第一篇:习语翻译word 版[本站推荐]
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • a wolf in sheep’s clothing 披着羊皮的狼 to be on thin ice 如履薄冰
to sit on pins and needles 如坐针毡
An ass is known by his ears.见耳识驴。
It is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock.牝鸡司晨,家之不祥。
It’s ill to waken sleeping dogs./ Let sleeping dogs lie.勿惹睡狗。
A barking dog is better than a sleeping lion.吠犬不可怕,睡狮难提防。The great fish eat up the small.大鱼吃小鱼。
He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount.、骑虎难下。
•to drain a pond to catch all the fish •打草惊蛇
•to stir up the grass and alert the snake •易如反掌
•to be as easy as turning over one’s hand
对牛弹琴
•to play the lute to a cow•守口如瓶
•to keep one’s mouth closed like a bottle•雪中送炭
•to send charcoal in snowy weather •画蛇添足
•to draw a snake and add feet to it
声东击西
•to shout in the east and strike in the west •井底之蛙
•to be like a frog at the bottom of a well •调虎离山
•to lure the tiger from the mountain •口蜜腹剑
•to be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted
以上的英语习语或谚语都含有动物意象,都有比喻意义,都有与之相对应的汉语习语或谚语。翻译这类英语习语时,套用相对应的汉语习语无疑是最佳译法。
• A good horse cannot be of a bad colour.• 好马无劣色。• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
to be as mild as a lamb 驯如羔羊
He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount.、骑虎难下。sour grapes酸葡萄
eye for eye and tooth for tooth 以眼还眼,以牙还牙 bull market 牛市
bear market 熊市
armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿
•同样,汉语也有一些习语,与英语的一些习语相对应。
翻译这类汉语习语时,应该套用英语中与之相对应的习语,以便产生形神兼备的对等翻译。见下面的例子:合抱之木,生于毫末。
•shed crocodile tears •掉鳄鱼眼泪 •tower of ivory•象牙之塔 •竭泽而渔
•Great oaks from little acorns grow.•人靠衣裳马靠鞍。
•It’s the saddle that makes the horse and the tailor, the
man.•一燕不成夏。
•One swallow does not make a summer.•洗手不干•wash one’s hands of •旧瓶装新酒
•new wine in old bottles
玩火者必自焚。
•人人为自己,老天为大家。•A small bird wants but a small nest.•燕雀无(安知)鸿鹄之志。
•Take not the musket(步枪)to kill a butterfly.•杀鸡焉用牛刀。
•When the cat’s away, the mice will play.•山中无老虎,猴子称霸(大)王。
•You can’t sell the cow and drink the milk.•鱼与熊掌不可兼得。•Beat the dog before the lion.•杀鸡给猴看。•Love me, love my dog.•爱屋及乌。
•Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.•宁为鸡口,不为牛后。
•He killed the goose that laid the golden eggs.•杀鸡取卵。A baited(受欺负、受折磨的)cat may grow
as fierce as a lion.•He who plays with fire gets burned.•羽毛丰满
•to become full fledged •风驰电掣
•to pass swiftly like the wind or lightning
•套用习语译习语的方法属于直译法,能使译文做到形
神兼备。通过这样的对等直译,两种语言、两种文化的共性得以表现出来。
Practicebe armed to the teeth
•be as mild as a lamb •to play with fire
•as gay / cheerful as a lark(像云雀 •那样快活)
•the apple of one’s eye•掌上明珠•as timid as a hare •胆小如鼠•as strong as a horse •力大如牛
as poor as a church mouse
•狗急跳墙。
•Carrion crows(吃腐肉的乌鸦)bewail the dead sheep,and then eat them.•猫哭老鼠假慈悲。•空中楼阁•castle in the air • 晴天霹雳•a bolt from the blue • 半斤八两
•six of one and half a dozen of the other
•一贫如洗
•Man proposes, God disposes.•谋事在人,成事在天。(注意“天”和“上帝”的选词)•Everyone for himself, God for us all.•正中下怀
•after one’s own heart
•to talk through one’s hat •胡言乱语
•to leave no stone unturned •千方百计,不遗余力•to call a spade a spade •直言不讳; •to pull one’s leg
•愚弄某人,开某人的玩笑; •to eat one’s words
•被迫收回前言,承认自己说了错话; •to be full of beans •精力旺盛,精力充沛
•to be like square pegs in round holes •格格不入
a skeleton at the feast
•一箭双雕
•kill two birds with one stone•露出马脚
•show the cloven hoof•水中捞月•fish in the air•过河拆桥
•kick down the ladder•进退维谷
•between the devil and the deep sea
许多英语习语涉及独特的西方文化意象,染上了独特的西方文化色彩,只有采用意译法处理,才能为我国读者所理解。试观察以下英语习语及其译文:
•to draw one’s blood •伤人感情,惹人生气•to hang on sb.’s sleeve •依赖某人
•to hang on sb.’s lips •对某人言听计从 •to make a monkey of sb.•愚弄某人•to bend an ear to •倾听,聚精会神地听 •to bury one’s head in the sand •采取鸵鸟政策 •to have an axe to grind •别有用心
•扫兴的人或事物 •a fly in the ointment •美中不足 •with a grain of salt •半信半疑
•with one’s tongue in one’s cheek•说说而已,半心半意,非诚心诚意
同样,许多汉语成语涉及独特的汉文化特征,染上了独特的汉文化色彩,其比喻形象是英语读者所不可接受的。这样的汉语习语只能意译。比如:
•扬眉吐气
•to feel proud and elated •灯红酒绿
•to be dissipated and luxurious •开门见山
•to come straight to the point
单枪匹马
•to be single-handed in doing sth.•大张旗鼓
•on a large and spectacular scale •海阔天空•(to talk)at random •风雨飘摇
•(of a situation)being unstable •胸有成竹
•to have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth.汉语还有一些成语涉及典故,字面翻译无法为外国读者所接受;如果加上一长串解释性文字,就失去了成语精粹的特点。最好的办法是避开其文化背景,译出其真正含义:
四面楚歌
•to be besieged on all sides•毛遂自荐
•to volunteer one’s service•初出茅庐
•at the beginning of one’s career•倾城倾国
•to be exceedingly beautiful;•罄竹难书
•(of crimes)too numerous to mention
三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。
Translation: Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhugeliang, the master mind.People consider that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas kiss.Translation:人们认为他在那种场合的表演不过是犹大之吻,居心险恶。
