英语比较结构(共5则)

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第一篇:英语比较结构

比较级(comparative degree)在比较级中,有超越、相等、差逊三个级别。1.超越(superiority)

(1)better than: 胜过,优于

Doing is better than saying.(百说不如一做。)(2)more than + 从句。多余,超过

She has talked more than what is necessary.(她说了一些多余的话)(3)“than +关系代词”的从句。再 …… 不过。

He is a scholar than whom no man ever will be more honest.(他是个再诚实不过的学者了。)

(4)superior to :占优势,比……胜一筹。

He is superior to his elder brother.(他比他哥哥强)

2.相等(equality)

(1)as … as.如……一样。

As busy as a bee.(忙得不可开交)(2)as well as。既 …… 又,和……一样。

Pompey, as well as Caesar, was a great man.(像恺撒一样,庞培也是一位伟人。)(3)the same as….像……一样。

The same as the past.(一如从前。)(4)such/ so…as.像……一样。

Such a great poet as Homer was proficient not just in literature but also in history.(像荷马那样的诗人,不仅要精通文学,还要精通历史。)(5)no sooner than..一……就(几乎同时,夸张用法)。

No sooner said than done.(说到做到。)(6)No more than.就像,不优于。

You’re no more capable of speaking French than I am.(你我都不会说日语。)

(7)No less than.就像,不次于。

Technology is no less important than market.(技术和市场同样重要。)(8)否定代词+more than(else than, other than)。than是介词,只不过……而已。

This is no other than myself.(这人就是我。)3.差逊(inferiority)

(1)inferior to.比……差,逊于……

She in to some degree inferior to him in literary.(她比他在文学上稍逊风骚。)

(2)less than..少于,不到

It rains less in Jinan than in Hangzhou.(济南的降雨比杭州少。)

(3)“差逊”中的形容词或副词可以转换成反义词,再按“超越”的路子来翻译,这在翻译中叫做“词义的转换”。(conversion of acceptation)The sky started to grow lighter and the shadow in the little town less dark..(天色渐渐发白,小镇里的阴影处也慢慢亮了起来。)二、递

减(comparison of progressive and retrogressive degree)1.最……最……。最高级……最高级。

He is the best general who makes the fewest mistakes.(犯错最少的将军就是最好的将军。)

The cheapest is always the dearest.(最便宜的东西往往是最贵的)

The sweetest grapes hang highest.(最甜的葡萄长在最高的地方。)2.From+原级+to+比较级。越……越……。

From bad to worse.(越来越糟)

3.as well as.不仅……,也……。(强调在前)

She can speak Japanese as well as English.(她不仅能说英语,还能说日语)4.all the more……。反而更……。She has all the more reason..(她反而更有理。)

5.ever +现在分词。

He is ever perfecting in his professional work..(他在业务上精益求精。)

6.More and more,ever more……,growing……,increasingly, on the increase.越来越……,与日俱增。He becomes

more

and

more

irritated

by

her selfish behavior.(他对她的自私的行为越来越恼火)He seems ever more nervous during the job interview.(他在招聘面试中似乎越来越紧张。)

He expressed his growing indifference to her.(他对她越来越冷淡。)

Increasingly important, popular(越来越重要、普及)7. more than.不仅……;而且有余。

The reservoir can more than make up for the shortage of rainfall.(水库里的水不仅可补雨水之缺,还绰绰有余。

8.more……, less…….越……反而更……

More haste, less speed.(欲速不达。)

9.None the more: not at all.毫无,毫不。After hearing her lecture on computers I’m none the wiser.(听了她关于计算机的讲座,我毫无收获。)

11.no less than.不但……,而且……。

He is no less apt at dance than language.(他不仅善于学习语言,而且善于舞蹈)

12.only +谓语+比较级.only the +比较级。译作:反而更加……。Rains

only

make

the

oriental cherries more beautiful than ever.(雨后樱花更妩媚。)His will is only the stronger after the failure.(他愈挫愈奋。)13.The more……,the more…….The sooner, the better.The more, the better.The more one has,the more one wants.(越富越贪。)

14.逆势递增句

借“递增”的形式表示“递减”的意思,与汉语不同。如:

Increasingly unpopular.(越来越不得人心。)15. 隐型递增句

指没有递增的形式,有递增的寓意,可借意译彰显其真实含义。

Still waters run deep.(静流水深,大智若愚)

Old but vigorous(老当益壮)You can’t praise him too much.(怎么表扬他也不过分。)

16.词义转换法,翻译递减级。The vernal

breeze

rejuvenates

the

willows;all creatures grow less and less dead.(春风又绿江南岸)

三.强势比较结构 1.

far ,much,considerable,appreciably,lots, a lot, a good deal, a great deal +比较级。译作:远比……得多,远胜于……。

In

a

sense, translation is considerably more difficult than composition.(在某种意义上,翻译比写作要难)

2.more +比较级。译作:越……,越……。

The more admonished, the more worse.(越劝越醉)

3.more +本该加er的原级。

This is a more sounder resolution.(这是一个合理的解决方案。)

4.more than + 原级。分外,荣幸。

You do me more than proud.(我不胜荣幸。)

5.most +最高级。

The peonies of Heze is the finest in the world.(曹州牡丹甲天下。)6.no +比较级。译作:一点儿也没有……。

The situations in Iraq become no better.(伊拉克的形势一点儿也没好转。)

7.still(even)+比较级。译作:更加……,倍加……。The Chinese

flowering

crabapple

looks

still even more charming against the green leaves(在绿叶的映衬下,海棠花显得更加娇艳。)

8.still less(=much less)。译作:更不用说……。

She was too shy to speak to his neighbors, still less speak to the whole class.(她胆小的都不敢和街坊说话,更不用说面对全班发言了。)

9.本不该加est的原级+ est。译作:极其……。Sino-American

relations

belong

to the complicatedest bilateral relations.(中美关系是最为复杂的一对双边关系。)

10.主语+as …… as+相同主语。译作:不仅……,而且……。

She’s as successful an actress as she is a singer.(她当演员和当歌手一样成功。)11.强化最高级的词或词组。

By far(the best)译作:与其说……,不如说……。

12.颠倒语序式强势比较句。

As talented in diplomacy as Bismarck was Metternich.(俾斯麦和梅特涅一样很有外交手腕)

13.隐型强势比较句。如:second to none。译作:比……毫不逊色。

Chinese

garden architecture is second to none in artistic style.(中国的园林建筑在艺术风格上不比任何别的国家差。)四.否定式比较结构

1.比较级+名词+than +被比较的名词,较级+ of +名词+than +被比较的名词,more likely than,rather a …… than a……。译作:与其说……,不如说……。

It sounds more a lyric than a song.(它与其说是歌词,不如说是一首抒情诗。)He is more of a strategist than of a tactician.(他与其说是个战术家,不如说是个战略家。)

She is more likely his fiancee than his girlfriend.(与其说她是他的女友,不如说是他的未婚妻。)He is rather a poet than a calligrapher.(他与其说是个书法家,不如说是个诗人。)

2.比较级+名词+than +名词。译作:空有……,而无……。

More praise than pudding.(口惠而实不至)3.比较级+介词+than +介词。译作:有……,而无……。More of word than of deed.(光说不做)

4.比较级+分词+than +分词。译作:没有……,倒是……。

The child was more frightened than hurt.(孩子没有受伤,倒是受了些惊吓。)

