专业翻译的优势和注意事项

第一篇：专业翻译的优势和注意事项

专业翻译的优势和注意事项

随着中国国际化水平的不断提高，很多超市都在食品后加上了英文标注，而有些翻译经常会让人啼笑皆非。比如“肉松”，被翻译成“肉做的松树”;“童子鸡”被翻译成“没有性生活的鸡”。这里涉及到一个英文标牌专业翻译的问题，显然以上例子的翻译都不够专业，那么相比之下，专业翻译有哪些优势呢?接下来以365翻译为例。

第一，用词地道、专业、精确

365专业翻译涉及领域广阔，在新闻文化、金融法律、汽车机械、建筑工程、信息技术等领域都配置了专职的相关专业翻译人员。在专业术语的运用掌握上可以保证专业翻译的地道、专业、精确。

第二，忠实于原文

在做专业翻译时，不同于一般公司采用的机器翻译，本公司采用纯人工翻译，初译完全由资深的翻译专家完成，对于专业翻译我们坚持忠实于作者的原意，在原著的基础上保证译文忠实准确地传达作者思想。

第三，翻译流程严格监控，三级审核，双重校对

本公司采用新一代来自硅谷的专业语言技术，为您实现网络六十秒的快速下单和无间断作业，步骤如下：确认订单→付款成功→分配项目给项目经理→开始预处理→开始翻译。翻译时会经过翻译、审稿、校对三级，审校完成后，开始排版，最后将电子版发至您的邮箱，纸质版以最快速度快递给您。

第二篇：专业翻译公司具有哪些优势

专业翻译公司具有哪些优势

我国专业翻译公司的现状可以用“喜忧参半”来形容，有可喜的一面，也有让人忧心忡忡的一面。今天365翻译与大家聊聊专业翻译服务公司的优势是什么。

第一，便捷的服务。

绝大多数的公司服务都比较便捷，交稿和收稿的方式非常灵活。由于专业翻译公司的数量多，客户在选择时也可以慢慢挑选，多家比较，找到最适合自己需求的一家。

第二，渐成规模化。

有的公司旗下还有很多分公司，有些公司还组成了业内联盟。当稿件超出公司译员处理范围或处理量时，可以横向联合，为客户提供优质的翻译服务。第三，多语种翻译。

几乎涵盖了各个国家、各个地区的语言，无论是常用的英语、日语、俄语、法语，还是不太常见的拉脱维亚语、立陶宛语、冰岛语，专业翻译公司都可以轻松解决。

第四，专业优势。

用“八仙过海，各显神通”这句谚语来形容专业翻译公司的译员，一点也不为过。译员的专业知识、工作经验、文化背景都不尽相同，总体呈现出“多元化”和“丰富化”的特点，这也是专业翻译机构可以完全胜任专业稿件翻译的原因。专业翻译公司的优势虽然远不止上面四点，但是365翻译想提醒各位消费者在选择时一定要仔细选择，货比三家。

第三篇：法律专业翻译

10, to begin with,the legal system has structure.the structure of a legal system consists of this kind:the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.structure also means how the legislature is organized,what a president can(legally)do or not do,what procedures the police department follows,and so on.another aspect of the legal system is its substance.by this it meant the actual rules,norms,and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先，法律制度有结构。一个法律制度的结构由这类的数量和大小的法院；管辖；和诉求方式从一个法院another.structure也意味着如何立法组织，什么总统（法律）做或不做，什么程序，警察部门如下，等等。法律制度的另一个方面是它的实质。这意味着系统中的人的实际规则、规范和行为模式。, the law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.contractuai liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact form the acts of the parties.in some circumstances,however,the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法与履行义务有关。contractuai责任通常是基于同意的情况下随意的形式给出一个表示承诺或一个事实默示形式当事人的行为。然而，在某些情况下，法院将意味着一个承诺（通常被称为隐含在法律或准合同），以避免不公正的丰富，尽管缺乏同意由党谁被约束。12 , paragraph 1 of article 153 of the criminal law is amended as:"whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in article 151 ,article 152 and article 347 herein shall,depending on the severity of the circumstances,be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:

1、if he smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.2、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years,and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.3、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.刑法第153条1款修改为：走私本法第一百五十一条、第一百五十二条、第三百四十七条规定以外的货物、物品的,根据情节轻重,分别依照下列规定处罚:

1、他走私货物、物品逃避或回避应缴税额数额较大或构成走私再次被给予行政处罚后一年内两次打击走私，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金。

