浅谈专业翻译该如何提高[共5篇]

第一篇：浅谈专业翻译该如何提高

浅谈专业翻译该如何提高

今天我与大家谈谈专业翻译应该如何提高自己的层次水平。首先，必定要树立自信心。

你看到别人口语流利、译稿速度快，但你没有看到人家的努力和付出。“不积小流，无以成江海”，想要提高自己的翻译能力，必须要注意积累。别人能做到的，我们一样可以做到，还可以做的更优秀。

其次，已经掌握的专业知识要不断复习。

大家都知道人的记忆力是有限的，今天熟悉的知识，过两天就会有些生疏，可能时间一长就直接忘了。因此，对于我们已经掌握的行业知识、术语等专业翻译的知识，要有计划的复习，定期写一写、读一读，加深印象。再次，注意加强执行力。

制定了学习计划但是不付诸于行动，这样是不行的。建议大家制定具体的提高计划，比如每天学什么、每周练什么，并坚持下去，把专业翻译的提高计划变成实际行动。

最后，学会管理自我。

成功的人都十分善于管理自己。工作、生活、娱乐等方面，这是译者需要处理好的，否则一定会与我们提高专业翻译能力发生冲突，甚至彻底打乱我们的学习计划，约束自己是非常重要的。

第二篇：如何提高北京专业翻译公司的服务质量

如何提高北京专业翻译公司的服务质量北京专业翻译公司虽然数量多、业务量大，但是公司素质良莠不齐、翻译质量好坏不一。如何提高各公司的服务质量，推动北京的翻译行业朝着健康、规范的方向发展，是我们面临的一大难题。

面对这些问题，365翻译认为国家和翻译协会应该充分发挥领导作用，做好下面几点工作：

第一，了解北京翻译产业的情况。

全面、细致的调查北京地区翻译服务的总体情况，这是一切工作的基本前提，非常重要。

第二，倡导各北京专业翻译公司规范经营。

倡导各公司规范经营，正当竞争，这是整个翻译行业的重要保障。同时，国家机关和翻译协会应该创立评估机制，实现各公司有法可依，有法必依。第三，继续完善和发展行业标准。

《翻译服务规范 第1部分：笔译》、《翻译服务译文质量要求》、《翻译服务规范 第2部分：口译》，这三部翻译服务国家标准为完善我国的翻译服务发挥了积极的作用。相关部门应该继续促进标准的制定和修改，并制定更加细化、更加符合社会要求的翻译标准。

在政府机关发挥宏观调控的同时，各个北京专业翻译公司也应主动改善、主动提高自己的服务质量，从我做起，从今天做起。

第三篇：法律专业翻译

10, to begin with,the legal system has structure.the structure of a legal system consists of this kind:the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.structure also means how the legislature is organized,what a president can(legally)do or not do,what procedures the police department follows,and so on.another aspect of the legal system is its substance.by this it meant the actual rules,norms,and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先，法律制度有结构。一个法律制度的结构由这类的数量和大小的法院；管辖；和诉求方式从一个法院another.structure也意味着如何立法组织，什么总统（法律）做或不做，什么程序，警察部门如下，等等。法律制度的另一个方面是它的实质。这意味着系统中的人的实际规则、规范和行为模式。, the law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.contractuai liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact form the acts of the parties.in some circumstances,however,the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法与履行义务有关。contractuai责任通常是基于同意的情况下随意的形式给出一个表示承诺或一个事实默示形式当事人的行为。然而，在某些情况下，法院将意味着一个承诺（通常被称为隐含在法律或准合同），以避免不公正的丰富，尽管缺乏同意由党谁被约束。12 , paragraph 1 of article 153 of the criminal law is amended as:"whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in article 151 ,article 152 and article 347 herein shall,depending on the severity of the circumstances,be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:

1、if he smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.2、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years,and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.3、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.刑法第153条1款修改为：走私本法第一百五十一条、第一百五十二条、第三百四十七条规定以外的货物、物品的,根据情节轻重,分别依照下列规定处罚:

1、他走私货物、物品逃避或回避应缴税额数额较大或构成走私再次被给予行政处罚后一年内两次打击走私，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金。

