第一篇：、英语重结构
Introduction: There is not one single Chinese language, but many different versions or dialects including Wu, Cantonese and Taiwanese.Northern Chinese, also known as Mandarin, is the mother tongue of about 70% of Chinese speakers and is the accepted written language for all Chinese.Belonging to two different language families, English and Chinese have many significant differences.This makes learning English a serious challenge for Chinese native speakers.Alphabet: Chinese does not have an alphabet but uses a logographic system for its written language.In logographic systems symbols represent the words themselvesVerb/Tense: In English much information is carried by the use of auxiliaries and by verb inflections: is/are/were, eat/eats/ate/eaten, etc.Chinese, on the other hand, is an uninflected language and conveys meaning through word order, adverbials or shared understanding of the context.The concept of time in Chinese is not handled through the use of different tenses and verb forms, as it is in English.For all these
reasons it is not surprising that Chinese learners have trouble with the complexities of the English verb system.Here are some typical verb/tense mistakes:
What do you do?(i.e.What are you doing?)(wrong tense)I will call you as soon as I will get there.(wrong tense)She has got married last Saturday.(wrong tense)She good teacher.(missing copula)How much you pay for your car?(missing auxiliary)I wish I am rich.(indicative instead of subjunctive)
English commonly expresses shades of meaning with modal verbs.Think for example of the increasing degree of politeness of the following instructions:
Open the window, please. Could you open the window, please?
Would you mind opening the window, please?
Since Chinese modals do not convey such a wide range of meaning, Chinese learners may fail to use English modals sufficiently.This can result in them seeming peremptory when making requests, suggestions, etc.Grammar-Other: Chinese does not have articles, so difficulties with their correct use in English are very common.There are various differences in word order between Chinese and English.In Chinese, for example, questions are conveyed by intonation;the subject and verb are not inverted as in English.Nouns cannot be post-modified as in English;and adverbials usually precede verbs, unlike in English which has complex rules governing the position of such sentence elements.Interference from Chinese, then, leads to the following typical problems:
When you are going home?
English is a very hard to learn language. Next week I will return to China.(More usual English: I will return
to China next week.)
Vocabulary: English has a number of short verbs that very commonly combine with particles(adverbs or prepositions)to form what are known as phrasal verbs;for example: take on, give in, make do with, look up to.This kind of lexical feature does not exist in Chinese.Chinese learners, therefore, may experience serious difficulty in comprehending texts containing such verbs and avoid attempting to use them themselves.一、英语重结构，汉语重语义我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”
二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 由于英语是“法治”的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，由于是“人治”，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因，考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。
三、英语多从句，汉语多分句英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。
四、主语，宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词”在句子中，英语多用名词和介词，汉语多用动词。英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词，而且还有that、which之类的关系代词，在长而复杂的句子，为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚，同时避免表达上的重复，英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词，但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短，汉语里不能使用太多的代词，使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。
五、英语多被动，汉语多主动英语比较喜欢用被动语态，科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有“被”、“由”之类的词表示动作是被动的，但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见，因此，英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。
六、英语多变化，汉语多重复熟悉英语的人都知道，英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说“我认为”可以用“I think”，第二次再用“Ithink”显然就很乏味，应该换成“I believe”或“Iimagine”之类的表达。相比之下，汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高，很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。
七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会：英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构，把长句变短句、从句变分句，结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达。
