英语写作教案 2

第一篇：英语写作教案 2

XXXXXX学院教案

2013—2014学年度第一学期

授课课程：英语写作 授课教师：XXXX 授课班级：交流生项目英语强化班 授课章节名称 Chapter 1 Using proper words 教学目的与要求 Grasp correct usage of words 教学重点 Diction

教学难点 The ways of distinguishing the levels of words 思考题与作业 Task 1-2 教学内容、设计与时间安排：

I.Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II.Teaching procedures

Step 1.Revision and lead-in 1.Tell the function of the words 2.Discuss the synonyms and antonyms Step 2.Presentation: Ⅰ.Types of words

The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and colloquial Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or bigwords.They mainly appear in formal writing, such as scholarly or theoretical works, political and legal documents, and formal lectures and addresses.Many such words contain three or more than three syllables;most of them are of Greek or Latin origin.They are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special purposes.Ⅱ.Choice of words

The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative.A word’s denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary;its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it.For instance, country, nation, state and land have more or less the same denotation and may all be translated into guojia in Chinese, but their connotations are quite different.Country refers to an area of land and its population and government, nation emphasizes the people of a country, state refers to the government or political organization of a country, and land is less precise but more literary and emotive than country.As compared here, these four words may be said to be synonyms.English is particularly rich in synonyms as a result of incorporating words from other languages over the centuries.But we should remember that it is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use.They may be different in stylistic level, in the degree of emphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone, and in collocation.Small and little are often interchangeable, but there is some difference in emotional coloring between them.Small is objective, while little may imply a feeling of fondness.Modest and humble both indicate a lack of pride, but modesty is a virtue and humbleness is not.Humble often connotes undue self-depreciation.So they are different in tone: one is laudatory and the other is derogatory.Some synonyms have different collocations: they are habitually used with certain words.Large, not big, for instance, is used to modify nouns like amount, number and quantity(a large amount of money, a large number of people, a large quantity of beer, etc.).Similarly, with nouns denoting personal qualities, such as courage, confidence, ability, and wisdom, not big or large, but great, is commonly used.Ⅲ.General and specific words and synonyms

Comparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meanin g than others.Professionals, for instance, is more general than scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists, etc.all of which are more specific.But scientists may be called a general word when compared with physicists or chemists, which, in turn, is more general than biochemists.It is easy to see that the specific words on the right are much more concrete and colorful than the general ones on the left;they seem to make the reader see, hear, or feel what the writer wishes to describe.Using specific words should go along with providing details, and then there will be effective and impressive writing.Study the following examples.Ⅳ.Idioms and some phrases

An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it.To read a book‖, for instance, is not an idiom, for the meaning of the phrase is the meanings of the three words put together, and ―a book‖ can be replaced by other words like ―a newspaper‖ or ―a novel‖.To ―read between the lines‖ is different.The four words that form the phrase give no hint as to what it means and none of the words can be changed to form another understandable phrase.Idioms are frequently used in speech and writing.They help to make one’s language sound natural and idiomatic.But in using them foreign learners of English should remember the following two points:(1)most idioms are informal or colloquial in style and can be used in conversation;but a few are slang and should be used with care, such as all balled up, meaning troubled or confused, and to cough up, meaning to produce something;(2)many idioms have become clichés and are no longer fresh or interesting, such as armed to the teeth and as good as gold, and should be used sparingly.Step 3.Practice: List some idioms, such as: Practice makes perfect.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.All roads lead to Rome.Step 4.Summary:

1.Make a brief summary of the word usage 2.Summarize the synonyms Step 5.Assignment: Chapter 1 Finish doing the task 1,2 ,3 on p2-14 Chapter 2 Making correct and effective sentences 教学目的与要求 Grasp the coordinative and subordinate sentences 教学重点 The ways of making complex sentences in writing 教学难点 The ways of making complex sentences in writing 思考题与作业 Task 1-13 教学内容、设计与时间安排：

I.Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II.Teaching procedures

Step 1.Revision and lead-in

1.Review the ways of complex sentence making

2.Discuss the functions of coordination and subordination Step 2.Presentation:

I.coordination and subordination

1.Some sentences follow climactic order, the last word being the most important, and because many words are piled up before the key word, the sense of climax is made very strong.Most of the sentences are compound and compound-complex, and all of them, except the second half of the last sentence, are loose in structure.There is no suspense or climax;the tone is easy, relaxed and informal.The writer uses these loose sentences because he is enumerating facts or ideas of equal importance, and also because he aims at a natural and orderly presentation.Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct;periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.When a sentence contains two or more chapters of the same form and grammatical function, it is one with parallel constructions: Such parallel sentences are emphatic and forceful.When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence.Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of the rhythm.They are mainly used in formal writing, like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches.2.Figures of speech

There are various ways of using words figuratively.They are called figures of speech.Among the most common of them are: 1.Simile it is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like: 2.Metaphor it is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word as or like.If Robert burns had written ―0 my loves a red, re rose‖ with the word like omitted, he would have used a metaphor instead of a simile.In the changed line, my love‖ is also compared to a red rose, but there is no word to indicate the comparison;hence rose is a metaphor.Step 3.Practice: Make some coordinative and subordinate sentences according to the knowledge mentioned above.Step 4.Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of making oordinative and subordinate sentences 2.Summarize the contents of this subject

Step 5.Class writing Exercise: Solar Energy Reference answer: The energy crisis the world is now experiencing has forced scientists to investigate new sources of energy.It is clear that the fossil fuel era is gradually coming to an end.Oil and nat ural gas will be depleted first, followed eventually by coal.The need for developing energy alternatives is thus evident.Solar power is receiving wide attention as one of the possible best sources of energy.It has mainly two factors in its favor.Firstly, unlike fossil fuels, it is an environmentally clean source of energy.Secondly, it is an abundant and inexhaustible source of energy.However, solar power has its disadvantages.One of them is that large collecting areas are required.The second disadvantage is that this system would not work in a cloudy area as well as at night.However, in sunny area, solar power could help solve the energy crisis.Step 6.Assignment: Chapter 2 Task1,2 P28-34

授课章节名称 chapter 3 Developing paragraphs 教学目的与要求 Grasp the skills of developing paraphs 教学重点 The ways of skillfully using emphatic sentences 教学难点 Grasp the skills of wring effective sentences 思考题与作业 Task 13-20 教案内容：

