怎样区别被动语态与“连系动词 be+过去分词”的结构

第一篇：怎样区别被动语态与“连系动词 be+过去分词”的结构

怎样区别被动语态与“连系动词 be+过去分词”的结构

“be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：

1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如:

The glass is broken．玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）

The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）

2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：

The magazine is published in Shanghai．这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态）

The door is locked．门锁着。（系表结构）

The door has already/just been locked．门已经/刚刚被锁上。（被动语态）

The shop is opened．这家商店开门了。（系表结构）

The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday．这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态）

3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。

所以下列句子都是被动语态：

The machine is being repaired．机器正在修。

A new school will be built here．这里将要建一所新学校。

第二篇：过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别

过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别

(1)过去分词在构成完成时态，不定式完成式以及被动语态时，通常不能用现在分词一般被动式代替。(现在进行时的被动语态除外)

eg：The door was closed an hour ago．

这门在一小时前就关闭了。

They have finished their homework。

他们已经做完了家庭作业

(2)过去分词作前置定语时，不能用现在分词一般被动式代替。eg： That was an inspired suggestion．

那是一条由某人提出的建议。

同样现在分词一般被动式作为定语表示动作时，也不能用过去分词来代替。eg：The house being built is a big project.正在施工的那幢楼是一项大的工程。

(3)过去分词作条件、时间等状语时，不可用现在分词一般被动式代替。eg：Given more time，I can do it better．(表条件)

多给点时间，我会做得更好些。

Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.(MET 90)(表示条件)如果多关心一些，这些树会长得更好。

Heated ,the metal expands．(表示时间)

加热后，这种金属会膨胀。

Asked why he did it，he said it was his duty ．(表示时间)

问及为何要做此事时，他说这是他的职责。

(4)过去分词作表语时，不能用现在分词一般被动式代替。eg：The top of the mountain is covered with snow.山顶满是雪。

(5)过去分词在构成have，get, want等动词后的复合宾语时，不能用现在分词一般被动式。

eg：Why don’t you have the radio fixed?

你为什么不把收音机拿去修一修?

尤其是一些感官动词，如：see，hear，find等后构成复合宾语时，过去分词和现在分词一般被动式意思完全不同。

eg:I heard this song being sung by my students in the next room.我听到隔壁房间的学生正在吟唱这首歌。

(注：现在分词一般被动式表示正在进行的动作)

I have never heard this song sung in English．

我从来没有听到过用英语唱这首歌。

(注：过去分词表示己完成的动作)

(6)在下面一些比较固定的分词独立结构中，通常多用过去分词。eg: all told总计

all things considered考虑了一切因素之后

this accomplished完成这项工程之后

this explanation given这样解释之后

all said and done毕竟

二．过去分词和现在分词完成被动式的区别：

及物动词的过去分词没有完成式，但它有“完成”的含义，所以它可以代替现在分词完成被动式。

eg:The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longer safe.=

Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.=

Having been weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.=这座桥接二连三地遭到暴风雨的袭击后，己经不安全了。

但若强调分词表示的行为发生在后一个动词表示的行为之前时，可用现在分词完成被动式。

eg:Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables at home。当警告有强盗出没时，他就把贵重物品留在家里。

通常过去分词可作定语使用，而现在分词完成被动式却不能用作定语。eg:The computer centre, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school.(MET 93)

去年开办的计算机中心很受学生的欢迎。

(过去分词既能表示被动又有完成的含义)

The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.(NMET 94)

作为外语的英语教科书早在十六世纪就已经出版了。

Most of the artists invited to the party were from south America(MET 90)应邀参加舞会的大多数艺术家都来自南美。

过去分词可以用“连词＋过去分词”的结构作状语，其实质就是状语从句的省略，而现在分词的完成被动式却不能这样用。

eg:Once seen, it can never be forgotten.目睹一眼，终生难忘。

If bitten by a snake,you should send for help and don't walk

要是你被蛇咬了，你应当向别人求助而不要走。

When shot in the leg,he continued to fire back with his gun.虽腿部己遭枪击，他人仍然继续开枪还击。

The room,although supposed to be kept locked,was often left open.通常以为是锁着的那个房间，其实经常敞开着。

综上所述，过去分词与现在分词被动式无论其形式和内涵，都有一定的差异。正确地区别它们的异同，准确地运用它们的表达形式，对英语学习者来说，尤为重要，只要多加比较，反复体会，就能掌握这一知识点。