八、英语多引申，汉语多推理英语有两句俗话：一是You know a word by the
company itkeeps.(要知义如何，关键看词伙)，二是Words do not have meaning, but people havemeaning forthem.(词本无义，义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说，这种活用是词义和用法的引申，翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申，译者就需要进行推理。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受：某个词明明认识，可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。
九、英语多省略，汉语多补充英语一方面十分注重句子结构，另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多，有名词的省略，动词的省略，有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中，英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。
十、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。
第二篇：2015考研英语 重难点句型解析：分隔结构
考研资料加油站 http://page.renren.com/601867084
对于考研英语重难点的长难句的学习，在熟练掌握常见的语法知识的基础上，考研语法侧重在具备充分语境的情况下，有意义地去解析完形填空、阅读理解、翻译等各类题型中出现的长句、难句和某些罕见的语法现象。
分隔结构
【难句】1.Adding a Bluetooth chip to a phone now costs very little—around $2, down from $20 in 2001—but allows the manufacturer to increase the price of the handset by far more, and opens up a new market for high-margin accessories.(The Economist Jun.8, 2006)
【结构分析】 本句是典型的破折号分隔。首先以连词为切入点，得到Adding a Bluetooth chip to a phone now costs„but allows„, and opens up„，介词短语around $2, down from $20 in 2001充当的分隔成分作上文costs very little的具体解释说明，分隔了前两个并列的谓语。
【参考译文】 在手机里添加一个蓝牙芯片的成本很低——从2001年时的20美元下降到2美元左右——但是可以允许制造者提高远远高出这个的价格，并且打开了一个高利润附件的市场。
【难句】2.It was refreshing, across the age groups of the children I met, to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how, with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me, they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives.(The Guardian Sep.12, 2007)
【结构分析】 本句使用了两处分隔，均由逗号表现。第一处分隔across the age groups of the children I met,分隔了主系表结构的一种特殊形式，即形容词+to do作表语。去掉分隔部分，我们得到It was refreshing to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how, with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me, they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives。这里我们注意到see后面的宾语由两个how引导的从句充当：how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how„清晰看到第二处分隔为介宾短语with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me作的伴随状语。去掉分隔，得到It was refreshing to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives，即由and并列的两个how引导的宾语从句。在第二个从句中，谓语中公考研 http://www.xiexiebang.com
第三篇：英语重点题
英语重点题
选词填空：
Unit 1:
1.The group(elected)one of its members to be their spokesperson.该团队推选了一位成员当发言人。
2.Wage increases are being kept to a(minimum)in many companies because of the economic depression.由于经济的萧条，许多公司将工资增幅控制在最低点。
3.The engineering profession now has many(distinct)branches.现在工程业有很多不同的分支。
4.Now that you’re 13you should have more sense of(responsibility).既然你已经13岁了，就应该有更强的责任感。
5.Students usually(pursue)one or more of the subjects, which they have studied ay “A” level, such as Art, Drama, English, Music, etc.学生们通常会继续学习一门或几门他们已经达到“A”级水平的课程，如艺术、喜剧、英语、音乐等。
6.We need to make sure that we(exploit)our resources as fully as possible.我们要确保充分利用我们的资源。
7.Congress is considering measures to(restrict)the sale of possible.国会正考虑采取措施限制香烟的销售。
8.College courses should be designed to(equip)students with knowledge and skills to help them survive in modern society.大学课程的设计应能使学生们获得有助于他们在现代社会生存的知识和技能。
9.The local government(granted)$1.1 million so that the old theatre could be taken down and rebuilt.当地政府不宽110万美元，这样这座老剧院就可以拆掉重建了。
10.For his achievement in the medical field, the Mayor(awarded)him a medsl of merit.为了表彰他在医学领域所取得的成就，市长给他颁发了荣誉奖章。
Unit 2:
1.I’m absolutely sure that this dress is a cheaper(version)of the one saw in that department store.我完全可以肯定这条裙子和我们在那件百货商店看到的那条一模一样，只是价格更便宜些。
2.The bookshelves were crowded with books and scientific(publication).书架上摆满了各种图书和科技出版物。
3.If you want to open a fire,(click)twice on the icon for it.如果你想打开一个文件夹，请双击该文件夹的图标。
4.To their disappointment, the thieves were(spotted)by the police at the moment they were entering the bank.让小偷们感到失望的是，他们一进银行就被警察发现了。
5.During World War II, many(refuses)fled to the United States.二战时期，许多难民逃到了美国。
6.They’ve updated a lot of(entries)in the most recent edition of the dictionary.在最新版的字典中他们更新了许多词条。
7.Despite(financial)difficulties, they did not find the life in London unpleased.尽管有经济上的困难，他们并没有觉得在伦敦生活有什么不如人意。
8.After a lot of part-time job, John finally got a(full-time)position.做过许多兼职后，约翰终于找到了一份全职工作。
9.In your report, you should give a(detailed)description of the whole incident.在报告中你应对整个事件做出详细描述。
10.Companies publish(annual)reports to inform the public about the previous year’s activities.公司发表报告向大家通报公司过去一年的情况。
Unit 3:
1.Company loyalty made him turn down many(attractive)job offers.对公司的忠诚使他拒绝了很多诱人的工作。
2.Miller’s(fascination)with medieval art dates from her childhood.米勒对中世纪艺术的着迷源于童年。
3.His(statement)that he had nothing to do with the affair was greeted with some suspicion.他说自己与此事无关的辩解遭到了怀疑。
4.There are good novelists,(despite)the terrible flood of bad novels and poor work.虽然有很多粗制滥造的小说和作品，但还是有很多优秀的小说家。
5.The shops are well stocked with food, clothing and other consumer(items).商店里满是食物、服装和其他商品。
6.Something is worrying me, but I con’t(define)exactly what it is.我隐隐有些担心，但又不知道担心的是什么。
7.She had a clear(image)of how she would look in twenty years’ time.她很清楚20年后自己会是什么模样。
8.The agency is more(concerned)with making arty ads than understanding its clients.该代理公司更注重做一些矫揉造作的广告，而不是真正理解自己的客户。
9.The dead soldier was identified only by his uniform and personal(belongings).只能根据支付和个人物品来确定该阵亡士兵的身份。
10.Food and clothing are the bare(necessities)of life.食物和衣服是最基本的生活用品。
Unit 4:
1.The driver gave a(signal)that he was going to turn right.司机发出了向右拐的信号。
2.It was reported that 41people were killed in a place(crash)in the Himalayas last week.据报道，上周的喜马拉雅山空难中有41人丧生。
3.The ship’s captain radioed that it was in(distress).船长通过无线电报告轮船上遇上了险情。
4.The skaters moved over the ice with a smooth, effortless(grace).滑冰运动员做轻松、流畅，姿势优雅地在冰面上滑行。
5.The bomb was taken away and the soldiers(exploded)it at a safe distance from the houses.炸弹被转移，并且战士在远离民宅处安全引爆。
6.They were on their way to the Shropshire Union Canal when their car was involved in a(collision)with a truck.在前往希罗普郡联合运河的途中，他们的叉子与一辆卡车相撞。
7.The Central Bank(lowered)interest rates by 2 percent.中央银行将利率下调了2%。
8.He(beamed)a cheerful welcome as he opened the door for the distinguished guest.他为贵宾打开门时，脸带微笑地表示热烈欢迎。
9.He used to(scatter)his toys all over the floor and I had to pick them up.他过去常常把玩具丢得满地都是，还得我一一收拾
10.The(destruction)of the world’s forests concerns everyone in some way.全球森林遭到破坏，在某种意义上，这关系到每一个人。
Unit 5:
1.The economy in that country(was sinking)deeper and deeper into crisis.那个国家的经济正陷入越来越深的危机中。
2.My father was a historian and his(specialty)was the history of Germany.我父亲是历史学家，专长是德国历史。
3.They decided to close the museum(purely)and simply because it cost too much to run.他们决定关闭博物馆纯粹是因为经营费用太高。
4.The local government has decided on new measures to(discourage)car use in favour of public transportation.当地政府已经决定采取新措施限制小汽车的使用以利于公共运输。
5.It’s pretty（unlikely）that they’ll turn up now – it’s nearly ten o’clock.都快10点钟了，他们很可能不来了。
6.The interchange of ideas aids an understanding of group(dynamics).相互交流思想有助于理解群体的动力。
7.She says it’s a good film and recommends it to all her friends, though she hasn’t(actually)seen it.她说这部电影不错，并推荐给她的所有朋友，尽管事实上她并没有看过。
8.Stop shouting and let’s discuss this(reasonably).别在大喊了，让我们理智地讨论一下。
9.People now(have perceived)that green issues are important to our future.人们现在已经认识到环保问题对我们未来的重要性。
10.Kathy and Eric run this small hotel as an “(extended)home”, which should give you a good idea of the atmosphere of warmth and hospitality there.凯西和埃里克把这家小旅馆当做一个“大家庭”来经营，这让你体会到那里温馨好客的气氛。
Unit 6:
1.The audience cheered and（clapped）enthusiastically as the curtain came down.落幕时，观众报以热烈的掌声。
2.Torrence expects to(defend)her title successfully in the next Olympics.托伦斯希望在下一届奥运会上卫冕成功。
3.Would you(quit)your job if you inherited lots of money from your parents?
如果从父母处继承了一大笔钱，你会辞职吗？
4.Jack has spent years in the development and(perfection)of his wine – making techniques.杰克花了数年的时间来完善她的制酒工艺。
5.As an advanced journalist, she has(interviewed)celebrities and political leaders on her radio program for over 25years.作为一名高级记者，她在其电台节目中采访名人和政客已超过25年。
6.According to a(survey)of 1000city residents, garbage collection is the city service people like most.一项1000名市民的调查显示，人们最喜欢的市政服务时垃圾回收。
7.The reporter managed to get an(exclusive)interview with the Prime Minister.这名记者设法对首相进行独家采访。
8.We’ve had to build some cupboards to give us more(storage)space.我们得做几个碗橱一边多一点储藏空间。
9.“I’ve always found German cars very reliable,” he(observed)in the newspaper column.“我一直觉得德国车可靠，”他在报刊专栏上如是说。
10.A team of sports journalists was sent to Germany to(cover)the 2006 World Cup.大批的体育记者被派往德国追踪报道2006年世界杯。
Unit 7:
1.You have to be a burn(optimist)to be able to do this hard job and not despair.你得是个天生的乐观主义者才能做这项艰巨的工作而不绝望。
2.Economic(reconstruction)in the country must begin with the recovering of agricultural production.这个国家的经济重建必须从恢复农业生产开始。
3.Her speech failed to(sway)her colleagues into supporting the plan.她的发言没能说服他的同事支持这一计划。
4.Jack never allowed himself to be bullied into doing anything that went against his(principles).杰克从来不屈服于他人的威逼而去做违背自己原则的事情。
