that is thrown away each time a new object is bought.想想吧，每购买一件新商品，昂贵的包装材料就被扔掉了。
6.Beause there was such a demand for the product,manufacturers began making tissues in larger and larger wusntities.因为对产品需求量很大，厂家生产的数量也越来越大。
7.Modern mass-production methods lower the cost making goods,and thus give us better values.现代成批生产方法降低了商品的生产成本，使我们花的钱花得更值。8.In this way.better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.这样，物美价廉的产品正不断地被奉献给各种不同收入的人们。
9.Every word on a label describing a food,a durg,a cosmetic or a medical device is important in protecting you and your family from buying an inferior product,four misusing a good one,from being tricked by dangerous,or from unknowingly possessing an item harmful to health.标签上描述一种食品，一种药品，一种化妆品或一种医疗器械的每个字都很重要因为它保护你和你的家庭使你们避免购买劣质商品。避免不正确地使用好的产品，避免受危险的庸医之骗，避免不知不觉的拥有对健康有害的东西。
10.Foods composed of two or more ingredients must bear labels listing all ingredients in the order of predominance.对于由两种或两种以上配料构成的食品，其标签必须以各配料的多少为序一一列举。
11.Unfortunately these chemicals produce the energy needed to run away from an object of fear,and in modern life that’s often impossible.这些化学物质所产生的能量使我们能够从令人恐惧的物体迅速跑开但不幸的是在现代社会里，这常常是不可能的。
12.The country is the fifth most densely populated in the world with 56 million people on 0.18% of the world’s land.英国的人口密度在世界上排为第五位，5600万人居住在只占世界陆地面积0.18%的土地上。
13.Generally,money from “invisible”trade exceeds the loss on “invisible”trade.britain can withstand a faintly large “trade gap”on visible trade before she is really “in the red”.总的来说，“无形”贸易的收入超过有形贸易的差额。只有当英国经受不住共有有形贸易相当大的“贸易差额”时，他才会真正出现“赤字”。
14.These black and white strips can be read by an optical scanner,or computer.光学扫描器，也就是一台计算机可以阅读这些黑的条纹。
15.Errors in prices are eliminated,or done away with.价格上的差错就可以消除。
Also,the time spent checking out is reduced.其次，花在结账上的时间也减少了。16.When primitive people began to wear clothing regularly,they had to make it from the materials at hand.当原始人开始经常穿衣服时，他们只能用于手头的材料做衣服。
17.However,we do know that,very early in history rich and poor people alike were wearing wool clothes.然而，只有我们知道，很早就在历史上穷人和富人都穿羊毛衣。
18.The national economy is better because of this specialization,but these workers over 10percent of the entire labor fore depend entirely on the buying habits of the remainder of the population.国民经济更好，因为这个专业化，但这些工人超过10 %的整个劳动力完全取决于购买习惯的剩余人口。
19.In automobiles are not sold ,these specialists lose their jobs.The price of specialization is interdependence.在汽车没有出售，这些专家失去工作的专业化是相互依存的价格。20.By stimulating industry,by rewarding ingenuity,and by using most efficaciously the peculiar powers bestows by nature,it distributes labor most effectively and most economically通过刺激，奖励创新，并利用最有效的独特的力量赋予的性质，它的最有效和最经济地分配劳动力
21.if portugal hadon commercial connection with other countries,instead of employing a great part of her capital and industy in the production of wines,with which she purchases for her own use the cloth and hardware of other countries ,she would be obliged to devote a part of that capital to the manufacture of those commodities,which she would thus obtain probably inferior in quality as well as quantity如果葡萄牙景点商业与其他国家，而不是用大量的资本和产业生产葡萄酒，与她购买自己的布和硬件的其他国家，她将不得不把一部分资金用于制造这些商品的，她会这样可能获得质量低劣以及数量
22.other advantages include greatly costs in packing,handing,unpacking,and final preparations necessary for sale to the consumer其他优势包括成本大包装，装卸，拆包，和最后的必要准备出售给消费者
23.with the recent deregulation of transportation,this pattern has changed.随着近年来运输管制的解除，这种模式已经改变。
24.unless changes are made nationally to restore this “infrastucture”,the future cost and effectiveness of the various transportations services can be expected to change dramatically除非改变了全国恢复这个“基础设施”，未来的成本和效益的各种交通服务可以预期的戏剧性的变化
25.without it,it would be impossible to pay the solidiers and policemen who protect us.没有它，就不可能支付的士兵们和警察保护我们的人。
26.It is arranged in such a way that poor people pay nothing,and the percentage of tax grows greater as the tax payer’s income grows.它是安排在这样一种方式，穷人不纳税，百分比和税收增长更为纳税人收入的增加。
27.Of course,it is the people who buy these imported things who really have to pay the duties,in the from of higher prices.当然，这是谁的人买这些进口的东西真的有缴纳税款，在从更高的价格。