第三篇：功能材料与结构材料的区别

功能材料

具有除力学性能以外的其他物理性能的特殊材料。

功能材料是指那些具有优良的电学、磁学、光学、热学、声学、力学、化学、生物医学功能，特殊的物理、化学、生物学效应，能完成功能相互转化，主要用来制造各种功能元器件而被广泛应用于各类高科技领域的高新技术材料

功能材料是新材料领域的核心，是国民经济、社会发展及国防建设的基础和先导。它涉及信息技术、生物工程技术、能源技术、纳米技术、环保技术、空间技术、计算机技术、海洋工程技术等现代高新技术及其产业。功能材料不仅对高新技术的发展起着重要的推动和支撑作用，还对我国相关传统产业的改造和升级，实现跨越式发展起着重要的促进作用。功能材料种类繁多，用途广泛，正在形成一个规模宏大的高技术产业群，有着十分广阔的市场前景和极为重要的战略意义。世界各国均十分重视功能材料的研发与应用，它已成为世界各国新材料研究发展的热点和重点，也是世界各国高技术发展中战略竞争的热点。在全球新材料研究领域中，功能材料约占 85 %。我国高技术(863)计划、国家重大基础研究[973]计划、国家自然科学基金项目中均安排了许多功能材料技术项目（约占新材料领域70%比例），并取得了大量研究成果。

新型功能材料国外发展现状

当前国际功能材料及其应用技术正面临新的突破，诸如超导材料、微电子材料、光子材料、信息材料、能源转换及储能材料、生态环境材料、生物医用材料及材料的分子、原子设计等正处于日新月异的发展之中，发展功能材料技术正在成为一些发达国家强化其经济及军事优势的重要手段。超导材料

以NbTi、Nb3Sn为代表的实用超导材料已实现了商品化，在核磁共振人体成像（NMRI）、超导磁体及大型加速器磁体等多个领域获得了应用；SQUID作为超导体弱电应用的典范已在微弱电磁信号测量方面起到了重要作用，其灵敏度是其它任何非超导的装置无法达到的。但是，由于常规低温超导体的临界温度太低，必须在昂贵复杂的液氦(4.2K)系统中使用，因而严重地限制了低温超导应用的发展。

高温氧化物超导体的出现，突破了温度壁垒，把超导应用温度从液氦（4.2K）提高到液氮（77K）温区。同液氦相比，液氮是一种非常经济的冷媒，并且具有较高的热容量，给工程应用带来了极大的方便。另外，高温超导体都具有相当高的上临界场[H c2(4K)>50T]，能够用来产生20T以上的强磁场，这正好克服了常规低温超导材料的不足之处。正因为这些由本征特性Tc、Hc2所带来的在经济和技术上的巨大潜在能力，吸引了大量的科学工作者采用最先进的技术装备，对高Tc超导机制、材料的物理特性、化学性质、合成工艺及显微组织进行了广泛和深入的研究。高温氧化物超导体是非常复杂的多元体系，在研究过程中遇到了涉及多种领域的重要问题，这些领域包括凝聚态物理、晶体化学、工艺技术及微结构分析等。一些材料科学研究领域最新的技术和手段，如非晶技术、纳米粉技术、磁光技术、隧道显微技术及场离子显微技术等都被用来研究高温超导体，其中许多研究工作都涉及了材料科学的前沿问题。高温超导材料的研究工作已在单晶、薄膜、体材料、线材和应用等方面取得了重要进展。

生物医用材料

作为高技术重要组成部分的生物医用材料已进入一个快速发展的新阶段，其市场销售额正以每年16%的速度递增，预计20年内，生物医用材料所占的份额将赶上药物市场，成为一个支柱产业。生物活性陶瓷已成为医用生物陶瓷的主要方向；生物降解高分子材料是医用高分子材料的重要方向；医用复合生物材料的研究重点是强韧化生物复合材料和功能性生物复合材料，带有治疗功能的HA生物复合材料的研究也十分活跃。

能源材料

太阳能电池材料是新能源材料研究开发的热点，IBM公司研制的多层复合太阳能电池，转换率高达40%。美国能源部在全部氢能研究经费中，大约有50%用于储氢技术。固体氧化物燃料电池的研究十分活跃，关键是电池材料，如固体电解质薄膜和电池阴极材料，还有质子交换膜型燃料电池用的有机质子交换膜等，都是目前研究的热点。

生态环境材料

生态环境材料是20世纪90年代在国际高技术新材料研究中形成的一个新领域，其研究开发在日、美、德等发达国家十分活跃，主要研究方向是：①直接面临的与环境问题相关的材料技术，例如，生物可降解材料技术，CO 2 气体的固化技术，SOx、NOx催化转化技术、废物的再资源化技术，环境污染修复技术，材料制备加工中的洁净技术以及节省资源、节省能源的技术；②开发能使经济可持续发展的环境协调性材料，如仿生材料、环境保护材料、氟里昂、石棉等有害物质的替代材料、绿色新材料等；③材料的环境协调性评价。