5.比较级+ than +原级。译作:有余……不足……。

He seems more cautious than decisive.(他显得谨慎有余,而果断不足。)6.定词+than(介词)。译作:并不。

She is no more plentiful than him in learning.(她并不比他有学问。)

7.more than +不定式。译作:虽然……,还不至于……。

I’m wiser than to believe him.(我还没傻到相信他的地步。)8.more than +动词。译作:毫不……。

The teacher more than hinted at his flaws.(老师毫不讳言指出了他的毛病。)9.译作:与其说……,不如说……。

10. more than +名词。译作:非……所能……。

More than words can describe.(非语言所能形容。)11.隐型否定比较句(1).too……。译作: 太……(必须)……。Three

years

are

too

long.I doesn’t want to be a postgraduate.(三年时间太长了,我不想读研究生。)

(2).too……to。译作:过于……,以至于不……。

You are too young to go to school.(你太小了还不能上学。)

(3).none too, not over-(构成合成形容词)。译作:并不太……。

None too disappointed.(并不失望)

not over-hopeful about it.(不抱希望)

五.选择性比较结构

1.had better/best。译作:最好……,还是……的好。

You’d better look before you leap.(你最好三思后行。)

2.would rather…… than。译作:与其……,不如……;宁……,不……。

Would rather break than bend.(宁为玉碎,不为瓦全)3.better to …… rather than。译作:不如……。

Better to have a bird in hand than the ten in the air.(十鸟在走,不如一鸟在手。)

4.prefer to …… rather than。译作:宁……,不……。Prefer to die rather than surrender.(宁死不屈)5.prefer ……to(above, before)。译作:宁……,不……。Prefer death than surrender.(宁死不屈)Good一词,在英语中该算是最熟悉、最常用的了。它的搭配能力很强,而且也常见于科技文章中。一看到good,我们便自然而然得会想到“好的”这一词义。然而,在一些场合,good的译法却是颇费踌躇的。

1,可译为“好的”,但概念模糊:如good fish(好鱼),是指品种,大小还是新鲜程度呢?

2,勉强可译为“好的”,但不搭配:如Good fire若译为“很好的炉火”是可以理解的,但不如译为“旺盛的炉火”。

3,译成“好的”反而错了:如good hard work不是指“一项好的但却艰巨的工作”,而是指“一项十分艰巨的工作”。

为什么这样普通的词在翻译时却难处理呢?其原因有二: 1,只知其一,不知其二、三

有的词有一个义项,有的词有两个或两个以上义项。good 一词,在《现代高级英汉双解辞典》中就有十八项释义,如不能全面地掌握这些义项,翻译时就会遇到困难。2,不善举一反三,触类旁通

从语言的发展来看,一个词总会有一个最原始的或最基本的词义(叫做本义),而其他的词义是由这个词发展或引申而来的(叫做引申义)。引申,就是由原义产生新义。选择词义难就难在这个“新”字上。一是英语单词本身已有引申义。这就要勤查字典,从诸多词义中去挑选最合适的词义。二是词典中所有词义都不贴切,要根据汉译的需要去创造新义,而新义又必须与本义相关联。如good一词在英语中已有引申义“strong, vigorous(强健的,有力的)”。因此,His eyesight is still good.一句应译为“他的视力仍然很强。”(good由“好的”引申为“强的”)。而在下面的例句中,good 可引申为“高度的”。To produce strong X-rays the tube had to be made a very good vacuum.管子要产生强的射线,就必须制成高度的真空。而“高度的”这一词义,在《现代高级英汉双解辞典》、《远东英汉大辞典》等的汉语释义中都是没有的,因而可算是新创的。现在,让我们以《现代高级英汉双解辞典》为据,列举good一词的几个义项来观察它在汉译时是如何引申和再引申的。为了节省篇幅,本文只探讨作为形容词用的而且常用于科技文章中的几个义项的译法,不涉及用于生活、口语和文学时的译法,也不涉及用于问候语、客气的称呼、赞扬之词以及片语和复合词的用法。为了方便,本文不再引用其英语的释义而用其对应的汉语译义,每一词义只举一例。

一、美好的;良好的;令人满意的 a good knife 一把好刀 a good conductor 良导体 汉译时引申:

1.a good soil 肥沃的土壤 2.good oil 提纯了的油 3.a good money 真的货币 4.a good river 畅通的河道 5.good English 规范的英语

6,Good switches move quickly.优质开关动作灵活。(good引申为“优质的”)

7.That engine sounds good.那台发动机听起来很正常。(good 引申译为“正常”)

8.the rocket travels better through vacuum than it des through the air.火箭穿过真空比穿过空气容易。(good引申译为“容易”)

9.A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar.电变为动力的典型例子是电车。(good example 引申译为“典型的例子”)

10.In the absence of an outdoor aerial this telescopic aerial will give a good picture if the transmitter signal is sufficiently strong.在无室外天线时,若发射机的信号很强,这种拉杆天线可产生清晰的图象(good picture引申译为“清晰的图象”)

11.Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases.激光有许多显着的特性,这些特性使它在许多情况下成为一种更理想的光源。(good引申译为“理想的”)

二、有益的

Milk is good food for children.牛奶对小孩是有益的。汉译时引申: 1.good gradient平缓的坡度

2.It is no good heating the material to such a temperature.把材料加热到这样的温度是不恰当的。(good引申为“恰当的”)

三、能胜任的;有能力的;能干的 汉译时引申:

1.a good chess player 高明的棋手

2.A good human translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.一个熟练的翻译人员一天也许能翻译两千到三千个词。(good引申译为“熟练的”)

四、彻底的;完全的

The workers gave the machine a good checking.工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查。汉译时引申: 1.have a good drink 喝个痛快

2.It has been thought of making good use of the sun's energy to serve the well-being of the people.我们早就设想过充分利用太阳能来为自己造福。(good引申译为“充分”)

3.This set consumes so little power that a good 12 volt car battery can still start your car after you have been watching TV for 10 hours.本机耗电极少,因而具有12伏足电的汽车蓄电池在你看电视十小时后仍能用于开车。(good引申为“充足的”)

4.Rivers provide good sources of hydropower.河流具有丰富的水力资源。(good引申译为“丰富的”)5.The CE circuit is widely favored since it can be designed for good voltage and current gains.CE电路得到广泛的使用,因为它能获得高电压增益和高电流增益。(good...gains引申译为“高……增益”)

五、可靠的;安全的;确实的 a car with good brakes 刹车可靠的汽车 a good investment 安全的投资 good debts 确可偿还的债务 1.A cat may look at a king.[字面意思] 猫也可以看国王。

[解释] 无名小卒也可以评论大人物。人皆可以为尧舜。不要因为别人的资格不够老,或经验不如你多,就不让他发表意见。2.A penny saved is a penny earned.[字面意思] 节省一个便士就等于挣了一个便士。

[解释] 省钱是明智的做法。省一分就是赚一分。不要因为钱的数目不大就不把它当一回事,瞧不起小钱是不对的,要记住A penny saved is a penny earned这条经验。3.A watched pot never boils.[字面意思] 眼睛盯着看的壶永远不会开。

[解释] 事情在进行中,不到时候就不会有结果,要水到渠成才行。心急锅不开。你着急?着急也没用!用眼睛盯着它看也无济于事,事情不会因为你着急就会有较快的进展。4.A word to the wise.[字面意思] 送给智者的一句话。

[解释] 给明智而愿意接受别人意见或建议的人提出忠告。我知道你能听进去话,所以我才跟你这么说。我说的是正确的,对你有好处,而且我知道你也会听取我的意见。5.All is well that ends well.[字面意思] 结尾好就意味着一切都好。