28.In developing advertising strategies,marketers must also consider the best advertising medium for their message.IBM,for example,uses television ads to keep its name fresh in consumers 'minds.But it uses newspaper and magazine ads to educate consumers on the produce's abilities and trade publications to introduce new software.Each advertising medium has its own advantages and disadvantages在制定广告策略，营销人员还必须考虑最佳广告媒体的信息。公司，例如，利用电视广告保持其新鲜消费者想法.但是利用报纸和杂志广告对消费者进行教育的生产能力和贸易出版物介绍新软件。每一个广告中都有自己的优点和缺点
29.one disadvantage of television is that there are too many commercials causing viewers to confuse products电视的一个缺陷是有太多的广告，使观众混淆产品 brevity also makes television a poor medium in which to educate viewers' about complex products简洁也使得电视一个贫穷的介质中，教育观众的复杂的产品
30.brevity also makes television a poor medium in which to educate viewers' about complex products简洁也使得电视一个贫穷的介质中，教育观众的复杂的产品
there are a host of obvious facors that you would have to take into account at the outset有许多明显的因素，你必须考虑到当初
31.like the unknown principle of animal life,it frequently restores health and vigor to the constitution ,in spite,not only raw disease,but of the absurd prescriptions of the doctor喜欢未知的动物生活的原则，它经常恢复健康和活力的宪法，尽管，不仅疾病，但医生荒谬的处方
32.probably this kind of indirect tax,together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich,is the best arrangement.或许这种间接税，连同直接税收收入较低，为穷人和富人，都是最好的安排。
33.it his book,contact:thee first four minutes,he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships:every time you meet someone in a social situation,give him your undivided attention for four minutes.他的书，联系人：你的第一个四分钟，他提供了这样的建议有兴趣的人，开始新的友谊：每当你在社交场合遇到人时，集中精力于他四分钟。
34.such people,as they themselves produce nothing ,are all maintained by the produce of other men's labor when multiplied,therefore,to an unnecessary number,they may in a particular year consume so great a share of this produce,as not to leave a sufficiency for maintaining the productive laborers,who should reproduce it next year这样的人，因为他们自己生产的，都是由其他人的产品劳动时成倍增加，因此，对一些不必要的，他们可能在一个特定的年消费如此之大，这个比例产生，不会留下足够维持生产性劳动者，谁应该复制它明年
35.whatever a person saves from his revenue he adds to his capital,and either employs it himself in maintaining an additional number of productive hands,or enables some other person of the profits无论一个人从他的收入，他还节省资金，并采用它自己保持一个额外的一些生产的手，或使其他人的利益.36.hearing such advice,one might say ,”but I’m not a friendliy,self-confident person..听到这样的建议，有人可能会说，“但我不是一个friendliy，自信的人。37.while some policies provide certain exemptions,in general to qualify as an insurable risk,the risk should be predictable,outside the control of the insured loss must be predictable虽然一些政策提供一定的豁免，一般资格作为可保风险，风险应该是可预测的，控制范围以外的保险损失必须是可预见的
38.also,special buses can be chartered for trips to the mountains,to lakes,and to nearby places if historical interest.同时，特殊的巴士。可包车前往山区，湖泊，和附近的地方，如果历史的兴趣。39.therefore,individuals wite lower probability of accidents as determined by these classification characteristics should pay a relatively lower premium因此，个人与低概率事件所确定的这些分类的特点，应该是一个相对较低的溢价 40.the more they know ,the better their prediction and the fairer the rates they set will be.insurance companies also benefit from a statistical principle called the law of large numbers他们知道的越多，更好地预测和更公平的他们的价格也就。保险公司也得益于一个统计原理称为大数法则
41.for example,an iron cooking pot,if it is not carefully dried,will rust in a few hours beause the oxygen in the water will combine with the iron.例如，一个铸铁锅做饭，如果不认真干，会生锈的几个小时，因为水中的氧将与铁。
42.the reason why companies often find insurance appealing is clear in return for a sum of money;they are protected against certifs.potentially devastating losses公司的原因经常发现保险吸引力是明确的回报一大笔钱；他们免受证明.潜在的毁灭性的损失
43.for example,the person who reads popular photography is more likely to be interested in the lastest specialized lenses from canon than is a gourmet magazine subscriber例如，人谁读大众摄影是更可能感兴趣的最新专业镜头佳能比是一个美食杂志订阅
44.while direct mail is often thrown away as ‘'junk mail",advertisers can predict in advance how many recipients will take mailing seriously而直接邮件经常被丢弃的'垃圾邮件”，广告主可以预测提前多少者将采取邮寄严重