5.I felt disgusted and wondered how I could ever have been so(gross).我觉得恶心，我怎么会做出那么不雅的事情。
6.The director insisted that the conditions of the contract should be(fulfilled)exactly.主管坚持必须不折不扣地履行合同中的条款。
7.Trade Union representatives are chosen by(election);All the members have a vote.工会代表由选举产生，每名成员有一次投票机会。
8.The doctor who performed the(surgery)gave Aikman an 85% chance of full recovery by September.给艾克曼做手术的一声使他有85%的机会到9月份完全康复。
9.Mother was a(pillar)of strength to us when our situation seemed hopeless.当我们身处似乎绝望的境地时，母亲使我们力量的支柱。
10.The students complained about the(rigid)rules and regulations at the school.学生抱怨学校的规章制度太死板。
C – E翻译：
Unit 1:
1.任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。（be eligible to）
2.每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会有学校发给每一个学生。（apply for, scholarship）
3.遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。（on the advice of）
4.公园位于县城的正中央。（be located in）
5.这所大学提供了我们所需的所欲材料和设备。（facilities）
Unit 2:
1.警察们正忙着填写关于这场事故的何种表格。（fill out）
2.我想在还车之前把油箱（fuel yank）加满。（fill up）
3.如果你要投诉，最好遵循正确的程序。（follow the procedure）
4.要不是约翰帮忙，我们绝不会这么快就完成实验。（without）
5.暴风雨之后，岸边的人们交际地搜索湖面以期发现小船的踪迹。（scan for）
Unit 3:
1.我们需要通过减少道路上的车辆以降低燃料消耗。（consumption）
2.电费上涨增加了我们的负担。（add to）
3.你应该自己判断行事，别总是跟在你哥哥的后面。（follow the lead）
4.那种发型今年很流行，但是我想明年就会过时。（in fashion）
5.在追求真理的过程中，我们注定（fate to）要遭受失败的痛苦。（in one’s quest for）
Unit 4:
1.她在公交车站一直等到末班车进站。（come in）
2.如果我们能够帮得上忙，尽管和我们联系。（contact）
3.他需要多少船务人员才能使他的游艇（yacht）航行？(crew)
4.虽然她的新书没有上一本好，但是我还是很喜欢它。（not quite as）
5.我从未遇到过如此善良的人。（never before）
Unit 5:
1.我们得把感情放在一边，从专业的（professional）角度来对待这件事。（from a„standpoint）
2.这部戏非常精彩，我很快就沉浸于激动人性的剧情中。（lose oneself in）
3.她没有什么爱好——除非你把看电视也算作是一种爱好。（unless）
4.他说他是直接从市长本人那里得到的信息的。（first-hand）
5.既然你不能回答这个问题，我们最好问问别人。（since）
Unit 6:
1.那件工作很难做，不过我想试试看。（have a shot）
2.这本书关于上午时间而非理论的书。（as opposed to）
3.社会活动从未耽误她的学习，（in the way）
4.知道1911年人们才发现第一种维生素。（It is not until„that）
5.很明显，自然灾害是造成这个国家经济危机的原因。（crisis）
Unit 7:
1.他并不后悔说过的话，只是觉得他完全可以不用这种方式表达。（could have done）
2.我们最好等到12月14日。那是大为已考完试，就能和我们一起去度假了。（will have done）
3.他正在做一个新项目，年底前必须完成。（work on）
4.他们让我们使用他们的实验室，作为回报，我们则让他们一项研究成果。（in return）
5.诸如打电话，听电话一类的事情占用了这位秘书的大部分时间。（take up）
第四篇：英语句子结构
英语句子结构
一、英语语句基本结构分析：
（一）主谓宾结构：
1、主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），数词，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般
英语句子结构
在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
eg: The boy comes from America.He made a speech.Tow and tow is four.To be a teacher is my dream.Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.2、谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词（vi.）没
有宾语，形成主谓结构，eg:We come.Many changes took place in my home town.注（以下这些词是不及物动词：表发生、出现的，如：take place, appear, happen, break out;表来、去，如：com
e, go 等）
3、宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外，名词，动名词，不定式等可以作宾语。
eg：I will do it tomorrow.The boy needs a pen.I like swimming.I like to swim this afternoon.（二）主系表结构：
1、主语：同‘主谓宾’结构。
2、谓语：联系动词（Link verb）：be动词（am,is,are,was,were,have been）；其他联系动词如：become成为，turn变
成，go变和感官动词如：feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词
或副词，既，不可能是宾语。
3、表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。（1）当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达‘转变为’之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。
eg: He became a teacher at last.His face turned red.（2）感官动词多可用作联系动词
eg: He looks well.他面色好。
It sounds nice.这个听起来不错。
I feel good.我感觉好。
The egg smells bad.这个鸡蛋难闻。
例：Tom is a boy.（Tom是个男孩）主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy
（三）There be 结构：
There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’
试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
二、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；
或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
（一）形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。
（二）数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
（三）形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom's pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
（四）介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
（五）名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
（六）分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
（七）定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs a pen.那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。
三、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须
在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动
词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教
室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地
点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.'