智能材料

智能材料是继天然材料、合成高分子材料、人工设计材料之后的第四代材料，是现代高技术新材料发展的重要方向之一，将支撑未来高技术的发展，使传统意义下的功能材料和结构材料之间的界线逐渐消失，实现结构功能化、功能多样化。科学家预言，智能材料的研制和大规模应用将导致材料科学发展的重大革命。国外在智能材料的研发方面取得很多技术突破，如英国宇航公司在导线传感器，用于测试飞机蒙皮上的应变与温度情况；英国开发出一种快速反应形状记忆合金，寿命期具有百万次循环，且输出功率高，以它作制动器时、反应时间，仅为10分钟；在压电材料、磁致伸缩材料、导电高分子材料、电流变液和磁流变液等智能材料驱动组件材料在航空上的应用取得大量创新成果。

国内功能材料发展的现状和差距

我国非常重视功能材料的发展，在国家攻关、“ 863”、“973”、国家自然科学基金等计划中，功能材料都占有很大比例。在“九五”“十五”国防计划中还将特种功能材料列为“国防尖端”材料。这些科技行动的实施，使我国在功能材料领域取得了丰硕的成果。在“863”计划支持下，开辟了超导材料、平板显示材料、稀土功能材料、生物医用材料、储氢等新能源材料，金刚石薄膜，高性能固体推进剂材料，红外隐身材料，材料设计与性能预测等功能材料新领域，取得了一批接近或达到国际先进水平的研究成果，在国际上占有了一席之地。镍氢电池、锂离子电池的主要性能指标和生产工艺技术均达到了国外的先进水平，推动了镍氢电池的产业化；功能陶瓷材料的研究开发取得了显著进展，以片式电子组件为目标，我国在高性能瓷料的研究上取得了突破，并在低烧瓷料和贱金属电极上形成了自己的特色并实现了产业化，使片式电容材料及其组件进入了世界先进行列； 高档钕铁硼产品的研究开发和产业化取得显著进展，在某些成分配方和相关技术上取得了自主知识产权； 功能材料还在“两弹一星”、“四大装备四颗星”等国防工程中作出了举足轻重的贡献。目前世界各国功能材料的研究极为活跃，充满了机遇和挑战，新技术、新专利层出不穷。发达国家企图通过知识产权的形式在特种功能材料领域形成技术垄断，并试图占领中国广阔的市场，这种态势已引起我国的高度重视。近年来，我国在新型稀土永磁、生物医用、生态环境材料、催化材料与技术等领域加强了专利保护。但是，我们应该看到，我国目前功能材料的创新性研究不够，申报的专利数，尤其是具有原创性的国际专利数与我国的地位远不相称。我国功能材料在系统集成方面也存在不足，有待改进和发展。

国内外功能材料社会经济发展需求分析 功能材料的国外需求分析

根据预测，2001年新材料技术产业在世界市场的销售额将超过4000亿美元,，其中功能材料约占75～80%。某些特种功能材料就其单项而言，其市场也是巨大的。1995年信息功能陶瓷材料及其制品的世界市场销售额已达210亿美元，预期到2010年将达到800亿美元；2000年超导材料销售额已达80亿美元,预测2010年的年销售额预计将达到600亿美元，其中高温超导电力设备的全球销售额可达50-60亿美元,到2020年，全球与超导相关的产业的产值（按1995年的价格估算）可能达到1500亿到2000亿美元，其中高温超导占60%；2010年全球钕铁硼永磁材料的市场需求量将达14.6万吨,产值达80亿美元，带动相关产业产值700亿美元；生物医用材料是一个正在迅速发展的高技术领域，目前全球生物医用材料及制品的产值超过700亿美元，美国约为400亿美元，与半导体产业相当，是美国经济中最活跃、出口量最大的6个产业之一，近年来一直保持每年20%以上的速率持续增长，预计到本世纪前十年左右,生物医用材料产业将达到药物市场的份额；随着可持续发展政策被各国政府的广泛采纳，生态环境材料的市场需求也将迅速增加，估计2010年的社会需求将高于500亿美元。可见，在全球经济中，特种功能材料无论是需求的规模，还是需求的增长速度，都是相当惊人的。