45.the most obvious purpose of advertising is to inform the consumer of available products or services.最明显的目的是告知消费者提供的产品或服务。
46.science is the never-ending struggle to find truth.科学是永无止境的斗争中找到真理。
47.this flatness was acceptable as “truth”because travel and human knowledge of celestial phenomena were so limited that no other concept was needed.这平坦被接受“真理”因为旅行和天文现象的知识是有限的，不需要其他的概念。
48.the demand deposits placed in banks,coupled with the fractional reserve principle,give bankers the power to anther the supply or money in the economy.存放在银行里的活期存款，加上部分储备金，使银行家有权花药或经济中的货币。
49.but it is not just the state of the marker that one has to estimate,as a businessman,you would also have to investigate whether there are new productive methods and processes available to you that will make the investment profitable in terms of reducing costs production an improved product但它不仅仅是国家的标志，人们估计的，作为一个商人，你也将调查是否有新的生产方法和过程提供给你，会使投资获利方面降低成本，改进产品的生产。
50.the trader expects to pay a tariff on the goods he is going to sell in the United States.交易员预计将支付关税的货物是在美国销售。
51.in some free prots the foreign merchants may display their products for customers.在一些免费的港口外商可以显示他们的产品为客户。
52.because if improvements in ships and navigation,European nations began trading a great deal with each other and the rest of the world.因为如果船舶和航运的发展，欧洲国家开始大量贸易与彼此和其他世界。
52.those unproductive hands ,who should be maintained by a part only of the spare revenue of the peole,may consume so great a share of their whole revenue,and therefore oblige so great a number to encroach upon their capitals,upon the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labor m that all the frugality and good conduct of individuals may not be able to compensate the waste and degradation of produce occasioned by this violent and forced encroachment这些非生产性的手，谁应保持只有一部分的收入的人，会消耗大量的税收，因此要求这样大的一批侵犯他们的首都，在资金的维持生产劳动，所有的节俭和个人行为可能无法弥补的浪费和降解产生的这种暴力和强制侵占.53.historically,the self regulating market economy is a modern rather than an ancient invention,involving rather special assumptions such as the treatment of land and labor as commodities从历史上看，自我调节的市场经济是现代而不是一个古老的发明，涉及相当独特的假设，作为治疗的土地和劳动力作为商品
54.the answer as one might expect,is very complicated and is subject to much disagreement among the experts答案是可以预期的，是非常复杂的，受到许多分歧专家 55.in a preliminary way ,however,we can indicate at least two lines of argument that must affect all serious thinking about this theory 在初步的方式，但是，我们可以表明至少2行论点必须影响所有认真思考这一理论
56.the first line of argument really stems from the analysis that emphasizes the essential viability of the market system第一行的争论真正源于分析，强调市场经济体制本质上的可行性
57.this argument is in the full tradition of classical economic thought这个论点是在充分的传统的古典经济思想
58.they would point out that adam smith gravely underestimated the divergence betweemn private and social interest他们指出，亚当严重低估的分歧个人利益与社会利益之间的配合
59.in one way or another,citizens of every country in the world have asked that governments step in to change this or that aspect of the functioning of a price and market mechanism一种或另一种方式，公民在世界各国已要求政府在改变这个或那个方面的运作的价格与市场机制
60.thus,the crucial question,as far as the public interest is concerned,is not whether there should be any intervention that question has really been settled by history.but what degree of invention should be permitted.因此，关键的问题，只要公共利益有关，不应该有任何干预，这种问题已经在历史上解决了，但是干预的程度应该被公众允许。
61.this system makers it possible to produce large quantities of goods ang services,as well as provide some leisure for workers.该系统制造商可以生产大批量的货物和服务，以及提供一些休闲的工人。
62.in this way,the output of the office is higher.这样，输出的是高。
63.this stroting process puts dentists in their office,carpenters besides their tools,and drivers in the cabs of trucks,and nurses in the wards of hospitals.这资料排架进程中提出的牙医的办公室，除了他们的木匠工具，和司机在驾驶卡车，和护士在病房的医院
64.but as the resources required by each mode break down in the decade ahead, changes seem likely.但由于资源需要由每个模式打破在未来十年变化，似乎有可能。
65.it also offers believable coverage,since ads are present side-by-side with news.它也提供了可信的报道，因为广告是目前并排与新闻。
66.it allows advertisers to combine sight, sound and motion,thus appealing to almost all the viewer’s senses.它允许广告商联合视线，声音和动作，从而吸引观众的几乎所有感觉。
第四篇：名人名言中英翻译.