I.Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II.Teaching procedures

Step 1.Revision and lead-in

1.Review the functions of coordination and subordination 2.Discuss the skills of wring effective sentences Step 2.Presentation: Effective Sentences 1.Unity Unity is the first quality of an effective sentence.A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought.It does not contain ideas that are not closely related, nor does it express a thought that is not complete by itself.2.Coherence Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between chapters, a sentence is coherent when its words or chapters are properly connected and their relationships unmistakably clear.It is not coherent if it has faulty parallel constructions, pronouns with ambiguous reference, dangling or misplaced modifiers, confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense, and mood.Parallel ideas had better be expressed in parallel constructions, which give emphasis, clarity and coherence to a sentence.―what he says‖ and ―his deeds‖ are not parallel in form, so one of them has to be changed.The second sentence is faulty for the same reason and can be improved in the same way.In the third, ―faith‖ and ―hope‖ are parallel, but they should be followed by different prepositions.The three sentences are labeled ―faulty‖ because of the unclear or wrong connection between certain chapters.In the first sentence ―about sportsmen‖ seems to modify ―magazine,‖ but it should modify ―story.‖ In the second the which-clause is related to ―bag‖ but apparently it is meant to modify ―books.‖ In the third ―at first‖ may modify ―mentioned‖ and may also modify ―sounded‖ –an ambiguity that should be cleared up.All the faults are caused by misplaced modifiers.The faulty sentences are not coherent because of a confusing change in person, in number, in mood, and in voice respectively.A sentence should be consistent in these respects.Unnecessary shifts should be avoided.3.Conciseness

Chapter 7 writing for practical purpose letters 教学目的与要求 Grasp the skills of writing personal and business letters 教学重点 The ways of writing business letters 教学难点 The ways of writing business letters 思考题与作业 Task 19-26 教学内容、设计与时间安排： 教案内容：

I.Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II.Teaching procedures

Step 1.Revision and lead-in 1.Review the skills of notices and note writing 2.Discuss the skills of writing personal and business letters Step 2.Presentation: I.Letters

Letters are important means of communication.Generally speaking, there are two types of letters, business letters and personal letters.… 1.Form A letter has six chapters: the heading, the inside address, the salutation, the body, the complimentary close, and the signature.(1)The heading The heading gives the full address of the writer and the date of the letter.…(2)The inside address The inside address, which is often omitted in personal letters, gives the name and full address of the addressee.(3)The salutation The salutation is a greeting to the addressee.It is written flush with the left margin two spaces below the inside address.(4)The body In the body of the letter, all paragraphs should begin flush with the left margin(the block style)or begin with an equal indention(the indented style), and the letter is usually single-spaced within the paragraph and doubled-spaced between paragraphs.(5)The complimentary close The closing of a business letter consists of three chapters: complimentary close, signature, and the typed name.In the complimentary close, only the first word is capitalized.…

2.Language

The style and tone of letters can be greatly varied.General speaking, the style and tone of a personal letter differ from those of a business letter-the former is casual, whereas the latter is formal.…(1)Business letters 1)Invitation 2)Application for entry to a college 4)Applications for visas(2)Personal letters II..Curriculum Vitae A curriculum vitae(c.v.)or resume is a short written account of the main events of one’s life.It is often required when one applies for a job.… 1.Name;Unlike most Westerners.We Chinese put our family name at the beginning as surname, whereas they put it at the end as last name.… 2.Address: If you like, you may write both your business or temporary address and your home address for example: … 3.Telephone:(0)or(W)is put after your office telephone number and(H), your home telephone number.4.Marital status: Put single or married(, no/two children).5.Education: schools should be listed either in chronological order(usually starting from the year when you entered college or when you got your first degree)or from the most recent backwards with the dates of attendance.… 6.Professions/work Experience: Under this heading, in addition to the date, write also your position/title and the name of the institution.For example: … 7.Awards/Honors and scholarships: these include scholarships, fellowships, grants, etc: 8.Publications: Books and articles follow the format of the bibliography card in chapter Eight The Research Paper, with the name of the author omitted.… 9.Professional Affiliations/Memberships: Examples under this heading are: 10.Lang uages: You may write the following under this heading: 11.References/Referees: They are people who know you and can offer information or recommendation.The normal number of references is two or three, and it is imperative that you obtain their permission before using their names.In addition to names of your references, provide also their positions, full addresses and telephone numbers.Step 3.Practice:

Discuss the method of writing a business letter with the method mentioned above.Step 4.Summary:

1.Make a brief summary of the ways of letter writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Writing exercise: Write a personal letter to your friend(about 200 words)Step 5.Assignment: Chapter 7 Task11-20 p202-216

授课章节名称 Chapter 8 Preparing research papers Steps and formats 教学目的与要求 Grasp the methods of writing the research paper 教学重点 The format of research paper 教学难点 The format of research paper 思考题与作业 Task 1-7

教学内容、设计与时间安排、教案内容：

I.Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II.Teaching procedures

Step 1.Revision and lead-in

1.Review the skills of writing personal and business letters 2.Discuss the methods of writing the research paper Step 2.Presentation: I.Definition and Purpose

Having learned how to write essays, we are now working at the highest and the most difficult stage of writing—thesis writing or writing of a research paper.… In the process of preparing a research paper, we may at least achieve the following: 1)we may learn how to use libraries, how to read books critically and efficiently, and how to use them wisely and correctly.2)we may familiarize ourselves with the knowledge and mechanics necessary for writing a research paper.II.Steps

We go through five steps or stages in the process of preparing a research paper: 1)choosing a topic;2)collecting information;3)analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline;1.Choosing a Topic The selection of a topic is the first important step in preparing a research paper.An inappropriate decision about a research topic may lead to the failure of the whole project, or at least a waste of time and energy.… 1)Selecting a general topic 2)Reading and thinking 3)Narrowing down the scope of our topic to a facet or facets which can be developed into a research paper.The following points may be used as a set of criteria for our final topic:(1)It should be a topic that is meaningful and serious.(2)It should be a topic which we are able to handle.(3)It should be a topic for which sufficient materials are available.(4)It should be a topic that can be treated objectively, a topic that does not involve personal likes or dislikes.The following example shows how to restrict the scope and how to work out a suitable topic for a research paper: It should be a topic which we are able to handle.2.Collecting information It is impossible for us to write a paper of some significance without any information, … 1)Using the library A library is a center of information.… Sample 1 About the adventures of march in the title catalogue file, we can find one of more cards for the novel published by different companies and at different times:… 2)Reading Most of the information or raw material for a paper will come from books, … 3)Taking notes While reading, we should take notes because it is almost impossible for us to remember everything we have read and without good notes it is very difficult for us to produce a good research paper.3.Analyzing the information, organizing ideas and working out an outline 1)The thesis statement 2)Outlining

4.Writing The First Draft 1)Using our own words 2 Using the proper tenses 3)Uniting facts and views 4)Paying attention to logic and organization 5)Making our tone objective rather than personal 6)Choosing the right style

5.Revising the Draft and Finalizing the Paper III Format

1.components of a paper 1)thesis statement and outline 2)Introduction 3)Body 4)Conclusion 5)In-text notes and works cited

2.Use of Quotations 1)Rules regarding the use of quotations 2)When to use direct quotations 3)How to use direct quotations 3.Use of notes 1)Avoiding plagiarism 2)note forms 3)Notes for supplementary information 4.Works cited 1)The book catalogue 2)Making bibliography 3)Bibliography cards for books Step 3.Practice: Discuss the method of writing a research paper with the method mentioned above.Step 4.Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of research paper writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject

第二篇：写作教案2

Stylish English is Mindful of details and mechanics

留意细节及必要的套式

词语和短语

英语是一种丰富的语言，所以有时难免会混淆和误用一些含义有微妙区别的词语。有些词被误用是由于俚语将它们的含义搞得混乱不清，别一些是由于它们的真实含义已被约定俗成的意思所掩盖，还有一些因读音相近而被互相混淆。

以下选列了一些经常被学英语的中国人误用的词和短语。因为含义准确Aa是把英文写得漂亮的首要条件，所以我们必须做到高标准、严要求。研读下列词语的含义并用它们造句。1.ability , capacity e.g.A computer has the ability to create graphics.The computer has a capacity of 700K.2.accept, except e.g.Lao Wang accepted an invitation to dinner.They excepted Lao Wang from the invitation.3.advise, inform 4.affect, effect e.g.The attack affected the morale of the troops.The medicine effected a complete cure.The effect of the medicine was instantaneous.5.allude, refer e.g.When he mentioned dictators, we knew that he was alluding to Hilter and Mussonlini.Please refer to the second page of Chapter Four.6.allusion, illusion 7.already, all ready e.g.By noon the theater was already full.They are all ready to go to the battle field.8.altogether, all together e.g.The report is altogether true.The packages were all together on the table.9.Beside, besides e.g.“ Sit beside me.“We ate oranges and other fruits besides.” 10.compare to, compare with e.g.He compared the book with the manager.He compared the earth to a ball.11.continual, continuous e.g.The rehearsal was hampered by continual interruptions.The continuous roar of the waterfall was disturbing.12.criticize, censure 13.data, datum 14.differ from, differ with e.g.Europeans differ from the Asians in color, stature, and customs.On that point I differ with you.15.disinterested, uninterested 16.each other, one another 17.e.g., i.e.18.emigrate, immigrate 19.ensure, insure, assure 20.equipment, equipments 21.farther, further e.g.They went even farther the next day.Further explanation is necessary.22.fine, well 23.imply, infer e.g.His statement implies that he will resign.From his statement I infer that he will resign.24.incredible, incredulous 25.inferior than 26.in regards to 27.kind , sort substandard: I like these kind/sort of shoes.Standard: I like this kind of shoes.28.kind of, sort of colloquial: I was kind of(sort of)tired.Standard: I was somewhat tired.Substandard: what kind of a washing machine do you have? Standard: what kind of washing machine do you have? Standard: what sort of car does he drive? 29.later, latter 30.may be, maybe e.g.she may be waiting for my letter.Maybe she will come visit me tomorrow.31.moral, morale e.g.this is a moral question.The morale of the team is low.32.oversee, overlook e.g.The director of the Red Cross oversees a large sum of money.If she overlooks the financial matters, she will be dismissed as director.33.persons;people e.g.Team A has five persons and Team B has only three.Many people gathered to listen to the speaker.34.presently;at present 35.respectfully, respectively 36.some time;sometime;sometimes e.g.we walked in the rain for some time before we ran for shelter.Sometime late last night, when exactly I don’t know, I heard him going out for a walk.

第三篇：英语应用文写作2

英语应用文写作

一、信件（litter）Dear Mr.Peter, 正文

Yours sincerely, Name

二、备忘录(memo)：

Date:(时间)November 10,2009 TO:(收文人)Kelly Anderson,Personal Director;Jonathon Fitzgerald,the Training Manager From:(发文人)J.Hign,assistant to the Customer Service Director Subject: Reasons of decreasing sales（正文）

三、简 历

结构要点简历是个人经历的书面表达形式，应包含个人信息、教育背景和工作经历。有时还可包含事业目标（objective或career objective）、其他经历（activities）、获奖情况（awards）和特长（special skills）等。信件：

一、投诉信

投诉信是对产品或服务表示不满的信件，一般分三个部分：

1.提出投诉内容；

2.说明具体情况；

3.提出解决办法。

directions 15

suppose that you ordered a television but later found that it has worrying problems.write a letter of complaint to describe the matter and require settlement.do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead.sample:

Dear sir，the television I ordered from your store arrived on time last Friday, but only three days later i found it could not work properly.on Tuesday evening, when i turned on the television, i was surprised to find that it became a black-and-white television—all of the other colors were simply gone.what made matters worse, the remote control was also out of order.I dialed your service number for several times, but the line was always busy.This problem has affected our normal life.Can you get it repaired as soon as possible? thank you for your consideration.I am looking forward to your early reply.yours faithfully，li ming

投诉信2

语言注意点:

投诉信应重点表明投诉的原因，叙事应客观、准确、简洁。最后提出的解决方法应切实可行。在表达自己的不满时，语言要把握分寸，不失风度。

directions 16

write a letter to complain about an unhappy experience in about 100 words to describe the matter and ask for the mistake to be corrected.do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead.sample:

Dear sir，I am writing to you about a most unhappy experience.last Tuesday morning, we took a long route bus of your company from dukou to lijiang.The bus was scheduled to arrive in lijiang at 7 o’clock in the evening, but it stopped midway at four p.m.for mechanical problems.the driver and the ticket seller could neither solve the problem by themselves nor seek help from others.Where we stopped was nowhere near a village.up until 8 o’clock, another bus finally carried us to a shabby rural motel.We had to pay for our accommodation.the room was too small and the quilt was so dirty.to our surprise, when we just managed to sleep at around 2 a.m., the driver came to wake us up—the bus had been fixed!

I suggest that you look into this matter immediately and deal with it quickly and properly.looking forward to your reply.yours，li ming

二、邀请信

邀请信是邀请收信人参加某项活动的书信，包含三个方面：

1.邀请对方参加活动的内容、时间和地点；

2.与该活动有关的注意事项；

3.期待对方接受邀请，并可表示感谢。

directions 13

write a letter to one of your high school classmates who is in a nearby city, and invite him/her to your city at this weekend.some necessary details must be included.do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead.sample:

Dear Linda，we haven’t seen each other for six years after graduation.I am so glad to hear that you have graduated from uncla and come back to work in suzhou.if you are free this Saturday, please come to shanghai and have a good time with me.We can first go to the century park, where the flowers are all in blossom.let’s go boating on the lake —isn’t it pleasant in the cool breeze? Then I will treat you to dinner at a western restaurant on huaihai road—it is small but really nice—I’m sure you will enjoy it.after dinner, let’s go to a concert—you are a music lover, aren’t you?