2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私货物、物品巨大或者有其他严重情节的，,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金;

3、如果应付偷逃走私货物、物品数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，应当处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产。

13、one article is added after article 276 of the criminal law as article 267 : 文章276条后增加了一条，作为刑法第267条：

以转移财产、逃匿等方法逃避支付劳动者的劳动报酬或者有能力支付而不支付劳动者的劳动报酬，数额较大，经政府有关部门责令支付仍不支付的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金；造成严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。

单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照前款的规定处罚。

有前两款行为，尚未造成严重后果，在提起公诉前支付劳动者的劳动报酬，并依法承担相应赔偿责任的，可以减轻或者免除处罚。

14、私法 private law involves the various relationship that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.the area is concerned with rules and principes pertaining to private ownership

and

use

of

property,contracts

between individuals,family relationships,and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one personby another.historically, government involvement was usually minimal.private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law,such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.私法涉及到人与人之间的各种关系，以及确定自己的法律权利和义务的规则。该地区是有关规则和有关私有财产和使用原则，合同之间的个人，家庭，和补偿的补偿方式伤害造成一人以另一个。从历史上看，政府的参与通常是微乎其微的。私人法律也为私人安排和相互作用提供了一般的指导和保障，这些方法与道德和习俗是相辅相成的，但在法庭上不一定能强制执行，比如私人私人的合同承诺和协议。the relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.the private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups,associations,organizations,and special legal entities such as corporations.they compete with one another and with government for control of resources,wealth,power,and the communication of ideas and values.special fields of law,such as labor law,facilitate and control this competition.much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.the formerly purely private law of property and contracts,for example,is now overlaid with legislation,regulationg,and judicial dicisions reflecting the competition.the public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the u.s.thus,manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.the mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.纯粹私法的相对意义在近代有所下降。公共法律在政府控制的社会中占主导地位；民主社会日益具有公共性和私法性的混合性。私人领域包括个人和一个庞大的群体，协会，组织和特殊的法律实体，如企业。它们相互竞争，与政府控制资源、财富、权力、思想和价值观的交流。法的特殊领域，如劳动法，促进和控制这一竞争。这类法律中的大部分都是在商业和企业领域中的。以前纯粹的私有财产法和契约，例如，现在用立法，规定，和司法决定反映了竞争。税收的公法化对整个私人领域有着重要的影响。法院越来越多地将看似私人纠纷的解决视为应对不断变化的社会环境和价值观的车辆，尤其是在美国，制造商们已经经历了一个扩展的责任，在他们的产品缺陷造成的身体伤害。保险机制使得生产商能够在普通消费大众中传播这种成本。

15、self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor's imminent use of unlawful force.such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant ang the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.自卫权意味着一个人是有道理的武力侵略时使用，似乎她的程度和她有理由认为，这种行为保护自己反对这样的侵略即将使用非法暴力是必要的。这样的理由要求对被告的一部分的信念，以及是否存在的事实，将说服一个合理的人，相信。

where self-defense is asserted,expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant's belie that she was in imminent danger.在自卫是断言，在受虐妇女综合症的专家证言可以提供证明被告的合理性，相信她在迫在眉睫的危险。

the interests in human dignity and privacy which the fourth amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.in the absence of a clear indich.ation that in fact such evidence will be found,these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate searc 第四修正案保护的人的尊严和隐私的利益，不允许任何此类侵犯，只要有可能获得的水果或犯罪证据的机会。在一个明确的indich.ation缺位，事实上这样的证据会被发现，这些人的基本利益要求执法人员遭受这样的证据可能会消失，除非有一个即时搜索的风险

before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide,he must do everything in his power,consistent with his safety,to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.在一个人可以利用自己的抗辩，对杀人的指控，他必须尽一切力量，符合他的安全，以避免危险，避免采取生活的必要性。

第四篇：大学生该如何提高法律意识

大学生该如何提高法律意识

摘要：当代普遍大学生法制意识薄弱，提高大学生法制意识亟待解决。这需要学生、学校和社会共同努力。可从丰富学生法律意识、培养其法律兴趣，营造校园氛围，大学生勇敢与违法犯罪行为斗争等方面来提高大学生法律意识。

