口译记忆的原则

第一篇：口译记忆的原则

口译记忆的原则

口译记忆的关键在于两个环节：存储和提取(retain and recall)。要提高口译记忆的效率，口译学员必须针对这两个环节来下功夫。根据口译记忆的运作方式，首先我们要在听辨理解过程中始终注意提取源语语篇的意义，而不是试图对源语的字词进行机械记忆。其次，我们要对记忆存储的对象有所选择，有意识地筛选记忆的对象，以缩小记忆的量，减轻记忆的负荷。口译过程中经选择后的记忆对象主要包括：主题词、关键词、逻辑线索，这三者综合起来就构成了源语语篇的意义框架。再次，为了提高记忆存储的效率，有必要对记忆的信息进行“条块化”处理，以理清记忆的线索并扩大记忆的容量，这样也能够提高记忆提取的效率。另外，通过记忆的强化训练，我们可以在练习过程中学会分析语篇记忆的线索和提高记忆的提取速度。最后，口译记忆可以借助口译笔记的辅助，从而提高记忆的准确性。口译记-忆的常用方法

根据心理学的相关原理，记忆的基本手段有：声觉记忆、视觉记忆、意义记忆。口译记忆的方法也离不开这三种基本手段。有经验的译员习惯运用的基本记忆方法是“成像法”(visualization)，即把源语语篇的意义框架想象成一幅图像，或把源语语篇所叙述的情景还原成思维中的视觉影像。另一种常用的方法是把听辨理解中提取的信息点与一个自己熟悉的序列联系起来，如一序列的数字、一排建筑物等。在口译现场我们可以观察到，有的译员一边听会一边“掰指头”，还有的译员在笔记本页的左侧标上1、2、3、4等数字，运用的就是这 种记忆方法。

对于学员来说，要学会使用以上两种方法在一定程度上意味着要培养一种思维习惯，这需要一定的时间。还有一类记忆方法是口译学员可以很快学会使用的，那就是在听辨理解过程中注意分析源语语篇的线索。具体地说，有的语篇是以时间顺序为线索的，如发言人回顾历史、讲述经历时，往往有一个开头、发展、结尾的顺序；有的语篇是以空间次序为线索的，如发言人介绍景点、说明构造时，往往遵循由上至下、由外及里的空间次序；有的语篇是以分类为线索的，由总到分，由大类到小类；有的语篇是以对比、比较为线索的，先说正面，再说反面，或者先说相同之处，再说不同之处，又或者先陈述一方观点，再陈述另一方观点；还有的语篇是以逻辑论证为线索的，要么先说观点，再细说理据1、2、3点，要么先陈述原因，再得出结论。

值得强调的是，就口译记忆的内容重点而言，除了主题词、关键词、逻辑线索构成的意义框架以外，发言人每个语段的开头和结尾都应成为记忆的重点。首先，从内容上说，开头往往包含了整个语段的主题，结尾往往是呈现结论、总结的部分；其次，只有记好了开头和结尾，译员才能清楚地把握好本节口译是从哪里开始说起，说到哪里为止。这点在连续传译中尤为重要，连续传译的各节口译之间是很讲究承上启下的。

口译记忆的训练方法

口译记忆是口译的关键步骤，口译学员有必要花大量的时间进行自我练习。常用的训练方法有：

1)跟读练习。跟读源语，在初始阶段可按意群暂停跟读，逐渐过渡到逐句暂停跟读，再过渡到听完一小段以后跟读。

2)复述练习。包括源语复述和目标语复述。在源语复述中，可由初始阶段的逐句复述过渡到听完一个语段后再复述；在目标语复述中，也可采取同样的渐进方式。但不管是源语复述还是目标语复述，都不应拘泥于字面，重要的是重现意义框架。

第二篇：口译如何训练短期记忆能力

口译如何训练短期记忆能力？

短期记忆(short-term memory)对于一个口译员来说是至关重要的。良好的短期记忆能力无论是对交替传译或是同声传译帮助都很大。

有些人天生博闻强记，但是后天的训练也可以改善短期记忆。改善短期记忆的关键就是要做一个active listener.什么是“active listener”? 就是要积极地听。何为积极地听？ 就是听的时候全神贯注，积极分析和记忆听到的信息。

和学习英语一样，训练短期记忆也可以采取循序渐进的方法。先不要急着记一大段的文章。先从句子或和段落开始。

我读大学的时候是大三才开翻译课。读大一的时候一位教同传的老师给我们的精读老师代了一节课。精读课的每篇文章后面都有一些句子填空的练习。我们的精读老师一般就和我们对对答案，但是这位同传老师给同学把自己填完整后叫另外一个同学把整个句子完整无误地背出来。三句不离本行。教同传的老师把精读课变成记忆训练课。其实这也是学习英语的一个很好的方法。能把准确的英文句子背出来，英文水平能不提高么？

一些公司出版的VOA mp3 光盘有句子听写的功能。Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(2005年最新版）的电子版字典也有句子听写功能。要不自己放磁带放一句写一句也行。

没有进行过记忆训练的人还别以为记一个句子很容易。不信自己可以试试。刚开始时可能不是忘了地点就是时间。其实无论是几一个句子、段落或是一篇文章，关键是弄明白主语、谓语、宾语和状语。也就是什么人、什么事、什么地方、什么时间。

Kipling wrote:

I have six honest serving men.They taught me all I knew.There names were what and where and when，And why, and how, and who.训练短期记忆是要抓住的就是这六个“honest serving men”。

时下有些学校很提倡背《新概念英语》，我读高中的时候就自己把《新概念英语》学完了。我没有背机械地过《新概念英语》。大一的听力课老师把《新概念英语第三册》的文章给我们作听写。听一个句子就要把整个准确无误，一字不漏地写出来。这是我早期受过的短期记忆训练。