2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私货物、物品巨大或者有其他严重情节的，,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金;

3、如果应付偷逃走私货物、物品数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，应当处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产。

13、one article is added after article 276 of the criminal law as article 267 : 文章276条后增加了一条，作为刑法第267条：

以转移财产、逃匿等方法逃避支付劳动者的劳动报酬或者有能力支付而不支付劳动者的劳动报酬，数额较大，经政府有关部门责令支付仍不支付的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金；造成严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。

单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照前款的规定处罚。

有前两款行为，尚未造成严重后果，在提起公诉前支付劳动者的劳动报酬，并依法承担相应赔偿责任的，可以减轻或者免除处罚。

14、私法 private law involves the various relationship that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.the area is concerned with rules and principes pertaining to private ownership

and

use

of

property,contracts

between individuals,family relationships,and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one personby another.historically, government involvement was usually minimal.private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law,such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.私法涉及到人与人之间的各种关系，以及确定自己的法律权利和义务的规则。该地区是有关规则和有关私有财产和使用原则，合同之间的个人，家庭，和补偿的补偿方式伤害造成一人以另一个。从历史上看，政府的参与通常是微乎其微的。私人法律也为私人安排和相互作用提供了一般的指导和保障，这些方法与道德和习俗是相辅相成的，但在法庭上不一定能强制执行，比如私人私人的合同承诺和协议。the relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.the private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups,associations,organizations,and special legal entities such as corporations.they compete with one another and with government for control of resources,wealth,power,and the communication of ideas and values.special fields of law,such as labor law,facilitate and control this competition.much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.the formerly purely private law of property and contracts,for example,is now overlaid with legislation,regulationg,and judicial dicisions reflecting the competition.the public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the u.s.thus,manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.the mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.纯粹私法的相对意义在近代有所下降。公共法律在政府控制的社会中占主导地位；民主社会日益具有公共性和私法性的混合性。私人领域包括个人和一个庞大的群体，协会，组织和特殊的法律实体，如企业。它们相互竞争，与政府控制资源、财富、权力、思想和价值观的交流。法的特殊领域，如劳动法，促进和控制这一竞争。这类法律中的大部分都是在商业和企业领域中的。以前纯粹的私有财产法和契约，例如，现在用立法，规定，和司法决定反映了竞争。税收的公法化对整个私人领域有着重要的影响。法院越来越多地将看似私人纠纷的解决视为应对不断变化的社会环境和价值观的车辆，尤其是在美国，制造商们已经经历了一个扩展的责任，在他们的产品缺陷造成的身体伤害。保险机制使得生产商能够在普通消费大众中传播这种成本。

15、self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor's imminent use of unlawful force.such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant ang the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.自卫权意味着一个人是有道理的武力侵略时使用，似乎她的程度和她有理由认为，这种行为保护自己反对这样的侵略即将使用非法暴力是必要的。这样的理由要求对被告的一部分的信念，以及是否存在的事实，将说服一个合理的人，相信。

where self-defense is asserted,expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant's belie that she was in imminent danger.在自卫是断言，在受虐妇女综合症的专家证言可以提供证明被告的合理性，相信她在迫在眉睫的危险。

the interests in human dignity and privacy which the fourth amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.in the absence of a clear indich.ation that in fact such evidence will be found,these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate searc 第四修正案保护的人的尊严和隐私的利益，不允许任何此类侵犯，只要有可能获得的水果或犯罪证据的机会。在一个明确的indich.ation缺位，事实上这样的证据会被发现，这些人的基本利益要求执法人员遭受这样的证据可能会消失，除非有一个即时搜索的风险

before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide,he must do everything in his power,consistent with his safety,to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.在一个人可以利用自己的抗辩，对杀人的指控，他必须尽一切力量，符合他的安全，以避免危险，避免采取生活的必要性。

第四篇：企业IT外包优势及注意事项

企业IT外包优势及注意事项 郑州IT外包网欢迎你

(2010-05-25 14:05:24)

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企业IT资源外包优势

从管理角度分析，信息技术资源外包是一种战略性的商业创新方案。对许多企业来讲，技术复杂性的增加、对高可用性系统及分布式系统支持的需求，使得企业越来越难以实现既满足商业目标，又控制信息技术费用的愿望。在这种情况下，资源外包开始发挥其固有的优势。纵观企业选择外包策略的内外部推动因素，主要包括以下几方面：