功能材料的国内需求分析

中国作为一个 12亿人口的大国，正在实施宏伟的第三步发展战略，这一根本国情加之特种功能材料在经济社会发展中的重要作用和地位，决定了我国对功能材料的需求将是巨大的。功能材料不仅是发展我国信息技术、生物技术、能源技术等高技术领域和国防建设的重要基础材料，而且是改造与提升我国基础工业和传统产业的基础 ,直接关系到我国资源、环境及社会的可持续发展。

我国国防现代化建设一直受到以美国为首的西方国家的封锁和禁运，所以我国国防用关键特种功能材料是不可能依靠进口来解决的，必须要走独立自主、自力更生的道路。如军事通信、航空、航天、导弹、热核聚变、激光武器、激光雷达、新型战斗机、主战坦克以及军用高能量密度组件等，都离不开特种功能材料的支撑。

我国经济的快速增长和社会可持续发展，对发展新型能源及能源材料具有迫切的需求。能源材料是发展能源技术、提高能源生产和利用效率的关键因素，我国目前是世界上能源消费增长最快的国家，同时也是能源紧缺的国家。发展电动汽车、使用清洁能源、节约石油资源等政策措施使得新型能源转换及储能材料的需求不断增加。近年来，随着电子信息技术的迅猛发展，我国便携式电器如手提电话、笔记本计算机用户每年均以超过 20%的速度增加，形成了一个对小型高能量密度电池的巨大社会需求。

随着移动通信等新一代电子信息技术的迅速崛起，作为一大批基础电子元器件技术核心的信息功能陶瓷日益成为我国发展相关高技术的需求重点。按照 5%的世界市场占有率计，2010 年我国信息功能陶瓷材料及制品的年销售额将达 300亿元人民币，对信息通讯产业发展具有举足轻重的作用。

国是一个稀土大国，其工业储量占世界总储量的 70%以上，发展稀土功能材料我国有着独特的资源优势。例如，稀土永磁材料全世界的年平均增长率为23%,而我国高达60%，1995年全球的钕铁硼永磁材料的生产总量为6000吨，其中我国为2000吨，占总量的1/3，预测2010年全球钕铁硼永磁材料的产量将达14.6万吨，产值达80亿美元,其中我国的产量将达5.4万吨，产值达20多亿美元，相关器件产值达100～150亿美元。稀土在发光、催化等领域的应用也具有广阔的市场需求。

我国西部还拥有一些储量丰富的资源，如稀土、钨、钛、钼、钽、铌、钒、锂等，有的工业储量甚至占世界总储量的一半以上，这些资源均是特种功能材料的重要原材料。研究开发与上述元素相关的特种功能材料，拓宽其应用领域，取得自主知识产权，将大幅度地提高我国相关特种功能材料及制品的国际市场竞争力，这对实现西部资源的高附加值利用，将西部的资源优势转化为技术优势和经济优势具有重要意义，将有力地支持国家的西部大开发。随着我国人民生活质量的进一步改善和提高 ,我国潜在的生物医用材料市场将很快转化为充满勃勃生机的现实市场,从而创造出巨大的社会经济效益，成为国民经济的一个支柱产业。我国已确定“在发展中解决保护，在保护环境的基础上实现持续发展”的原则，签署了有关国际公约，并通过了国家有关环境保护的法律、法规，这些都为生态环境材料需求发展创造了有利条件。发展生态环境材料，除了在社会和经济方面具有巨大的需求之外，在政治上还对我国加入 WTO，融入国际社会，提升国际地位具有重要作用。此外，生态环境材料还对我国的“科技、人文、绿色”奥运工程起着特殊的作用。

总之，在未来的五到十年，我国经济、社会及国家安全对功能材料有着巨大的需求，功能材料是关系到我国能否顺利实现第三步战略目标的关键新材料。

结构材料

1.定义

结构材料(structural material)是以力学性能为基础，以制造受力构件所用材料，当然，结构材料对物理或化学性能也有一定要求，如光泽、热导率、抗辐照、抗腐蚀、抗氧化等。建筑工程中主体结构材料有钢筋水泥 沙子石子

2.分类

现代通信、计算机、信息网络技术、集成微机械智能系统、工业自动化和家电等以电子信息技术为基础的高技术产业迅速发展，推动了系列信息功能材料的研究、发展，以及广泛应用。研制与开发具有高比强度、高比刚度、耐高温、耐磨损、耐腐蚀等性能结构材料，是新一代高性能结构材料发展的主要方向。材料细分领域庞大复杂，涉及约70家A股上市公司。我们根据主要新材料的发展方向，将其分为金属新材料、新型无机非金属材料、高分子及复合材料三大类。