如果真的要背《新概念英语》可以拿录音带来做听写。或是一段一段地背，或是把整篇文章听完后复述整篇文章的内容。（不做笔记)。复述时可以用英语原语复述或是把文章翻译成中文。听的时候关键是抓主干。记住一篇文章分几个一群，一个段落里有几个层次。信息量太多无法把细节一一记住的时候应该尽量记住全局性的信息。

比如说，你听一段关于炸弹袭击的新闻，你如果记不住死了多少人，谁断了一条腿，你至少应该发生了炸弹袭击这件事情以及在这件事情造成的最大影响。

拿《新概念英语第三册》第一课的第一段做个例子：

(1)Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.(2)When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.(3)However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.这段话由三个句子组成。我把三个句子用不同的颜色标明。当你准备要背这段话的时候，你首先要清楚这个段落有多少个层次或是句子组成。然后再分析每个句子所含的信息。可以先看主干：

第一个句子：美洲狮产于美洲。（这个意思好记，因为puma的中文翻译“美洲狮”已经说明了这种狮子的产地。）

第二个句子：有人报告在动物园附近看见美洲狮，但是没人当一回事。（对于这个句子如果你记不住动物园的名字，记不住在动物园的几里之外发现美洲狮，你至少应该记得“有人看见过美洲狮”这个信息。）

第三个句子：证据不断增加，专家们觉得必须调查。狮子目击人的描述惊人地相似。（这个句子其实包含着两个信息，一个是“专家们要调查”，第二个是“目击人的描述相似”。）

在你开始进行痛苦的背诵前分析一下段落的层次和每个层次所含的信息，理清主干会事半功倍。

理清主干后把这段话看一遍后把书合上，试着背一遍。背完后打开书看自己漏了什么信息。把段落再仔细看一遍，然后把书合上，再背一遍。然后再看自己有没有漏信息。反复三次，就算是记性比较差的人也可能把整段话准确无误地背出来。

听说有个翻译前辈一边听一边数手指头，一个意群数一个指头，听完一篇文章后对文章的主干就心中有数。其实这个边听边数指头就是一个active listening的过程。如果只是被动地听，时不时分一下神，很难在脑海中有一个whole picture.另外一个加强记忆的方法就是在听的时候尝试一下在脑海里visualize一下发生的事情。这个方法对我自己顶管用。比如说听刚才那一段话的时候,我会试着想象狮子的出现，专家们决定行动等画面。这个技巧的效果因人而异，有些人不善于visualize就可以把注意力完全放在听和分析信息上面。

听写句子听了一段时间后可以找一些3-5分钟的录音来听，不记笔记，听完后复述听过的内容。开始的时候可以用原语复述，往后就要求自己听一遍后翻译。可以买一些VOA新闻的磁带或是mp3来练习。也可以在网上下载一些资料。

如果觉得3-5分钟的录音做得很轻松了，可以找一些更长的录音来练习。

如果听力还不是很过关可以先用VOA的Special English来练习短期记忆。另一方面着要加强词汇学习和听力训练。

短期记忆还是要苦练，因为做交替传译的时候不是什么时候都可以做笔记。有时候发言人站着，翻译也跟着站着，根本就没有给你提供桌子来做笔记。站着的时候如果麦克风是固定的，不用你自己拿麦克风你还可以站着做笔记，但是如果你要拿着流动麦克风来做翻译的时候你就根本没有办法做笔记。

一次做会议的时候，我和发言人都是站着的。也没有什么稿子给我，我手里拿着个流动麦克风也没有办法做笔记，发言人说一段，我翻一段。遇到这种情况怎么办？靠的就是好记性呀。可以事先和发言人沟通，叫发言人不要说太久。发言人说多久都要等翻译把他的话翻译完才能继续说。如果发言人说得不长，翻译质量自然更高一些。让发言人理解你的工作性质，发言人一般都愿意配合。毕竟请翻译的主要目的不是为了考翻译，而是为了把发发言人说的意思转达给听众。所以翻译和发言人之间应该是一种合作的关系。

即使可以做笔记也不要过分依赖笔记，因为如果你没能全神贯注地去积极地听和记，最后可能笔记记的东西你都记不得是什么来的。其实可以做笔记的时候也是七分靠脑记，三分靠笔记。

如果是在校读书的学生，可以和同学结伴一起练习短期记忆。叫同学念一段文章，然后自己复述出来。如果没有学习搭档，录音机、复读机、收音机和电脑都是很好的学习伴侣。

第三篇：礼貌原则在口译中的应用

Introduction

Along with the trend of economic globalization and cultural diversification, communication among people from different countries and different cultures is more frequent and important.Interpreters are enjoying a constantly improved position in international communication, acting as the bridge which make people of different languages and backgrounds connected.Gradually, more elements should be considered in interpretation, especially keeping the communications smooth by using polite expression.In this case, the study of application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation will bring enlightenment to the future work.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of hard and complex job.Politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it also can be applied into interpretation which can be seen as a special conversation.However, interpretation is a study with a short history, which needs more help from other fields.Nowadays, the study of interpretation is concentrated on language training, interpreting skills, exams and so on.Few people pay attention to the application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Thus, politeness communicative principle in interpretation is so important and deserves more attention.Except for the introduction and conclusion, this thesis is composed of three parts.Part one gives a view of related theories;Part two is main part of the paper, which includes preconditions for using politeness communicative principle and feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle;Part three is the enlightenment to interpretation after the research, including strategies for applying politeness 1

communicative principle in interpretation.2

1.Literature review of interpretation and politeness communicative principle In 1978, English scholars Brown & Levinson wrote an article “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena”.Soon after that, Leech delivered his six criteria of politeness in 1983.Since then, there are some researches about the two fields of politeness communicative principle and interpretation respectively.1.1 General review of interpretation In order to identify the relationship between interpretation and politeness communicative principle, it is necessary to review related interpretation theory at home and abroad.1.1.1 Definition of interpretation Interpretation is a form of translation, converting one language to anther so that the target language could convey the intended message in source language.Interpretation essentially is “an oral translation of oral discourse”(Gile, 1995: 1)and “ an extempore oral reproduction, in one language of what is said in another language ”(Zhong, 1999: 1).Interpretation is a form of translation in which a first and final rendition in another language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a source language(Pochhacker 2004: 11).Compared to translation which is used when the immediate result of the work is a written text, interpretation has its outstanding characteristics as being used when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than that spoken by the original speaker.That is to say, interpretation is a communicative process which faithfully and orally transfer the information from one language to another.3