（一）副词（短语）作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）
（二）介词短语作状语：
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前，汤姆总是一个男孩子。（条件状语）
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天，教室里没有学生。（时间状语）
（三）分词（短语）作状语：
He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
（四）不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
（五）名词作状语：
Come this way!走这条路！（方向状语）
（六）状语从句：
时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，目的状语从句，比较状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句
四、直接宾语和间接宾语：
（一）特殊的同源宾语现象： fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.（二）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
eg:Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。eg:Show this house to Mr.Smith.Mr.五、宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
（一）名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士。
（二）名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松。
（三）名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作。
（四）名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户。
（五）名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running acrothe road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路。
六、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard.（students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students.（all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
七、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分（注意：区别于分词独立结构）。
感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如： The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信，这个故事还远没结束。
情态词，表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）：perhaps也许，maybe大概，acturely实际上，certainly当然，等。
八、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致！否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。
例：错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正确：（1）Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或（2）If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score.显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）。正确句（1）更正了句子的主语，使其与分词逻辑主语一致（同为you）；正确句（2）则使用条件分句带出study的主语，（不过已经不是分词结构了）。
分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being…’的场合不能省略。
如：
Game（being）over,he went home.He stands there,book（being）in hand.独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如：
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.无事可做，他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）
第五篇：英语书信的结构
英语书信的结构：
英文书信通常包括6个组成部分： 信头（heading，包括寄信人地址和日期);信内地址（inside address，指收信人地址);称呼（salutation）;正文（body）;结束语（complimentary）;签名（signature）;有时候还包括附言（postscript）和 附件（attachment）。
在考试中，由于篇幅所限，只要求考生在书信中包括称呼、正文、结束语和签名四个部分。1.信头（Heading）
信头是指发信人的地址和日期，通常写在第一页的右上角。行首可以齐头写，也可以逐行缩进写。地址的书写顺序由小到大：门牌号、街道、城市、省（州）、邮编、国名，最后写发信日期。私人信件一般只写寄信日期即可。例如：
Tianhe Road
Tianhe District
Guangzhou 510620
Guangdong Province
P.R.C.March 15, 2002
发信日期的写法：
① 年份应完全写出，不能简写。② 月份要用英文名称，不要用数字代替。③ 月份名称多用公认的缩写式。但 May, June, July, 因为较短，不可缩写。④ 写日期时，可用基数词1，2，3，4，5，……28，29，30，31等，也可用序数词 lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, ……28th, 29th, 30th, 31st等。但最好用基数
词，简单明了。
日期可有下列几种写法：
① Oct.20, 2004；
② 10 May., 2004；③ 3rd June, 2004；
④ Sept.16th, 2004。其中，①最为通用。
2.信内地址（Inside Address）
信内地址要写收信人的姓名和地址。在公务信件中要写明这一项，在私人信件中，这一项常常省略。该项写在写信日期下一行的左上角，格式与寄信人地址一样。3.称呼（Salutation）
称呼是对收信人的称谓，应与左边线对齐，写在收信人姓名、地址下面1-2行处。在称呼后，英国人常用逗号，美国人则常用冒号。在私人信件中可直呼收信人的名字，但公务信件中一定要写收信人的姓。大部分信件在称呼前加“Dear”。如：
Dear Professor/Prof.Bergen:
Dear Dr.Johnson, 对不相识的人可按性别称呼：
Dear Sir: 或Dear Madam: Dear Ladies。
如果不知收信人的性别则可用Dear Sir or Madam: 3.信的正文（Body of the Letter）
正文是书信的主体。与中文信件不同的是，英文书信的正文的开头不是先写一些问候语，再阐明写信的目的，而是直接说明写信人的身份及写信的目的，然后提出写信人的情况、想法或要求，并加以必要的解释或说明。英文书信陈述目的时，应该直截了当，意思明确，层次清楚，言简意赅。
书信正文的第一句话或第一段，通常被称为起首语。一般说来，人们习惯用一些客套的写法作为书信正文的起始，即先将对方来信的日期、主题加以简单描述，以便使对方一看便知该信是回答哪一封信的。如果是第一次给别人写信，也可用开头语作必要的自我介绍，并表明自己写信的主要目的。
正文写作格式：
正文的写作格式主要有英式和美式两种。
1)英式结构即缩进式结构，属于比较传统的结构,即每一段 的第一行都向里缩进4-8个字符，且所有段落的缩进距离必须 保持一致；称呼顶格写，落款则在中间偏右的位置。
2)美式结构则是齐头式结构，其特点是所有段落的第一行 都顶格写，段与段之间空一行，另外称呼、落款等也都顶格 写。
商业信函以及电子邮件最好使用齐头式。
4.结束语（Complimentary Close）
公务信件的结尾礼词包含两部分：发信人的结尾套语与署 名。结尾套语写在签名上面一行，第一个字母要大写，套语 结尾后面要加逗号。
在公务信件中，发信人常用的结尾套语有：Truly yours, Yours truly, Respectfully yours, Yours respectfully, Faithfully yours, Yours faithfully, Sincerely yours, Yours sincerely Yours truly, Yours 等。
私人信件中，发信人常用的结尾套语有：
Sincerely yours, Lovely yours, Your lovely, Your loving
son / daughter等。
5.签名（Signature）
写信人的签名常位于结尾礼词正下方一二 行。除非是给很熟悉的人写信，签名一般须 写出全名。签名常常较潦草，不易辨认，因 此在签名的正下方须打印出全名。
各种信函类型:
一、邀请信(A Letter of Invitation)
(一)邀请信的种类
英文邀请信可分为两种。一种是请柬(invitation card)，这 是一种正规的邀请信，格式严谨而固定，一般适用于较庄重 严肃的场合。另一种是一般的邀请信，适用于一些平常的事 情的邀请，通常邀请人同被邀请人之间比较熟悉，这种邀请 信具有简短、热情的特点。
（二）邀请信的写法 1.活动名称及目的
写明邀请对方参加什么活动，以及邀请的原因和目的等。2.活动细节及注意事项
写明活动安排的细节及需要告诉对方的注意事项。诸如时 间、地点、参加人员、人数，需要做些什么样的准备以及需 要穿着什么的服饰。要求穿礼服时，须在请柬的右下角注明 dress：formal；较随意时可用：dress：informal。Dear Mr.Harrison: Our new factory will be commencing production on [April
10] and we should like to invite [you and your wife] to be present at a celebration to mark the occasion.As you will appreciate this is an important milestone for this organization, and is the result of continued demand for our products, both at home and overseas.We are inviting all those individuals and trust that you will pay us the compliments of accepting.Please confirm that you will be able to attend by advising us of your time —— we can arrange for you to be met.All arrangements for your stay [overnight on April 10] will, of course, be made by us at our expense.Yours sincerely，Li Ming
Dear Snoopy，I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in Mr.Guo Jing‟s wedding ceremony with Ms.Fujiwora to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m.on April 1, 2008.As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to attend the celebration and share our joy.The occasion will start at seven o‟clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony.This will be followed by a dinner party.At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.Yours sincerely，Li Ming 常用开头用语
I am writing to invite you to…
I would like to see your presence at…
I think it would be a good idea if you could participate in… I wonder if you could come… I would like you to come…
How would you like to join us in…?