“It is true that enemy won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory.” said the General.Translation:将军说:“敌人确实赢得了战斗,但他们的胜利只是皮咯士的胜利,得不偿失。
The crafty enemy was ready to launch a new attack while holding out the olive branch.Translation : 狡猾的敌人,一边伸出橄榄枝,表示愿意讲和,一边准备发动新的进攻。临时抱佛脚。
Translation: To embrace Buddha‟s feet in one‟s hour of need---To seek help at the last moment.五十步笑百步。
Translation: One who retreats fifty paces mocks one who retreats a hundred---the pot calls the kettle black.In a long few hours, I arrived in a city that always makes me think of a whited sepulcher.Translation: 几小时以后,我来到了一个城市,这个城市总让我联想起一座粉饰的坟墓。
Whited sepulcher, from the Bible, means hypocrite.作为华夏子孙,我们为祖国感到自豪。
Translation: As the offspring of Huaxia, we are proud of our motherland.:„Huaxia‟, or the short form „Hua‟ was the ancient name of China.In ancient times people living in central China used to call their native land “Huaxia”, which is now used as a synonym for the Chinese nationality or China.Example 1:Let another‟s shipwreck be your seamark.Translation: 前车之覆,后车之鉴。
Example 2:Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.Translation: 山中无老虎,猴子称霸王。
Example 3: The best fish smell when they are three days old.Translation: 人无千日好,花无百日红。
Example 4:The wagon must go where the horse draws it.Translation: 胳膊拧不过大腿。
Example5:是狼改不了吃肉,是狗改变不了吃屎。Translation: You cannot make a crab walk straight.Example 6:两雄相争,其斗必烈。
Translation: When Greek meets Greek, then the tug of war.Example 7: 你不要脚踏两只船。
Translation :If you run after two hares, you‟ll catch neither.Example 8: 离开了咸菜缸又跳进了萝卜窑。
Translation: To jump out of the frying pan into the fire.Example 1: It was another one of those Catch-22 situations ,you‟re damned if you do and you‟re damned if
you don‟t.Translation: 这是一个无法摆脱的困境,做也倒霉,不做也倒霉。
The idiom has strong cultural meaning.If it is translated literally into “第22条军规”, Chinese readers cannot catch the meaning, so it is preferred to translate the idiom into “无法摆脱的”(it‟s not easy to get rid of.).Example 2: The study had a Spartan look.Translation: 这间书房有一种简朴的景象。
Example 3: The Middle East oilfield seems to be an apple of discord between the two superpowers.Translation: 中东油田成了两个超级大国的争端。
Example 4: He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped away his crocodile tears.Translation: 他走在送葬队伍的前头,还不时用一条大手帕抹去他那假惺惺的眼泪。Example 5: 此地无银三百两。
Translation: A guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence.Example 6: 十五个吊桶打水,七上八下 Translation: to be in a turmoil Like cures like.以毒攻毒
Diamond cut diamond.强中自有强中手 to call one namesin the same boat a stitch in time saves nine
• ①Fixed structure/ Conventionality:
(Some idioms are ungrammatical but acceptable)
第二篇:习语翻译(教案)
Translating/Interpreting Idioms
习语翻译
1. Idiom for Idiom(以习语译习语)。请找出下列习语相应的英/汉习语:
(1)水滴石穿(2)破釜沉舟(3)隔墙有耳(4)积少成多(5)三思而后行(6)无风不起浪(7)一箭双雕
(8)一言既出,驷马难追(9)种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆(10)谋事在人,成事在天
(11)The burnt child dreads the fire.(12)Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.(13)Where there is a will, there is a way.(14)Strike while the iron is hot.(15)To fish in the air(16)Don’t wash your dirty linen in public.(17)To kill the goose that lays golden eggs(18)All good things must come to an end.(19)A fall to the pit, a gain in your wit.(20)Hungry dogs will eat dirty puddings.There is no smoke without fire.Walls have ears.As you sow, so will you reap.Look before you leap.Man proposes, god disposes.To burn one’s boats What is said cannot be unsaid.Many a little makes a mickle.Constant dripping wears the stone.To kill two birds with one stone.吃一堑,长一智。有志者,事竟成。缘木求鱼 饥不择食
天下没有不散的筵席。宁为鸡头,勿为凤尾。趁热打铁
家丑不可外扬。
一朝被蛇咬,十年怕草绳。杀鸡取卵
2.Literal Translation(直译法)以下是根据汉语习语直译而成,请说出其相应的汉语习语。
(1)as easy as turning over one’s hand/palm—very easy易如反掌(2)as short-sighted as mice—see no farther than one’s nose鼠目寸光(3)a gentleman uses his tongue, not his fists.君子动口不动手
(4)There’ll never be a shortage of firewood as long as green hills remain;As long as green mountains are there, one need not worry about firewood;While there is life, there is hope.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。
(5)A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near;A bosom friend afar makes a world smaller;Long distance separates no bosom friends.海内存知己,天涯若比邻。
(6)A thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step.(7)The gift itself may be as light as a feather, but sent afar, it conveys deep feelings.千里送鹅毛,礼轻情义重。
(8)Leniency to those who confess, and punishment to those who resist.坦白从宽,抗拒从严!