1.1.2 Type and development of interpretation Interpretation consists of consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation and whispering interpretation, among which consecutive interpretation is the most popular and widely used.In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter listens to a speech segment and then delivers the whole segment in the target language.While in simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter conveys the meaning to the listeners while listening.In whispering interpretation, the interpreter is for speeches with one to two foreign listeners or as accompanying interpreter for your international guests outside the actual event programme.Lacking of historical record makes it difficult to find the exact date when interpretation got into shape.And interpretation came into being and developed gradually when people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other.In the past, there were middlemen, who helped people speaking different languages communicate with each other.They were usually immigrants who knew two or more languages and also called dragoman, but these people were not trained professionally.When people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other more frequently, quick and effective interpretation was in urgent.Interpreter becomes an international profession in the First World War.It is in the Paris Peace Conference interpreters who have been trained professionally to meet the requirements of the conference.After that, interpretation has become a popular profession in the world.4

1.2 An overview of politeness communicative principle theories Politeness as a social phenomenon can be observed in all languages and cultures, and it has long been an important object of study in linguistics.As a common social phenomenon, politeness is not only an universal virtue but also a popular way to realize effective communication.1.2.1 A general view of politeness communicative principle Politeness is an universal phenomenon in society.However, different linguists and scholars give different explanations of politeness.In western countries, Leech says that there exists a set of maxims that guide and constrain the conversation between people, he suggests that cooperative principle should be expanded because Gricean’s cooperative principle can not sufficiently explain why people so often convey meaning indirectly.It is for this reason that politeness principle can be seen not just as another principle to be added to cooperative principle, but as its necessary complement.Leech introduces the politeness principle which runs as follows: Minimize the expression of impolite beliefs, Maximize the expression of polite belief.1.2.2 Politeness theories at home and abroad

Many scholars have made great contribution to the study of politeness theories.Among them, Leech and Gu Yueguo play a significant role, which serves as the foundation of the politeness research for other scholars.Politeness communicative principle is proposed to explain how politeness operates in conversational exchange, which has a series of maxims.Leech defines politeness as forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity.That is the ability of participants in a social interaction 5

to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony.Leech specifies degree of politeness principle which are the means required in a certain situation.(1)The Tact Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other, maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.(2)The Approbation Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other;Maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.(3)The Generosity Maxim

Minimize the expression of benefit to itself;Maximize the expression of cost to itself.(4)The Modesty Maxim

Minimize the expression of praise of self;Maximize the expression of dispraise of self.(5)The Agreement Maxim

Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other;Maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.(Leech, 1999:20-21)While in China, the real study of politeness principle only began in the 1980s when pragmatics was introduced into China.The most influential figure in this area is Gu Yueguo.He puts forward his own set of politeness maxims in two thesis “Politeness Pragmatics and Culture” and “Politeness phenomena in modern China”.His theory has distinctive characteristics of Chinese culture.He proposed four basic 6

notions: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement.According to Gu, politeness principle includes five maxims:“Self-denigration and Respecting Maxim, Addressing Maxim, Elegancy Maxim, Conforming Maxim, Virtue, Words and Behavior Maxim.”(Gu, 2005: 10)

1.3 The relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation

Interpretation is understood as the mental process and communicative act of reproducing orally in a target language what a speaker is expressing in a source language.(Zhong, 1999: 1)

From the above explanation, it is easy to find that interpretation is a kind of special conversation.The success of this conversation needs a media of interpreter.During interpretation, interpreters need to cooperate both with the speakers and the listeners, and they also need to control the atmosphere of this conversation and keep the conversation polite.Besides, politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it can be applied into interpretation.So far, there have been some studies related to relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation, especially in recent years.For instance, Guo Yingzhen has published the issue of “Politeness Principle and Interpreting” by analyzing politeness principle and nine types of politeness in interpretation.She says, “ Based on the politeness principle and the experience of the author’s practice during past years, the honorific expressions in the process of interpreting can be divided into and applied to in nine different situations, namely, greetings, request, inquiry, 7

complaint and regret, advice, apology, imperative, and agreement”(Guo, 2004: 15).She tries to encourage readers to use honorific expressions in interpretation so that his or her own interpreting ability could be reflected.Wang Xiaowen discusses the complementarily and contradiction between cooperative principle and politeness principle, she mentions about the importance of politeness communicative principle in interpretation, “As two important theories in the field of pragmatics, Grice’s cooperative principle and Leech’s politeness principle both have great insights on interpreting with latter complimentary to the former.The approbation of the two principles to interpreting can effectively promote the successful cooperation between the two parties of communication.”(Wang, 2006: 18)1.4 Previous studies on interpreter’s subjectivity