一、金属类材料

金属新材料按功能和应用领域可划分为高性能金属结构材料和金属功能材料。高性能金属结构材料指与传统结构材料相比具备更高的耐高温性、抗腐蚀性、高延展性等特性的新型金属材料，主要包括钛、镁、锆及其

合金、钽铌、硬质材料等，以及高端特殊钢、铝新型材等。金属功能材料指具有辅助实现光、电、磁或其他特殊功能的材料，包括磁性材料、金属能源材料、催化净化材料、信息材料、超导材料、功能陶瓷材料等。

在众多品种中，我们建议重点关注稀土永磁材料。与其他材料相比，稀土具有优异的光、电、磁、催化等

物理特性，近年来在新兴领域的应用急速增长，其中永磁材料是稀土应用领域最重要的组成部分，2009年永磁材料占稀土新材料消费总量的57%。在国家新兴产业政策的推动下，新能源汽车、风力发电、节能家电等领域将拉动稀土永磁材料钕铁硼磁体的需求出现爆发式增长。建议重点关注钕铁硼行业龙头中科三环、宁波韵升，以及稀土资源类企业包钢稀土、厦门钨业等。钢铁材料、稀有金属新材料、高温合金、高性能合金是属于金属类工程结构材料。①、钢铁材料和稀有金属新材料

钢铁材料提高钢材的质量、性能，延长使用周期，在钢铁材料生产中，应用信息技术改造传统的生产工艺，提高生产过程的自动化和智能化程度，实现组织细化和精确控制，提高钢材洁净度和高均匀度，出现低温轧制、临界点温度轧制、铁素体轧制等新工艺。

稀有金属新材料指高强、高韧、高损伤容限钛合金，以及热强钛合金、锆合金、难熔金属合金、钽钨合金、高精度铍材等。②、高温合金和高性能合金

高温结构材料主要种类包括：高温合金、粉末合金、高温结构金属间化合物，以及高熔点金属间化合物等。

二、新型无机非金属材料

无机非金属材料指某些元素的氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、硼化物、硫系化合物和硅酸盐、钛酸盐、铝酸盐、磷酸盐等含氧酸盐为主要组成的无机材料，主要包括陶瓷、玻璃、水泥、耐火材料、搪瓷、磨料等。新型无机非金属材料指经过微观结构设计、精确化学计量、先进制备技术而达到不含有害元素且具有特定性能的材料。

从材料种类看，新型陶瓷具有强度高、耐高温、耐磨损等特点，主要应用于汽车、火车、飞机、机械等制造业，个股可关注生产陶瓷轴承的轴研科技和生产陶瓷刹车片的博云新材；陶瓷纤维具有重量轻、热稳定性好、导热率低的特性，广泛应用于节能环保、机械、冶金化工等领域，个股可关注北京利尔、鲁阳股份；新型玻璃中，玻璃基板是构成液晶显示器件的一个重要基本部件，目前全世界仅4家企业能够制造玻璃基板，国内企业彩虹股份已取得玻璃基板的技术突破，有望在年底前实现量产，可保持关注。

高温结构陶瓷材料是先进陶瓷材料发展的重点，其主要应用目标是燃气轮机和重载卡车用低散热柴油机。采用陶瓷发动机可以提高热效率，降低燃料消耗。

三、高分子合成材料

高分子及复合材料是新材料领域的重要组成部分，具有优良的物理、化学性能和优异的加工特性，被广泛应用于信息产业、航空航天、生物医药、交通运输、机械仪表、建筑和能源等国民经济重要领域，包括橡胶、塑料、纤维、涂料、胶粘剂和高分子基复合材料。在细分品种中，建议重点关注改性塑料中的龙头企业金发科技，新型橡胶中的时代新材，纤维类别中生产覆膜滤材的中材科技和生产耐热聚酰亚胺纤维的深圳惠程，以及生产新型胶粘剂的回天胶业。

新型高分子结构材料发展的重点是特种工程塑料、有机硅材料、有机氟材料、高性能纤维、高性能合成橡胶、高性能树脂等。合成树脂是在迅速发展中的材料。高性能乙丙橡胶生产技术已经进入新阶段，以活性阴离子聚合、活性阳离子聚合，以及弹性体改性和热塑化等技术为开发的热点。

第四篇：高中英语语法讲解与练习之动词过去分词

高中英语语法之动词过去分词

简介

规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词则属于类动词

1.及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,不但表示被动,还表示已完成了.The cup is broken.茶杯破了.2.不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成.He is retired.他已退休.3.有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构.一、当过去分词作为表语