(9)To cut the feet to fit the shoes削足适履
(10)Distant water cannot put out a nearby fire.远水解不了近火(11)Good medicine is bitter in the mouth, but good for the disease.(12)Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened;heed only one side and you will be benighted.兼听则明,偏听则暗。(13)Blood is thicker than water.(14)To play with fire(15)To show one’s cards摊牌
(16)To be armed to the teeth武装到牙齿
(17)To head a wolf into the house(18)As sly as a fox(19)An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.(20)God helps those who help themselves.3.Paraphrasing or Free Translation(意译法)以下习语一般用意译,请试着翻译。
(1)小二黑过年,一年不如一年。To be going from bad to worse;to be deteriorating(2)擀面杖吹火—一窍不通to know practically nothing about…(3)碰一鼻子灰to be snubbed;to meet with rebuff;to be rejected(4)打开天窗说亮话Frankly speaking;Let’s be frank.(5)木已成舟,只好如此了!What’s done is done, and cannot be undone.(6)不管三七二十一regardless of the consequences(7)小巫见大巫to be simply nothing compared to…
(8)十五个吊桶打水—七上八下in a turmoil;to be extremely upset(9)一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。Everyone’s business is nobody’s business.(10)a fly on the wheel自以为有天大本事的人
(11)a bull in a china shop公牛闯进瓷器店,肆意捣乱(12)to paint the lily为百合花上色,费力不讨好
2(13)an area flowing with milk and honey鱼米之乡,洞天福地(14)by hook or crook不择手段
(15)to carry fire in one hand and water in the other施展两面手法(16)Every dog has its day.人人皆有得意之日。
4.Literal Translation Combined with Paraphrasing(直译加注法)(1)杀鸡给猴看
to kill the chicken to frighten the monkey—to punish somebody as a warning to others.(2)班门弄斧 to show off one’s skill with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter—to display one’s slight skill before an expert/to teach your grandma to suck eggs/to offer to teach fish to swim(3)三个臭皮匠,赛过诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined surpass Zhuge Liang the mastermind—two heads are better than one.Principles for Translating/Interpreting Idioms 翻译习语的原则
There are a number of principles to be followed in translating/interpreting idioms.1.Principle of Translating/Interpreting Idioms with Idioms 在忠实于原文意思的情况下,尽可能用习语翻译习语。请翻译:(1)既往不咎
(2)有钱能使鬼推磨
(3)The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.(4)Birds of a feather flock together.(5)Once bitten, twice shy.2.Principle of Retaining the Image 尽可能保留(原文的)形象。请翻译:(1)A stitch in time saves nine.(2)Man proposes, God/Heaven disposes.(3)一寸光阴一寸金。An inch of time is an inch of gold.Time is money.(4)君子动口不动手。
3.Principle of Achieving Brevity 尽可能简洁。(1)三个臭皮匠,赛过诸葛亮。
(2)天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。The unexpected always happens.(3)Give him an inch and he will take an ell.(4)Justice has long arms.4.Pay Attention to “False Friends” 注意“假朋友”:
(1)你可不能食言啊!You can’t break your promise.(2)You are pulling my leg.你在开玩笑。
(3)A horse stumbles that has four legs.人非圣贤,孰能无过。(4)He’s leading a dog’s life.非人的/牛马不如的(5)I am dead-beat today.精疲力竭 5.Try to memorize the established versions of translation.尽可能记住约定俗成的译文。(1)己所不欲,勿施于人。Do as you would be done by./ Do unto others as you would have them to do to you./ Do not do to others what you do not wish to be done to yourself.(2)说曹操,曹操到。Talk/Speak of an angel and you will hear his wings./ Speak of the wolf, and you will see his tail./ Talk/Speak of the devil and he will appear.(3)少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。If one does not work hard in youth, one will regret it in old age./ A young idler, and old beggar./ An idle youth, a needy age./ They must hunger in frost that will not work in heat.6.Try to convey the original message, whichever method is used.努力传达原文意思。请翻译:
(1)Don’t argue with him.He has already got one foot in the grave.别跟他争,他已经是风烛残年的人了。
(2)It was a long time before someone broke the ice at the meeting.会上出现了很长时间的僵局。
(3)This was a rag to the bull.这话简直是朝着公牛晃红布,火上浇油。(4)You are a dreamboat.你是位(异性所追求的)理想人选。(5)You are such a dish.你是个绝色美人。(6)I only have eyes for you.我只在意你。(7)Just cool your heels!好了,安静会儿吧。
Exercises 1.Find the equivalents for the following Chinese idioms and quotations.(1)别有用心
(2)出尔反尔
(3)称王称霸
(4)背信弃义(5)狂妄自大
(6)狼狈为奸
(7)礼尚往来
(8)众志成城(9)利令智昏
(10)自食其果
(11)忠言逆耳
(12)自取灭亡(13)倒行逆施
(14)变本加厉
(15)有目共睹
(16)一如既往(17)危言耸听
(18)说三道四
(19)丧权辱国
(20)引狼入室(21)后患无穷
(22)义愤填膺
(23)大势所趋
(24)背道而驰(25)一意孤行
(26)坐收渔人之利(27)远亲不如近邻(28)换汤不换药(29)搬起石头砸自己的脚。
(30)冒天下之大不韪(31)情人眼里出西施。
(32)醉翁之意不在酒。
(33)只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。
(34)住在狼窝边,小心不为过。(35)天地万物,莫贵于人。
(36)又要马儿好,又要马儿不吃草。(37)天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。
(38)人不可貌相,海水不可斗量。(39)人无千日好,花无百日红。
(40)血浓于水,叶落归根。(41)满招损,谦受益。
(42)居移气,养移体。
(43)刚者至柔,柔者至刚。
(44)八仙过海,各显神通。(45)每逢佳节倍思亲。
(46)酒逢知己千杯少。
(47)常言道:近朱者赤,近墨者黑。
(48)有缘千里来相会,无缘对面不相逢。(49)凡事预则立,不预则废。
(50)棒头出孝子。(51)饱汉不知饿汉饥。
(52)伴君如伴虎。
4(53)天行健,君子以自强不息。
(54)冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。(55)宝剑锋从磨砺出,梅花香自苦寒来。
1)Blinded by one’s gains;to bend one’s principles to one’s interests;to be so obsessed with the idea of profit-making that one loses all sense of righteousness.9利令智昏 2)To make irresponsible remarks/criticisms(18)