If you couldn’t come, please notify me before Friday.if you can, please tell me which train you will take and i will meet you at the railway station.I am looking forward to meeting you.sincerely yours，li ming

邀请信2

语言注意点:

邀请信叙事一定要清楚、明白。如写给朋友，可选用活泼、真诚的言辞；如写给长辈、上级、名人等，则语言应正式、礼貌。

directions 14

write a letter to invite a famous professor to give a lecture to the English postgraduate students in your university.Some necessary details must be included.do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead.sample:

Dear professor Michael Hutchison，we are very glad to hear that you are attending an international conference in Beijing.we are writing this letter to inquiry the possibility of inviting you to deliver a lecture on American literature for our postgraduate students on the evening of June 16.we have long been noticed that you have done a lot of substantial and creative work in this field.Two of your books have become textbooks for our students for several years.so all of us believe your lecture will benefit our students and teaching staff alike.If you can manage to come, please tell us the number of your flight and we will meet you at the airport.if you can’t make it, please also let us know.We are looking forward to your coming.sincerely yours，li ming

三、询问信

询问信是希望获取信息的信件，分为三个部分：

1.说明自己的计划或目的，也就是询问信息的原因；

2.征询具体信息；

3.期待回复并表示感谢。

directions 17

write a letter inquiring about a hotel.some necessary details must be included.do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead.sample:

dear mr.guo，i am going to visit songpan on july 30 and wish to stay at your hotel.my friend has just come back and warmly recommended it to me.my wife and i want to go horse trekking with the happy trails horse team.we will choose to go to the ice mountain, so it will take four days.we want a double room with a private bath for two nights, july 30 and august 3.would you please tell us whether we could have such a room and how much it will cost us?

i am looking forward to your reply.sincerely yours，li ming

询问信2

语言注意点:

询问信应语言简洁、清晰，无歧义。语气礼貌、恳切。

directions 18

you are a tourist and you want to experience a new way of traveling.Write a letter inquiring about such a traveling program.Some necessary details must be included.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead.sample:

Dear Mr.guo chang，my wife and i have read in the traveling book lonely planet about your happy trails horse team.We are very much interested in going horse trekking with your team.We want to choose the ice mountain route, which will take four days, from July 31 to august 3.What should we take with us? Will the guides provide accommodation for us? How much will the tour cost each of us?

We will reach songpan on the afternoon of July 30 at about 5 o’clock.I hope it will not be too late when we arrive at your team.I am looking forward to your early reply.sincerely yours，li ming

四、介绍信

介绍信是向收信人介绍某人的信件，包含三个部分：

1.说明被介绍人的身份；

2.提出希望收信人做的事情；

3.如果是请收信人关照被介绍人，表示感谢；如果是请收信人与被介绍人共同工作，则对合作表示乐观。

directions 19

suppose that your friend is going to stay at a big city.Write a letter in about 100 words to introduce her to a friend there.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead.sample:

Dear Linda，I want to introduce to you the bearer of this letter, Helen Herbert, who is a diligent and intelligent scholar just like you.she will attend an international conference on economics from august 27 through august 30 at the Shangri-La hotel of your city.She will have no problem with her accommodations.I am sure a talk will benefit both of you a lot.i have given your mobile phone number to her, and i hope it will not cause any inconvenience for you.thank you for your kindness and consideration.sincerely yours，li ming

介绍信2

语言注意点:

介绍信应措辞礼貌得体，对被介绍人的说明应简洁明了、重点突出。

directions 20

write a letter to inform a colleague of a coming visiting scholar in about 100 words.do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead.sample:

Dear Anna，please allow me to take this opportunity to introduce a visiting scholar, George Martin, from university of California at Berkeley.He will be a member of our program of Asia pacific economy for nine months.George is an enthusiastic and enterprising scholar.He has done various researches on American and Asian economies for more than ten years.I am sure that his participation will do a lot of help to our recent research.George will be arriving here on next Friday and he will soon go to visit you after arrival.You can introduce the overall development of our program to him, and then explore the details of cooperation.sincerely yours，li ming

五、道歉信

道歉与解释Apology & Explanation 实例之一： Dear Mr./ Ms, We are sorry we cannot send you immediately the catalogue and price list for which you asked in your letter of March 10.Supplies are expected from the printers in two weeks and as soon as we receive them, we will send you a copy.Yours faithfully 尊敬的先生/小姐，对三月十日来信所要目录和价格单，很抱歉不能马上寄去。印刷商两周后供货，一旦收到，我们将给您寄去一份。您诚挚的

实例之二： Dear Mr./ Ms, I was very concerned when I received your letter of yesterday complaining that the central heating system in your new house had not been completed by the date promised.On referring to our earlier correspondence, I find that I had mistaken the date for completion.The fault is entirely mine and I deeply regret that it should have occurred.I realize the inconvenience our oversight must be causing you and will do everything possible to avoid any further delay.I have already given instructions for the work to have priority and the engineers working on the job to be placed on overtime.These arrangements should see the installation completed by next weekend.Yours faithfully 尊敬的先生/小姐，昨天收到你的来信，抱怨你新家的中央加热系统未按规定时 间装好，对此我非常关心。参考较早的通信，我发现我搞错了完成日 期。错误完全是我的，对此我非常抱歉。认识到我们的疏忽给你造成的不便，我们将竭尽全力避免再耽搁。我已指示这项工作优先做并让工程人员加班。这样安排会于下周完成安装。

六、求职信

求职信分为推荐信和自荐信两种，它是书面表达的重要体裁之一，也是高考书面表达的热点内容。写求职信可按下列七个步骤进行。下面举例说明：

假设你叫李平，你从报上得知某公司欲招聘一名英语翻译，请你给该公司经理写一份求职信，你的个人资料如下：

1.简况：姓名，李平；年龄，30岁；身高，1.80米；健康状况，良好；业余爱好，游泳、唱歌、跳舞。

2.简历：1994年北京大学毕业后分配到南通中学工作，1996年调至苏州中学工作至今。

3.工作：工作认真负责，与人相处融洽。

4.特长：精通英语，尤其口语，已将多本中文书籍译成英语，懂一些日语、能用日语与外宾对话。

联系电话：3654731 联系地址：苏州市人民路一号

第一步：介绍消息来源

介绍消息来源实际上是求职信的开篇交待句，它可使求职信显得自然、顺畅；而不介绍消息来源，会使收信人感到意外、突然，文章也缺乏过渡、照应，本文消息来源可作如下介绍：

Dear manager，I learned from the newspaper that your company wanted to hire an English translator.第二步：表明求职心愿

介绍完消息来源后，应向收信人表明自己的求职心愿，即写信的目的，本文求职心愿可作如下介绍：

I'm interested in this job very much.I'd like to get this job.第三步：介绍个人简历

某单位需要新人，求职人也有求职心愿，但这并不意味着这项工作非你莫属。如果你没有干好这项工作的经历、实力，也是难以适应的。因此，介绍个人简历是必不可少的。本文个人简历可介绍如下：

Now I'd like to introduce myself to you.My name is Li Ping.I'm 30 years old.I'm 180 cm tall.I'm healthy.I like swimming, singing and dancing in my spare time.I graduated from Beijing University in 1994.Then,I went to work in Nantong Middle School.In 1996，I began to work in Suzhou Middle School and I have worked there until now.第四步：摆出求职优势