常用结尾用语
My family and I would feel honored if you could come.We would be looking forward to your participation in the party.I would like to meet you there and please let me know your decision.I really hope you can make it.Would you please drop me a line to let me know if you can come?
邀请信的回复
邀请信的复信要求简明扼要，在书写时应注意以下几点： 接受邀请的复信中应重复写上邀请信中的某些内容，如 邀请年、月、日，星期几、几点钟等，如"I‟ll be delighted to attend your luncheon next Friday, May the fifth, at twelve o‟clock.“。邀请信的复信中应明确表明接受邀请还是不接受邀请，不能含乎其词，如不能写“I‟ll come if I‟m in town.”这类的
话，以使得对方无法作出安排。在接受邀请的复信中，应对受到邀请表示高兴。谢却的复信中应阐明不能应邀的原由。
二 申请信(A Letter of Application)
申请信主要用于求职或求学,目的是要对方充分了解自己的目的和资格.因此,申请信必须简明扼要,突出重点.申请信可以是针对招聘广告写的,也可以市直接递交给某个单位的.申请信要求语言规范,信息正式,既不能夸张,也不必过于谦虚.申请信的结构一般包括:申请目标,自述理由,介绍资格,请求面试和期待回音等.语言注意点申请信开篇应点明主题，语言简练。接着说明做此申请的原因，即自己所具备的申请条件，这一部分需重点明确，论述充分。最后请求回复并表示感谢时，应采用礼貌、诚恳的措辞。这类信件的主要结构是:
1)说明写作目的表明想要获得什么工作或学位，介绍自己，为什么写信若是应聘工作则还需说明何时何地从哪里获得该职位的招聘信息（对公司评估广告效应非常重要)所有这些可以用一句话概括
2)介绍相关工作经历及本人个性，以表明你可以胜任这个职位包括教育背景、工作经历、个人能力及成就还可根据情况简单介绍个人爱好和兴趣注意：所有这些内容均应与应聘工作或学位有关系介绍背景时，选词遣字既不过分渲染，又不过分谦虚要给人留下既充满信心又态度诚恳的印象
3)表示感谢和期待，恳请招聘单位对自己的申请给予优先考虑，留下联络方式及对对方表示感谢
常见求职及申请信的导语句型：
I am writing to apply for...I wish to apply for the post mentioned in your advertisement in Beijing Daily of March 21.I am writing to express my interest in...I am writing to formally request...I should like to apply for the job advertised in yesterday‟s newspaper.Your advertisement for a sale manager in … has impressed me.I feel I can fill that vacancy …
表示信心、能力或兴趣的方式：
I feel that similar contributions might be made to your firm as well.I feel that, with my overall qua1ifications and desire, I could contribute significantly to your company.I feel that I can make a strong contribution to your company.I would appear to have excellent qualifications for this position...在信尾表达进一步联系的愿望，表示感谢的方式：
After you have reviewed the enclosed curriculum vitae, I would appreciate an opportunity to discuss how I may contribute to your department.I would be pleased to have the opportunity to interview with...I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss how I might further
三、询问信(A Letter of Inquiry)
询问信的主要目的是寻求所需信息，通常包括以下几个方面的内容：首先表明写作意图，说明写这封信的目的是要寻求什么样的信息；然后就某一具体问题进行询问；最后表明获取信息的急切心情，可以提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并表达你的感谢之情。
提示：询问信的语气通常比较正式、和缓，要充分表达感激之情。同时，相比较语气直接的疑问句，用一些能够起到提问作用的陈述句更佳。具体写作步骤：
首段：简单叙述题目场景，说明写作意图，清楚表明写这封信的目的是要寻求什么样的信息。
主体段落：询问具体问题。可以问一些与命题所设置的问题相关的内容，但这些问题必须是与题目本身要求获取的信息是有相关性的。考生也可以自己认为比较重要的问题单独列一个段落，将其内容细化。考生可以根据虚拟的自身情况提出相关的问题。
结尾段：表明急切获取信息的心情，提供联系方式以便收信人与你联络，对收信人所能给予的任何帮助都要表示感谢，即使你知道这些帮助是收信人应该做的。
在写咨询信时特别要注意使用句式的选择，在询问问题时要使用“Would you please tell me……”之类的正式 疑问句式。
I wonder if you could tell me the information about…… I am writing for the information about……
I would be forever grateful if you could send me information concerning……
I would like to know whether you can provide me with information regarding……
I wish to request materials for……
四、投诉信(A Letter of Complaint)
在人们的生活中经常会发生一些事情，比如消费利益受损、正常生活和工作受到干扰等等令人伤脑筋的事情，有时写封投诉信不失为一个解决的办法。
投诉信通常包括以下几个方面的内容：说明投诉的原因并表示遗憾；实事求是地阐述问题发生的经过，切记不要夸大其词；指出问题引起的后果；提出批评及处理的意见或敦促对方采取措施或者提出所希望的赔偿以及补救方式。
投诉信的结构
（1）开头：自我介绍，交代投诉内容，表明本信的目的和要求。
（2）正文：说明情况，讲清利害，分析利弊。告诉对方你因此受到的伤害
或不便，提出解决问题的建议，表明希望如何处理。
（3）结尾：表达希望问题得到迅速恰当解决的强烈愿望，希望尽快得到满
意的答复。
Dear Sir or Madam, 投诉信常用语
1)有礼貌地说明所犯错误或指出问题 1.I am writing to complain about---2.I write to express my concern/dissatisfaction about 3.I would like to express my disappointment about---4.We have received your(invoice/consignment)8.Your invoice states that the consignment contains radios, but in fact...2)要求对方采取措施
1.I will appreciate anything you can do to help me