3)To lift a rock only to crush/squash one’s own feet;to tread on one’s own tail(29)4)The united will of the masses is like a fortress;People with one will are stronger than a fortress;Unity is strength.(8)
5)The same medicine prepared with different water;the same old stuff with a different label;a change in form but not in essence(28)
6)To surrender a country’s sovereign rights under humiliating terms;to humiliate the nation by forfeiting its sovereignty(19)
7)To reap the spoils of victory without lifting a finger;to profit from other’s conflict(26)
8)To be obvious to all;as clear as day(15)
9)Arrogant and conceited;self-important;to ride the high horse;false pride;to get too big for one’s boots(5)
10)As always;just as in the past;as before(16)
11)To cling obstinately to one’s course;to act willfully;to insist on having one’s own way(25)
12)To band together;to collaborate/collude with sb in evil doing(6)
13)To intensify one’s efforts to do sth;to become aggravated;to be further intensified;with ever-increasing intensity(14)14)The trend of the time;the general trend(23)
15)To act in bad faith;to play foul/false;treacherous;to go back on one’s words(4)16)To go against the trend of the times;to set back the clock;to push a reactionary policy(13)
17)To run counter to…(24)
18)To play the tyrant;to dominate/domineer and swashbuckle(3)
19)To go back on one’s words;to play fast and loose;to blow hot and cold;to chop and change;inconsistent/undependable/self-contradictory(2)20)Honest advice is unpleasant to the ear.(11)
21)To invite/bring a wolf into the house;to open the door to an enemy(20)
22)To court one’s own ruin/doom/disaster;to invite one’s own destruction;to cut one’s own throat;to bring destruction to oneself;to take the road to one’s doom(12)23)No end of trouble for the future;Endless trouble will follow.(21)
24)To have ulterior motives;with malicious intent;to have an axe to grind(1)
25)To eat one’s own bitter fruit;to reap what one sows;to bite off one’s own head;to face the consequences of one’s own action(10)26)To be filled with indignation(22)
27)To defy public opinion(the will of the people);to face universal condemnation(30)28)To exaggerate just to scare/frighten people;alarmist talk;sensational(17)
29)Neighbors are dearer than distant relatives.Neighbors are more helpful than distant relatives.A remote kinsfolk is not as good as a near neighbor.(27)
30)Courtesy demands reciprocity;to exchange on an equal basis/footing.(7)
31)Preparedness ensures success and unpreparedness spells failure.Forewarned, forearmed.(49)
32)Nothing is so strong as gentleness;Nothing is so gentle as strength.(43)
33)Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight.The weather and human lige are both unpredictable.(37)
34)Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.Love sees no fault.Beauty lies in the lover’s eyes.(31)
35)Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake.The drinker’s heart is not in his cup—he has something else in his mind.One talks bout one thing, but tries to do another.(32)
36)A person cannot be judged by his appearance, just like sea cannot be measured by a bucket.A person can no more be judged by his looks than the sea be measured with a bucket.(38)
37)Like the Eight Fairies/Immortals crossing the sea, each displaying his own talent/magic power.(44)
38)Spare the rod and spoil the child.(50)
39)No pains, no gains.No gains without pains.(55)
40)The well-fed simply has no idea of how the starving suffers.(51)
41)On festive occasion, more often than ever, we think of our dear ones far away.(45)42)Man cannot be always fortunate just as flowers do not last forever.(39)
43)While the magistrates are free to burn down houses, the common people are forbidden even to light lamps.One may steal a horse while another may not look over a hedge.(33)
44)Living near a wolf’s den, you can never be too cautious.(34)
45)Blood is thicker than water, the falling leaves settle on the roots.(40)
46)Among bosom friends, a thousand cups of wine are not too many/enough.A thousand cups of wine are too few when drinking with close friends.(46)47)Nearest the king, nearest the gallows.绞刑架(52)
48)As heaven maintains vigor through movement, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection.(53)“天”的译法值得商榷。“天道酬勤”“替天行道” 49)As the saying goes, “What’s near cinnabar goes red, and what’s next to ink turns black.”(47)
50)Haughtiness invites losses while modesty brings profits.(41)
51)Of all the living things nurtured between heaven and earth, the most valuable is the human beings.(35)
52)You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t let it graze.(36)
53)One’s position alters the temperament, just as nourishment affects the body.Honors change manners.(42)
54)Those who are meant to(按道理应该)meet will meet even if they are separated by a thousand miles;those who are not meant to meet will not get acquainted even if they brush shoulders with one another.(48)