关键词：大学生法律意识薄弱提高斗争法律意识是公民理解、尊重、执行和维护社会主义法律规范的重要保证，公民的遵纪守法行为不会自然产生，而是在一定法制观念，法律意识的指导下实现的，具备了社会主义法律意识，就会做到不仅不犯法，而且能积极维护法律的尊严

当代大学生法律意识的现状十分严峻。大学生的法律知识水平普遍不高。当前我国大学生大都重视专业课,而对法律基础课不予以重视。同时大学生法律观点偏差,法制观念淡薄。很多大学生在他们的权利受到侵害时会选择沉默，而不是去争取他们的利益。这就会使大学生的法律意识会越来越淡，导致高等院校呈现出逐年上升的违法犯罪现象。因此,加强大学生的法律素养,提高大学生的法律意识,不仅是大学生自身成长的迫切需要,也是现代化法制减少的基本要求,它将关系着社会的发展和进步.根据调查显示,我校大学生法律观念问题主要体现在两方面,一方面,大学生的法律知识水平较低，法律知识薄弱,易产生错误的观点、淡薄的法制观念,部分大学生对法律的公正持怀疑、不信任的态度.另一方面, 大学生缺乏权利观念,当自己的合法权益受到侵害时,不能积极主动地利用法律武器维护自己的正当权益.要想解决这问题,我们必须提高大学生的法律意识,培养其维权观念.第一：加强对大学生法律知识的丰富和法律兴趣的培养。我们可以采取多种途径和灵活多样的方法来丰富学生法律意识。例如现今我校开设了法律课程，但由于是公共课，课时少，学生多不加以重视，许多学生只求在期考中成绩合格。这将不利于学生增强学生法律意识。因此作为一名法学教师，在对学生进行普法教育时，应注意教学内容的选择，如前所述，法基课属大学课程中的公共课，课时少因此在教学中，法学内容的选择尤为重要。应充分考虑学生的特点与需要，有针对性地突出重点，在‘少而精”方面作文章，应讲授与学生有一定联系的部门法，如民法、刑法、消费者权益保护法、劳动法等，由干与学生密切相关，因此也容易提高学生兴趣，增强普法效果，从而也使学生通过普法教育了解法律，值得运用法律手段保护自己合法权益。另外也要对教学方法进行改革。以往的普法教育，法学教师多采用讲．授这一单一的教学方法，使学生上课提不起精神，更不用说去努力学习法，以法保护自己。因此，加强对教学方法的改进也是真正提高普法效果的有效途径之一。因此在教学中因采用多种方式方法，比如课堂讨论，多进行案例分析，结合录像等多媒体教学，提高学生学习的积极性，才能使普法达到我们所要达到的效果。

第二：营造有利于大学生培养法制观念的校园氛围，使学生们能够感觉到处处有法，处处学法。校园可 以开展广泛的法律活动，比如将法学院的“模拟法庭”活动在全校推广，组织大学生前往法院旁听案件的审判工作，开展一些有关法律知识的智力竞赛，辩论等。此外，还可以邀请资深法律工作者，如律师，法律教授和法官、检察官等为学生进行法律知识的讲座等等。学校可以组织开展心理健康教育，比如我校的心理咨询室。通过加深同学们对心理卫生知识、性知识、性道德等方面的正确认识；建立健全校园心理咨询机构，从而来提高大学生的自身素质，这对预防违法犯罪行为的发生起到很大的作用。

第三：大学生要敢于同违法犯罪行为做斗争。法制建设最终还是要服务到社会实践之中。根据调查数据来看，大学生都或多或少地知道法律的基本常识，并不是完全的法盲，每个学子从小到大受传统的伦理道德的教育，对法律基本知识早已耳濡目染。当今大学生遇到侵犯个人权益时，大部分的学生会选择回避，忍让，认为多一事不如少一事，虽然他们具备了一定的法律知识，但他们没有真正的把法律知识内化为法律意识，没有真正的挖掘法的精神，法的价值，缺少公平，正义的理念，对法的信任程度低。