[解释] 结局好,一切都好。出自莎士比亚剧本名。在开始或中间环节出现的一些小的差错或麻烦无关紧要,没什么大不了的,只要最终的结局令人满意,那就是好的。6.Bad news travels fast.[字面意思] 坏消息传得快。[解释] 好事不出门,坏事传千里。7.Beauty is only skin deep.[字面意思] 美貌只是肤浅的。

[解释] 美貌只是表面现象而已。以貌取人靠不住。你不能只看到她有漂亮的面孔就向她求爱,你还应该考虑其它方面的因素。找结婚伴侣是要过日子,不是当海报招贴画来看的。我的忠告是两句话:Beauty is only skin-deep.True feelings are more important.8.Beggars can't be choosers.[字面意思] 乞丐不可能有选择。

[解释] 你得到的不完全是你想得到的,可能条件或质量等方面差一些,但没有再选择的余地,只能接受不十分满意的事物。这就叫Beggars can't be choosers.9.Better safe than sorry.[字面意思] 安全比遗憾好

[解释] 最好不要去冒险。即使不冒险你得多费些功夫,多做些枯燥无味的工作,这都值得。总比为了省事而冒险强。变体:Better to be safe than sorry.10.Easy come, easy go.[字面意思] 来的容易,去的快。

[解释] 这句话适合讲给那些把什么事都看得容易的人。尤其是对那种认为挣钱容易,不把钱当钱,对任何事情都不担心的人最适合。应该提醒这种人“钱不是长在树上的”。钱不是像树上的果实一样,今年吃光了明年还会自动长出来。有些人自己不挣钱,不知道挣钱的艰辛。11.Every little helps.[字面意思] 每一小部分都有帮助。

[解释] 点点滴滴,有其助益。一颗颗粮食堆成山,一块块铜板成千万。偏远地区的孩子没学上,我们有义务帮助他们。希望大家多支持,捐钱、捐书、捐铅笔,什么都行。多捐多感谢、少捐也不嫌,Every little helps.12.Good wine needs no bush.[字面意思] 好酒不需要做广告。

[解释] 好的产品不需要做更多的广告。酒好不怕巷子深。或许这话在全球化经济竞争的年代不太适合。13.I am all ears.[字面意思] 我浑身上下都是耳朵。

[解释] 我在洗耳恭听。我很感兴趣,我在集中精力,全神贯注地等你往下说。比如:女朋友说“我今天下午去参加面试了。你想知道结果吗?”女朋友没往下说,就等男朋友开口,希望他说:“Tell me!Tell me!I'm all ears!” 14.If the cap fits, wear it.[字面意思] 如果帽子合适,就戴着吧。

[解释] 要是言之中肯,就接受吧。你的作业没做好,老师认为你看电视太多,影响了你的学习。老师说你是“电视迷”(TV addict),你不承认。你我同住一个宿舍,我很清楚老师说的是对的,所以If the cap fits, wear it.15.In for a penny, in for a pound![字面意思] 赌一便士是赌,赌一英镑也是赌。

[解释] 类似“一不做、二不休”的说法。这是当你要准备参与某个项目,准备投入你的财力,时间或精力的时候可能说的一句话。你买股票时,拿不定主意,是买进100股,还是再多买一点。我劝你:“我看能赚大钱,干脆多买点儿,In for a penny, in for a pound!16.It gets my goat.[字面意思] 动了我的山羊。

[解释] 某事使你生气,你可以说It gets my goat(真让人生气!)比如我看到有人站在路中间说话,挡着道,我还得绕着过去,我就特别生气。变体:It gets on my goat.17.It slipped my mind.[字面意思] 从大脑里溜走了。

[解释] 忘记了。没记住。我本想告诉你,你的女朋友来电话了,但是我把这事给忘记了。I meant to tell you your girl friend had called, but it slipped my mind.18.It takes two to tango.[字面意思] 跳探戈舞需要两个人。

[解释] 一个巴掌拍不响。孤掌难鸣。如果两个人在吵架,我认为错不在一方,两人都不对,那就可以说It takes two to tango.19.It's all my eye![字面意思] 都是的我的眼睛。

[解释] 表示不同意或惊讶。大意相当于:我根本不相信;他说的都是骗人的鬼话;胡说八道。也可以说:That's all my eye.如果你听到了某人说的假话,你就可以说It's all my eye!劝别人也不要相信。20.It's my word against his/hers.[字面意思] 我的话对他/她的话。

[解释] 我跟他发生争执,我俩各执一词,没有人可以证明谁对谁不对,公说公有理,婆说婆有理。你该相信谁的话,真是个难题。There were no witnesses to the accident, so it's my word against hers.这是说不清的事情。

21.It's not my pigeon.[字面意思] 不是我的鸽子。

[解释] 不关我的事。不是我的责任。跟我没关系。那家公司倒闭了?幸好我没买它的股票,倒就倒了吧,It's not my pigeon.22.Keep your chin up.[字面意思] 抬起下巴颏。

[解释] 这是对处在困境中的人说的一句话。是对别人的鼓励和关心,要他勇敢地面对困难,不要因为受到挫折而灰心丧气。你的女朋友又找到新的男朋友了?没关系,Keep your chin up!23.Let bygones be bygones.[字面意思] 让过去的就过去吧。

[解释] 忘掉过去不愉快的事情。我们俩有过不和的时候,但希望以后我们还是朋友。昨天我跟你吵架了,今天我对你说:I am sorry we had a row last night.Let's become friends again and let bygones be bygones.24.Like father, like son.[字面意思] 儿子像父亲。

[解释] 有其父、必有其子。也可以说Like mother, like daughter.25.Little leaks sink the ship.[字面意思] 小漏洞会使一条船沉没。

[解释] 千里长堤,溃于蚁穴。不能轻视出现的小问题,时间长了可能会引起大麻烦。26.Love begets love.[字面意思] 爱可以带来更多的爱。[解释] 情生情,爱生爱。你不爱他,他就不会爱你。希望你多给他些爱,这样他会更爱你,我们都应该记住:Love begets love.(Like begets like的意思是”有其因必有其果“)。27.Love is blind.[字面意思] 爱情是盲目的。

[解释] 情人眼里出西施。究竟他为什么爱上了她?我是不理解,但谁也说不清。爱情就是这样,正像人们常说的一样,Love is blind.典出罗马神话,爱神丘比特Cupid用布蒙着眼睛,生有双翅,持弓箭,”爱情之箭“会盲目地射出。28.Love me, love my dog.[字面意思] 如果爱我,也应该爱我的狗。

[解释] 你要是爱我,那也应该爱我所爱的一切。相当于汉语的”爱屋及乌"。我离了婚,还带着两个孩子。你说你爱我。但两个孩子不能离开我,我认的就是Love me, love my dog这个理。29.Mark my words![字面意思] 记下我说的话。

[解释] 给别人提出建议或警告,要别人按你的意见办事。我说的没错,相信我的话。我知道这匹马能赢,你该把赌注下在这儿。You will regret it if you don't put your money on this horse.Mark my words!30.Marriage is a lottery.[字面意思] 找对象是碰运气。

[解释] 婚姻要碰运气;婚姻就像买彩票。很难说好女子就一定能找到好丈夫,或好男子就一定能碰上好妻子。有不少人认为Marriage is a lottery.