55)It takes more than a day to freeze three feet of ice.Rome was not built in a day.(54)
2. Interpret the following English idioms into Chinese.(1)as blind as a bat 有眼无珠
(2)as cool as a cucumber镇定自若(3)as easy as rolling off a log易如反掌
(4)a bed of roses称心如意的境遇,安乐窝(5)between the devil and the blue sea进退两难(6)to call a spade(铲)a spade直言不讳(7)now or never机不可失,时不再来
(8)to pull one’s leg跟某人开玩笑,骗某人(9)with tongue in cheek假心假意地(10)much cry and little wool雷声大雨点小(11)to wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve过于心直口快;过于直率(12)The leopard cannot change its spots.江山易改,本性难移(13)A small leak will sink a great ship.千里之堤,溃于蚁穴(14)He that sups with the devil must have a long spoon.和坏人打交道,必须提高警惕(15)As the touchstone tries gold, so gold tries men.试金石试金,金子则考验人(16)Behind the mountains there are people to be found.山外有山,天外有天(17)The proof of pudding is in the eating.实践得真知(18)One cannot make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.巧妇难为无米之炊(19)Nothing succeeds like success.一事成功,事事顺利(20)Enough is as good as a feast.知足常乐(21)Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.不要过早乐观(22)Many hands make light work.人多好办事(23)The mill of God grind slowly.天网恢恢,疏而不漏(24)He laughs best who laughs last.(25)Marry in haste and repent at leisure.草率结婚后悔多(26)Courtesy on one side lasts not long.单方面礼貌不会长久(27)Little thieves are hanged, but great ones escaped.窃钩者诛,窃国者侯(28)Like attracts like.物以类聚,人以群分(29)Everyone for himself, the devil take the hindmost.人不为己,天诛地灭(30)Speak of the wolf, and you will see his tail.说曹操,曹操到(31)It’s no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收,后悔无益(32)Fish begins to stink at the head.上梁不正下梁歪(33)Nothing venture, nothing gain/have.不入虎穴,焉得虎子(34)Time and tide wait for no man.时不我待,岁月不饶人(35)The life of the wolf is the death of the lamb.豺狼活,则羔羊死。(36)Speech is silver, silence is gold.雄辩是银,沉默是金(37)Short accounts make long friends.债务还的早,朋友交得长(38)There is no rose without a thorn.没有不带刺的玫瑰,没有尽善尽美的快乐(39)Better late than never.迟到总比不到好,晚做总比不做好(40)Many a good cow hath a bad calf.良牛产劣犊(好的父母未必培养出好的子女)(41)Absence makes the heart grow fonder.别离情更深。距离产生美。(42)Action speaks louder than words.百说不如一干(43)A house divided against itself cannot stand.家庭不睦,万事不兴(44)A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.(45)A lazy youth, a lousy age.少时懒惰,老来虱咬(少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲)(46)All that glitters is not gold.(47)All things are difficult before they are easy.凡事开头难(48)All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只用功不玩耍,聪明的孩子也变傻。(49)A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘,差之千里。(50)An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一苹果,医生远离我/胜过找医生(51)A stitch in time saves nine.一针及时省九针(52)Barking dogs seldom bite.(53)Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚,人以群分(54)Circumstances alter cases.具体情况,具体分析(55)Coming events cast their shadows before.未来之事,必有前兆。(山雨欲来风满楼?)(56)Dog does not eat dog.同类不相残(57)Doing nothing is doing ill.无所事事,必干坏事(58)Do not keep all the eggs in one basket.不要孤注一掷(59)Don’t put the cart before the horse.不要本末倒置(60)Early sow, early mow.早种早收(61)Easier said than done.说来容易,做来难(62)Easy come, easy go.来得容易去的快(63)Empty vessels make the most noise.满瓶子不响,半瓶子晃荡。(64)Example is better than precept(规则).身教胜过言教(65)Facts speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩(66)Failure teaches success.失败是成功之母(67)Far from eye, far from heart.眼不见,心不念(68)Good advice is harsh to the ear.忠言逆耳(69)Grasp all, lose all.欲尽得,必失尽。样样抓,样样差。(70)Great hopes make great man.伟大的理想造就伟大的人(71)Harm watch, harm catch.害人反害己。(例赶火车)(72)Haste makes waste.忙中有错(73)Idleness is the root of all evil.懒惰是万恶之源(74)In for a penny, in for a pound.一不做,二不休(75)In the end, things will mend.车到山前必有路(76)It is never too late to learn.(77)Justice has long arms.天网恢恢疏而不漏(78)Knowledge in youth is wisdom in age.少时有知识,老来有智慧(79)Learn not, and know not.不学而无术(80)Learn to say before you sing.先学说,后学唱(81)Like father, like son.有其父必有其子(82)Lookers-on see most of the game.旁观者清(83)Lost time is never found again.光阴一去不复返(84)Love is blind.(85)Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌(86)Make hay while the sun shines.趁热打铁(87)Misfortune never come singly.祸不单行(88)Money is the root of all evil.(89)More haste, less speed.欲速则不达(90)Necessity is the mother of invention.需要是发明之母(91)No man is born wise or learned.人非生而知之,乃学而知之(92)No news is good new.(93)Of nothing comes nothing.巧妇难为无米之炊(94)One man’s fault is another man’s lesson.前车之覆,后车之鉴(95)One swallow does not make a summer.独燕不成夏(96)One today is worth two tomorrow.把握一个今天,胜似两个明天(97)Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧(98)Prevention is better than cure.与其补救于已然,不如防患于未然(99)Seeing is believing.眼见为实(100)Self do, self have.自作自受(101)Tall trees catch much wind.树大招风(102)Teaching others teaches yourself.教学相长(103)The more he learns, the more he sees his ignorance.(104)Union is strength.(105)Virtue is fairer far than beauty.美德远胜于美貌(106)Waste not, want not.俭则不匮(107)Youth and age will never agree.老少难相投(108)Some prefers turnips and others pears.萝卜白菜,各有所爱(109)A good beginning is half the battle.