大学生正处于世界观、人生观、价值观形成和发展的重要时期。这一时期，大学生亟需在学校的正确教育和引导下，不断学习，努力提高和完善自己。所以，要提高大学生的法制意识，需要学生本人、学校以及全社会的共同努力。

第五篇：英语专业翻译论文

On Training Methods of Short Term Memory in Consecutive Interpreting 交替传译中短时记忆的训练方法

Name: Li, Lingling

Class: 2007English Education Class 2 January 4, 2010

目录

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................3 1.Introduction..................................................................................................5 2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting.............................................................5 2.1 Background information......................................................................5 2.2 Interpreting...........................................................................................6 3.Memory System..........................................................................................8 3.1 Short term memory..............................................................................8 3.2 Short term and long term memory.......................................................9 3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile......................................................10 4.Characters of short term memory..............................................................12 4.1 Input of information...........................................................................12 4.2 Capacity.............................................................................................12 4.3 Modality.............................................................................................12 4.4 Information Loss................................................................................13 4.5 Retrieval.............................................................................................13 5.Memory Training.......................................................................................14 5.1 Visualizing materials:........................................................................15 5.2 Retelling in the Source Language......................................................15 5.3Mnemonic to Memory........................................................................16 5.4 Grouping information together..........................................................17 5.5 Association.........................................................................................17 6.Conclusion.................................................................................................18 Bibliography..................................................................错误！未定义书签。

ABSTRACT Interpreting is important and popular nowadays owing to its communicative function in fields of politics, economy, culture, education and so on.However, it’s not easy to be a qualified interpreter because the training methods are not systematically completed.This thesis is mainly dealing with the methods of training short-term memory in consecutive interpreting(CI).According to Effort Model from Daniel Gile, the short term memory is an essential part in the process of interpreting.In order to be a qualified interpreter, student interpreters need large quantity of practice and skills.Considering of this, the author makes some research about the training of short term memory and hopes this training can help student interpreters improve short term memory.Key words: consecutive interpreting(CI);short term memory;Effort Model;training methods

口译因其在政治、经济、文化、教育等方面有着重要的交际功能，因此在当今社会越来越显示出其重要性并且逐渐受到人们的重视。然而，由于目前口译训练方法仍然不够系统和完整，因此想成为一名合格的口译人员实属不易。本论文主要介绍了交替传译中短时记忆的训练方法。根据Daniel Gile 的精力分配模式，短时记忆在口译过程中起到举足轻重的地位。为了成为一名合格的译员，训练者需要进行大量的练习并且掌握口译技巧。考虑到这个问题，笔者通过搜集整理和自己的亲身经历总结了短时记忆 的训练方法，希望能够帮助训练者提高短时记忆。