第二篇:英语句子结构

英语句子结构

一、英语语句基本结构分析:

(一)主谓宾结构:

1、主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),数词,动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般

英语句子结构

在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!

eg: The boy comes from America.He made a speech.Tow and tow is four.To be a teacher is my dream.Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.2、谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi.)没

有宾语,形成主谓结构,eg:We come.Many changes took place in my home town.注(以下这些词是不及物动词:表发生、出现的,如:take place, appear, happen, break out;表来、去,如:com

e, go 等)

3、宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外,名词,动名词,不定式等可以作宾语。

eg:I will do it tomorrow.The boy needs a pen.I like swimming.I like to swim this afternoon.(二)主系表结构:

1、主语:同‘主谓宾’结构。

2、谓语:联系动词(Link verb):be动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如:become成为,turn变

成,go变和感官动词如:feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词

或副词,既,不可能是宾语。

3、表语:说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。(1)当联系动词不是be,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达‘转变为’之意,注意与动宾关系的区别。

eg: He became a teacher at last.His face turned red.(2)感官动词多可用作联系动词

eg: He looks well.他面色好。

It sounds nice.这个听起来不错。

I feel good.我感觉好。

The egg smells bad.这个鸡蛋难闻。

例:Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩)主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy

(三)There be 结构:

There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。

此结构后跟名词,表示‘(存在)有某事物’

试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词‘那里’。

二、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。

定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);

或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。

(一)形容词作定语:

The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。

(二)数词作定语相当于形容词:

Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。

(三)形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语:

His boy needs Tom's pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。

There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。

(四)介词短语作定语:

The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。

The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。

There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。

(五)名词作定语:

The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。

副词作定语:

The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。

不定式作定语:

The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。

(六)分词(短语)作定语:

The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。

(七)定语从句:

The boy who is reading needs a pen.那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。

三、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等

状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须

在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动

词、情态动词之后,动词之前。

有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教

室里的女孩‘(此时in the classroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此时in the classroom为地

点状语),最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.'

(一)副词(短语)作状语:

The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)

The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)

The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)

(二)介词短语作状语:

In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)

Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子。(条件状语)

On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天,教室里没有学生。(时间状语)

(三)分词(短语)作状语:

He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)

Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)

(四)不定式作状语:

The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)

(五)名词作状语:

Come this way!走这条路!(方向状语)

(六)状语从句:

时间状语从句,地点状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,目的状语从句,比较状语从句,让步状语从句,条件状语从句

四、直接宾语和间接宾语:

(一)特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.(二)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。

一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。

eg:Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。eg:Show this house to Mr.Smith.Mr.五、宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。

(一)名词/代词宾格 + 名词

The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士。

(二)名词/代词宾格 + 形容词

New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松。

(三)名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语

I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作。

(四)名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式

The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户。

(五)名词/代词宾格 + 分词

I saw a cat running acrothe road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路。

六、同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:

We students should study hard.(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)

We all are students.(all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)

七、独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构)。

感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。

如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束。

情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然,等。

八、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致!否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。

例:错句:Studying hard,your score will go up.正确:(1)Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或(2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析:错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既your score.显然做study的应是人,不应是your score(分数)。正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致(同为you);正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了)。

分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being…’的场合不能省略。

如:

Game(being)over,he went home.He stands there,book(being)in hand.独立结构还可用with、without引导,作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。

如:

With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.无事可做,他很快就睡着了。

The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜。(注意,此句on his nose不可省略!)

第三篇:、英语重结构

Introduction: There is not one single Chinese language, but many different versions or dialects including Wu, Cantonese and Taiwanese.Northern Chinese, also known as Mandarin, is the mother tongue of about 70% of Chinese speakers and is the accepted written language for all Chinese.Belonging to two different language families, English and Chinese have many significant differences.This makes learning English a serious challenge for Chinese native speakers.Alphabet: Chinese does not have an alphabet but uses a logographic system for its written language.In logographic systems symbols represent the words themselvesVerb/Tense: In English much information is carried by the use of auxiliaries and by verb inflections: is/are/were, eat/eats/ate/eaten, etc.Chinese, on the other hand, is an uninflected language and conveys meaning through word order, adverbials or shared understanding of the context.The concept of time in Chinese is not handled through the use of different tenses and verb forms, as it is in English.For all these

reasons it is not surprising that Chinese learners have trouble with the complexities of the English verb system.Here are some typical verb/tense mistakes:

 What do you do?(i.e.What are you doing?)(wrong tense)I will call you as soon as I will get there.(wrong tense)She has got married last Saturday.(wrong tense)She good teacher.(missing copula)How much you pay for your car?(missing auxiliary)I wish I am rich.(indicative instead of subjunctive)

English commonly expresses shades of meaning with modal verbs.Think for example of the increasing degree of politeness of the following instructions:

Open the window, please. Could you open the window, please?

 Would you mind opening the window, please?

Since Chinese modals do not convey such a wide range of meaning, Chinese learners may fail to use English modals sufficiently.This can result in them seeming peremptory when making requests, suggestions, etc.Grammar-Other: Chinese does not have articles, so difficulties with their correct use in English are very common.There are various differences in word order between Chinese and English.In Chinese, for example, questions are conveyed by intonation;the subject and verb are not inverted as in English.Nouns cannot be post-modified as in English;and adverbials usually precede verbs, unlike in English which has complex rules governing the position of such sentence elements.Interference from Chinese, then, leads to the following typical problems:

When you are going home?

 English is a very hard to learn language. Next week I will return to China.(More usual English: I will return

to China next week.)

Vocabulary: English has a number of short verbs that very commonly combine with particles(adverbs or prepositions)to form what are known as phrasal verbs;for example: take on, give in, make do with, look up to.This kind of lexical feature does not exist in Chinese.Chinese learners, therefore, may experience serious difficulty in comprehending texts containing such verbs and avoid attempting to use them themselves.一、英语重结构,汉语重语义我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。”

二、英语多长句,汉语多短句 由于英语是“法治”的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反,由于是“人治”,语义通过字词直接表达,不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因,考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子,而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。

三、英语多从句,汉语多分句英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长,同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂,而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接,整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句,加上表达结构相对松散,英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。

四、主语,宾语等名词成分“英语多代词,汉语多名词”在句子中,英语多用名词和介词,汉语多用动词。英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词,而且还有that、which之类的关系代词,在长而复杂的句子,为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚,同时避免表达上的重复,英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词,但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短,汉语里不能使用太多的代词,使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。

五、英语多被动,汉语多主动英语比较喜欢用被动语态,科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有“被”、“由”之类的词表示动作是被动的,但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见,因此,英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。

六、英语多变化,汉语多重复熟悉英语的人都知道,英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说“我认为”可以用“I think”,第二次再用“Ithink”显然就很乏味,应该换成“I believe”或“Iimagine”之类的表达。相比之下,汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高,很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。

七、英语多抽象,汉语多具体做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会:英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构,把长句变短句、从句变分句,结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达。

八、英语多引申,汉语多推理英语有两句俗话:一是You know a word by the

company itkeeps.(要知义如何,关键看词伙),二是Words do not have meaning, but people havemeaning forthem.(词本无义,义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的,而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说,这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申,译者就需要进行推理。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受:某个词明明认识,可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。

九、英语多省略,汉语多补充英语一方面十分注重句子结构,另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多,有名词的省略,动词的省略,有句法方面的省略,也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中,英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语,而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。

十、英语多前重心,汉语多后重心在表达多逻辑思维时,英语往往是判断或结论等在前,事实或描写等在后,即重心在前;汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论,即重心在后。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。

第四篇:英语句型结构

英语句型大全手册-详尽版 1.疑问句型 what is this? 结构︰问句:what+be 动词+this(that„)?