名人名言选录中英文翻译
对于ISSUE来说，中国考生总觉得我们的文章，论证不充分。
我们在写中文议论文的时候，喜欢用名人名言。名人说的，往往铿锵有力，而且言简意赅，也更有说服力。
英文议论文也是这样。
本章收集了能够用到名人名言的中英文对照版。
每次打开本书时，看2句。结束本书的学习的时候，进行回忆。在写作过程中，能用的，尽量练习使用。STRUGGLE 奋斗篇
Where there is a will , there is a way.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)有志者，事竟成。(美国发明家 爱迪生.T.)Genius only means hard-working all one's life.(Mendeleyer , Russian Chemist)天才只意味着终身不懈的努力。(俄国化学家 门捷列耶夫)Man errs so long as he strives.(Johan Wolfgang Goethe , German poet and dramatist)人只要奋斗就会犯错误。(德国诗人、剧作家 歌德.J.W.)Our destiny offers not the cup of despair , but the chalice of opportunity.(Richard Nixon, American President)命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。(美国总统 尼克松.R.)Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.(Jean Jacques Rousseau , French thinker)忍耐是痛苦的，但它的果实是甜蜜的。(法国思想家 卢梭.J.J.)SUCCESS 成功篇
Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)有所成就是人生唯一的真正乐趣。(美国发明家 爱迪生.T.)I succeeded because I willed it;I never hesitated.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)我成功是因为我有决心，从不踌躇。(法国皇帝 拿破仑.B.)Success covers a multitude of blunders.(George Bernard Shaw , British Dramatist)成功由大量的失望铸就。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.(Charles Chaplin , American actor)人必须相信自己，这是成功的秘诀。(美国演员 卓别林.C.)WEALTH 财富篇 All the splendor 1 in the world is not worth a good friend.(Voltaire , French thinker)人世间所有的荣华富贵不如一个好朋友。(法国思想家 伏尔泰)Money is a good servant and a bad master.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)金钱是善仆，也是恶主。(英国哲学家 培根.F.)Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing.(Albert Einstein , American scientist)有时候一个人为不花钱得到的东西付出的代价最高。(美国科学家 爱因斯坦.A.)HAPPINESS 幸福篇
Happiness is form courage.(H.Jackson , British writer)幸福是勇气的一种形式。(英国作家 杰克逊.H.)Happy is the man who is living by his hobby.(G.Bernard Shaw , British dramatist)醉心于某种癖好的人是幸福的。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money;it lies in the joy of achievement , in the thrill of creative effort.(Franklin Roosevelt , American president)幸福不在于拥有金钱，而在于获得成就时的喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。(美国总统 罗斯福.F.)The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.(Victor Hugo , French novelist)生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。(法国小说家 雨果.V.)To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)要真正了解一个人，需在不幸中考察他。(法国皇帝 拿破仑.B.)TIME 时间篇
Do you love life ? Then do not squander time;for that's the stuff5 life is made of.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)你热爱生命吗？那么，别浪费时间，因为生命是由时间组成的。(美国总统 富兰克林.B.)Each moment in history is a fleeting time , precious and unique.(Richard Nixon , American president)历史巨轮飞转，分分秒秒的时间都十分宝贵，也独具意义。(美国总统 尼克松.R.)Never leave that until tomorrow , which you can do today.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)今天的事不要拖到明天。(美国总统 富兰克林.B.)The golden age is before us , not behind us.(Mark Twain , American writer)黄金时代在我们面前而不在我们背后。(美国作家 马克?吐温)The time of life is short;to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long.(William Shakespeare , British dramatist)人生苦短，若虚度年华，则短暂的人生就太长了。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚.W.)Time is money.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)时间就是金钱。(美国总统 富兰克林.B.)To choose time is to save time.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)合理安排时间就是节约时间。(英国哲学家 培根.F.)We always have time enough , if we will but use it aright.(Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German poet)只要我们能善用时间,就永远不愁时间不够用。(德国诗人歌德.J.W.)STUDY 学习篇 Histories make men wise;poems witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辨。(英国哲学家 培根.F.)If you don't learn to think when you are young , you may never learn.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)如果你年轻时就没有学会思考，那么就永远学不会思考。(美国发明家 爱迪生.T.)Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)天生的才干如同天生的植物一样，需要靠学习来修剪。(英国哲学家 培根.F.)WORK 工作篇
Don't gild the lily.不要给百合花镀金/画蛇添足。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚.W.)It is no use doing what you like;you have got to like what you do.(Winston Churchill , British prime minister)不能爱哪行才干哪行，要干哪行爱哪行。(美国首相 丘吉尔.W.)My philosophy of life is work.(Thomas Alva Edison , American inventor)我的人生哲学就是工作。(美国发明家 爱迪生.T.A.)When work is a pleasure , life is joy!When work is duty , life is slavery.(Maxim Gorky , Russian writer)工作是一种乐趣时，生活是一种享受！工作是一种义务时，生活则是一种苦役。(俄国作家 高尔基.M.)