With the increasing attention paid on the role of interpreters, the subjectivity of which arouse interest of scholars.Qiu Jixin observes the translator’s subjectivity and its restrictions by introducing thought of foreign scholars and analysis of translation.He says, “As a subject, translators can carry out their subjectivity during the translating process.Yet, the subjectivity must be restricted by certain factors.The two are combined closely with each other.”(Qiu, 2004: 12)Later, Hon Linping and Jiang Siping write complete conclusion on the study of the issue, on the subjectivity studies over the past ten years.They talk about the root, developing stages, some limitations and problems of all the previous researches.In general, just as what they state in the review,“the concept of interpreter’s subjectivity has gained more and more attention in China’s translation 8

study over the last decades.Analyzing the studies of the translator’s subjectivity in China from 1996 to 2005, the scholars explore the positive roles and limitations that the new trend could play in translation, the authors maintain that the translator’s turn will prevail in the 21 century.”(Hon & Jiang, 2006)These people do some research on the interpreter’s subjectivity and leave some evidence for others.Lv Binghua, from the perspective of subjectivity, proposed three norms, self-restriction on expressions and arrangement of message.It is a generalization of the forms of interpreter’s subjectivity from a rather macro perspective.Few scholars concern about the subjectivity of interpreters although the issue of interpreter’s subjectivity has been studied for years.That’s the greatest regret in the study of the issue.2.Feasibility and strategies for interpreters to apply politeness communicative principle in interpreting

From the above analysis of the research conducted by many linguists and interpretation theorists, it is easy to find that politeness communicative principle plays an important role in interpretation.No matter whether politeness communicative principle in western countries or in China, the essence is similar only with different emphasis.This chapter, which is based on the analysis of politeness communicative principle, explains the feasibility for interpreters and explores the instructive function of the politeness communicative principle in interpretation.2.1 Possible steps to deal with subjectivity

When politeness communicative principle is used in interpretation, at least two 9

things should be noticed.Firstly, it is possible to deal with subjectivity when interpret.Secondly, it is possible to apply politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Actually the process of interpreting can be divided into two parts: preparation before real interpretation and the actual interpretation process.“Translation procedure involves far more than step-by-step procedures for producing a translation from a source text.”(Nida, 2004: 131)In the following part, the author will discuss when and how interpreters can manipulate with subjectivity.2.1.1 Preparation before interpreting

It is well-known that enough preparation work is a key factor of a successful interpretation.Many things can be done before interpretation and will be later used.Generally speaking, prepared knowledge includes the glossary items, background knowledge of a certain field, understanding of the speaker’s culture and so on.In order to specify the above statement and make it clear and easy to be understood, the author sets an example in the following part.For example, There is going to be an English speaker talking about technology in clone.Preparation work will be done differently.Interpreter A may know well about clone, he masters all the background information and latest researches in the field.But he has no idea about the speaker except that the speaker is from England.In this situation, interpreter A may prepare in following steps.Firstly, since he knows well about the issue, the preparation of background knowledge may be very simple.Secondly, since the speaker comes from England, which needs to know more 10

about clone in England.Therefore, A should review the clone in England.Thirdly, given that A knows nothing about the speaker, he should seek a way to get familiar with culture and courtesy in England.Last but not least, A should know more about the situation whether in a conference or casual dialogue.Imagine another quite different situation: If interpreter B knows the English speaker very well.However, he knows little about clone, let alone clone in England.In this case, B would seek for different methods to deal with, which is quite different from A.Instead of paying much attention to the background of the speaker, B has to spend much time learning about clone, especially in England.Therefore, he had better read some scientific books and surf the Internet to gain more information about clone.Above all, it is easy to find that different interpreters choose different ways to prepare based on their own conditions though given the same situation.That leads to the possibility of choosing for interpreters in this process.2.1.2 Understanding of original speech Understanding of Original Speech is a vital process during the interpretation.If one can’t grasp the original meaning, he may mislead the intention of the speaker, even worse, spoil the whole conversation.Basil Hatim and Ian Mason once wrote in their book Discourse and the Translator, “The less evaluative the text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more scope there may be for modification.The less culture-bound a text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more 11

space there may be for modification.”(Hatim & Mason,1999: 3)In China, Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s understandings and opinions are always influenced by times, nation, language, history, custom, culture and so on.Thus, the subjectivity of translators is strongly needed because of the differences in these factors in source text, the disparity between source and target language, and the strong demonstration of times, national feature and culture capital in the source text”.(Qi, 2003)In the following, the author would show that interpreters may have different understandings towards the same original sentence.For example, It’s my great honor to be invited as your friend.Interpreter1: 作为朋友收到邀请，我十分荣幸。Interpreter2: 我十分荣幸以朋友的身份收到邀请。

In this case, the emphasis of the interpreter is different.Interpreter 1 strengthens the meaning of “great honor to be invited” with thanks.While interpreter 2 highlights the words “as your friend” to focus on the true friendship.Therefore, the hidden meaning of the sentence is “The friendship between us is precious to me and I really appreciate it”.Both of the understandings are right if the speaker expresses the sentence without the paragraph.Still, differences between two interpreters don’t influence the quality of interpretation.It can be concluded from the above example that one sentence may lead to different understandings and the interpreters can choose their own understanding according to the atmosphere of situation, the context or the relevant information.This clearly proves that interpreters are able to manipulate during the understanding 12

process and sometimes the subjective choosing may even be of great significance.2.1.3 Production of the interpreted version

As Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s subjectivity can be reflected not only from the comprehension of the source language, but also from the choosing ways of expressions.If we put it in another way, production of the translators gradually form their own translation styles, characteristics and features.There is a close relation between them.In a certain period and under certain historical and cultural background, translators form their own thoughts and senses of values, tastes and interests, as well as translation abilities, which are shown in his translation version.”(Qi, 2003)From the translation theory above, it is aware that translator’s subjectivity is what she talks about.It is the same with interpreters,too.Being an excellent interpreter requires abundant interpreting experiences, careful observation and daily practices.The author will give an example to illustrate this point.For example, Shenzhen today is quite different from what she looked like twenty years ago.Version1: 今日的深圳不同于20年前的深圳。