1．业务方面

外包推动企业注重核心业务，专注于自己的核心竞争力，这是信息技术资源外包的最根本原因。从理论上讲，任何企业中仅做后台支持而不创造营业额的工作都应外包。有一个很典型的例子可以说明这个问题。据调查，美国有68％的信用卡业务都是通过非商业银行机构来实现的，银行的核心竞争力是金融，没有必要雇用大批的网络高手来维护自己的网络，交给网络公司去做会更有利。

2．财务方面

财务方面的考虑是选择外包的另一个主要原因，外包可以削减开支，控制成本，重构信息系统预算，从而解放一部分资源用于其他目的，避免“IT黑洞”的现象发生。另外，对于那些没有能力投入大量资金、人力从硬件基础开始构建企业信息框架的企业而言，外包正可以弥补企业自身的欠缺。根据美国Forrest调查公司估计，美国企业依靠自身力量建立并维护一个Web网站，第一年的费用将是22万美元，而将此工作外包给专门的公司，开销仅为4．2万美元。

3．技术方面

能获得高水平的信息技术工作者的技能，改善技术服务，提供接触新技术的机会，使内部信息技术人员能够注重核心技术活动。通过外包，企业可以将价值链中的每个环节都由最适合企业情况的专业公司完成。例如，澳洲的Trust银行在1997年与HP签订了一份期限为5年、金额1600万美元的外包合同，由HP负责管理维护Trust银行的IT系统，并帮助银行开拓新型业务--网络银行业务、电子银行业务、个人银行业务和商务银行业务等。可以想象，如果没有HP这样的公司介入，单凭银行内部信息部门的力量是很难达到这一目的的。

4．企业战略

方面外包可以提高服务响应速度与效率，来自外包商的专业技术人员可以将企业信息技术部门从日常维护管理这样的负担性职能中解放出来，减少系统维护和管理的风险，同时也增强了该部门的信誉。另外，对于一项新技术的出现，大多数企业由于费用和学习曲线的缘故，很难立即将新技术纳入实际应用。因此，信息技术资源外包的战略性考虑因素之一便是：借助外包商与现有的、未来的技术保持同步的优势，改善技术服务，提供接触新技术的机会，来实现企业以花费更少、历时更短、风险更小的方式推动信息技术在企业发展中的功能。

5．人力资源方面

通过外包，企业无需扩大自身人力规模，减少了因人才聘用或流失而花费的精力、成本以及面临的压力，节省了培训方面的开支，并增加了人力资源配置的灵活性。企业实施信．息技术资源外包有多方面意义，包括：追求核心竞争优势、保持企业组织弹性、促进市场竞争力、降低风险、改善技术服务、增强成本控制、促进信息技术在企业中的运用及发展等。然而，实施外包并不轻松。如果盲目追随潮流，忽视其间的风险分析及防范，则不仅无法给企业带来预期的优势和效益，反而会让企业蒙受损失。强调针对信息技术资源外包的风险进行研究，是因为它对外包市场的促进及供求双方都具有特别意义。表现在：一方面，需求方可以借助风险分析，强化管理层的风险意识，正确指导企业信息技术资源外包战略的制定、实施、控制及管理，从而将该战略的积极作用发挥到极致。从大的方面看，还可以通过外包，尽快缩小与国际先进企业在信息技术应用及管理方面的差距，推动信息技术在企业中的发展，加快企业信息化建设的步伐。另一方面，外包服务商可以站在需求方的角度，重视风险分析与控制，从而规范自身的服务，配合服务购买方的需求，双方共同建立起双赢(Win-Win)的合作关系。再者，需要指出的是，在国内能够提供外包服务的企业还有很多，不单单是专业性的服务商、系统集成商，还可以是大企业、大部委闲置的信息技术力量。通过承揽外包可以使企业资源得到充分利用。其间，风险分析对于指导他们的行为也有着不可忽视的作用

IT外包成功合作法则

为了确保战略IT外包合作成功，客户需要切记两个要素：做出规划以与服务提供商协作，而非对其进行控制；基于持久、独具特色的因素而非表面因素来确定合作伙伴选择标准。

传统上，人们普遍认为IT外包良好的实践方法就是提出一项跨越多年的计划，其中只需要简单地说明外包双方一致赞成的可交付成果和指标就行了。如果服务提供商达到或超过规定的指标，那么就认为该服务提供商的服务优异。然而现在，这种方法不再能满足要求。因为