第三篇:英汉习语文化翻译论文
关键字:意义 表面 差异 表达 形象 文化 历史 研究 翻译 作用 弯曲 压电 隐含 字面 下的 金属电极 屈曲
习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式。本文所要讨论的习语是广义的、包括成语、谚语、歇后语、典故等。英汉两种语言历史悠久,包含着大量的习语,它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅,不仅言简意赅,而且形象生动,妙趣横和,给人一种美的享受。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异,英汉习语承载着不民的民族文化特色和文化信息,它们与文化传统紧密相连,不可分割。习语中的文化因素往往是翻译中的难点。本文试图借助语用学的理论,对英汉习语的翻译作一些探索。
美车哲学教授H.p.Grice在他的Meaning一书中把话语的意义分为自然意义(natural meaning)和非自然意义(non-natural
meaning)两种。话语的非自然意义指人们意欲表达的意义,即在特定的场合下表达出交际者意图的语用隐含意义。这就是Grice的会话含意(conversational
implicature)理论的基础。那么,由于英汉两种语言的文化背景的差异,同样字面意义、形象意义的话语文章可能具有完全不同的隐含意义。隐含意义才是说话人或作者所要表达的意义。根据我们的观察,英汉习语之间的多方面差异可归为两类:一是形象意义的差异,一是隐含意义(包括褒贬义)的差异,而它们都是字面以外的意义,是文化差异的具体反映。由此出发,本文提出了英汉习语文化意义翻译的具体原则和方法。
一、英汉习语中所反映的文化差异
朱光潜先生在《谈翻译》一文中说:“外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义……”,“它带有特殊的情感氛围,甚深广而微妙,在字典中无从找出,对文学却极要紧。如果我们不熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景,对于文字的这种意义就茫然,尤其是在翻译时这种字义最不易应付。”英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》(1871)一书中,首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来,并表述为:“文化是一种复杂,它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其作社会上习得的能力与习惯。”可见文化的覆盖面很广,它是一个复要的系统。语言作为文化的一个组成部分,反映一个民族丰富多彩的方化现象。我们经过归纳总结认为,英汉习语所反是非曲直的文化差异主要表现在以下几个方面:
1、生存环境的差异
习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国,历史上航海业曾一度领先世界;而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍,人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费,大手大脚,英语是spend
money like water,而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语,在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语,如to rest on
one’s oars(暂时歇一歇),to keep one’s head above water(奋力图存),all at sea(不知所措)等等。
在汉语的文化氛围中,“东风”即是“春天的风”,夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起,“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球,北温带,海洋性气候,报告春天消息的却是西风,英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节,常与
“可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天,Shall I compare thee to a summer’s
day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate。
2、习俗差异
英汉习俗差异是多方面的,最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意:“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等,尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加,狗的“地位”似乎有所改变,但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家,狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外,大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中,常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如You
are a lucky dog(你是一个幸运儿),Every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意日),Old dog will mot
learn mew tricks(老人学不了新东西)等等。形容人“病得厉害”用sick as a dog,“累极了”是dog-tired。与此相反,中国人十分喜爱猫,用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴,常有亲呢的成份,而在西方文化中,“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。
3、宗教信仰方面
与宗教信仰有关的习语也大量地出在在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史,人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切,与此有关的习语很多,如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香,临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家,特别是在英美,人们信奉基督教,相关的习语如Good
helps those who help themselves(上帝帮助自助的人),也有Go to hell(下地狱去)这样的诅咒。
4、历史典故
英汉两种语言中还有大量由历史典故形成的习语,这些习语结构简单,意义深远,往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话,如Achilles’heel(唯一致命弱点)、meet
one’s waterloo(一败涂地)、penelope’s web(永远完不成的工作)、a pandora’s box(潘多拉之盒棗灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源)等。
二、英汉习语翻译的具体原则和方法
关于翻译标准,中外翻译理论家们提出了不同的主张。从严复的“信、达、雅”,傅雷的“重神似不重形似”,到张培基先生提出的“忠实通顺”;从瞿秋白的“等同概念”,到美国著名的翻译理论家Eugene