Version2: 今日的深圳比20年前不可同日而语。

When you talk about Shenzhen’s development and her achievement with a foreigner, such a sentence can be seen very often.In a real interpreting case, it is common that both of the translation versions are acceptable, with no mistake or misunderstanding between communicative parties.However, the two versions have obvious difference.Version 2 gives a more brief idea of difference in Shenzhen which 13

strikes the speaker most.While version 1 is close to literal meaning of the original sentence.The two versions have difference in ways of expression and the author believes that it can reflect the interpreter’s characteristics in some degree.Although the original sentence is a kind of praise of Shenzhen’s great development, the sentence itself does not show that Shenzhen becomes stronger or prosperous.It can be predicted that in terms of characteristics, version 2 is more direct than version 1 since he or she wishes to express the intended meaning in an obvious way.2.2 Feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle in interpretation Since it has been proved that politeness communicative principle is one of the principles that should be adopted in our daily conversation.Adopting politeness communicative principle in interpretation will help create harmonious atmosphere and enable the exchange of words and thoughts to be smooth and successful.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of exchanging and talking since two communicative parties cannot communicate directly because of language and culture differences.Thus, an interpreter is needed to exchange words between the two communicative parties, which is a very important job in such kind of indirect interaction.During interpreting, a sense of being polite is badly needed.In this part, the author will talk about the application of politeness communicative principle and set examples to prove the feasibility to interpretation.The process of application of politeness communicative principle can be divided into three different forms, namely choosing of words, choosing of sentences and choosing 14

ways of expressions.2.2.1 Choosing of words Interpreters may have different words that can be used during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose proper words from them.Therefore, interpreters can find the most polite words under the direction of politeness communicative principle.First of all, some words that can help the interpreters are discussed.Firstly, application of model verbs in politeness communicative principle will be discussed.When we choose proper language form to express politely, some appropriate model verbs can make the sentence like an euphemism.In our conversations or dialogues, these model verbs are easy to find here and there, such as “should, shall, would, could”.In order to express the meaning more clearly, the author will set two examples in the following.When we put the model verb “could” ahead in a question sentence, it is a euphemistic expression.For example, “could you tell me about the story?” The word “would” can be used in a euphemistic expression, especially in the request and suggested sentence.For instance,“I would be a shame to disturb your dialogue.” “would you like to pass the book to me ?”and “wouldn’t it be better to stop it right now?” All the sentences above are more polite than those do not use model verb.Secondly, tense of verb deserves our attention.In a sentence, past tense is another way to express request politely, while past continuous tense is more polite than past tense.For instance,“Sorry, I did it again”.This sentence means this is not the first time he made mistake, and the intended meaning of which is he or she really feels 15

regrettable about what he or she does.From above, it can be found that past tense can also express apologize.Thirdly, some words expressing possibility could also express politeness.when we talk something about suggestion, advice and criticism, we could use “maybe” “perhaps” and “possible”.”Possibly” mainly used in a request sentence, if it is used together with model verbs “can” and “could”, it would be more polite.When we give an invitation, suggestion, requirement and criticism, we can use the word “wonder”, because it is also a euphemism.Another example, the word “quite” can be used in the negative sentence to express politeness:“That’s not quite what I said, you know.” Some examples related to the three pairs of maxims will be discussed next.2.2.1.1 Tact maxim and generosity maxim

From the brief introduction of maxim before, it is easy to know that these two maxims are intended to maxim of benefit to others and cost to oneself.The typical case is as followed.“This is a brief introduction brochure of our school”

Version1: 这是我校的宣传册。

Version2: 这是美国某大学的宣传册。

According to Tack and Generosity Maxim, it is polite to maximize the listener’s benefit even cost the speaker more.In this situation, since the interpreter is the direct speaker to the Chinese students attending an exhibition, the interpreter has to interpret the complete meaning while maximize benefit for the listener.Based on the given situation, version2 is more proper than version1, not only for 16

sake of better advertisement of the school, but also help the listener leave a deep impression of this school, which is different from other schools they heard before.From this point of view, the choosing of version “美国某大学” rather than “我校” realizes the minimization of other’s cost.2.2.1.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.The following is an example:

“我们产品的质量比你方更好。”

Version1: Our product’s quality is better than yours.Version2: It seems that our product’s quality is better than yours.In this case, version2 doesn’t maximize praise of listeners and dispraise of him or her.The speaker states the meaning of “better than you”, which is going to cause unhappy feelings to the listeners.2.2.1.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim demand maximization of agreement between oneself and others.An example is as followed:

你同意我的想法吗？

Not really.Version1: Do you agree with me?

我不同意。

Version2: Do you agree with me?

我们的想法可能有些出入。

This is a kind of “agree-or-not” sentence.Agreement should be given based on the Agreement and Sympathy Maxim.Therefore, when the interpreter chooses the expression “有些出入” instead of “不同意”.The atmosphere is more polite and harmonious.2.2.2 Choosing of sentences

Interpreters may have different sentences that come into mind during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose the most suitable one from them.As a result, interpreters can find the most polite one under the direction of politeness communicative principle.2.2.2.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim Two conclusions can be drawn from these maxims.Firstly, offering is more polite than request in an imperative sentence.Secondly, politeness communicative principle in language can be classified into various degrees because more indirect expressions give listeners more freedom to choose what they want.If a sentence is delivered in a more indirect way, it would be more polite.Example1, Answer the phone.I want you to answer the phone.Will you answer the phone?

Can you answer the phone?

Would you mind answering the phone?

Could you possibly answer the phone?

Example 2, Call a taxi for me.18

I want you to call a taxi for me.Will you call a taxi for me?