The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains.这座城市三面环山.【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作.(1)The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday.茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作)(2)The library is now closed.图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成,-ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用-ing 形式来修饰物.(3)The book is interesting and I'm interested in it.这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.二、当过去分词作为定语

作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.1.过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.2.过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人.4.用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.The boy looked up with a pleased expression.男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.三、当过去分词作为状语

1.过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.(1)Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是

很好.【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写.值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost(迷路);seated(坐);hidden(躲);stationed(驻扎);lost / absorbed in(沉溺于);born(出身于);dressed in(穿着);tired of(厌烦).(2)Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.2.过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致.(1)Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.)(2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表“被看”,由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是“我们”,因为“我们”应主动看城市.)【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.(1)The signal given, the bus started.信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.(2)Her head held high, she went by.她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)3.过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.(1)Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了.(caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.(grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语.When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.4.过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.He stood there silently, moved to tears.= Moved to tears, he stood there silently.他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.四、当过去分词作为宾语补足语

(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类: 1.表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.(1)I heard the song sung in English.我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed.他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)2.表示“致使”意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.(1)I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理发.(2)He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.他昨天把牙拔了.(3)Don't leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完.3.表示思维活动的动词如consider，know，think等后。如：(1)I consider the matter settled.我认为这件事解决了。(2)I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain.我认为自己在这场交易中被愚弄了。

4.表示爱憎､意愿的动词如want，wish，like，hate等后。如：(1)I wanted two tickets reserved.我要预定两张机票。

(2)He didn’t wish it mentioned.他不愿这事被提起。

【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.1.过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成.He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)2.过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.He had his leg broken.他的腿断了.(自己的经历)

五、“with +宾语+过去分词”的结构

此结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.(1)The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)(2)With water heated, we can see the steam.水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)(3)With the matter settled, we all went home.事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因)(4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face.她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.(5)He stood for an instant with his hand still raised.他仍然举着手站了一会儿.练习

1.Mr.Smith, _______ of the ________ speech, started to read a novel.A.tired;boring B.tiring;bored C.tired;bored D.tiring;boring 2.On getting to the kindergarten, the mother was glad to see her baby well _________.A.looked for B.cared for C.take care of D.cared after 3.The two old sisters, _________ so long, held each other and burst into tears.A.being separated B.having been separated C.having separated D.had been separated 4.Let’s have a rest.The _______ work made me very ________.A.tired;tired B.tiring;tiring C.tired;tiring D.tiring;tired 5.Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone _________ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.A.adding B.to have added C.to add D.added 6.As we all know, newspapers, magazines and radios as well as television broadcasts

can keep us ______ about what is happening in the world.A.informing B.to inform C.informed D.being informed 7.Everyone was ________ by his _______ progress which he made during the two months.A.surprised;surprise B.surprised;surprised C.surprised;surprising D.surprising;surprising 8.When he turned around, he found a pair of eyes _________ him.A.looking B.watch at C.fixing on D.staring at 9.The film you saw last light was made _________ on a true story that happened many years ago.A.base B.to be based C.based D.basing 10.After _______ his work, the teacher came to help me with my English.A.finished B.being finished C.having finished D.be finishing 11.Follow the directions on the bottle carefully when __________the medicine.A.you will take B.taking C.to take D.taken 12.The students, ________ their teachers, came home.A.followed B.follow C.following D.will follow 13.The long-lasting war, filled with blood and deaths, ended in people’s sadness, _______ no result.A.reached B.to reach C.would reach D.reaching 14.They spent the night _________ in the room.A.having locked B.locking C.to be locked D.locked 15.He wrote a letter to the king ___________.A.hoping to be set free B.to set him free C.so that be set free D.asked to be set free 16.Steven has devoted all his life to _______ films, and Kate, his wife, is also ________ to the duty of her profession.A.make;devoted B.making;devoting C.making;devoted D.make;devoting 17.________ in the dark, his head hit against a tree.A.Walking B.He was walking C.Walked D.When he was walking 18.Time should be made good use ________ our lessons well.A.of learning B.to learn C.to learning D.of to learn 19.The film, ________ true story of this Red Army general, attracted people’s interest all over the country.A.is based on B.is on the base of C.which is the base of D.based upon 20.She returned home from the market only to find the door open and a number of things_______.A.stole B.missing C.missed D.losing 21._________ it rains, we will stay at home.A.Supposed B.Supposing C.To suppose D.If suppose 22._________ with yours, our library is _________ too small a size.A.Comparing;in B.Comparing;of C.Compared;in D.Compared;of 23.It’s dangerous to carry a hot pan with ________ oil.A.burning B.burnt C.burn D.burns 24.We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A.dated B.dating C.coming D.kept 25.The boy lay on his back, his teeth _______ and his glaring eyes _______ straight upwards.A.set;looked B.set;looking