仅有一定的工作经历而没有自身的优势和特长，也很难求得称心如意的工作。因此，求职时应表明自己除了具有一定的工作经历之外，还具有一定的优势和特长，这样才能稳操胜券。本文可通过如下方法摆出自己的优势：

I work hard and I can get along well with others.I'm good at English and especially my spoken English is very good.I've translated many Chinese books into English.I can understand Japanese and I can talk to foreigners in Japanese freely.第五步：提出获职打算

丰富的工作经验，一定的优势和特长，只能代表过去和现在的情况，如果获职后自以为心愿已了，从此高枕无忧，马虎从事，那也是得不到用人单位认可的。显然表明获职后努力工作的决心是感动用人单位的领导从而顺利谋得此项工作的重要一环。本文获职打算可作如下介绍：

If you agree with me, I'll work hard and try to be a good translator.第六步：请求答复联系

如果单位领导同意了你的求职要求，你必然要请他和你联系，以便你及时做好准备，到用人单位应聘或报到。为准确起见，请求答复联系时你还应当提供你的通讯地址、邮政编码、电话号码、电子信箱等。本文答复联系的内容可作如下介绍：

If you agree with me, please write a letter to me or phone me.I live at No.1 Renmin Road, Suzhou city.My telephone number is 3654371.第七步：表明感激之情

无论你的请求是否能够得到满意的答复，你给用人单位写信就是给对方添了麻烦，因此你应向对方表明感激之情。本文可这样来表明感激之情：

Thank you very much.上述七步内容联成一个整体，再加上下面的信尾，就成为一封完整的求职信。

Yours Truly

LiPing

实战训练：

假如你是王林，李明是你的好友，他对Brown先生的公司(firm)感兴趣，打算到该公司谋职(apply for a position)。请根据下面李明的简历表，用英语写一封推荐信，词数120左右。

姓 名 李明 性 别 男 国 籍 中国 出生地 山东济南 婚否 已婚 出生日期 1968.5.1 通讯地址 济南市人民路148号 电话 6600537 教育程度 大学 职业 律师

外语水平擅长英语、懂些日语

其 他 有三年工作经验，办事认真，待人诚恳，与人相处和睦 Dear Mr.Brown，My friend-Li Ming wants to apply for a position with your firm.Now, I'd like to introduce my friend to you.Li Ping graduated from a college three years ago and since then he has worked as a lawyer.He is good at English and knows some Japanese.He works hard and is careful in everything he does.He is honest, kind and easy to get on with.He was born on May 1, 1968 in Jinan, Shandong Province, China.He is married and lives at No.148 Renmin Road, Jinan city.He shows great interest in your firm.If he is accepted, he will do his best.I'm sure he will be fit for the position.If you agree with him, please write a letter to him, his telephone number is 6600537.Yours truly

简 历

结构要点简历是个人经历的书面表达形式，应包含个人信息、教育背景和工作经历。有时还可包含事业目标（objective或career objective）、其他经历（activities）、获奖情况（awards）和特长（special skills）等。

29Suppose you are going to graduate from the university.Write a resumé in about 100 words to apply for a job.Do not use your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.RESUM Personal Data: Name:Li Ming Sex:Male Address: Room 730, Dormitory Building 12, Shanghai Medical University Shanghai, 200300 Date of Birth:August 18, 1980 Place of Birth:Chengdu, Sichuan Telephone:(021)65337827, *** Email:liming@hotmail.com Hobbies:music, tennis, reading, traveling Foreign Languages:English Objective: To work as a pharmacist in the pharmacy department of your hospital Education: 2003~PresentStudying at Shanghai Medical University Master of Pharmacy 1998~2003Studying at Shanghai Second Medical University Bachelor of Clinical Medicine 1995~1998Studying at Chengdu No.1 High School Work Experience: None Special Skills and Technical Qualifications: I am professionally trained in pharmacy.I had two years practice in all clinical departments of Xinhua Hospital and two years practice in the Pharmacy Department of Xinhua Hospital, which helped me gain practical skills and experience.In addition to those, I can speak, write and read English fluently.二、英语应用文写作：简 历 简 历

结构要点简历是个人经历的书面表达形式，应包含个人信息、教育背景和工作经历。有时还可包含事业目标（objective或career objective）、其他经历（activities）、获奖情况（awards）和特长（special skills）等。29Suppose you are going to graduate from the university.Write a resumé in about 100 words to apply for a job.Do not use your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.RESUM Personal Data: Name:Li Ming Sex:Male Address: Room 730, Dormitory Building 12, Shanghai Medical University Shanghai, 200300 Date of Birth:August 18, 1980 Place of Birth:Chengdu, Sichuan Telephone:(021)65337827, *** Email:liming@hotmail.com Hobbies:music, tennis, reading, traveling Foreign Languages:English Objective: To work as a pharmacist in the pharmacy department of your hospital Education: 2003~PresentStudying at Shanghai Medical University Master of Pharmacy 1998~2003Studying at Shanghai Second Medical University Bachelor of Clinical Medicine 1995~1998Studying at Chengdu No.1 High School Work Experience: None Special Skills and Technical Qualifications: I am professionally trained in pharmacy.I had two years practice in all clinical departments of Xinhua Hospital and two years practice in the Pharmacy Department of Xinhua Hospital, which helped me gain practical skills and experience.In addition to those, I can speak, write and read English fluently.简 历

语言注意点简历忌过长或用词空泛，提供的信息应有用、如实，编排须整齐有系统。

30Suppose you are Tan Wen, English teacher at Taiyuan Institute of Technology.Write a resumé in about 100 words to apply for a new job in another city.Tan Wen Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan, Shanxi Province Telephone:(0351)6523787 Experience 2000~Present Working as a lecturer of English at Taiyuan Institute of Technology Teaching undergraduate(nonEnglish majors)intensive reading, extensive reading, listening, writing Teaching graduate(nonEnglish majors)writing Education 1997~2000 Studying at Shanghai Teachers University Master of Arts in American Studies 1993~1997 Studying at Shanxi University Bachelor of Arts in English Language and Literature 1990~1993 Studying at Mianyang Senior High School 1987~1990 Studying at Mianyang No.5 Junior High School Personal Data Sex: Female Date of Birth: June 27, 1976 Place of Birth: Mianyang, Sichuan, China Marital Status: Married, without Child Health: Excellent

三、备忘录

一、概述

备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等级是比较低的，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。在业务上，它一般用来补充正式文件的不足。它的内容可以分为以下几项：

书端（Heading）

收文人的姓名、头衔、地址（Addressee's Name, Title, Address）

称呼(Salutation)事因(Subject)正文（Body）

结束语（Complimentary Close）署名（Signature）

二、备忘录写作注意事项

1、书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期，有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺，在写书端时，其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相同。