Would you mind calling a taxi for me? In each example, the last one is the most polite because it gives the listener more opportunity to refuse.It is successful to minimize the cost to others and maximize benefit to others.More examples can be found at the beginning of a press conference.In order to keep the meeting going quietly, the host would say to the reporter just as “请各位与会人员关闭手机”.Under this circumstance, interpreters have these choices:“Turn off the cell phone.” “Can you turn off the cell phone?” or “Can I probably ask you to turn off the cell phone?”.Among them, the degree of being polite is deeper and deeper, then the last one is the most polite.In order to show politeness, interpreters usually express ideas in a mild and roundabout way.For example, when disagreeing with somebody, one would say,“I don’t think you are right” rather than“you are wrong”.Another example“You don’t seem to understand” instead of “You don’t know” so directly.2.2.2.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.They contain two aspects and the first is “negative praise” which means saying something good to somebody instead of criticizing others.An example is followed,“Do you like my skirt?” “Well, yes.But it’s not my favorite.” Although B does not like A’s skirt, he expresses his feelings in a polite way.The second type is “exaggerated praise”, which is common in interpretation from Chinese to English

because English speakers like to exaggerate their feelings, while Chinese are more implicit in comparison.Here is an example: after a party, guests coming from China say to the host,“谢谢你的邀请，我们度过了一个愉快的夜晚。” Interpreter can express like this,“Thank you so much for inviting us, we had a wonderful night”.In this version “so much” is an exaggerated word.Another example is, when praising others, one usually addresses in this way, ”What a beautiful house!” or “What a cute boy”.Another example,“你觉得我们有机会合作这个项目么？”

Hopefully, let’s wait and see.Version1: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on the project?

希望可以，让我们边走边看。

Version2: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on this project?

希望能有这个合作机会，让我们边走边看。

Based on Approbation and Modesty Maxim, it is polite for the interpreter to maximize praise of the Chinese party.The Chinese party asks the question about the cooperation possibility in this situation.For some reasons, Without exact comment on the possibility, the foreigner gives an ambiguous answer to the question.Thus, the second version is recommended.2.2.2.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of agreement between oneself and 20

others.English speakers usually express disagreement in this way:“sorry”or“Excuse me”.For instance,A says,“I like these pictures, they are beautiful”.Then B says “Well, I don’t have any eye for beauty, I’m afraid”.From this example, it is easy to see that although B does not agree with A, he does not express that in a direct way, which not only decreases the conflict between them, but also increases the accordance with the speaker.That is to say, in order to make the listener happier, good details should be talked.For instance,“That was the great Oscar for John” and “That was the great news about John”.The first sentence brings more happiness to the listener.On the contrary, when we talk about some sad news, try to say some vague words instead of details.In western culture, the expression of “death” is a typical one.For example,“be asleep in the arms of God”“be taken to paradise and go to heaven”.Another example,“I was sorry to hear about your husband” is more polite than “I was sorry to hear about your husband’s death”.2.2.3 Choosing of expressions

Choosing of expressions means that during interpreting, an interpreter is likely to choose different ways to express the idea.Among these choices, he or she would find the most polite one according to politeness communicative principle, which includes the changing of sentence structure or custom of expression in different languages.The author would illustrate the point in following aspects.2.2.3.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim

Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.21

你看过那份计划了吗？

真不好意思，我昨天去看父母了。

Version1: Sorry, I went to visit my parents yesterday.Version2: Sorry, I haven’t seen it though, since I went to visit my parents yesterday.In this situation, the hidden meaning of Chinese speaker is that he hasn’t looked into the proposal yet.According to Chinese culture, the reason is given at first.However, person asks the question in order to know whether the proposal is seen though or not.Thus, in order to show respect to the leader, he or she had better choose the latter one to give the direct answer first and if time permits, giving reasons in a simple way.In this way, the modest attitude of speaker can be clearly reflected and thus gaining opinion of Chinese audience.2.2.3.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.That is all my speech, If you have any question concerning my speech, welcome.Version1: 我的演讲完毕，有问题可以问我。

Version2: 我的演讲完毕，如有问题，欢迎随时提问。

The original sentence is a traditional English way of expression with no offence.However, the translated version1 may seem a bit rude to the audience in China.Thus, although violating the literal meaning of the original words, interpreters maybe choose the latter one to show politeness and create a harmonious atmosphere.22

2.2.3.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim

Under the direction of these two maxims, the author will list an example:

Do you agree with our arrangement?

Yes, the transportation and accommodation are great.Version1: 是的，交通和住宿都不错。

Version2: 安排的很好，尤其是住宿和交通。

In order to be polite, version2 chooses the expression “安排的很好”，which is not heightened in the original words.The change of expression adds the degree of agreement and sounds more agreeable than just saying“是的”.Therefore, the listener will be glad to your interpretation.3 Strategies for applying politeness communicative principle in interpretation

Since a great many researches have been done on the strategies whenever concerning politeness or subjectivity, the author is going to mention three of them simply.There are substitution when the speaker does not mention, treason when the speaker does mention but not polite to the audience and omission to name just a few.3.1 Substitution Interpretation needs substitution sometimes.Since it has already been proved that interpreter is able to cope with subjectivity, substitution cannot be avoided because of different languages, backgrounds, styles and so on.When comes to politeness communicative principle, substitution can be utilized in following: The key point of Tack and Generosity maxims is to reduce the cost of others.In some cases, people are not willing to talk about death, disease, body part and so on.23