C.setting;looked D.setting;looking 26.________ in the forest, he had to ask for help by sending out signals.A.Having lost B.Losing C.Lost D.He was lost 27.The Golden Gate Bridge, ________ several hundred years ago, is worldwide famous.A.which is built B.which built C.having built D.built 28.I suggested the cheat _________ into prison.A.referred to being put B.referred be put C.referred should be put D.referred to be put 29.___________, I went out for a walk.A.There was nothing to do B.There being nothing to do C.There had nothing to do D.Had nothing to do 30.He returned home to learn that the girl ________ had been married the secretary village.A.became engaged to him B.was engaged to him C.engaged to him before D.got engaged to him 31.__________ at failing in the maths exam, John wouldn’t like to talk about it to his parents.A.Disappointed B.To be disappointed C.Disappointing D.Having disappointed 32._________ in the dark cave, he was not afraid of being found by ________ enemy soldiers.A.Hidden;armed B.Hide;armed C.hidden;arm D.Hiding;armed 33.To have the wonderful cloth ________ new clothes, they had the machine ______ all day long.A.made of;running B.made of;run C.made into;working D.made into;work 34.The World Trade Organization finally opened its door to China on November 10, _______ our Chinese 15-year wait.A.to end B.ended C.ending D.ends 35.If _______ in wet sand, the vegetables can_______ fresh for a long time.A.being buried;remain B.buried;remain C.buried;be remained D.burying;remain 36._________ over and over again, but he still couldn’t understand.A.Having explained B.having been explained C.Explaining D.It had been explained 37.Everything _________, the plan is fairly practical, you can put it into practice.A.considering B.taken into consideration C.to consider D.taking into consideration 38.________ from the moon, our earth, with water _______ seventy percent of its surface, appears as a “ blue ball”.A.Seen;covered B.seeing;covering C.Seen;covering D.To see;to cover 39.A great big fellow, ________around 250 pounds, walked with slow heavy noisy footsteps up to the producer counter in the supermarket.A.weighed B.weighing C.weighs D.weighty 40.---The plan ________ is of great importance to everybody.---I see.He is sure to finish it on time.A.made B.making C.to be made D.to make 41.From the dates________ on the gold coin, we decided that it was made five hundred years ago.A.marking B.marked C.to be marked D.having been marked 42.Hearing the good news, I felt a heavy load ________ my mind.A.taking off B.to be taken off C.having taken off D.taken off 43.The students were listening to the teacher, with their eyes ________.A.widely open B.wide opened C.widely opened D.wide open 44.The scientist came to the meeting with his wife ________ him.A.being supported B.supporting C.supported D.support 45.The noise of the machines _________ can be clearly heard in our classroom.A.fixed B.being fixed C.to be fixed D.having been fixed 46.After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute __________.A.being settled B.to be settled C.had settled D.as settled 47.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _________ on benches, chairs, or boxes.A.having seated B.seating C.seated D.seat 48.__________ in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing.A.To look at B.Looking at C.Looked at D.To be looked at 49._________ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.A.To be judged the best B.Having judged the best C.Judged the best D.Judging the best 50.The president promised to keep all the board members _________ of how the negotiations were going on.A.inform B.informing C.be informed D.informed 51.________ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.A.To face B.Having faced C.Faced D.Facing 52.When the first English settlers arrived in the New World, the Indians ________ jewellery made of animal bones greeted them warmly.A.wearing B.to wear C.worn D.having worn 53.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV;there are pictures ______ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A.to form B.form C.forming D.having formed 54.When first _________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A.introducing B.introduced C.introduce D.being introduced 55.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _________ at the meeting by my boss.A.questioning B.having questioned C.questioned D.to be questioned 56.________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A.To wait B.Have waited

C.Having waited D.To have waited 57.The flowers ________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A.to smell B.smelling C.smelt D.to be smelt 58.The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party.A.recorded B.recording C.to be recorded D.having recorded 59.Having been attacked by terrorists, ___________.A.doctors came to their rescue B.the tall building collapsed C.an emergency measure was taken D.warnings were given to tourists 60.________ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend anther two days on the farm.A.Attracting B.Attracted C.To be attracted D.Having attracted 61.The old man, _________ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his mother.A.to work B.working C.to have worked D.having worked 62.Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.A.knowing B.known C.being known D.to be known 63._________ the programme, they have to stay there for another two days.A.Not completing B.Not completed C.Not having completed D.Not completed 64.Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents ________.A.worried B.to worry C.worrying D.worry 65.He looked around and caught a man ________ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.A.put B.to be putting C.to put D.putting 66.Sarah, hurry up.I’m afraid you won’t have time to ________ before the party.A.get changed B.get change C.get changing D.get to change 67.After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, __________.A.exhausting B.exhausted C.being exhausted D.having exhausted 68.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.A.smoke B.smoking C.to smoke D.smoked 69.Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _______ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods.A.seizing;disappeared B.seized;