EDUCATION 教育篇
And gladly would learn , and gladly teach.(Chaucer , British poet)勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人, 乔叟)Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune.(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher)与其不受教育,不如不生,因为无知是不幸的根源.(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)Genius17 without education is like silver in the mine.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)未受教育的天才，犹如矿中之银。(美国总统 富兰克.B.)The roots of education are bitter , but the fruit is sweet.(Aristotle , Ancient Greek philosopher)教育的根是苦的，但其果实是甜的。(古希腊哲学家 亚里士多德)
人物 ======
You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.人必须相信自己，此乃成功之秘诀。--C.Chaplin 卓别林 Self-trust is the first secret of success.自信乃成功之第一秘诀。--R.Emerson 爱默生 Virtue is bold, and goodness never fearful.美德是勇敢的，为善永远无所畏惧。--W.Shakespeare 莎士比亚 It is better to be faithful than famous.守信用胜过有名气。--T.Roosevelt 罗斯福 Diligence is the mother of good luck.勤奋是幸运之母。--B.Franklin 富兰克林 Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。--G.Crabbe 克雷布
Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst, and cold.骄傲给我们带来的损失超过饥渴和寒冷。--T.Jefferson 杰弗逊 A great man is always willing to be little.伟人总愿当个平常人。--R.Emerson 爱默生 Freedom lies in the being bold.自由在于勇敢。--R.Frost 弗罗斯特 All men cannot be first.不能人人都第一。--T.Fuller 富勒 A small leak will sink a great ship.小漏沉大船。--T.Fuller 富勒
Well done is better than well said.干得好胜于说得好。--B.Franklin 富兰克林 Speak not when others speak;sit not when others stand, and walk not when others stop.他人讲话时不要讲话；他人站立时不要坐着；他人驻足时不要行走。--G.Washington 华盛顿
Politeness costs nothing and gains everything.礼貌无须花钱，却能赢得一切。--M.W.Montagu 蒙塔古 生命 ====== Other men live to eat, while I eat to live.别人为食而生存，我为生存而食。--Socrates 苏格拉底 Easy come, easy go.易得者亦易失。--Hazlitt赫斯特
The darkest hour is that before the dawn.黎明前的时分是最黑暗的。--Fuller 富勒
Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.生活而无目标，犹如航海之无指南针。--J.Ruskin 鲁斯金 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.手中的一只鸟胜于林中的两只鸟。--Heywood 希伍德 One swallow does not make a summer.一燕不成夏。--Taverner 泰维纳
A man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make it drink.一个人可以把马带到河边，但他不能令它饮水。--Heywood 希伍德 One cannot eat one's cake and have it.一个人不能把他的糕饼吃掉之后还留在手上。--Davies 戴维斯 There is no rose without a thorn.没有玫瑰花是不长刺的。--Ray 雷 Lookers-on see most of the game.旁观者清。--Smedley 斯密莱
Victory won't come to me unless I go to it.胜利是不会向我走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。--M.Moore 穆尔 Life is just a series of trying to make up your mind.生活只是由一系列下决心的努力所构成。--T.Fuller 富勒
All human wisdom is summed up in two words等待和希望。--Alexandre Dumas Pére大仲马（法国作家）
It is not enough to be industrious, so are the ants.What are you industrious for? 光勤劳是不够的，蚂蚁也是勤劳的。要看你为什么而勤劳。--H.D.Thoreau梭罗 You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.人必须相信自己，这是成功的秘诀。--Charles Chaplin卓别林
Life itself, without the assistance of colleges and universities, is becoming an advanced institution of learning.没有学院和大学的帮助，人生本身也正在变成一所高等学府。--Thomas Alva Edison 爱迪生
知识 ====== A little learning is a dangerous thing.浅薄的学识是一件危险的事情。--Alexander Pope 蒲柏
Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.知识是一座宝库，而实践就是开启宝库的钥匙。--Fuller 富勒 Sure bind, sure find.确实放置好的东西，找起来也便当。--Heywood希伍德
Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration.天才是一分灵感加九十九分血汗。--Edison爱迪生 Nothing venture, nothing have.不进取者无所获。--Heywood希伍德 Never too old to learn.求学不嫌年纪老。--Thomas Middleton 密都尔顿 There is no royal road to learning.学问之路无捷径。--Trollope 特勒普