静态的条款和条件已经无法支持动态的市场和不断变化的各种需求，这也是客户几乎无法获得其外包协议所注明的业务价值或竞争优势的原因。另一方面，外包服务提供商也不得不在设法保证利润的同时，还要尽力满足不断变化的业务和绩效目标的需要。

许多外包关系的破裂可归于三种原因：第一，最初的外包方法处于战术而非战略层面；第二，工作范围没有明确定义或定义得很糟糕；第三，合同管理是按照互不信任而非合作方式开展。

尽管客户的最初目标在本质上具有战略意义，如希望通过外包降低风险或获取增值功能，但是所有外包协议谈判都存在的问题之一是成本主导了整个谈判过程；另一个相关的问题是客户往往把两个自相矛盾的目标强加给服务提供商。例如，客户可能既希望降低IT运营成本又希望使用最新技术，而如果外包合同期限太短，那么这两种目标就互相排斥，因为无法避免的是，为了应对随后遇到的困难而采取的日常紧急措施的优先级将超越最初提高IT价值的目标。

对于寻求增值战略伙伴关系的企业来说，定义业务“价值”的具体标准也非常困难。如果客户只是认为某家外包服务提供商在理解和提供IT价值方面处于领先地位，就与其签订一份协议是非常错误的。另外，某些客户善于根据共同的意图声明签订合同来抓住提高IT价值的机会，却不善于说明具体的工作需求。

除此以外，有些客户往往放弃自己的职责，让服务提供商完全承担所有负担。最好的情况下也就是分配不适当的内部资源来进行项目控制和厂商管理；而在极端的情况下，客户甚至认为外包的IT职能已经不再是自己需要关心的问题了。这样，客户和外包公司之间的关系可能很快退化成一种敌对关系，这种关系使客户以损失服务提供商的利益为代价来追求自身利益，从而导致一种无法调和的“得失”关系。

合作机制的关键：适应变化

外包合作关系新合作模式的重点是看重IT创造新机会和提高竞争优势的作用，而不仅仅是一种降低成本的方法。成功外包关系的最终实现要依靠服务商不断创新来帮助客户达到其目标的能力。

客户和外包公司合作的第一守则是：不惜任何代价避免静态关系。如果战略目标因为业务或环境因素改变后，这时因为没有达到协议指标而去惩罚外包供应商就变得毫无意义。按照当今业务和技术的发展速度，现在的基本需求在6个月后可能就变得无关紧要。因此，外包的关键是创建适应变化的合作关系机制。

客户需要从一开始就建立业务价值的共同基调，其过程通常涉及定义、确认和创建服务提供商应该满足的具体指标。这不是随便的练习，而是需要花费大量的时间并得到富有多种学科知识和经验的专业人员的过硬帮助。如果内部没有富有经验的人员，那么外部咨询顾问就成为一种非常有价值的投资。

在建立优先等级时，切记两个主要的目标：竞争优势（既有正面的又有负面的）和成本节省。指导委员会可以由客户自己的金融、市场营销和IT人员以及负责测试结果和流程的外包合作伙伴的代表组成。理想的情况是每隔6个月重复一次这样的流程。通过定期重新评估IT业务驱动因素和权衡优先级、效益和成本，客户和客户的外包合作伙伴将能够共同把IT映射到不断发展的业务需求上。这种观点并非是突然对优先级或方向进行大规模的变化，而是为适应变化的需要提供高效、互惠的框架。

协作的合作伙伴有可能不签署提供外包服务的合同，但是他们仍然会根据影响客户IT业务价值的能力来承担风险和获取回报。客户应该希望自身与外包服务提供商共同实现最终目标，而不是仅仅把工作重点放在狭隘的技术问题上。这将使外包服务提供商能够充分利用其经验和知识来满足客户的业务需求。

选择正确的业务合作伙伴

许多关于如何选择合作伙伴的文献都阐述了一些如技术技能、厂商经验、服务特性、交付及时性、声誉和价位等这样的选择准则。虽然这些基本因素都非常重要，是选择和确定外包关系时所必需重视的先决条件，但却无法短时间内显著增加成功的机会。

为了摆脱这些表面因素，必须建立某一级别的信任关系。通常，很多客户股东要参与每项外包决策。而缺乏任何一名股东的支持都会潜在地削弱外包关系，所以还需要做大量的事情来

防止此类事情的发生。例如，迫切需要与所有的客户股东和外包工作小组建立固定、一致的交流渠道，所有参与各方都应参与交流流程，同时，信息要在各相关经理之间共享。

所有外包关系都面临的一个挑战是应对客户的后见之明和业务变化。在这两种情况下，客户都希望和应该得到外包服务公司的响应。因此，能够响应甚至预测可能的变化或其他情况，并在事件早期就予以解决的服务提供商将能够为外包关系增加价值。