Instead, they would use indirect words replacing them.For instance, “big C” stands for “cancer” “mentally handicapped” replaces “retarded”, “psychiatric hospital” rather than “mental hospital”.Concerning about unemployment, they would use the words: “unwaged, between jobs”.It’s good for one to try hard to agree with others,if not that matters, and it is the key issue of Agreement and Sympathy maxims.When one agrees with the other but he or she omits the words like “yes” or “sure” and directly continue the topic.On such occasions, it is greater if the interpreter say like “of course” or “definitely” to emphasize the agreement.Substitution can be found quite often in opening and end of speeches, informal lectures and interviews, which allows to establish harmonious atmosphere without influencing the content or final result.3.2 Treason In some occasions, if we translate the sentences literary, it would cause misunderstanding due to different cultural backgrounds.As bridge of communication, it is interpreter’s responsibility to promote better interactions, even sometimes not being loyalty to the original words.In order to maximize praise of others and minimize praise to oneself, interpreters may sometimes behave modest on behalf of the speaker.Such kind of situation can be found when communicative parties come from different cultural backgrounds.For instance, the Westerners tend to be direct while Chinese are used to behave modest.It is the guest speaker’s or sometimes interpreter’s responsibility to use words or concept of the host speakers and that can also be regarded as a kind of agreement to 24

the host party and its custom for sake of offering more agreement to others.Situations exist when parties hold different opinions toward one issue or when slip of tongue occurs.Interpreters should be pay attention to this strategy, be loyalty to the original words and pass on the meaning to the listeners.3.3 Omission Facing with difficulties in interpretation, omission is one of the strategies most often applied.Omission concludes deletion of words, phrases, sentences or even a paragraph.Here is an example: Please turn to page 20, maybe 22.let me see, yes, 25.Version1:请翻到书的20页，也许是22页，让我看看，第25页。

Version2:请翻到书的第25页。

It costs a lot for the audience to hear page 20, 22and 25 getting themselves busy in turning to pages that are not certain.Thus, it is wise and polite for the interpreter to slip to the final page which is quite certain, or else it will cause a confusing situation.However, this strategy is not proper in all conditions.When comes to important content, no random omission is allowed.Conclusion

Through this paper, the author draws the conclusion that it is very important and feasible to use politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Therefore, when interpreters understand preconditions of the principle and adopt related interpretation strategies, the interpreted version would be better.Since interpreters are already aware of the importance to be polite and feasibility to subjectivity.Besides, some possible ways to deal with subjectivity, interpretation strategies under the direction of politeness communicative principle are are listed in the paper.It is conductive to the improvement of the quality of interpretation and the development of interpreters themselves.Since this paper is done with the aid of many reference books and some papers, there may exist weakness and limitations during the process.Besides, there are causes that actually lead to these limitations: Firstly, as a college student, it is unlikely for the author to get in touch with interpreters in everyday life;Secondly, not doing or observing enough interpreting practice, it is impossible for the author to collect a large number of materials and cover all the areas.Finally, the author has little experience in interpretation, which causes the big trouble to perfect the paper.As a result, based on the materials available and current condition, the author tries best to make the paper reliable.The author hopes that the future researches can spare more efforts in the following aspects.Firstly, researches may collect as much materials as they can through all possible channels in future.If time permits, such kind of collection may 26

produce a more reliable research than this one.Secondly, there is no space and time left for strategies and suggestions.The author just lists three of them to name just a few.It is the hope of the author that future researcher can lay more emphasis on the strategy part to make this research more complete and systematic.Bibliography Brown.P &Levinson, S.Universals in Language Usage [J].Shanghai: Shanghai

Foreign Language Education Press, 1978.Gile, D.An Oral Translation of Oral Discourse [M].New York: Oxford University

Press, 1995.Grice, H.P.Logic and Conversation [J].New York: Academic Press, 1975.Hatim, B.&Mason, I.Discourse and Translator [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press, 2001.Nida, E.A.Language, Culture and Translating [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press, 2004.Pochhacker.F.Introducing Interpreting Studies [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press, 2004.Zhong Shukong.A Practical Handbook of Interpretation [M].Beijing: Beijing

External Translation Press, 2001.顾曰国.跨文化交际 [M].北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2005.郭英珍.语用中的礼貌原则与口译的敬体形式 [J].华北水利水电学报, 2004(2).侯林平, 姜泗平.我国近十年来译者主体性研究的回顾与反思 [J].山东科技大

学学报, 2006(3).利奇.语义学 [M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1996.吕炳华.译者主体性的体现.[J] 山东外语外贸大学学报, 2005(1).戚伟燕.译者主体性的体现和强弱.[J] 杭州电子工业学院学报.2004(1).裘姬新.译者主体性及其制约因素 [J].河南科技大学学报, 2004(1).28

王晓雯.合作、礼貌原则与口译 [J].安徽冶金科技职业学院学报.2006(2).29

第四篇：会议口译记忆训练-我的文档中很多口译分享

这又是会议口译中一个老生常谈的话题。其实会议口译中主要是涉及长期记忆（Long Term MemroySTM)。下面是之前写过的关于会议口译训练的一些基本方法，与大家一起探讨。

LTM(Long Term Memory)和 STM(Short Term Memory)在口译中的区别:LTM在口译中主要指的是Consec Interpreting STM主要是指SI中使用到的记忆里。两者是相互比较而言的，但同时其实两者也并不是划分如此的清晰，人的大脑的记忆过程也都是STM和LTM共同作用的结果。所以口译中谈论的这两种记忆同心理学研究的人类大脑的记忆过程的概念还是有所区别的。

交替传译在交替传译中通常情况下演讲人在结束一段演讲后停顿由口译员进行翻译，演讲的内容则根据项常情况，演讲人又有所不同。但是作为口译员的训练，则必须为最坏的情况做好打算。

在最初阶段建议采用短篇经过改写的文章作为训练材料，进行复述联系。

一.时间大约掌握在5-6分钟。

注意在开始阶段的时候不宜采用复杂内容，或者书面的文章进行训练。任何一种技能的掌握都是有一个循序渐进的过程。口译的训练同样也是，他还是一个信心培养的过程。更多的接受培训的朋友我想在英文方面还是薄弱环节，同样包括那些自我感觉良好的情况在内，在英文表达方面还有很长的路要走。所以开始简单材料，但是应该有一定的逻辑性。逻辑在口译中一个最令人头痛的环节，你会发现自己把文章的内容已经做到了80%但是老外还是迷惑，有时候一个小的连接词，或者内容衔接上的差别，都会造成错误的理解。所以训练中这同样也是一个不可忽略的环节。