The brighter you are, the more you have to learn.越聪明的人，越需要学习。--D.Herold 赫罗尔德
A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.外语是人生斗争的一种武器。--K.Marx 马克思 To think is to see.思考就是明白。--Balzac 巴尔扎克 The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest men of past centuries.读好书-如同与世上的先杰交谈。--Descartes 笛卡儿 Choose an author as you choose a friend.要像选择朋友那样来选择作者。--Wentworth Dillon Roscommon 罗斯康芒 To win you have to risk loss.要想胜利就得冒失败的风险。--Jean-ClaudeKilly基里 Boys, be ambitious.年轻人应胸怀大志。--William Smith Clark克拉克
Knowledge is power, that knowledge is safety, that knowledge is happiness.知识就是力量，知识就是安全，知识就是幸福。--Thomas Jefferson 杰弗逊
It is easy to learn something about everything, but difficult to learn everything about anything.对每件事知道一些是容易的，对任何一件事详细知道是困难的。--Emmons 艾蒙斯 The first step to knowledge is to know that we are ignorant.获得知识的第一步是要知道自己无知。--Cecil 塞西尔 Zeal without knowledge is fire without light.有热情而无知识，犹如有火焰而无光芒。--Thomas Fuller 富勒
If we would have new knowledge, we must get a whole world of new questions.要想获得新知识，就必须提出大量的新问题。--Susannek K.Langer 兰格 Activity is the only road to knowledge.(George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist)行动是通往知识的唯一道路。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)Imagination is more important than knowledge.(Albert Einstein , American scientist)想象力比知识更为重要。(美国科学家 爱因斯坦.A.)Knowledge is power.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)知识就是力量。(英国哲学家 培根.F.)友谊
A true friend is one soul in two bodies.挚友如异体同心。--Aristotle 亚里士多德 Love your neighbor as yourself.爱邻如己。--Jesus Christ 耶稣 One good turn deserves another.} 好心得好报。--Heywood 希伍德
A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难朋友才是真朋友。--Ray 雷
Good words cost nothing, but are worth much.良言不费分文，但价值甚大。--T.Fuller 富勒 When you are at Rome do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。--Penn 班
Hearts may agree, though heads differ.意见总有分歧，但其心则仍可能一致。--T.Fuller 富勒 Birds of a feather flock together.同声相应，同气相求。--Cicero 西塞罗 Like to like.物以类聚。--Cicero 西塞罗 Slow help is no help.迟助等于无助。--Trench 特兰芝 It takes two to make a quarrel.必须有两个人，才有争吵。--Henry Kingsley金斯莱 Be slow in choosing a friend;slower in changing.择友宜慎，弃之更宜慎。--Benjamin Franklin富兰克林 Never judge from appearance.不要以貌取人。--Tindale 巅岱
A man should keep his friendship in constant repair.一个人应当让他的友谊常新。--Samuel Johnson 琼生
Sometimes the best helping hand you can get is a good, firm push.有时侯，及时有力的鼓励是对你最好的帮助。--John Thomas 托马斯 A friend is a present which you give yourself.朋友是你送给自己的一份礼物。--Robert Louis Stevenson 史蒂文森 Fate chooses your relatives, you choose your friends.亲戚乃命定，朋友靠选择。--Abbe Jacques Delille 德力尔 A faithful friend is the medicine of life.忠实的朋友是人生的良药。--William Shakespeare 莎士比亚 The bird a nest, the spider a web, man friendship.鸟儿有巢，蜘蛛有网，人类有友谊。--William Blake布莱克 He makes no friends who never made a foe.从来没有敌人的人也不会有朋友。--Alfred Tennyson丁尼生
We choose our friends by instinct, but we keep them by judgment.我们选择朋友靠的是本能，但保持友谊靠的是判断。--Alfred Capus 卡皮 Friendship is love without his wings.友谊是没有羽翼的爱。--George Gordon Byron 拜伦 Suspicion is the poison of true friendship.猜疑是真诚友谊的一副毒剂。--St.Augustine奥古斯丁 True friendship is a plant of slow growth.真正的友谊像生长缓慢的植物。--George Washington 华盛顿 A hedge between keeps friendship green.朋友间适当保持距离，可使友谊常青。--J.A.Charles 查尔斯
第五篇：合同翻译中英
Contract Date : 合同日期
Contract Number : 合同编号
SALE & PURCHASE CONTRACT FOR BRAZIL IRON ORE FINES
巴西铁矿石购销合同
This contract(“Contract”)is made and entered into by and between:
这个合同（“合同”）是由以下双方达成：
Seller :
卖方
Buyer :
买方