不过，即使在最好的外包关系下，还会出现意想不到的变化或偶然事件。当这些问题成为矛盾的焦点时，各方的自然反应是从自己的角度出发——服务提供商考虑工作范围，而客户会考虑服务水平协议。但是，这两种自然反应都无法卓有成效地解决面临的问题，那么需要服务提供商提供响应能力和更高效的方法来帮助客户及时认识到需求可能发生的变化。

最后，尽管许多服务提供商声称它们是技术的创新者，但事实是他们通常使用相当有限的工具集来解决问题。对服务提供商来说，在其流程和程序中证明自己创新水平的能力是比较重要的，因为外包通常意味着为非常具体的问题提供高度定制的解决方案。因此，能力存在于与解决方案相关的流程和程序中，其中有创造性的思维能够提供最高的价值。不要忽视创新思维的价值，它是客户选择和评估服务提供商的主要鉴别指标。

总之，所有外包关系可能面临的最大挑战是客户业务和技术环境变化的速度，即快速（或缓慢）抛弃陈旧方法或过时流程的速度。保持跟踪变化的最好方式是与所有股东保持正常交流并基于当前数据和以往经验做出快速响应，它们的作用可能比想象的更为重要

第五篇：英语专业翻译论文

On Training Methods of Short Term Memory in Consecutive Interpreting 交替传译中短时记忆的训练方法

Name: Li, Lingling

Class: 2007English Education Class 2 January 4, 2010

目录

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................3 1.Introduction..................................................................................................5 2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting.............................................................5 2.1 Background information......................................................................5 2.2 Interpreting...........................................................................................6 3.Memory System..........................................................................................8 3.1 Short term memory..............................................................................8 3.2 Short term and long term memory.......................................................9 3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile......................................................10 4.Characters of short term memory..............................................................12 4.1 Input of information...........................................................................12 4.2 Capacity.............................................................................................12 4.3 Modality.............................................................................................12 4.4 Information Loss................................................................................13 4.5 Retrieval.............................................................................................13 5.Memory Training.......................................................................................14 5.1 Visualizing materials:........................................................................15 5.2 Retelling in the Source Language......................................................15 5.3Mnemonic to Memory........................................................................16 5.4 Grouping information together..........................................................17 5.5 Association.........................................................................................17 6.Conclusion.................................................................................................18 Bibliography..................................................................错误！未定义书签。

ABSTRACT Interpreting is important and popular nowadays owing to its communicative function in fields of politics, economy, culture, education and so on.However, it’s not easy to be a qualified interpreter because the training methods are not systematically completed.This thesis is mainly dealing with the methods of training short-term memory in consecutive interpreting(CI).According to Effort Model from Daniel Gile, the short term memory is an essential part in the process of interpreting.In order to be a qualified interpreter, student interpreters need large quantity of practice and skills.Considering of this, the author makes some research about the training of short term memory and hopes this training can help student interpreters improve short term memory.Key words: consecutive interpreting(CI);short term memory;Effort Model;training methods

口译因其在政治、经济、文化、教育等方面有着重要的交际功能，因此在当今社会越来越显示出其重要性并且逐渐受到人们的重视。然而，由于目前口译训练方法仍然不够系统和完整，因此想成为一名合格的口译人员实属不易。本论文主要介绍了交替传译中短时记忆的训练方法。根据Daniel Gile 的精力分配模式，短时记忆在口译过程中起到举足轻重的地位。为了成为一名合格的译员，训练者需要进行大量的练习并且掌握口译技巧。考虑到这个问题，笔者通过搜集整理和自己的亲身经历总结了短时记忆 的训练方法，希望能够帮助训练者提高短时记忆。