disappeared C.seizing;disappearing D.seized;disappearing 70.________ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.A.Having given B.To give C.Giving D.Given 71.Generally speaking, _______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.A.when taking B.when taken C.when to take D.when to be taken 72.Friendship is like money: easier made than __________.A.kept B.to be kept C.keeping D.being kept 73.Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.A.invited B.inviting C.being invited D.having invited 74.Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ________ whether they will enjoy it.A.to see B.to be seen C.seeing D.seen 75.The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.A.begins B.having begun C.beginning D.begun 76.________ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s health.A.Exposed B.Having exposed C.Being exposed D.After being exposed 77.The bell _______ the end of the period rang, _______our heated discussion.A.indicating;interrupting B.indicated;interrupting C.indicating;interrupted D.indicated;interrupted 78.Mr Reed made up his mind to devoted all he had to _______ some schools for poor children.A.set up B.setting up C.have set up D.having set up 79.__________ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.A.Suffered B.Suffering C.Having suffered D.Being suffered 80.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______ the next year.A.carry out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry out 81._________ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.A.Being found B.It was founded C.Founded D.Founding 82.The picture ________ on the wall is painted by my nephew.A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D.being hung 83.The _______ boy was last seen _______ near the East Lake.A.missing;playing B.missing;play C.missed;played D.missed;to play 84.________ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.A.Given B.To give C.Giving D.Having given 85.European football is played in 80 countries, ________ it the most popular sport in the world.A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 86._________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A.Losing B.Having lost C.Lost D.To lose 87.The lady said that she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _________.A.20 dollars remained B.20 dollars to remain C.remained 20 dollars D.remaining 20 dollars 88._________ and happy, Tonny stood up and accepted the prize.A.Surprising B.Surprised C.Being surprised D.To be surprising 89.A good story doesn’t necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left _________.A.unsatisfied B.unsatisfying C.to be unsatisfying D.being unsatisfied 90.Five people won the “ China’s Green Figure” award, a title _______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.A.being given B.is given C.given D.was given 91.The first textbooks _________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century.A.having written B.to be written C.being written D.written 92.The computer centre, _______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.A.open B.opening C.having opened D.opened 93.John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes __________.A.open B.to be opened C.to open D.opening 94.The murderer was brought in with his hands _________ behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied 95._________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.A.Given B.to give C.Giving D.having given 96.Cleaning women in big cities usually get _______ by the hour.A.pay B.paying C.paid D.to pay 97.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing 98.The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ________ as the plane was making a landing.A.seat B.seating C.seated D.to be seating 99.________such heavy pollutions already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.suffered 100.Sugar, when ________ with water, dissolves quickly.A.mixed B.mixing C.mix D.is mixed

答案：1-10ABBDD CCDCC 11-20BCADB CDDDB 21-30BDABB CDDBC 31-40AACCB DBCBC 41-50BDDBB DCCCD 51-60CACBC CBABB 61-70BBAAD ADBDD

71-80BAABD CABBC 81-90CBAAA CDBAC 90-100DDADA CCCAA

第五篇：现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别

现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别

1.逻辑关系

现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于：两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的区别。

1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。

He went out, shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。

2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。

Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better.如果多给这个孩子一些鼓励，他本来会表现得更好。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难时，我们必须设法克服。

3)※部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示“被动关系”，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost in（陷入某种状态）、seated（坐着的）、hidden（躲着）、stationed（驻扎）、lost/absorbed（沉溺于）、born in（出身于）、dressed in（穿着）、tired of（厌烦了）等。

Lost/Absorbed/Buried in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考中，所以他没有听到那个声音。Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.出生于这个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。

2．时间概念

过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示“一种状态”，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。

现在分词的一般式(doing)表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)常和表示次数的短语及时间段(for+一段时间)连用，表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动动作”，这种情况下不能用过去分词替换，其它情况下通常被过去分词所替换，使句式更简洁。

Written in a hurry, this article was not so good.因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。

Reading carefully, he found something he hadn’t known before.他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。Having finished his homework, he went home.完成了作业，他就回家了。

Having been discussed several times, the decision was finally made.进行了几次讨论后，终于做出了决定。