答句:this(that„)+be 动词+a book(pen„)。

说明︰此句型意为“这(那)是什么?这(那)是书(钢笔„)”。what(什么)叫做“疑问词”,用于询问“事物”,通常放在句首,后接 be <动词>,再接<主词>,第一个字母 w要大写,句尾要加问号(?),位置不可排错。

what is this? this is a chair.这是什么?这是一张椅子。what’s this? it’s a book.这是什么?它是一本书。

what is that? that is a desk.那是什么?那是一张书桌。what are these? 结构︰问句:what are+these/those„?

答句:these/those are+复数名词(+s/es)。

说明︰<主词>与<动词>的形式要一致,is 后面接单数<名词>,are 后面要接复数<名词>。what are these? these are books.这些是什么?这些是书。what are those? those are cups.那些是什么?那些是茶杯。what are they? they are glasses.它们是什么?它们是玻璃杯。what are you? 结构︰问句:what+be 动词+主词(人)„?

答句:主词+be 动词+a student„。

说明︰此句型意为“你是做什么事情的?我是学生„”。疑问词 what 除了询问事物之外,还可用于询问“人的职业或身分”。be <动词>随<人称代名词>的变化而改变形态,如:i am,we are,you are,he is„。what are you? i am a student.你是做什么事情的?我是一名学生。

what is she? she is a teacher.她是做什么事情的?她是一名教师。are you a...? 结构︰问句:be 动词(am,are,is)+主词+„?

肯定简答:yes,主词+am(are,is)。

否定简答:no,主词+am(are,is)not。

说明︰在否定<简答句>中,<主词>和 am,is,are 可以缩写;在肯定<简答句>中则不可。is he a student? yes, he is.(no, he isn’t.)他是学生吗?是的,他是。(不,他不是。)are you a teacher? yes, i am.(no, i’m not.)你是教师吗?是的,我是。(不,我不是。)is that a clock? yes, it is.(no, it isn’t.)那是钟表吗?是的,它是。(不,它不是。)what is your name? 结构︰问句:what+is+所有格+name? 答句:所有格+name+is+名字。

说明︰“my,your,his,her”为单数人称的<所有格>;<所有格>后面必接<名词>,即“<所有格>+<名词>”;<所有格>不可与 a,an,this,that,these 或 those 紧接一起使用。

what is your name? my name is sue.妳叫什么名字?我的名字叫苏。what is his name? his name is john.他叫什么名字?他的名字叫约翰。what is her name? her name is jean.她叫什么名字?她的名字叫珍。who is that...? 结构︰问句:who+be 动词+that+形容词+名词?

答句:that is+名字。

说明︰who 是<疑问代名词>,询问人的“姓名”或“关系”;将<形容词>直接放在<名词>前面,叫做“前位修饰”。who is that short boy? that is bill.那位矮男孩是谁?那位是比尔。

who is that tall girl? that is mary.那位高女孩是谁?那位是玛丽。who is that fat man? he is my uncle.那位胖男子是谁?那位是我叔叔。where is...? 结构︰问句:where+be 动词(am,are,is)+主词„?

答句:主词+be 动词+in the+名词„。

说明︰问句是“where...?”,简答时可用<副词词组>“in/on the+<名词>”。where is sue? she is in her room.苏在那里?她在她的房间里。where are your books? on the desk.你的书在那里?在书桌上。

where is your mother? she is in the kitchen.你妈吗在哪里?她在厨房里。are you v-ing...? 结构︰am(are,is)+主词+现在分词„?

说明︰此句型意为“<主词>(人,物)正在„吗?”。这一<句型>转换的三要素是:be <动词>移到句首;改为大写;句尾用问号。is mary sleeping?玛丽正在睡觉吗? are you reading a book?你正在看书吗? is the dog playing?小狗正在玩耍吗? what are you doing? 结构︰问句:what+am(are,is)+主词+现在分词?

答句:主词+am(are,is)+现在分词„。

说明︰“<主词>(人)正在做什么?<主词>(人)正在„”。注意:<祈使句>的动词只能用原形,不可造<现在进行式>;表示“瞬间产生”的动作的<动词词组>,如 sit down,stand up,不可造<现在进行式>。what am i doing? you are reading a book.我正在做什么? 你正在阅读一本书。

what are the girls doing? they are singing.姑娘们正在做什么? 她们在唱歌。what is bill writing? he is writing a letter.比尔在写什么? 他在写一封信。how old are you? 结构︰问句:how old+be 动词+主词(某人)?

答句:主词(某人)+be 动词+year(s)old。

说明︰此句型意为“某人几岁?某人是„岁”。该句型中,<疑问词>要用 how,不可用 what;且 be <动词>(am,is,are)要和后面的<主词>(某人)配合;答句中的“year(s)old”可以省略。

how old are you? i am twelve(years old).你几岁?我十二岁。

how old is your sister? she is thirteen years old.你的姊妹几岁?她十三岁。how old is john? he is one year old.约翰几岁?他一岁。what time is it? 结构︰问句:what time is it?

答句:it is+数字+o’clock。

说明︰此句型意为“现在是几点钟?现在是„点钟”。问句中 what 当<形容词>,修饰后面的<名词> time;time 当时间解时,只能用单数,不可用复数。what time is it? it is ten o’clock.现在是几点钟?现在是十点钟。what time is it? it is six o’clock.现在是几点钟?现在是六点钟。what time is it? it is nine o’clock.现在是几点钟?现在是九点钟。do you + v...? 结构︰问句:do/does+主词+原形动词„?

肯定简答:yes,主词+do/does。

否定简答:no,主词+don’t/doesn’t。

说明︰肯定句中,如有一般<动词>(speak,work,teach„),则在句首加<助动词> do 或 does,并将一般<动词>改为原形<动词>(不加s或es),即构成<疑问句>。

do you speak english? yes, i do.(no, i don’t.)你讲英语吗?是的,我讲英语。(不,我不讲英语。)

does she have a cat? yes, she does.(no, she doesn’t.)她有一只猫吗?是的,她有一只猫。(不,她没有一只猫。)do they work in office? yes, they do.(no, they don’t.)他们在办公室里工作吗?是的,他们在办公室里工作。(不,他们不在办公室里工作。)what time do you + v...? 结构︰问句:what time+do/does+主词+原形动词„?

答句:主词(某人)+一般动词„+时间。

说明︰此句型意为“某人几点做某事?”<助动词> do 或 does 的选择依<主词>而定,若<主词>为第三人称单数,用 does;其它用 do。

what time do you get up? i usually get up at six.你几点起床?我通常六点起床。what time does he go to bed? he usually goes to bed at ten.他几点就寝?他通常十点就寝。what time does your class begin? it begins at eight-ten.你的课几点开始?八点十分开始。what day is today? 结构︰问句:what day is today?

答句:it’s+sunday/monday/„。

说明︰此句型意为“今天是星期几?今天是星期日/星期一/„。”it 可用于指“星期的名称”,但 this或 that 不可以;一星期七天的名称,都是<专有名词>,开头的首字母要大写,前面不加<冠词>。

what day is today? it’s sunday.今天是星期几?今天是星期日。what day is today? it’s wednesday.今天是星期几?今天是星期三。what day is today? it’s saturday.今天是星期几?今天是星期六。how many n are there...结构︰问句:how many+复数名词+are there in/on+名词?