1.Introduction There are three kinds of memory system and short term memory is the essential part in interpreting, so in this paper the author mainly does research about the short term memory.Chapter 1 is an introduction about planning of this paper.In Chapter 2, it shows a general introduction about interpreting and its current situation in China.This helps us to get a more clear understanding about advantages and disadvantages of CI in order to find the weaknesses.According to the analysis in Chapter 2, the author believes that the memory training is a big obstacle encountered by the student interpreters.Considering of this, the author decides to start with the memory system, so in Chapter 3, it mainly shows three types of memory systems as well as how they work and what functions they have and the illustration is focused on the concrete connections between the short term memory and CI.In Chapter 4, the author shows the characters of short term memory and the problems interpreters meet due to the characters.In Chapter 5, according to all above and research, the author finds some methods dealing with the problems.Finally is the conclusion and some suggestions in future research.2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting 2.1 Background information Interpreting becomes a very popular job nowadays due to the world globalization in fields of economy, politics, culture and s on.With the rising position of China, especially hosting of 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo as well as entering WTO, China plays more and more important role in the world, so international communication become more frequently.This brings large requirement of interpreting which is considered responsive and practical, both quality and quantity.However, interpreting industry is facing serious situation: lacking of systematical training methods and high quantity of teachers.2.2 Definition of Interpreting Interpreting is the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between users of different languages.The process is described by both the words interpreting and interpretation.Professional Interpreting can be mainly classified into simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting in terms of the way of interpreting.In consecutive interpreting(CI), the interpreter speaks after the source-language speaker has finished speaking.The speech is divided into segments, and the interpreter sits or stands beside the source-language speaker, listening and taking notes as the speaker progresses through the message.When the speaker pauses or finishes speaking, the interpreter then renders a portion of the message or the entire message in the target language.A qualified interpreter is required to cover various fields of knowledge and possesses good psychological quality as well as a strong memory.Due to this requirement, interpreting is a challengeable work.2.3 Quality of a good interpreter 2.3.1 Profound knowledge As a good interpreter, the basic quality is to master the source language and target language.Moreover, an interpreter should have a good knowledge of the culture of both countries, such as the customs, the history, the humorous expressions as well as the current event and popular tendency.For example, when interpreter heard “Baudelaire’s translation of Poe may be “better” poems than those Poe wrote;but those who read them have read Baudelaire's version of Poe;not Poe.” In this sentence, there are two names Baudelaire and Poe.Baudelaire is a French writer, who is famous for translating the works by American writer Edgar Allan Poe and is acknowledged better than the original works.If the interpreter knows this, it is not difficult to translate it as波德来尔所译的爱伦坡的诗，也许比爱伦坡自己所写的更好；但读那些诗的人只是读了波德来尔所译的爱伦坡；而不是真正的爱伦坡.Therefore, a good interpreter should self enriching greatly and improving continuously.2.3.1 Strong memory Owing to the special characteristics of interpreting, interpreter should have a strong memory.On the one hand, interpreter has to master a large amount of vocabulary and idioms, such as画蛇添足 to paint the lily；用小虾钓大鱼 to throw a sprat to catch a whale.Besides, for some Chinese idioms, interpreters should remember the original story, such as东施效颦Tung Shih imitates Hsi Shih.Hsi Shih was a famous beauty in the ancient kindgdom of Yueh.Tung Shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her ways.The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a distorted way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes even worse.On the other hand, interpreters should have a good memory to express the meaning speakers said.Owing to the limited time, note-taking can only write down the main point and the whole meaning can only be expressed though the strong memory.3.Memory System 3.1 Short term memory Short-term memory(or “primary” or “active memory”)is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.The duration of short-term memory(when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented)is believed to be in the order of seconds.In an early and highly influential article, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, the psychologist George Miller suggested that human short-term memory has a forward memory span of approximately seven items plus or minus two and that was well known at the time.David A.Sousa, in his book ,how the brain works refers to the term short term memory as all of the early steps of temporary memory leads to long term memory.According to his idea, short term memory can be divided into sensory memory and working memory.Sensory memory is the very first step for the source information coming into one’s brain with the shortest duration and can hold a certain amount of information, but these information can only lasts 0.25-2 seconds and disappears rapidly.Working memory refers to information stored for further processing.Working memory boasts both storage and processing functions.The two functions are interrelated with each other.When encountered with new or difficult tasks, then more processing capacity is required, thus leaving less capacity for storage function(David W.Carroll, 2000.49).During the researching, the authors doubts that decay causes forgetting from short-term memory often offer as an alternative some form of interference: When several elements(such as digits, words, or pictures)are held in short term memory simultaneously, their representations compete with each other for recall, or degrade each other.Thereby, new content gradually pushes out older content, unless the older content is actively protected against interference by rehearsal or by directing attention to it.3.2 Short term and long term memory Psychological studies of human memory make a distinction between short term memory and long term memory.The idea of short term memory simply means that you are retaining information for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall.Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later.To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later.Long-term memory is a learning process.And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter's acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in long term memory may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.The duration of short term memory is very short.It is up to 30 seconds.Peterson(1959)found it to be 6-12 seconds, while Atkinson and Schifrin(1968)and Herb(1949)state it is 30 seconds.Memory in CI only lasts for a short time.Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers.Therefore, the memory skills which need to be imparted to trainee interpreters are short term memory skills.Another difference is that short term memory is processed largely in terms of speech sounds, while long term memory depends mostly on meaning.In the early 1960s, Conrad, in connection with work for the British Post Office, conducted experiments on memory for letter codes.Conrad’s subjects were presented visually with sequences of unrelated consonants and were required to write them down immediately afterwards.He noticed that the short term memory errors made were not random, but similar in the sound to the correct item.Subjects mistakenly remember the words as words with similar pronunciation more than similar spelling.This indicates that the material is more easily remembered in terms of their sound rather than their visual appearance.Since the interpreters deal with the vocal materials, short term memory can do well to training.3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile(1)C = KL + ELK + A Comprehension =Knowledge for language+ Extra-linguistic Language + Analysis(2)CI =L + N + M + C Consecutive Interpreting =Listening Analysis+ Note-taking+ Short-term Memory+ Coordination In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter takes notes while the speaker speaks, then delivers speech to the listener in the target language according to his or her memory and notes.Consecutive interpretation is performed in two phases, the listening and note-taking phase, and the speech production phase.(3)CI = Rem + Read + P Consecutive Interpreting=Remembering+ Note-reading+ Speech Production