Whereas, the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the below-mentioned goods for Asia, on the terms and conditions stated below:
在此，在下述的情况条件下，买方同意购买，卖方同意销售下文提及的货物，：
CLAUSE 1 : DEFINITION 第一条： 定义
In this contract, the following terms shall, unless otherwise specifically defined, have the following meanings:在本合同中，除非另有特指，词语均定义如下，(A)“Ore” means Iron Ore Fines of Brazil Origin.“矿石”指的是产地巴西的铁矿石
(B)“U.S.Currency” means the currency of the United States of America freely transferable from and payable to an external account.“美元货币”指的是美国的自由可转让的且可支付外国帐户的货币
(B)“Metric Tonne or MT” means a tonne equivalent to 1,000 Kilogram.公吨或MT 指的是等于1000千克的一吨。
(D)“Wet basis” means Ore in its natural wet state.“湿吨”指的矿石的自然重量
(E)“Dry basis” means Ore dried at 105 degrees Centigrade.“干吨”指的是105摄氏度干燥后的矿石。
(F)“DMT” means dry Metric Tonne
“DMT”指的是干吨重。
CLAUSE 2 : COMMODITY 第二条： 货物
Ore 铁
CLAUSE 3 : DELIVERY QUANTITY AND DELIVERY PERIOD 第三条 交货数量和交付期限
Quantity :-----WMT(+/-10%)at Buyer’s Option
数量： ___湿吨（+/-10%）-买方意见
Loading Port : Rio de Janeiro port, Brazil(at Seller’s option)
装船港：巴西里约热内卢-卖方意见
Discharging Port :----------/----------port, China(at Buyer’s option)
装卸港： 中国 港-买方意见
Shipment : On or before--------------, 2006
装船： 在 年 月 日 之前
CLAUSE 4 : GUARANTEED SPECIFICATIONS第四条： 质量保证
Chemical composition(on Dry basis)化学成分（在干燥状态）
Fe铁 64.50 %(Rejection below 63.50%)拒绝低于63.5%
Al2O3 氧化铝 2.0% max 不高于2.0%
SiO2 氧化硅 3.5% max 不高于3.5%
Sulphur 硫 0.01% max 不高于0.01%
Phosphorus 磷 0.06% max不高于0.06%
Free moisture content loss at 105 degrees Centigrade shall be 8.00% max.在105摄氏度失去的自然水分含量不能高于8%。
Physical composition(on Wet basis)物理成分（自然状态下）
Size(mm)大小 +10 mm 5% max 不多于5% + 1 mm 80% min 不少于
0%-15 mm 15% max 不多于15%
CLAUSE 5 : PRICE 第5条 价格
US$ per DMT CIF------port, China(Incoterms 2000).The above price shall be based on 64.5% Fe.Rejection below Fe 63.5% based on CIQ analysis report at discharging port and also rejection below Fe 64.0% based on loading port analysis.__ 美元/干吨 CIF __ 中国港口(Incoterms 2000),这个价格是基于64.5%含铁量的.卖方拒装在出发港检验中低于64%的,同样买方拒收装卸港CIQ检验中低于63.5%含铁的矿石.CLAUSE 6 : PRICE ADJUSTMENT 第6条 价格调整
The prices of Ore stipulated in Clause 5 hereof shall be adjusted by the following bonuses and penalties:第5条中合同规定的矿石价格需要被以下方式奖罚调整.ORE CONTENT(Fe):含铁量
BONUS : 奖励
For each 1.00% of Fe above 64.5%, the base price shall be increased by US$ 1.00 per DMT, fractions pro rata.含铁量每比64.5%高1%,基本价格应该提高1美金/干吨
PENALTY :处罚
For each 1.00% of Fe below 64.5%, the base price shall be decreased by US$ 1.00 per DMT, fractions pro rata.But Buyer has the right to reject Ore which is Fe content is below 63.5%.含铁量每比64.5%低1%,基本价格应降低1美金/干吨,但买方有权拒收含铁量低于63.5%的.OTHER ELEMENTS(IMPURITIES):
If the composition of Ore in respect of Alumina(Al2O3), Silica(SiO2), Sulphur(S)and Phosphorus(P)exceeds the respective guaranteed maximum as set forth in Clause 4 hereof, Buyer shall accept such delivery of Ore by imposing penalties provided below, fractions pro rata.如果矿石的氧化硅,氧化铝,硫,磷的成分超过了第四条内容规定的保证值,买方应接受交货.按比例处以(卖方)罚金,a)Al2O3 氧化铝
US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 1.00% in excess of 2.00% 含量超过2%的,每增加1%,罚以0.5美元一干吨
b)SiO2 氧化硅
US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 1.00% in excess of 3.50%.含量每超过3.5%,的,每增加1%, 0.5美元一干吨
c)S(Sulphur)硫
US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 0.01% in excess of 0.01%.含量每超过0.01%,的,每增加0.01%, 0.5美元一干吨
d)P(Phosphorus)磷
US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 0.01% in excess of 0.06% 含量每超过0.06%,的,每增加0.01%, 0.5美元一干吨
MOISTURE : 水分
In the event that the free moisture loss at 105 degrees Centigrade exceeds the respective guaranteed maximum as set forth in Clause 4 here