2、称呼从左边顶格写起，对一般机关、团体的负责人一般用 Dear Sir，对政府官员可用Sir。

3、正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。“事因”一项目前采用得较少。

三、经典范文（共有5篇范文）

例

1、Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.MEMO August 16, 2005 To: The leader of student service department From: Li Ming Subject: Telephone Dear Sir, I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory.As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us.Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication.I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.Regards.Yours, Li Ming 编辑注：“remind”一词用法比较多，可以在后面直接接人或宾格，如“提醒我”译为“please remind me”。如果提醒某人某事则用“remind somebody of something”，也可以在后面加从句，即“remind sb that”，“remind”还有一个意思为“使想起”同样用“remind…of…”的结构，应注意与提醒某事区分。

例

2、Directions: You are supposed to write a Memorandom of about 100 words to the leader of the supply section to borrow one more microscope for your biological experiment.It should include: 1)Why you need the microscope.2)When you need it.MEMO August 12, 2005 To: Mr.Gates, leader of the supply section From: Li Ming of the biological laboratory Subject: Microscope Dear Sir, I'm a student of biology department and we are badly in need of an extra microscope in order to improve our experimental work.Our experiment will start on Friday, so please issue a microscope to us as soon as possible so that we can prepare better for the experiment.With kind regards.Yours sincerely, Li Ming 编辑注：在写备忘录的时侯，一定要注意它的格式，尤其要在开头写清楚是谁写给谁来备忘的，用“From: ／To:”两个单词即可。文中的“badly”是“非常的，迫切的”意思。短语“in order to”同下句的“so that”意思是一样的即：为了，目的是。不同的是前者后接动词原型而后者常跟目的状语从句，类似的短语还有“in order that”，用法与“so that”相同。

例

3、Directions: If you are the teacher of the students' Counseloris office: P.steelpes, and you have received a letter for requesting for paid education leave from a student.Write him a memo to reply him including details: 1)The result of his requirement.2)The reason for rejecting.3)some suggestions You should write about 100 words.To: Records Section From: P.steelpes, Career Planning Subject: Request for Paid Education Leave Date: May 22, 2005 In response to your request for one year of paid education leave to take a degree in English literature, I have to inform you that we cannot authorize this leave.While we appreciate your desire to improve your knowledge, we feel that English literature is not directly related to your present position and to the goals of this organization.I am aware of your great interest in literature, and I would like to point out that you could gain advantage to apply for leave without pay.If you need another information on the above, do not hesitate to keep touch with me at any time.P.steelpes 编辑注：首先要注意本篇备忘录的格式很标准。然后注意这个备忘录的个别词的用法，譬如：be aware of 注意到、当心的意思，point out 指出,request for 要求，in response to 反馈。

例

4、Directions: You are a supervisor of a big company.The chief of operations wants to adopt the“punch-in”system to increase productivity.Write a memo to talk about this: 1)Does the “punch-in”system benefit the company? 2)If the company doesn’t adopt it, what else can we do to increase productivity.You should write about 100 words.To: David Green, Chief of Operations From: Tony Party , Supervisor Subject: Comments on the “Punch-in” System Date: March.22, 2005 This is further to your memo dated March.20, 2004, in which you proposed that employees adopt the “punch-in” system.I fully agree with you that we must increase productivity.As far as your proposal that if the “punch-in” system is adopted, we would have a tighter control over the employees is concerned.However, I don’t think so.I personally think that, to accomplish this, we should give the employees more incentives to work faster.I feel that if we(the supervisors)could meet with you , we could discuss different possiblilities to create such incentiveness.Your consideration of this suggestion would be appreciated.Tony Party *编辑注：此篇是对一篇备忘录的回复。生产主管认为实行打孔考勤制度（“punch-in”system），有利于增加生产效率。但督察却不这样认为。他认为“should give the employees more incentives to work faster”。例

5、Directions: You are a manager of administration office naming Vera.M.Bradford.The board of directors have decided to anew the Fitness Center.Write a memo to tell all the employees that: 1)How long will this project be last for? 2)Welcome the employees to provide suggestions.You should write about 100 words.To: Every Employees From: Brian Aponte Date: November 18, 2005 Subject: Fitness Center The board of directors approved the idea for anew Fitness Center at its meeting yesterday.Work on the Fitness Center will begin right now and should be completed within 90 days.An employee representative from each division will be appointed to determine the type of equipment and programs that will be made available.We are happy to be able to provide a facility that will contribute to the physical fitness of all our employees.Your representative on the task force will contact you soon for your suggestions about activities and equipment.Brian Aponte Administration Office, Manager * 编辑注：这是一篇关于公司修建健身中心的备忘录。备忘录中说健身中心工作马上开始而且“completed within 90 days”。而且希望各部门代表与主办部门联系，征求关于活动和设备的意见。1．书信（litter）注意事项

正确是指信中所谈的事情要准确、具体，不用含糊抽象的词如：本月、明天等。清晰要求的是主题要明确，层次要清楚，让读者看后了然于心。简洁是现代英语发展的一大趋势。书信写作要做到行文简洁流畅，避免迂回冗长的长句，使书信尽可能写得明白清晰。书信交往，同样需要以礼待人。因而在写信过程中，要避免伤害对方感情，措辞上多多使用would, could, may, please等词，要自然得体，彬彬有礼。体谅对方也是写书信时要注意的一个原则。不能以自己为中心，要尊重对方的习俗爱好，即便是拒绝，也要委婉而不失去友谊。书信的写作也要注意格式，避免语法、拼写、标点错误，信中所引用的史料、数据等也应准确无误。

2.备忘（memo）录注意事项

1、书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期，有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺，在写书端时，其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相同。

2、称呼从左边顶格写起，对一般机关、团体的负责人一般用 Dear Sir，对政府官员可用Sir。

3、正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。“事因”一项目前采用得较少。

备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。包括书端、收文人的姓名、头衔、地址，称呼，事因，正文，结束语，和署名，备忘录上一定要说明什么时间，谁写的？写给谁？什么事？并且正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。英文简历按照中文简历写，准会被人骂“傻瓜”。英文简历是进入外企的“敲门砖”，人家全凭你简历上寥寥数语判断你的能力，所以，你一定不能马虎。3 简历（resume）注意事项

一、千万别罗罗嗦嗦

语言简练。对于求职者来讲，目的明确、语言简练是其简历行之有效的基础。如在教育背景中写相关课程，不要为了拼凑篇幅，把所有的课程一股脑儿地都写上，如体育等。这样不会有效，别人也没耐心看。

二、千万别搞错顺序

包括求职者的姓名、性别、出生年月等，与中文简历大体一致。第二部分为教育背景（EDUCATION），必须注意的是在英文简历中，求职者受教育的时间排列顺序与中文简历中的时间排列顺序正好相反，也就是说，是从求职者的最高教育层次（学历）写起，至于低至何时，则无一定之规，可根据个人实际情况安排。

三、切记把“技能”写清楚

在时间排列顺序上亦遵循由后至前这一规则，即从当前的工作岗位写起，直至求职者的第一个工作岗位为止。求职者要将所服务单位的名称、自身的职位、技能写清楚。把社会工作细节放在工作经历中，这样会填补工作经验少的缺陷。例如，您在做团支书、学生会主席等社会工作时组织过什么活动，联系过什么事，参与过什么都可以一一罗列。而作为大学生，雇主通常并不指望您在暑期工作期间会有什么惊天动地的成就。当然如果您有就更好了。