1.Introduction There are three kinds of memory system and short term memory is the essential part in interpreting, so in this paper the author mainly does research about the short term memory.Chapter 1 is an introduction about planning of this paper.In Chapter 2, it shows a general introduction about interpreting and its current situation in China.This helps us to get a more clear understanding about advantages and disadvantages of CI in order to find the weaknesses.According to the analysis in Chapter 2, the author believes that the memory training is a big obstacle encountered by the student interpreters.Considering of this, the author decides to start with the memory system, so in Chapter 3, it mainly shows three types of memory systems as well as how they work and what functions they have and the illustration is focused on the concrete connections between the short term memory and CI.In Chapter 4, the author shows the characters of short term memory and the problems interpreters meet due to the characters.In Chapter 5, according to all above and research, the author finds some methods dealing with the problems.Finally is the conclusion and some suggestions in future research.2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting 2.1 Background information Interpreting becomes a very popular job nowadays due to the world globalization in fields of economy, politics, culture and s on.With the rising position of China, especially hosting of 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo as well as entering WTO, China plays more and more important role in the world, so international communication become more frequently.This brings large requirement of interpreting which is considered responsive and practical, both quality and quantity.However, interpreting industry is facing serious situation: lacking of systematical training methods and high quantity of teachers.2.2 Definition of Interpreting Interpreting is the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between users of different languages.The process is described by both the words interpreting and interpretation.Professional Interpreting can be mainly classified into simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting in terms of the way of interpreting.In consecutive interpreting(CI), the interpreter speaks after the source-language speaker has finished speaking.The speech is divided into segments, and the interpreter sits or stands beside the source-language speaker, listening and taking notes as the speaker progresses through the message.When the speaker pauses or finishes speaking, the interpreter then renders a portion of the message or the entire message in the target language.A qualified interpreter is required to cover various fields of knowledge and possesses good psychological quality as well as a strong memory.Due to this requirement, interpreting is a challengeable work.2.3 Quality of a good interpreter 2.3.1 Profound knowledge As a good interpreter, the basic quality is to master the source language and target language.Moreover, an interpreter should have a good knowledge of the culture of both countries, such as the customs, the history, the humorous expressions as well as the current event and popular tendency.For example, when interpreter heard “Baudelaire’s translation of Poe may be “better” poems than those Poe wrote;but those who read them have read Baudelaire's version of Poe;not Poe.” In this sentence, there are two names Baudelaire and Poe.Baudelaire is a French writer, who is famous for translating the works by American writer Edgar Allan Poe and is acknowledged better than the original works.If the interpreter knows this, it is not difficult to translate it as波德来尔所译的爱伦坡的诗，也许比爱伦坡自己所写的更好；但读那些诗的人只是读了波德来尔所译的爱伦坡；而不是真正的爱伦坡.Therefore, a good interpreter should self enriching greatly and improving continuously.2.3.1 Strong memory Owing to the special characteristics of interpreting, interpreter should have a strong memory.On the one hand, interpreter has to master a large amount of vocabulary and idioms, such as画蛇添足 to paint the lily；用小虾钓大鱼 to throw a sprat to catch a whale.Besides, for some Chinese idioms, interpreters should remember the original story, such as东施效颦Tung Shih imitates Hsi Shih.Hsi Shih was a famous beauty in the ancient kindgdom of Yueh.Tung Shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her ways.The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a distorted way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes even worse.On the other hand, interpreters should have a good memory to express the meaning speakers said.Owing to the limited time, note-taking can only write down the main point and the whole meaning can only be expressed though the strong memory.3.Memory System 3.1 Short term memory Short-term memory(or “primary” or “active memory”)is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.The duration of short-term memory(when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented)is believed to be in the order of seconds.In an early and highly influential article, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, the psychologist George Miller suggested that human short-term memory has a forward memory span of approximately seven items plus or minus two and that was well known at the time.David A.Sousa, in his book ,how the brain works refers to the term short term memory as all of the early steps of temporary memory leads to long term memory.According to his idea, short term memory can be divided into sensory memory and working memory.Sensory memory is the very first step for the source information coming into one’s brain with the shortest duration and can hold a certain amount of information, but these information can only lasts 0.25-2 seconds and disappears rapidly.Working memory refers to information stored for further processing.Working memory boasts both storage and processing functions.The two functions are interrelated with each other.When encountered with new or difficult tasks, then more processing capacity is required, thus leaving less capacity for storage function(David W.Carroll, 2000.49).During the researching, the authors doubts that decay causes forgetting from short-term memory often offer as an alternative some form of interference: When several elements(such as digits, words, or pictures)are held in short term memory simultaneously, their representations compete with each other for recall, or degrade each other.Thereby, new content gradually pushes out older content, unless the older content is actively protected against interference by rehearsal or by directing attention to it.3.2 Short term and long term memory Psychological studies of human memory make a distinction between short term memory and long term memory.The idea of short term memory simply means that you are retaining information for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall.Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later.To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later.Long-term memory is a learning process.And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter's acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in long term memory may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.The duration of short term memory is very short.It is up to 30 seconds.Peterson(1959)found it to be 6-12 seconds, while Atkinson and Schifrin(1968)and Herb(1949)state it is 30 seconds.Memory in CI only lasts for a short time.Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers.Therefore, the memory skills which need to be imparted to trainee interpreters are short term memory skills.Another difference is that short term memory is processed largely in terms of speech sounds, while long term memory depends mostly on meaning.In the early 1960s, Conrad, in connection with work for the British Post Office, conducted experiments on memory for letter codes.Conrad’s subjects were presented visually with sequences of unrelated consonants and were required to write them down immediately afterwards.He noticed that the short term memory errors made were not random, but similar in the sound to the correct item.Subjects mistakenly remember the words as words with similar pronunciation more than similar spelling.This indicates that the material is more easily remembered in terms of their sound rather than their visual appearance.Since the interpreters deal with the vocal materials, short term memory can do well to training.3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile(1)C = KL + ELK + A Comprehension =Knowledge for language+ Extra-linguistic Language + Analysis(2)CI =L + N + M + C Consecutive Interpreting =Listening Analysis+ Note-taking+ Short-term Memory+ Coordination In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter takes notes while the speaker speaks, then delivers speech to the listener in the target language according to his or her memory and notes.Consecutive interpretation is performed in two phases, the listening and note-taking phase, and the speech production phase.(3)CI = Rem + Read + P Consecutive Interpreting=Remembering+ Note-reading+ Speech Production