A·Nidar的“功能对等(functional equivalence)”或“动态对等(dynamic equivalence)”,我们可以看出,这些主张是相互影响、互为补充、不断完善的,虽然侧重点有所不同,但中心要结晶都是译文要忠实准确地表达原文的意义,保持原作的风格,忠实反是非曲直原作的面貌。所谓忠实表达原文的意义,应指忠实表达原文的字面意义、形象意义和隐含意义三个方面。但是,并不是原文的每句话、每个习语、词汇都同时具备三种意义,有的可能只有字面意义,没有形象意义;有的可能兼有字面意义和形象意义,但没有隐含意义。尤其是,任何两处语言文化都不可能完相同。
第四篇:浅析文化差异和习语翻译
摘 要:语言和文化是紧密相连、不可分割的,作为语言精华的习语更是沉积了浓厚的历史和民族文化。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异,英汉习语承载着不同的民族文化特色和文化信息,因此英汉习语翻译常会遇到许多困难。从地理环境、历史背景、风俗习惯和宗教信仰四个方面阐述中英两国文化差异对各自习语形成的影响,并详细说明英汉习语互译中处理这种文化差异的几种常用译法。
关键词:语言;文化;文化差异;习语翻译
一、英汉习语中所反映的文化差异
(一)生存环境
自然环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,不同的自然环境对民族文化的形成和发展有着不同的影响。华夏民族生活在广袤肥沃的东亚大陆上,中国自古以来就是农业大国,土地在人 们的生活中就显得至关重要。因此, 汉语中有相当一部分与农业和土地有关的成语。如“斩草除根”“风调雨顺”“山穷水尽”“挥金如土”等。
英国则是一个岛国,四面环水。历史上航海曾居于世界领先地位,因此英语中也就有了许多与水、鱼以及航海有关的习语。如as weak as water(弱不禁风), drink like a fish(豪饮), to miss the boat(错失良机)、all at sea(不知所措)。
在汉语的文化氛围中,“东风”即是“春天的风”,夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起,“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球北温带,属海洋性气候,报告春天消息的是西风,英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》(ode to the west wi nd)正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节,常与“可爱”、“温和”、“美 好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天,Shall I compare thee to asummer’s day? Thou are more lovely and more temperate。
(二)历史典故
从一定角度上说,语言是一个民族的文化记忆与沉淀,汉语中大量的习语都是以本民族的历史、经济、文化、传统、习惯等为基础而形成的,具有浓厚的民族文化特色和深远的社会历史渊源,往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“赔了夫人又折兵”“三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话,也有其特定内涵,如Achilles’heel(唯一致命弱点)、meetone’s waterloo(一败涂地)、a pandora’s box(潘多拉之盒)、the Trojanhorse(特洛伊木马, 出自希腊神话), arrow of Cupid(丘比特之箭, 出自罗马神话)。
(三)习俗差异
在中国传统文化中, 龙是一种象征吉利的动物。在封建社会, 龙代表帝王、权威和高贵。因此, 汉语中与龙有关的成语一般都含褒义。如“望子成龙”“龙凤呈祥”“乘龙快婿”等。但在西方神话传说中, dragon 却是一种长着翅膀, 身上有鳞, 拖着一条长长的蛇尾,能够从口中喷火的动物,令人感到恐怖。因此西方人视龙为凶残肆虐之物,应该消灭。另外,狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意:“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”等,而在西方英语国家,狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外,大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中,常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如Youare a lucky dog(你是一个幸运儿),Every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意日)。与此相反,中国人十分喜爱猫,用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴,常有亲呢的成份,而在西方文化中,“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。
(四)宗教信仰
每个民族都有各自的宗教信仰和宗教文化, 它对人们的价值观念和生活习惯的形成以及语言表达有着潜移默化的影响。
在几千年的历史长河中, 中华民族主要信仰佛教与道教。因此, 汉语里有许多与佛教、道教有关的成语,如“借花献佛”“临时抱佛脚”“道高一尺, 魔高一丈”等。另外,中国人还敬奉天神,如“天经地义”“谢天谢地”“天无绝人之路”等。中国历代皇帝也都称自己是“真龙天子”。
在英国等西方国家, 影响最大的宗教是基督教。在西方人心中, God 具有无上的法力。英语成语中也有许多与God 相关的成语。如God helps those who help themselves(天助自助者),Man proposes, God disposes(谋事在人, 成事在天)。诅咒一个人时人们常说God damn you, 危险过后常说Thank God或God bless you。基督教的教义《圣经》一直被奉为西方文化的经典。英语中许多成语也正是出于此。如finger on the wall(不祥之兆),cast one's bread upon the waters(真心行善,不求回报)。
从以上几个方面我们可以看出,文化对习语的影响是深远而广泛的。语言学习者要想正确理解英汉习语并成功地进行英汉习语的互译,就必须首先对英汉两种文化有深刻的了解。
二、英汉习语互译的主要方法
翻译是两种语言之间的转换,而语言和文化的紧密关系要求在语言转换中必须进行文化的转换。鉴于此,译者不能只作字面上的直译,必须深入了解字面背后的文化信息,用原作语言及文化知识理解原作,以自己的理解为依据,用另一种对等语言即译语进行各种转换,为译文读者传递原文精确信息,按“功能对等”原则让“读者同等反映”。因此,习语翻译一方面要尽量将原文的意思用“最贴切、最自然的对等语再现出来”, 用奈达的话说, 即是“The best translation does no t sound like a translation”;另一方面, 还要尽力将原文的文化信息展现于译文读者面前, 使其了解到原文所包含的文化信息。主要方法是:
(一)直译法
所谓直译法,是指在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的条件下,在译文中保留原成语的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩的方法。它适用于一些由于使用的范围广、次数多, 其字面意义和比喻意义已经广泛为译文读者所接受的成语。如a gentleman's agreement(君子协定);armed to the teeth(武装到牙齿);to fish in troubled water(浑水摸鱼);纸老虎(paper tiger);竹篮打水一场空(draw water in a bamboo basket)。