四、切记列举所获奖励和发表的作品

将自己所获奖项及所发表过的作品列举一二，可以从另一方面证实自己的工作能力和取得的成绩。书写上，奖学金一项一行。另外，大多数外企对英语（或其它语种）及计算机水平都有一定的要求，个人的语言水平、程度可在此单列说明。写作格式

第四篇：微写作2(教案)

微写作2：

介绍特产或景点

一、请你选取家乡的某一景点或特产，向相远道而来的同学做一介绍。（不超过140字）

二、例文展示：

回锅肉

我的家乡在四川，那里有许多特产，我独独钟爱回锅肉。回锅肉色香味俱全，外酥里嫩，辣劲十足，它的佐料及其简单，却很好吃，让人吃了还想吃。只要我回老家，准会吃它。这样美味的菜肴，朋友，你不想品尝一下吗？请随我来吧，欢迎到我老家做客。

上饶鸡腿

在我们上饶，最有名的特产就是鸡腿了。上饶鸡腿又大又香。我们那里的人经常跑到山上去抓野鸡，山上的野鸡又大又肥，烤熟了味道既香又糯软，实在好吃。上饶鸡腿不仅好吃，而且富有营养。如果你到了上饶没吃鸡腿，一定会后悔的哦。

柠檬

我的家乡在四川安岳，家乡每家每户都种植柠檬。我们那儿的柠檬个儿大，色泽明亮，呈明黄色，味酸，刚采摘的柠檬有一股清香的味道。柠檬的用处有好多，比如：将柠檬切开放在冰箱里可以除味；也可将其切片晾干，用于泡茶，其茶水可提神；也可煮鱼提味。欢迎来“柠檬之乡”——安岳！

烧饼

在我的山东老家，最有名的便是烧饼了。烧饼听名字就知道是面食，没错，北方人以面食为主。烧饼外形呈圆形，大小正好，外面是一圈圈的芝麻，把外皮吃完可把菜、肉放进去，或选择不把外皮先吃掉，直接把菜放进去即可。香酥可口，十分诱人。如果你来我们家乡可要好好尝尝啊！

三·学生作品：

第五篇：雅思写作教案2

写作基本功训练Sentence Construction By using the words in brackets, join each of the following sentences into logical ones.You may need to change some of the words.Eg He studies English.He studies French(as well as)He studies English as well as French.1A student has studied English for a few years.He may have a vocabulary of thousands of words.(who)2Between formal and colloquial English there is unmarked English.It is neither so literary and serious as formal English, nor so causal and free as colloquial English.(which)3 He bought a jeep.His friend advised him against it.(in spite of)4 Good writing requires general and abstract words as well as specific and concrete ones.It is the latter that make writing vivid, real and clear.(though)5It was raining hard.They could not work in the fields.(so…that)6The politician is concerned with successful elections.The statesman is interested in the future of his people.(whereas)7 The results of the experiment were successful.The school refused to give any help.(although)8He chose to study computer science.Computer science has good employment prospects.(because of)9Mary walked very slowly.She didn‟t catch the train.(if)10He is not coming.The meeting will be put off till next week.(in the event of)11A cautious driver always bring with him a spare tyre.He has a puncture.(in case)12Many people do not have enough to eat.There is plenty of food in the world.(however)13Nuclear power can be used to make electricity.Many people are against using nuclear power.(although)14It would be rather impertinent of me to express an opinion.I am not a member of the Church of England myself.(therefore)15Computer chess games are still a bit expensive, but they are getting cheaper all the time.The chess-playing strength is rising.(furthermore)16Western Europe has large reserves of fuel.The UK has a 250 year supply of coal.(for instance)17Middle-class children do well in most education system.Working-class children do relatively poorly.(on the other hand)

Letter Writing(信件写作)Letters can be classified into formal and informal ones.Formal letters can be either formal impersonal or formal personal.For instance, a letter to the principle of a college explaining why you will be delayed is a formal impersonal letter.A letter to the father of a friend of your own age congratulating him or her on an examination success will probably be written as an informal letter(a personal letter).When you write a letter, you would better always bear in mind that the worst mistakes in letter writing are caused by mixing up the different kinds.Different occasions require different treatment.1.Formal Impersonal Letters(正式非私人信件)Formal impersonal letters are written to get things done.They are written to firms and other organizations, to offices and departments, to employers of firms and to officials.Because of this they are often called “business letters”.For this reason, the rules of formal impersonal letter must be strictly obeyed.These letters should be business-like.Concentrate on the business you are trying to get done.Don‟t bury it in irrelevant personal details.When you are writing a formal impersonal letter, be careful with handwriting, grammar, punctuation and spelling.You are writing to get something done, something that matters to you.So don‟t your reader the impression that you are careless.See the following example:

Flat6, the Priory, 3 A Nevill Park, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN4 8NW 30th October,2000(2)The Project Director Amazon Expedition, 8 Bell St., London WC3 5YA(3)Dear Sir,(4)I was very interested in your advertisement in today‟s edition of The Evening Post and I should like to apply to be a member of the Amazon Expedition team.I am twenty-three years old and have an honors degree in Botany from Bath University.Since leaving university I have been working in a research laboratory but my contract comes to an end in six weeks.I would particularly like to join the expedition for the opportunity it would give me to study the plant life of the area.I enjoy several outdoor activities including rowing and rock climbing and I consider myself to be both fit and healthy enough to undertake such an expedition.If you would like me to attend an interview, I would be come at any time convenient for you, as my employers have agreed to give me time off for the purpose.I look forward to hearing from you.(5)Yours faithful, Signature