In phase two, high capacity in taking notes is beneficial to the Rem component, since good note-taking reduces the capacity requirements for Rem.Besides, mastering a certain amount of linguistic and extra-linguistic knowledge will lead to successful transferring form source language to target language.Since short term memory plays an important role in CI, the author decides to take a further step on short term memory.4.Characters of short term memory 4.1 Input of information It is generally held that information enters the short term memory as a result of applying attention to the stimulus, which is about a quarter of a second according to the findings of both Sperling(1960)and Crowden(1982).However, McKay's(1973, in Radford and Govier, 1991: 382)findings do not fully support this, asserting that unattended information may enter the short term memory.4.2 Capacity As mentioned in the previous section, the capacity of short term memory is limited and small.Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968)propose that it is seven items of information(give or take two).Miller(1956)says it is seven “chunks.” Another possibility may be that the limiting factor is not the short term memory's storage capacity, but its processing capacity(Gross: 1990:55).4.3 Modality To store information in short term memory, it must be encoded, and there is a variety of possibilities as to how this operates.There are three main possibilities in short term memory:(1)Acoustic(Phonemic)coding is rehearsing through sub-vocal sounds(Conrad, 1964 and Baddeley: 1966).(2)Visual coding is, as implied, storing information as pictures rather than sounds.This applies especially to nonverbal items, particularly if they are difficult to describe using words.In very rare cases some people may have a “photographic memory,” but for the vast majority, the visual code is much less effective than this(Posner and Keele: 1967).(3)Semantic coding is applying meaning to information, relating it to something abstract(Baddeley: 1990, Goodhead: 1999)4.4 Information Loss There are three main theories as to why we forget from our short term memory:(1)Displacement—existing information is replaced by newly received information when the storage capacity is full(Waugh and Norman: 1965)(2)Decay—information decays over time(Baddeley, Thompson and Buchanan, 1975).(3)Interference—other information present in the storage at the same time distorts the original information(Keppel and Underwood: 1962).4.5 Retrieval There are modes of retrieval of information from short term memory:(1)Serial search—items in short term memory are examined one at a time until the desired information is retrieved(Sternberg: 1966).(2)Activation—dependence on activation of the particular item reaching a critical point 5.Memory Training The purpose of short term memory training in CI is to achieve a better understanding of the source language, which will lead to adequate interpreting.As Lin Yuru et al.put it, “Memory in consecutive interpreting consists of nothing more than understanding the meaning, which is conveyed by the words”(Lin et al., 1999:9).Understanding is the first step in successful interpreting;therefore, memory training is to be provided in the early stage of interpreter training.Memory functions differently in consecutive and simultaneous interpreting because the duration of memory is longer in CI than in SI.There are different methods of training short term memory for CI and SI respectively.Interpreting starts with the encoding of the information from the original speaker.According to Gile's Effort Model, interpreting is short term memory-centered activity;the process of interpreting could be re-postulated into: Encoding of information from the Source Language + Storing Information + Retrieval of Information + Decoding Information into the Target language In Consecutive Interpreting, there is probably up to 15 minutes(depending on the speaker's segments)for the interpreter to encode and then store the information.This is the first phase of Gile's Effort Model for CI.In the second phase of Gile's Model, the interpreter starts to retrieve information and decode it into the target language.According to the previous description, there are three main possibilities of storing information in short term memory:(1)Acoustic Coding;(2)Visual Coding and(3)Semantic Coding.Visual coding may be used by interpreters in conference situations with multimedia.Notes in interpreting are to assist in such visual coding of information.But in most interpreting contexts, interpreters will depend on acoustic and semantic coding.Therefore, exercises should be designed for this purpose.The following methods are recommended: 5.1 Visualizing materials: Visualizing means that to visualize what the speaker is speaking, for instance, to form a scene to strengthen