2.I trust you will take my complaint seriously.3.I would, however, be perfectly satisfied if you would
kindly replace the item or refund my money, whichever is
more convenient.4.We should be obliged if you could investigate these 3)期盼对方回复
1.I look forward to hearing from you soon.2.I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest
convenience.3.I look forward to your early reply.五、道歉信(A Letter of Apology)我们在工作或生活中，有时难免会犯一些错误，写封致歉信就显得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下内容：表示歉意；道歉的原由；出现差错的原因;提出弥补措施；请求原谅。写道歉信的语言要诚挚, 解释的理由要真实，不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。好的 道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解，还会增进彼此的感情。
写作“三步走”：表示歉意->说明具体原因、提出补救办法->再次致歉、希望得到理解.提示：在写作过程中，尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分；在解释完原因后，尽量提供一个合适的补救办法，使行文更加完满。常用语：
Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening.Unfortunately, it is much to my regret that I cannot.I feel terribly sorry for missing the chance of.Is it possible for you and me to have a private meeting afterwards?
If so, please don't hesitate to drop me a call about your preferable date.Please allow me to say sorry again.Directions:
You are invited to a dinner at a friend's house, but you are not able to attend because of the preparation for a coming examination.Write a letter to your friends to express your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a meeting at another time。
Dear Anne，Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening.Unfortunately, it is much to my regret that I cannot join you and your family, because I will be fully occupied then for an important exam coming the day after tomorrow.I feel terribly sorry for missing the chance of such a happy get-together, and I hope that all of you enjoy a good time.Is it possible for you and me to have a private meeting afterward? If so, please don„t hesitate to drop me a line about your preferable date.I do long for a pleasant chat with you。
Please allow me to say sorry again。
Regards，Li Ming
六、感谢信(A Letter of Thanks)
英文感谢信是商务信函中经常出现的题材。在商务交往中，如果受到邀请，得到对方的照顾提携，或是得到了他人的帮助、推荐、介绍后最好去封感谢信表达真诚的谢意。
感谢信通常应一事一谢，篇幅要注意简短，措词要自然，语气要诚恳。
感谢信的开头应简述写感谢信的目的。
感谢信的主要部分，应特别指出由于对方的帮 助，使自己所得到的益处。
感谢信的最后有时可再次表达感谢之意，也可表达希望继续合作、保持联络的愿望或有机会报答对方的承诺等。英语感谢信常用语句:
⑴
Many thanks for your kind and warm help.⑵
I am greatly indebted to you for your help.⑶ Thank you for your generous hospitality.⑷
It was really exciting to get your New Year＇s card!⑸
I＇m sincerely grateful for all your help in finding me a place.⑹ Your note of congratulations is deeply appreciated.⑺ Thank you for doing so much to make my trip interesting.范文: Directions:
You have been entertained by your friend Gao Jie when you stayed in Beijing on vacation.Write a letter to him to1)thank him for entertaining you,2)describe your feeling, and3)invite him to visit your hometown.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.Dear Gao Jie，First of all, please allow me to say “Thank you” to you.It is very kind of you to spare your valuable time accompanying and entertaining me during the period of my vacation in Beijing.That was my first time to visit Beijing, and I was unfamiliar with the city.When I called you, you were so kind to promise to be my tour guide and entertain me there at night.I was surprised and touched to find you were still waiting for me at.It made me really moved.When I arrived in Beijing by train, it was 11:00 the station.Early the next morning, we went to visit the Tiananmen Square.I will never forget we stood on the Tiananmen Square, watching the Flag-raising ceremony.Such experiences will be kept in my mind forever.Besides, you invited me to dinner at your house where you parents cooked a fantastic meal for us.I really enjoyed it that day.Now, I am back at my hometown.I sincerely hope you can visit it someday.You could taste local food and visit many beautiful places here.If possible, you can come here with your parents whom Imiss very much.I hope that I can see you earlier.Again, special thanks go to all of you.Sincerely yours