(6)Ma Xiaoguang This is a typical formal impersonal letter(business letter).This kind of letter should be typewritten except the signature.It consists of six parts.(1)Heading.The return address goes in the top right-hand corner of the page with the date below it.Do not put your name above or near your address.Remember always to use the postcode.(TN4 8NW)(2)Inside address.Write the name of the receiver and the inside address on the left and four to six lines below the return address.(3)Salutation.Write the salutation on the left, two lines below the inside address and follow it with a coma.The normal ways of naming the person you are writing to are as follows: If you know the name of the person ,you write : Dear+ Mr.Mrs.Ms+ Surname If you don‟t know the name of the person , you write: Dear+ Sir or Madam(4)Body.Start your letter on the left-hand side, underneath the name two lines below.(5)Closing.Write the closing on the left-hand side, and follow it with a comma Yours sincerely.If you have no idea of the person you are writing to, it is usual to use the form Yours faithfully.(6)Signature.You should write your signature three or four lines down by closing by hand.Below your signature you should print or type your name, so that the person who reads your letter is in no doubt about who you are.A formal letter doesn‟t need to be written in very formal languages these days.You should aim to express yourself in a clear and concise way and to avoid slang, idiomatic expression and abbreviations.Formal personal letters(正式私人信件)Formal personal letters are different from formal impersonal letters because the relationship between the writer and the reader is different and the letters are written about different kinds of things.The writer of a formal personal letters knows the reader personally.The purpose of the letter is to send a message from one person to another.You are not writing about a business or an official subject.The way you write the letter must show your reader that you are thinking if him or her in a personal way.Formal personal letters are formal, so, your letters should be properly set out and carefully written.This kind of letter often covers the following areas: A invitation B requests C arrangements D apology E Congratulations F thanks Now see the following example: Example(1)Flat 3, Hartington House, Hope Park Terrace Edinburgh EH8 9JX 9 July, 2000(2)Dear Mr.and Mrs.Seaton,(3)Thank you very much for taking me with you on that splendid outing to London.It was the first time that I had seen the Tower or any of the other famous sights.If I would gone alone, I could not have seen nearly as much, because I would not have known my way about.The weather was splendid that day, which I thought was true.I still remember some people told me that Britain there is weather and no climate.During the same day, it may snow in the morning, rain at noon, shine in the afternoon and be windy before the night falls.So I think I was lucky.I think the river trip was the best thing of all.London really came alive for me as we saw it from the Thames during that wonderful journey down to Greenwich.It was all tremendously exciting—a day that I shall never forget.Thank you for giving me such a great birthday treat.(4)Yours sincerely,(5)(signature)A formal personal letter could be typewritten(except the signature)or written by hand.It usually consists of five parts.(Inside address doesn‟t appear in a formal personal letter.)(1)Heading.Your address always goes in the top right-hand corner.The date always goes under the address.This can be written as: Monday,28th March March 28th 2832000(2)Salutation.Write the salutation on the left, and follow it with a comma.The normal ways of naming the person you are writing to are as follows: A Dear Mr.Ms.+ surname(family name)(3)Body.Indent four or five spaces at the beginning of every paragraph.(4)Closing.Write the closing in the centre of the page---the closing is Yours sincerely—and follow it with a comma.(5)Signature.You should write your signature two or three lines down below the closing by hand.When you write a formal personal letter, you must choose your words to suit the kind of the subject you are writing about.For example, you wouldn‟t write to the father of a friend thanking him for a present in the same way that you would write to the dean of your department putting forward your ideas for changes in the courses in the course study.You can write formal personal letters to the people: A Who are older than you.B Who are in a position of authority C you have not known for a long time

D you are acquainted with E you are not related to F you do not have a lot in common with.Informal Letters(非正式信件)Informal letters are also called “ personal letters”.Often you can write informal letter to the people: A who are about the same age as you B who have the equal social position as you have C whom you have known for a long time D who are amiable friends of yours E whom you are related with F who have many things in common with you Example(1)139, South Close, London NW3 2RF 20 August,2000(2)Dear Aunt Nellie, I have just started work, and I „d like to tell you about my experiences so far.I am working as a typist in an insurance office which has about forty other people.Most of the time I type a letter for a very kind man called Mr.Merriam, who is manager of the Claims Department.He gives me my work, and I take it back to him when I have typed it.There are all kinds of different people in the office: some rude, some noisy, some funny.I have made friends with a typist called Susan;her boss is a Mrs.Jones, who is manager of the Accounts Department.Susan and I get on very well together, and we often go to a nice little café for lunch, which costs about a pound.You know that I have been trained as a typist, so the work here is easy for me.The office is very clean and modern, though I find the atmosphere bizarre and a bit difficult to get used to.Transport from home to work is no problem for me: I first catch a 26 bus, change at Bidlam Square, and then continue on a number 12.It takes about 20 minutes.Well , that is all for now.Next time I write I hope I will have more news for you.(3)with love(4)(5)Mary The usual rules of an informal letter are more or less the same as the formal personal letters.Narration(记叙文)Narration , as a pattern of thought, consists of the act of following a sequence of actions or events in time.It is a recounting of the facts or particulars of some occurrence, incident, or experience.The simplest kind of narration is the which follows chronological order, that is, which tells the events in the order in which they occurred.Reading the following paragraph: I went to the lecture at 11.Before that I had a sandwich and a cup of coffee at the university canteen.I didn‟t have enough time to eat breakfast.After the lecture, I went off and ate a big lunch.This paragraph is not following the chronological order.It seems to be a bit jumbled.It is better to be written as follows: I got up late in the morning, so I didn‟t have enough time to eat my breakfast.Before I went to the lecture at 11 I had a sandwich and a cup of coffee at the university canteen.After the lecture, I went off and ate a big lunch.Exercise

rearrangement A Aristide had gone for a walk in the forest one day B He set out early in the morning C He didn‟t know how to find his way back to the town D He soon fell asleep E He was tired and hungry, and sat down to rest F Having walked for several hours, he suddenly realized that he was lost G He was surrounded by redskins H When he awoke, it was nearly dark I They bound his hands and led him away to their village

The common Structure of Narration

The rhetorical structure of narration can be partially conveyed by a single sentence: Yesterday morning, on the main street in the city centre, Mr.Wang had a car accident.This sentence contains all the elements of narration(except cause and effect): the time(when the events occurred), the place(where the event occurred), the agent(the person or persons who take part in the action), and the action(the thing done).Because narration follows the laws of chronological succession, in the narrative the pattern can be as follows: Introduction(contains time, place, agent, and beginning of action)Event1 2 3 4 Conclusion Narration often goes hand in hand with description.Practicing writing a factual description of a place and a day‟s routine associated the place is useful for an IELTS candidate.From this, he will learn to describe a workplace or educational institution and to describe the main facts of a person‟s working day in chronological order.The present simple tense in the narrative is used when writing about everyday routine.This is a very common use of this tense.In real life, one is often required to write a personal factual narrative on particular events.It is therefore useful for students to learn how to arrange the events in chronological order and to describe the events in a simple piece of continuous writing.Exercise1 Write about a day‟s outing you went on.Say who went with you, where you went and what you did.The guiding for the writing:(1)Introduction and explanation---who you are where you live where you went(2)Traveling there---when you left how you traveled when you arrived(3)What happened there---what you did first next after that

when you have a meal(4)Traveling back----when you left how you traveled when you got back home The past perfect tense is used in the writing because it fits in naturally when narrating events in the past.Superlative of adjectives clauses are also used here.Adjectives clauses are a very common feature in written English.In academic writing, a narrative is often used to outline a sequence of steps carried out a specific occasion.It is also particularly important in report-writing, when the writer outlines the developmental stages of an experiment or a piece of research, or the sequence of steps in an event such as a fire or an accident.Vocabulary Guide(1)now then next before after subsequently afterwards earlier later sooner(2)first second third once former latter before this formerly prior to(3)previously every day a long time ago one of these days last year up to this time on the occasion(4)while at the same time meanwhile

(5)yesterday the day before yesterday two days ago tomorrow(6)finally eventually simultaneously at last 6