the short term memory of the interpreter.A British psychologist named Frederic C.Bartlett(1998:279)regarded memory as the reconstruction of an image.The conclusion of the study showed that the capacity of memory of pictures viewed and images is easier to remember than vocabulary and expressions This kind of exercise aims to promote the ability of an interpreter to actualize and visualize the information he listened, which is designed to sensibility of human’s brain to image of language resources.5.2 Retelling in the Source Language The instructor either reads or plays a recording of a text of about 200 words for the trainees to retell in the same language.The trainees should not be allowed to take any notes.In the first instance, trainees should be encouraged to retell the text in the same words of the original to the largest possible extent.The following tactics should be used by the trainees after a certain time of training on retelling: Categorization: Grouping items of the same properties;Generalization: Drawing general conclusions from particular examples or message from the provided text;Comparison: Noticing the differences and similarities between different things, facts and events;Description: Describing a scene, a shape, or size of an object, etc.Trainees are encouraged to describe, summarize, and abstract the original to a large extent in their own words in exercises.5.3 Mnemonic to Memory Mnemonic is a device, such as a formula or rhyme, used as an aid in remembering.Mnemonics are methods for remembering information that is otherwise quite difficult to recall.A very simple example of a mnemonic is the '30 days hath September' rhyme.The basic principle of Mnemonics is to use as many of the best functions of the human brain as possible to encode information.The human brain has evolved to encode and interpret complex stimuli—images, color, structure, sounds, smells, tastes, touch, spatial awareness, emotion, and language—using them to make sophisticated interpretations of the environment.Human memory is made up of all these features.Typically, however, information presented to be remembered is from one source—normally words on a page.While reading words on a page reflects one of the most important aspects of human evolution, it is only one of the many skills and resources available to the human mind.Mnemonics seek to use all of these resources.By encoding language and numbers in sophisticated, striking images which flow into other strong images, we can accurately and reliably encode both information and the structure of information to be easily recalled later(Manktelow:2003).5.4 Grouping information together Random lists of things(a shopping list, for example)can be especially difficult to remember.To make it easier, try categorizing the individual things from the list.If a person can remember that, among other things, he wanted to buy four different kinds of vegetables, he’ll find it easier to remember all four.Another example: probably ***818651898 won't be easily remembered, but try putting a space after every fourth number.Now those numbers are years, and they can be easily remembered by picking key events from each year(e.g., Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Civil War, and Spanish-American War).5.5 Association

The reason that most of people can't remember their friend's phone number is because 535-3473 just a string of numbers that have no obvious connection to their friend.In order to use one’s memory efficiently, the best way is to actively create an association for things one is trying to remember.For example, write out a phone number: five three five three four seven three.Now try to create a clever phrase that starts with the first letter of those words: fairy tales feel true for some time.Now that phone number can be much more easily remembered.Alternatively, one could create a story that involves 5 characters buying 3 things and doing 5 more things with them by using imagination.The point is that one wants to connect the phone number to something else.6.Conclusion Keeping a good short term memory in consecutive interpreting is a significant aspect, which the train interpreters need to grasp.From the above analysis, we can conclude that short term memory skills in consecutive interpreting could be acquired by effectively designed training methods.With a well-'trained' short-term memory, interpreters are actually equipped with an effective tool for the encoding and decoding information.Even though the author has found and summarized some training methods, these methods are not suitable for every trainee.In the future research, the author believes that every student interpreter needs to explore practical training methods for themselves, which can lead a better result for their future career and be transformed into theories.