In phase two, high capacity in taking notes is beneficial to the Rem component, since good note-taking reduces the capacity requirements for Rem.Besides, mastering a certain amount of linguistic and extra-linguistic knowledge will lead to successful transferring form source language to target language.Since short term memory plays an important role in CI, the author decides to take a further step on short term memory.4.Characters of short term memory 4.1 Input of information It is generally held that information enters the short term memory as a result of applying attention to the stimulus, which is about a quarter of a second according to the findings of both Sperling(1960)and Crowden(1982).However, McKay's(1973, in Radford and Govier, 1991: 382)findings do not fully support this, asserting that unattended information may enter the short term memory.4.2 Capacity As mentioned in the previous section, the capacity of short term memory is limited and small.Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968)propose that it is seven items of information(give or take two).Miller(1956)says it is seven “chunks.” Another possibility may be that the limiting factor is not the short term memory's storage capacity, but its processing capacity(Gross: 1990:55).4.3 Modality To store information in short term memory, it must be encoded, and there is a variety of possibilities as to how this operates.There are three main possibilities in short term memory:(1)Acoustic(Phonemic)coding is rehearsing through sub-vocal sounds(Conrad, 1964 and Baddeley: 1966).(2)Visual coding is, as implied, storing information as pictures rather than sounds.This applies especially to nonverbal items, particularly if they are difficult to describe using words.In very rare cases some people may have a “photographic memory,” but for the vast majority, the visual code is much less effective than this(Posner and Keele: 1967).(3)Semantic coding is applying meaning to information, relating it to something abstract(Baddeley: 1990, Goodhead: 1999)4.4 Information Loss There are three main theories as to why we forget from our short term memory:(1)Displacement—existing information is replaced by newly received information when the storage capacity is full(Waugh and Norman: 1965)(2)Decay—information decays over time(Baddeley, Thompson and Buchanan, 1975).(3)Interference—other information present in the storage at the same time distorts the original information(Keppel and Underwood: 1962).4.5 Retrieval There are modes of retrieval of information from short term memory:(1)Serial search—items in short term memory are examined one at a time until the desired information is retrieved(Sternberg: 1966).(2)Activation—dependence on activation of the particular item reaching a critical point 5.Memory Training The purpose of short term memory training in CI is to achieve a better understanding of the source language, which will lead to adequate interpreting.As Lin Yuru et al.put it, “Memory in consecutive interpreting consists of nothing more than understanding the meaning, which is conveyed by the words”(Lin et al., 1999:9).Understanding is the first step in successful interpreting;therefore, memory training is to be provided in the early stage of interpreter training.Memory functions differently in consecutive and simultaneous interpreting because the duration of memory is longer in CI than in SI.There are different methods of training short term memory for CI and SI respectively.Interpreting starts with the encoding of the information from the original speaker.According to Gile's Effort Model, interpreting is short term memory-centered activity;the process of interpreting could be re-postulated into: Encoding of information from the Source Language + Storing Information + Retrieval of Information + Decoding Information into the Target language In Consecutive Interpreting, there is probably up to 15 minutes(depending on the speaker's segments)for the interpreter to encode and then store the information.This is the first phase of Gile's Effort Model for CI.In the second phase of Gile's Model, the interpreter starts to retrieve information and decode it into the target language.According to the previous description, there are three main possibilities of storing information in short term memory:(1)Acoustic Coding;(2)Visual Coding and(3)Semantic Coding.Visual coding may be used by interpreters in conference situations with multimedia.Notes in interpreting are to assist in such visual coding of information.But in most interpreting contexts, interpreters will depend on acoustic and semantic coding.Therefore, exercises should be designed for this purpose.The following methods are recommended: 5.1 Visualizing materials: Visualizing means that to visualize what the speaker is speaking, for instance, to form a scene to strengthen