直译的好处是能够比较完整地保留原习语的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格。但是, 如果直译太多或直译不当, 则容易使读者感到滑稽可笑或莫名其妙, 甚至引起误会或错误联想。如:不到黄河心不死(Until all is over, ambition never dies.), 猪八戒倒打一耙(To put blame on one's victim.)“黄河”和“猪八戒”等词汇都含有明显的民族文化特色,如果直译,外国读者一定会百思不得其解,只有以“功能对等”的方式翻译才能在东西方读者中引起与愿意相符的感受。
(二)直译加解释法
为了保留原文所包含的文化信息, 人们更多地采用直译而不是意译, 但由于语言所扎根的文化土壤不同, 直译很可能会引起歧义和模糊。在这种情况下,只有加上合适的注解才能传递原文中的文化信息。例如a Don Juan(唐璜,意为风流浪子),to carry coals to New castle(运煤到纽卡索, 指多此一举, 纽卡索—— 英国一产煤中心),班门弄斧(show off one's proficiency with axe before L u Ban, the master carpenter),东施效颦(The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a destroyed way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes worse.)。
(三)等值互借法
成语的对等是从三个方面体现出来的, 即比喻意义、比喻形式和感情色彩。有些英语习语和汉语习语无论是在内容,还是在形式或感情色彩上都比较相近,这时候,习语翻译就可以采用等值互借法, 或称同义习语套用法。这种方法不但可以保留源语的形象、风格, 又符合目标语的语言结构和习惯, 可以让译文读者轻松理解原文所要表达的含义, 从而顺利实现跨文化交流。如burn the boat(破釜沉舟); greatminds think alike(英雄所见略同);turn a deaf ear to(充耳不闻);a drop in the ocean(沧海一粟)。
(四)意译法
意译法指翻译时仅保留原文的意思而不保留原文表达形式的方法。当由于文化差异而无法直译, 又无同义习语可以借用,加上解释性文字后又会失去习语精粹的特点,最好避开其文化背景,译出其意义即可。如a skeleton in the cupboard(家丑)、逼上梁山(be forced to do something)、打开天窗说亮话(frankly speaking)、毛遂自荐(to volunteer one's service)。
张 玲:文化差异和习语翻译这种方法还适用于那些运用具体、浅显的比喻来说明比较抽象的事理,且语言生动诙谐的歇后语。如“骑驴看唱本——走着瞧”可译为wait and see,“狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心”可译为to snap and snarl at a kind hearted man.三、结束语
英汉各有其自身文化烙印与文化色彩,两者之间存在较大的文化差异。文化对习语的影响是多方面的,英汉习语也不是不可译的。虽然习语翻译特别是那些含有丰富文化信息的习语翻译并没有固定的模式,到底该采用何种方法应根据上下文灵活选择。此外,在翻译过程中,译者绝不可只考虑语言的转换,还应增强文化意识,要从跨文化交际的立场出发,采用适当的翻译方式,尽力消除跨文化交际中因文化差异而导致的交际障碍,达到准确介绍异国文化的目的。
参考文献:
[1]陈定安.英汉修辞与翻译[M].香港:商务印书馆,1996.[2]平洪,张国扬.英语习语与英美文化[M].北京: 外语教育与研究出版社,1999.[3]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论[M].北京: 外语教育与研究出版社,1999.[4]方梦之.翻译新论与实践[M].青岛: 青岛出版社, 1999.[5]冯庆华.实用翻译教程(增订本)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.[6]孙会军,郑庆珠.译论研究中的文化转向[J].中国翻译,2000,(05).
第五篇:英汉习语文化差异及其翻译
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《乞力马扎罗山上的雪》中的生与死 150 浅谈《鲁滨逊漂流记》中现实主义元素 151
152 礼貌策略在国际商务谈判中的运用 153 浅谈中西方非言语交际中身势语差异 154 从用餐礼仪看中美核心价值观差异
155 充满爱与美的唯美世界——王尔德童话中的唯美主张研究 156 英文商标名翻译的原则与策略
157 从认知语境的角度解读《一个干净明亮的地方》的隐含意义 158 论《一个温和的建议》中的黑色幽默 159 《红字》中海斯特性格分析
160 从文化角度看中西饮食文化的差异
161 救赎之旅—浅析《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿•考菲尔德的成长经历 162 An Analysis of The Bible’s Influence on British and American Literature 163 Gender Difference in Daily English Conversation 164 国际商务合同的英语语言特点及其翻译探析 165 中西礼仪对比
166 从美国妇女社会地位的提升看英语歧视性词汇的变化 167 文化差异对商标翻译的影响
168 An Analysis of the Translation of Film Titles 169 浅析商务谈判中的恭维语应用
170 A Study of the Personality of Emily from A Rose for Emily 171 《晚安,妈妈》中公共汽车和洗衣机的象征寓意
172 顺应论视角中电影字幕汉英翻译研究——以李安电影作品字幕翻译为例 173 放弃完美选择缺失---对比分析王熙凤和郝思嘉 英语专业全英原创毕业论文,是近期写作,公布的题目可以用于免费参考
174 透过《马丁•伊登》看杰克伦敦对超人哲学的矛盾心态 175 叶芝诗歌中的象征主义手法 176 论新闻英语的语言特点
177 词块法在高中英语写作教学中的应用
178 Coherence in English-Chinese Translation: A Pragmatic Study 179 英语商务合同的文体特点及其汉译 180 性格趋向对英语口语习得的影响 181 “到十九号房间”的悲剧成因
182 《呼啸山庄》男主人公希斯克里夫的性格分析 183 中西方饮食文化差异的对比
184 A Popular Form of Subtitles Translation by Fansub Group on the Internet 185 《彼得•潘》中的“成长”主题 186 跨文化广告传播中的语用失误研究 187 电影《海上钢琴师》的浪漫主义解读 188 浅析《喜福会》中的中美文化碰撞与融合 189
190 《哈姆雷特》中的女性人物分析 191 增译法在商务英语汉译中的应用
192 查尔斯狄更斯《远大前程》的自传性分析 193 中西文化差异对跨文化商务谈判的影响 194 网络英语中的新词探究
195 英语歌曲在英语教学中的应用 196 英汉习语文化差异及其翻译
197 An Archetypal Study of J.D.Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye 198 西丽自我身份的寻求——《紫色》的女性主义解读 199 《东方快车谋杀案》中的伦理困境 200 杰克伦敦对马丁伊登悲剧的影响