of, Seller shall pay Buyer half of the actual freight attributable to moisture content over 8% up to 9% including 9% and full actual freight attributable to moisture content over 9%.当矿石在105摄氏度下蒸发的自然水分超过第四条所承诺的最大值时,卖方应赔付买方:
1)水分的一半运费 大于8% 小于等于9%时;2)水分的全部运费 大于9%时
CLAUSE 7 : PAYMENT
第7条 交付方式
Buyer shall open within seven(7)working days after the date of this contract, on at sight Letter of Credit(“L/C”)in favor of Seller providing for payment of the full invoice value of quantity of Ore.The LC should contain the following terms and conditions:买方应在签订合同后的7个工作日内,开可见信用证 信用证应符合以下条款条件:
(i)The L/C shall be issued or transferred by First Class Bank.All banking charges outside the L/C issuing bank including reimbursing charges and confirmation charges are for the account of the Beneficiary.信用证应由一级银行开证并转交,所有除开证行之外的银行费用,包括支付行费用和保兑费用,由受益人支付.(ii)L/C shall allow for 10% more or less in value and quantity.信用证价值和数量应允许10%的增减.(iii)Charter party bills of lading acceptable.租约项下提单可接受
(iv)Third party documents acceptable except for Draft and Invoice.(v)Partial shipment allowed.(vi)Trans-shipment not allowed.(vii)Spelling and other typographical errors are not considered as discrepancies.(A)Provisional Payment
The aforesaid L/C shall be payable against Seller’s sight draft(s)for the amount of ninety-five(95)percent of the CIF value of the shipment accompanied by the documents as stipulated in Clause 8 hereof.The Certificate of Weight issued by SGS Brazil Private, Ltd.(“SGS Brazil”)in Brazil by survey of ship’s draft together with the Certificate of Analysis of sample and of the percentage of the free moisture loss at 105 degrees Centigrade issued by SGS Brazil shall be a basis for the Seller’s provisional invoice for the provisional payment.(B)Final Payment
The balance(+/-)of the CIF value of the shipment after the provisional payment to Seller shall be settled in accordance with Seller’s draft payable at sight together with the final invoice and the documents stated in Clause 8.(2)hereof or by telegraphic transfer by Seller to Buyer in accordance with Buyer’s debit note to Seller together with the documents(except Seller’s final invoice)stated in Clause
8.(2)hereof within ten(10)days from the date of receipt of the said documents, as the case may be.The validity of the L/C should be maintained in accordance with the above.Seller’s final invoice or Buyer’s debit note for the settlement of the balance of the CIF value of the shipment shall be based on the certificate issued by the State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine or its branches(collectively “CIQ China”)as provided in Clause 8 and Clause 9 hereof.If an umpire analysis is required under the Clause 10 hereof, payment adjustment arising from this will be made when the umpire’s certificate is available.If Buyer is not able to submit to Seller the Inspection Certificate issued by CIQ China as per Clause 9 hereof within seventy five(75)days after the completion of discharging, the Draft Survey Certificate of Weight and Certificate of Analysis at loading port shall be the base of the final invoice or debit note.If the cargo is rejected based on CIQ analysis report Seller shall refund the amount vide Clause 7(A)Provisional Payment, within 30 days after the receipt of the CIQ analysis report.Buyer’s banking details:
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Seller’s bank details:
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