the short term memory of the interpreter.A British psychologist named Frederic C.Bartlett(1998:279)regarded memory as the reconstruction of an image.The conclusion of the study showed that the capacity of memory of pictures viewed and images is easier to remember than vocabulary and expressions This kind of exercise aims to promote the ability of an interpreter to actualize and visualize the information he listened, which is designed to sensibility of human’s brain to image of language resources.5.2 Retelling in the Source Language The instructor either reads or plays a recording of a text of about 200 words for the trainees to retell in the same language.The trainees should not be allowed to take any notes.In the first instance, trainees should be encouraged to retell the text in the same words of the original to the largest possible extent.The following tactics should be used by the trainees after a certain time of training on retelling: Categorization: Grouping items of the same properties;Generalization: Drawing general conclusions from particular examples or message from the provided text;Comparison: Noticing the differences and similarities between different things, facts and events;Description: Describing a scene, a shape, or size of an object, etc.Trainees are encouraged to describe, summarize, and abstract the original to a large extent in their own words in exercises.5.3 Mnemonic to Memory Mnemonic is a device, such as a formula or rhyme, used as an aid in remembering.Mnemonics are methods for remembering information that is otherwise quite difficult to recall.A very simple example of a mnemonic is the '30 days hath September' rhyme.The basic principle of Mnemonics is to use as many of the best functions of the human brain as possible to encode information.The human brain has evolved to encode and interpret complex stimuli—images, color, structure, sounds, smells, tastes, touch, spatial awareness, emotion, and language—using them to make sophisticated interpretations of the environment.Human memory is made up of all these features.Typically, however, information presented to be remembered is from one source—normally words on a page.While reading words on a page reflects one of the most important aspects of human evolution, it is only one of the many skills and resources available to the human mind.Mnemonics seek to use all of these resources.By encoding language and numbers in sophisticated, striking images which flow into other strong images, we can accurately and reliably encode both information and the structure of information to be easily recalled later(Manktelow:2003).5.4 Grouping information together Random lists of things(a shopping list, for example)can be especially difficult to remember.To make it easier, try categorizing the individual things from the list.If a person can remember that, among other things, he wanted to buy four different kinds of vegetables, he’ll find it easier to remember all four.Another example: probably ***818651898 won't be easily remembered, but try putting a space after every fourth number.Now those numbers are years, and they can be easily remembered by picking key events from each year(e.g., Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Civil War, and Spanish-American War).5.5 Association

The reason that most of people can't remember their friend's phone number is because 535-3473 just a string of numbers that have no obvious connection to their friend.In order to use one’s memory efficiently, the best way is to actively create an association for things one is trying to remember.For example, write out a phone number: five three five three four seven three.Now try to create a clever phrase that starts with the first letter of those words: fairy tales feel true for some time.Now that phone number can be much more easily remembered.Alternatively, one could create a story that involves 5 characters buying 3 things and doing 5 more things with them by using imagination.The point is that one wants to connect the phone number to something else.6.Conclusion Keeping a good short term memory in consecutive interpreting is a significant aspect, which the train interpreters need to grasp.From the above analysis, we can conclude that short term memory skills in consecutive interpreting could be acquired by effectively designed training methods.With a well-'trained' short-term memory, interpreters are actually equipped with an effective tool for the encoding and decoding information.Even though the author has found and summarized some training methods, these methods are not suitable for every trainee.In the future research, the author believes that every student interpreter needs to explore practical training methods for themselves, which can lead a better result for their future career and be transformed into theories.