答句:there is/are+单数(复数)名词+in/on+名词。

说明︰此句型意为“在某处有多少„?在某处有„。”该句型中,many 修饰复数<名词>;又因本句型是 <疑问句>,故用 are there,不可用 there are。how many seasons are there in a year? there are four seasons in a year.一年有几个季节? 一年有四季。

how many days are there in a week? there are seven days in a week.一星期有几天? 一星期有七天。

how many lessons are there in this book? there are twelve lessons in this book.这本书里有几课? 这本书里有十二课。how many...do you have? 结构︰问句:how many+复数名词+do/does+主词+have?

答句:主词+have/has„+复数名词+„。

答句:主词+don’t/doesn’t have„+复数名词„。

说明︰“how many”后面接复数<可数名词>,复数<名词>的前面可用 many,a lot of,a few,some,few,any,no 等修饰。

how many books do you have? i have a lot of books.(i don’t have any books.)你有几本书? 我有许多书。(我没有书。)how many sweaters do you have? i have three sweaters.(i don’t have any sweaters.)你有几件毛衣? 我有三件毛衣。(我没有毛衣。)

how many friends does she have? she has a lot of friends.(she doesn’t have many friends.)她有几个朋友? 她有许多朋友。(她没有许多朋友。)how much...do you have? 结构︰问句:how much+单数不可数名词+do/does+主词+have?

答句:主词+have/has„+单数不可数名词。

答句:主词+don’t/doesn’t have„+单数不可数名词。

说明︰“how much”后面接单数<不可数名词>,单数<不可数名词>前面可用 much,a little,some,little,any,no 等修饰。

how much tea does he have? he has a lot of tea.(he doesn’t have any tea.)他有多少茶? 他有很多茶。(他没有茶。)

how much homework do they have? they have a lot of homework.(they don’t have much homework.)他们有多少家庭作业? 他们有许多家庭作业。(他们没有许多家庭作业。)how much fruit do they have? they have a lot of fruit.(they don’t have a lot of fruit.)他们有多少水果? 他们有许多水果。(他们没有许多水果。)how much do(es)...cost? 结构︰how much do(es)+某物+cost„?

说明︰此句型意为“某物值多少钱?”。how much 用来询问商品的价格。还可以写作:“how much+ be <动词>+某物?。

how much do the movie tickets cost? 这些电影票值多少钱? did...v...结构︰did+主词+原形动词+„过去时间?

说明︰将肯定句中的过去式改为“did+原形<动词>”,并将 did 放在句首,句尾用问号,即构成过去式的<疑问句>。

did he clean the room yesterday? 他昨天打扫房间吗? did she wash the skirt yesterday? 她昨天洗这裙子吗?

did your brother play in the park this morning? 你弟弟今天上午在公园玩耍吗? did he eat lunch yesterday? 他昨天吃午饭吗?

did you see any elephants in the zoo last week? 上星期你在动物园里看到大象了吗? did sue have her breakfast at eight? 苏在八点钟吃过早餐了吗? do you ever + v...? 结构︰问句:do/does+主词+ever+原形动词„?

答句:no,主词+never+一般动词(加s或es)„。

说明︰ever 通常用于<疑问句>,never 通常用于否定回答;never 也可放在句首,后接原形 <动词>,形成否定<祈使句>,如例句4。

你曾经使用计算机吗?不,我未曾使用过计算机。

does tom ever get up late? no, tom never gets up late.汤姆曾经晚起床吗?不,汤姆未曾晚起床过。

does sally ever play the piano? no, sally never plays the piano.萨莉曾经弹钢琴吗?不,萨莉未曾弹过钢琴。

never be late for school, bill.比尔,上学绝不可迟到。what year was he born in? 结构︰what date/year+was/were+主词+born+on/in?

说明︰此句型意为“你出生于几月几日(那一年)?”。born 是<原形动词> bear 的过去<分词>,在文法上当

<形容词>,前面常有 was 或 were;中文说“某人出生”,英语应说:“某人+was/were born„”。what year were you born in? 你出生于那一年? what date was your mother born on? 你母亲出生于几月几日? what month was your sister born in? 你妹妹出生于几月? what will you do on...? 结构︰what will/did+主词+do+on+时间?

说明︰此句型意为“某人在某时间将做什么?(未来式)某人在某时做了什么事?(过去式)”。指特定的日期(如几月几日)、星期几或星期几的早上(下午,晚上),要用介系词on。

what will you do on teacher’s day? 你在教师节将做什么事? what will they do on christmas eve? 他们在圣诞夜将做什么事? what will helen do on her birthday? 海伦在她生日那天将做什么事? what did john do on new year’s day? 约翰在元旦做了什么事? what did mary do on youth day? 玛丽在青年节做了什么事?

what did the suspect do on july ninth? 嫌疑犯在七月九日做了什么事情? how do you + v...? 结构︰问句:how+do+主词+一般动词„? 答句:主词+一般动词„+情状副词。

说明︰how 是问情况的<疑问副词>,表示“怎样„?”。用于说明“状态或性质”的副词,称为 <情状副词>。当用来修饰<不及物动词>时,<情状副词>位于其后;当用来修饰<及物动词>时,<情状动词>位于<及物动词>的前面或后面。

how did you do your work? i did my work happily.你怎样做你的工作? 我很快乐地做了我的工作。

how did mrs.lin look at mr.lin? she looked at mr.lin coldly.林太太怎样注视林先生? 她冷漠地注视林先生。

how does mr.wang drive his taxi? he drives his taxi carefully.王先生怎样驾驶他的出租车? 他小心地驾驶他的出租车。you are..., aren’t you? 结构︰肯定句,+否定式助动词+主词?

说明︰这是一种反意<疑问句>,其结构特点是:第一部分是肯定式,第二部分就用否定式。直述句的<主词>是<名词>时,附加问句的<主词>要用<代名词>代替:it 代替 this,that,<不定词>(当<主词>)或<动名词>(当<主词>)等;they 代替 these,those,people 等。下列<助动词>的否定缩写式较易弄错:will not->won’t;would not-> wouldn’t;should not->shouldn’t;can not->can’t;could not->couldn’t; might not->mightn’t;ought not->oughtn’t。直述句有一般<动词>现在式,则附加问句用 do 或 does 代替;有一般<动词>过去式,则附加问句用 did 代替。they’re ready, aren’t they?(读降调)他们准备好了吧?(读升调)他们准备好了,不是吗? mike has a car, doesn’t he?(读降调)麦克有辆车,是吧?(读升调)麦克有辆车,不是吗? the secretary typed the letter, didn’t she?是秘书打了这封信,不是吗?

they will go to europe, won’t they?他们将去欧洲,不是吗? you are the teacher, aren’t you?你就是老师,不是吗?

i suppose you have been in our woods, haven’t you?我推想你在我们的森林里呆过,不是吗? i know he had a good time last night, didn’t he? 我知道他昨天晚上玩得很愉快,不是吗? the wall plug is broken, isn’t it?墙上的插座坏了,不是吗? clean parks are beautiful, aren’t they? 干净的公园是美丽的,不是吗? you can do it, can’t you? 你会做它,不是吗?

we should rise early, shouldn’t we?我们应该早起,不是吗? he isn’t..., is he? 结构︰否定句,+肯定式助动词+主词?