Li Ming
七、祝贺信(A Letter of Congratulation)
英语中，祝贺信使用的频率很高。凡是遇到重大的喜庆节日，如圣诞节、新年、婚礼和生日等等，亲友间要写祝贺信。当亲友晋升、毕业、考试成功或出国留学时也要写祝贺信。祝贺信相对而言是比较容易写的，但用词必须亲切有礼、表达出真诚的喜悦感情。具体写作步骤：
首段：表达听到喜讯的心情。
主体段落：对喜讯进行积极评价。
结尾段：表达衷心的祝贺之情。
① Congratulations，all of us feel proud of your remarkable achievements！
② I am so pleased and happy to hear that……
③ I write to congratulate you upon……
④ I offer you my warmest congratulations on your……
⑤ We are just as proud as can be of you and send our congratulations.八、请求信(A Letter of Request)
请求信是对收信人提出请求，并希望对方满足该要求。写请求信的重点是要写清楚为什么要请求他人做某事，请求他人做某事的原因。
写请求信时首先要说明写作意图，一定要注意语气要礼貌，用词要规范；然后具体展开说明请求的原因；最后表示希望对方予以答复。
提示：在许多情况下，请求信是写给不认识的人或者机构，所以在信的开头可以做一下简单的自我介绍。同时，由于提出的请求往往都是需要麻烦别人的事情，所以要注意语气的礼貌程度，不要吝啬你的感谢。
正文主要有3个部分
（1）介绍自己、提出请求
（2）说明原因及其它事项
（3）表达谢意、期盼答复
(1)Could you please...?(2)Could you possibly...(3)Would it be possible to...(4)I would be grateful if you could...(5)Would you mind doing...(6)I wonder if you could...(7)Could you...(8)Can you...(9)I would like you to...10)Would you mind doing...Directions: You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area.Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate.You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan。
To Whom It May Concern, My name is Li Ming, a college student of Peking University, and I am writing in the hope of your assistance to find a needy child for whom I may provide financial support。
First and foremost I would like to declare that I possess the financial ability to implement this plan owing to my decent income from part-time jobs.As to the candidate, I am hoping that he/she comes from an elementary school of the less developed areas of Western China, who is forced out of school.I would like to pay for his/her tuition fee and other school expenses until he/she graduates from university。
Thank you for your time。
Yours cordially，Directions:
You are preparing for your graduation thesis and are in urgent need of some reference materials.Write a letter to the National Library and ask for their help.Provide detailed information, and method of delivery and payment。
Directions:
You want to study further for a Master‟s degree and you are preparing for the entrance exam.Since you have difficulty in English, you should write a letter around 100 words to ask for help from your good friend Tim.九、建议信(A Letter of Advice)
建议信是对收信人就某一问题提出看法、建议或忠告。建议信不同于投诉信，所以写信人一定要注意礼貌当先。建议信一般包括以下内容：首先说明写信的目的，其次，在肯定优点的基础上提出自己的建议或看法(否则别人以为你在投诉，而不是在提建议)，最后表达希望采纳建议。写作“三步走”：自我介绍、说明目的;委婉地提出建议及改进措施，或提出忠告;礼貌地总结或期盼回复。
提示：提建议毕竟不是投诉，所以语言一定要委婉、礼 貌，顾及他人感情。在提出缺点之前，最好先肯定其优点。
1.I„d like to suggest that you can give me a prompt response.2.May I suggest that you can…
3.I wish…
4.I really hope that…
5.What about… ?
6.How about… ?
7.My suggestions are as follows.8.It is my pleasure to offer you some advice on…
十.推荐信（A letter of recommendation）
推荐信是一个人为推荐另一个人去接受某个职位或参与某项工作而写的信件。特定含义下指本科生或硕士研究生到其他（一般是国外）大学研究生院攻读硕士或博士学位时，请老师所写的推荐信。一般说来美国的研究生院要求提供3封推荐信，信件作者应该熟悉学生，并且有一定知名度。
一封推荐信应该提供如下信息：who you are, your connection with the person you are recommending, why they are qualified and the specific skills they have。此外，还应该包括联系方式，以便用人单位可以了解、确认情况。推荐信一般分为三个部分：
(1)介绍推荐人和提及与自己的熟悉程度；
(2)对推荐人的评价；
(3)提及推荐者综合素质有关的内容。
写推荐信时，必然会提及被推荐人的品性（Characters）。介绍每个独特的个性用词也十分讲究，下列Characters是一些跨国企业或国外大学 所欣赏的形容词:
点击咨询 