说明︰这是另一种反意<疑问句>。否定结构在第一部分,第二部分就要用肯定结构。对反意<疑问句>的回答篇二:英语常用基本句式和句型结构

英语常用基本句式和句型结构

【要点归纳】

▲英语句式绝大多数以s+v(主语+谓语)结构为核心架构。英语是sv型语言。即以s+v(主语+谓语)结构为主干,以谓语动词为核心。

▲一般来说,一个英语句子若没有谓语动词(实义动词或系动词),这个句子一定是错误的。

▲英语句子的谓语只能由动词来充当,动词在英语句子中如果不充当谓语就必须用非谓语形式(动名词、不定式或分词)。但汉语句子的谓语既可以是动词,也可以是形容词、名词等。

如:the prices are stable and the market is flourishing.to study english is not easy.study english not easy.(×)▲汉语句法的显著特点是“动词连用”,动词不需要形态变化,便可以按时间和动作发生先后顺序和情节发展连续使用几个动词。一个英语句子,除并列谓语的情形外,只能出现一个谓语,否则须用其他手段处理:

★ 变为非谓语形式

★ 连词连接 ﹛并列连词(并列谓语;并列句)

★ 从属连词→引出从句

★ 用名词或介词来表示

▲汉语“动词连用”有两类,一类是由一个主语发出的连续几个动作,叫连动式;一类是由谓语的两个动作,前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语,即两个动词不是由一个主语发出的,称作兼语式。请看:

一)连动式 英语中没有汉语这种连动式,表达先后关系的几个动词,可用and连接或用分词结构。如:

我打开门走进来。

i opened the door and came in.(opening the door, i came in.)二)兼语式

如:“他请我到他家来做客。”“我”是“请”的宾语,又是“到他家来做客”的主语。也就是说“我” 身兼两职。英语句式表达汉语兼语式有以下几种方式:

1)将兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语,常用不定式,有时用不带to的不定式,或分词,副词,形容词,名词,介词结构等。对于第一个动词,汉语中常用的动词有“使”、“叫”、“请求”、“让”、“迫使”、“导致”、“要求”、“命令”、“促进”、“鼓励”等,在英语中均有对应的动词(make, ask, beg, have, force, cause, demand, order, help, encourage等)。如:

he invited me to dinner in his house.▲在sv总句式基础上,根据谓语动词的类型不同,可总结出下五大句型:[s1] ⑴ 主语+系动词+表语she seems kind.a.the soup is delicious.(形容词作表语)b.helen became an electrical engineer.(名词作表语)c.he is in good health.(介词短语作表语)d.the story is interesting.(现在分词作表语)⑵ 主语+不及物动词 he changed a lot.a.the moon shines brightly.(一般现在时)b.the car won’t go.(一般将来时)c.the child behaved badly at the party.(主语+不及物动词+程度状语+地点状语)d.production declined 6% last month.(一般过去式)e.they will fly to london.(主语+不及物动词+地点状语)⑶ 主语+及物动词+宾语 we love our country.a.we visited our friends.(名词作宾语)b.i am considering going abroad.(动名词作宾语)c.he can not afford to take a taxi.(动词不定式作宾语)d.he caught her by the arm.(动词+宾语+介词短语作方式状语)⑷ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)

或 主语+及物动词+直接宾语(物)+to +间接宾语(人)+for+间接宾语(人)

he gave me a present.(he gave a present to me.)a.he often tells the children interesting stories.b.he assigned jack the toughest job.c.i paid the repairman 50 dollars.d.he sent some flowers to his girlfriend.e.my mother made a new dress for my sister.f.ill tell you what ive been thinking.(宾语从句)g.i assure you that this medicine will help you.(宾语从句)h.youve got to promise me that you wont do that again.(主及宾结构+不定连接+主及宾宾)⑸ [/url]主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 i found the book interesting.[s2] a.his writing has made him a well-known public figure.(名词作宾补)b.they found the book easy.(形容词作宾补)c.i can see two ships in the harbor.(介词短语作宾补)d.he kept me waiting too long.(现在分词作宾补)e.i have my hair cut every month.(过去分词作宾补)f.they wanted him to study abroad.(动词不定式作宾补)g.will you tell me how to do it? h.we advised her which course to take.[s1] 五种基本句型歌 英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。句型种类为动词,后接什么是关键; 系词后面接表语; vi独身无牵连; vt又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见,还有宾语补足语; [s2] 1.jim finds his job a challenge.[宾补为n.] 2.i found the movie interesting.[宾补为adj.] 3.why did you leave the light on?[宾补为adv.] 4.we found her in tears.[宾补为介词短语]

5.they encouraged her to try again.[宾补为不定式] 6.my mother told me not to worry.[宾补为不定式]

7.we heard someone knocking on the door.[宾补为v-ing] 8.do you smell something burning?[宾补为v-ing]

10.you should make yourself understood.[宾补为v-ed]篇三:英语句型大全 1.s(主)+ vi(不及物动词)(谓)time flies.1)s + v + adverbial(状语)birds sing beautifully.2)s + vi+ prep phrase(介词短语)he went on holiday.3)s + vi+ infinitive(不定式)we stopped to have a rest.4)s + vi+ participle(分词)ill go swimming.2.s(主)+ vt(及物动词)(谓)+ o(宾)we like english.1)s + vt + n/pron i like music.i like her.i want to help him.常用于这句型的动词有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。3)s + vt + wh-word + infinitive i dont know what to do.常用于这句型的动词有:ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。

4)s + vt + gerund i enjoy living here.常用于这句型的动词有:admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, cant help等。5)s + vt + that-clause i dont think(that)he is right.3.s(主)+ v(谓)(lv)(系动词)+ p(表)we are chinese.1)s + lv + n/pron(名词/代词)he is a boy.this is mine.2)s + lv + adj(形容词)she is beautiful.3)s + lv + adv(副词)class is over.4)s + lv + prep phrase he is in good health.5)s + lv + participle(分词)he is excited.the film is interesting.4.s(主)+ vt(谓)+ in o(间接 宾)i give you help.1)s + vt + n/pron + n(直接 宾)+ d o i sent him a book.i bought may a book.2)s + vt + n/pron + to/for-phrase he sent a book to me.he bought a coat for me.间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有:allow, bring, deny, do(带来),give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。

间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有:bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏),save, sing, spare等。5.s(主)+ vt(谓)+ o(宾)+ o c(宾补)i make you clear.1)s + vt + n/pron + n we named our baby tom.常用于这句型的动词有:appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名)。

2)s + vt + n/pron + adj he painted the wall white.常用于这句型的动词有:beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。3)s + vt + n/pron + prep phrase she always keeps everything in good order.4)s + vt + n/pron + infinitive i wish you to stay.i made him work 5)s + vt + n/pron + participle(分词)i heard my name called.i feel something moving.常用于这句型的动词有:catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watch等。

第五篇:英语句子结构分析

英语句子结构分析

来源:中文翻译英文 作者:翻译器 时间:2012-07-06

(http://)

英语句子结构分析

The English sentence structure analysis 英语句子分为简单句和复合句。所谓的简单句,就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。复合句又分成并列句和复杂句,下面我们分别对这三种情况加以简要的分析。

The English sentence is divided into simple sentences and complex sentences.The so-called simple sentence, is a sentence containing only a subject-predicate sentence structure.Complex sentences into compound sentences and complex sentences, we have the following the three cases tries brief analysis.1、简单句

In 1, the simple sentence 简单句,即只有一个主谓结构的句子。除了特殊情况,英语句子中都有主语、谓语(或表语),有时候还有宾语;而且除了倒装句等特殊句型,一般情况下,主语、谓语、宾语的先后顺序是固定的,不可能宾语跑到谓语前面,或者谓语跑到主语前面。目前很多语法书都把英语的简单句归纳为五种基本句型。实际上,英语简单句还可以简化为三种形式:

A simple sentence, i.e.only a subject-predicate sentence structure.Except in special cases, the English sentence has a subject, the predicate(or a), sometimes the object;in addition to a special sentence pattern, under normal circumstances, subject, predicate, object order is fixed, can not be the object to the predicate or predicate to the front, ahead of subject.At present a lot of grammar books are English simple sentence is classified into five basic sentence patterns.In fact, English simple sentences can be simplified into three forms: 主语 + 谓语(及物动词)+ 宾语;I hate grammar.Subject + verb(transitive verb + object);I hate grammar.主语 + 谓语(不及物动词);Grammar sucks.Subject + verb(transitive verb);Grammar sucks.主语 + 系动词 + 表语 Grammar is hell.Subject + Verb + / Grammar is hell.所以,我们在阅读句子的时候,不管句子有多长,不管是并列句还是复合句,都必须首先分清各句中的主语、谓语(或表语),有的句子中还包括宾语。因为主语、谓语、宾语中英语句子的主干,抓住了句子的主干,句子的基本意思就清楚了。

Therefore, we read the sentence, no matter how long sentence, whether a compound or a complex sentence, must first distinguish the subject of a sentence, the predicate(or a), some sentences are also included in the object.Because the subject, object, predicate in English sentence trunk, captures the sentence trunk, basic sentence meaning clear.2、并列句

In 2, the compound sentence 并列句就是两个或以上的简单句,由表示并列关系的连词或标点符号连接而成。常见的连词:and, not only...but also, neither...nor...or, either...or...otherwise,but, yet, while, so, for等。阅读中遇到并列关系的句子,一般情况下是以连词为界限,将句子分成前、后几个部分,并分别来分析,各句的意思一般可以单独理解,最后将各句合并即可。

The compound sentence is two or more simple sentences, indicated by a parallel relation conjunction or punctuation and connected.Common conjunctions: and, not only...But also, neither...Nor...Or, either...Or...Otherwise, but, yet, while, so, for etc..Reading encountered in juxtaposed relation sentence, under normal circumstances is to conjunctions as boundaries, the sentence into several portions, respectively, and to analyze the sentence meaning, generally can be individually understood, finally merging each sentence can be.I hate grammar, / while he loves it.(以while为界,可分为前后两个小句子)I hate / while he loves grammar, it.(with while as the boundary, can be divided into two.)

3、主从复合句

In 3, the complex sentence 主从复合句即是复杂句,它也是由两个以上的句子构成。与并列不同的是,各分句之间的意思是紧密相连的,所以我们不能简单地把各个句子拆开来看,而必须将各分句综合起来进行理解。有时候,分句里面有可能还包含分句。

The complex sentence is a complex sentence, it is composed of more than two sentences.And the difference is, the clauses mean are closely linked, so we can't simply take each sentence apart, and must be integrated to understand the clauses.Sometimes, there may also contain clauses clauses.说到从句,我们还要介绍一下英语中的三大从句:名词性从句,形容词性从句和副词性从句。三大从句之下又包括纷繁复杂的从句形式:

When it comes to clauses, we also introduce the three clauses in English: noun clauses, adjective clauses and adverbial clauses.The three clause is included complex clause form: 名词性从句:主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句

The noun clause: the subject clause, the object clause, predicative clause, apposition clause 形容词性从句(定语从句):限制性,非限制性

Adjective clause(attributive clause): restriction, unrestricted 副词性从句(状语从句):时间,地点,原因,条件,目的,让步,方式,结果

Adverb clauses(clause): time, place, reason, condition, concession, purpose, means, result 看到这里,可能有些同学又会产生抵触情绪了,其实这些细致的划分我们可以跳过,对于具体句子中的从句如何解决其实很简单,你只需知道从句做什么成分就可以了,从句做什么成分,就是个什么功能的从句。See here, some students may also be conflicted emotions, in fact, the detailed classification we can skip, for in a specific sentence that how to solve it is actually very simple, you just need to know that what ingredients can be, clause do component, is what the function of clause.The sad thing is that the ugly man with a lot of money chooses living alone.(表语)The sad thing is that the ugly man with a lot of money chooses living alone.(predicative)What the ugly man chooses is living alone.(主语)What the ugly man chooses is living alone.(subject)We all know that the ugly man chooses living alone.(宾语)We all know that the ugly man chooses living alone.(object)The thing that the ugly man with a lot of money chooses living alone was known to everyone.(同位语)The thing that the ugly man with a lot of money chooses living alone was known to everyone.(appositive)The ugly man who has a lot of money chooses living alone.(定语)The ugly man who has a lot of money chooses living alone.(attribute)Although the ugly man has a lot of money, he chooses living alone.(状语)Although the ugly man has a lot of money, he chooses living alone.(adverbial)在阅读这样的复杂句的时候,首先要找出主句或从句从哪儿开始,到哪儿结束,首先理解主句的意思,最后再把从句的内容与主句综合起来。

In reading such a complex sentence, clause or clause must first find out where to start, where the first end, understand the main point, finally the clause content clause together.介绍完句子结构,就该说说复杂句子的解决方法了,那就是优先提取主干法。这种方法顾名思义就是先把句子的主干提取,因为主干是句子的精髓所在,然后再看其他补充或修饰的成分。

The sentence structure, should say complex solution, it is preferred to extract main method.This method suggests that the first sentence trunk extraction, because the trunk is the essence of sentences, and then look at other added or modified components.One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was 【that [ what in previous years had been referred to as the “American”, “native”, or, occasionally, “New York” school(---the most representative school of American art in any genre---)主语从句](had by 1890)was firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.表语从句】 One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous [ [ years had been referred to as the“ American”,“ native”, or, occasionally,“ New York” school(---the most representative school of American art in any genre---)subject clause ](had by 1890)was firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.predicative clause ] 首先找到句子主干成分:“One of the results was...”很明显的主系表结构,that 引导的显然是个表语从句,表语从句中又有一个由What引导的主语从句,主干结构是“...was firmly established.” 最后再加上修饰成分,句子就很容易分析了,也可以轻而易举的翻译并理解了:两个派别斗争的结果之一是:直到1890年,这个曾经被称作“美国的”、“本土的”、或者偶尔被称作是“纽约的”美国艺术题材中最有代表性的学派,以哈德逊河学派命名被稳固的建立在批评家和公众的思想之中了。

First find the sentence:“ One of the results component of was...” obviously the main system table structure, that guide is clearly a predicative clause, predicative clause and one by What what, the backbone structure is“...Was firmly established.” final plus modifier, sentence is easy to analyze, can also be an easy job to translate and understand: two factions struggle is one: until 1890, it was once called“ the United States”,“ native”, or occasionally referred to as the “ New York” the United States of America art topics of the most representative of the school, to the Hudson River School naming was firmly established in the critics and the public thought.优先提取主干是一个很有效地方法,如果我们具备了基本的句子结构知识,了解了句子的成分构成,先提取主干,抓住句子精髓,再看从句和其他部分,理清各个部分之间的关系,任何复杂的句子也就迎刃而解了。

Priority to extract main is a very effective method, if we have a basic sentence structure knowledge, understanding of the sentence elements, to extract the main sentence, essence, see clause and the other part, sort out the relationship between the various parts, any complex sentence can be smoothly done or easily solved.

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