书面的内容应该经过改写再来作为练习材料。改写的目的是使文章更符合口语的习惯，口译在最初阶段的练习的目标应该是保证大的框架的完整，逻辑的清晰。这一阶段应该保证相当的训练量。保证至少4个小时每天的训练量，基本上两个星期，直到感觉处理内容比较顺手-前提需要考核自己复述的内容的质量。因为基本上学位教育的话这个训练量的密度还是远远不够的，每天保证6个小时以上的工作状态。

二.在经过一段时间短篇的练习后，可以开始逐渐增长篇幅，内容难度适当的调整，但不宜书面，过于专业的东西。因为这一阶段是记忆的训练而并非内容以及语言上的训练。时间可以增加到7-10分钟，注意这一阶段仍然是保证内容逻辑框架的完整性。同样考核复述质量。两个周的练习基本是在巩固前面的成果。

下一步是渐增长到15左右。这个阶段巩固时间需要更长，显然这是对记忆力一个更高阶段的要求。在这个阶段过后，在练习中可以保时间控制在10分钟左右，但这一阶段的练习的经历就应该放在内容的细节方面加强。试着努力地回忆起更多的细节的东西，当然大的框架结构始终应该保证的。上面提到的是基本的训练途径，始终建议同自己的language partner进行训练，这样对于质量评定上还有所掌握。因为本是自己在练习中存在的错误自己不容易发现。如果是自己单独训练的话则应该尽可能地遵循上述的一些大的原则前提下，可以采用自己阅读复述，听新闻复述，阅读复述等等。但在时间长短，难度以及训练时间上应该遵循上面提高的规则，更有利于提高。

此外在技巧上则建议大家阅读一些关于记忆的文章，参考一些记忆方法。每个人都有自己不同的方式，但是一些方法如果进行一定的训练，对记忆提高会有很大帮助。这里提一下图示法（叫法不一）主要是把记忆的内容进行再现

（visualize）或者想象为一个场景，来帮助自己的记忆。举过一个例子，speech开始后呈现出来一棵树干，然后你要做的是把内容分配到各个树枝上去。这个是平面的。同样可以使场景的想象。这些都是一些小技巧，但是同样需要练习，熟练之后才能得心用手。记忆力同样如此，不断的练习才是提高的根本，大脑总是越用越灵活，平常就应该积极的思考。同声传译同声传译中更多的是要求一种瞬时的反应，可谓是超短时记忆了，一旦出现一处的短路可能就意味着你的几句话，或者一段的内容别人都听不懂。同声传译有时候说起来更像是一种本能的反应。尽管理论上你可以做出这样那样的分析使用这种或者那种技巧来处理。但是实践中根本不会想到“哦，这里我该用generalization了，那里我要用salami”这都是不现实的。所有的训练都是在强化训练中成为你本能反应中的一部分。同声传译因此要求的训练量，方式更加严格。往往还要看是否具有这方面的能力。

通常同声传译阶段不会有专门的记忆训练。更多的是在反应能力上的训练。之前也曾提到在初期的几种训练途径。这里同我们讨论记忆有关的提一下，一个是视译，另外shadowing.其实这并非记忆训练，同传中的训练基本上是一种抗干扰能力，或者说是短时记忆同快速反应的一种结合。因为同传要求在听的同时进行理解记忆在2-3秒的时间延迟的情况下进行口译同时信息不会停止，这样在你记忆理解的过程中有两个干扰源：一个是speaker的声音，新的信息的进入；一个是你自己翻译的声音，你必须要知道你自己说的什么，错误地进行改正。这两个无疑都是对你的短时记忆的干扰。

视译，两种方法：1.一边看一边马上翻译。建议第二种: 将文章打印出来，拿着一张白纸，在开始的时候渐渐往下移，保证速度不宜过快，因为有可能你的翻译还为结束内容就已经过去，这时候愈要快速的从短时记忆中提取，同时要抵抗视觉上看到新的信息的进入的干扰。此时相应的技巧需要采用避免更多的信息的丢失。shadowing:跟读训练，主要是指英文，适合速度的英文语音材料，同步的重复speaker所说的内容，保证语音语调，尽可能的保持同步性，同时使短时记忆同干扰源的一个斗争的过程。记忆训练是在口译训练中的基石，特别是

交替传译，会直接影响到你的表现，因此应该引起大家相当的重视，在开始阶段打牢基础，同时对于后期进一步的提高创造条件。

第五篇：2014年5月 人事部二级口译真题(回忆版+两篇原题)

2014年5月 人事部二级口译真题（回忆版+两篇原题）

第一篇（英汉）美国鼓励中国公司在美投资(待更新)

Seminar

The United States is open to new ideas, products and innovations.We offer strong intellectual property rights protection, open capital markets and a predictable and transparent legal system.美国对新想法、产品和创新是开放的。我们提供强有力的知识产权保护、开放的资本市场以及一个可预见的、透明的法律体系。

第二篇（英汉）GDP should not be the focus of development(原题来自中国日报)

The constant scrutiny by Wall Street and policy makers of countries' GDP growth can distort development incentives and result in disastrous unintended consequences.Clearly, for a country to prosper, sufficient economic activity must be generated in order to employ greater numbers of people and to improve the overall standard of living for society.However, GDP was developed as a measure decades ago, and it has many shortcomings that can make it a poor measure of quality of life.Instead, economists and policy makers should focus on other indicators and develop new models for measuring a country's development progress which is possible with today's technology and big data.GDP is the sum of all the financial transactions for products and services within a country's borders.The first problem with this measure is that with many companies operating in multiple countries, the profits that accrue do not necessarily stay within a country's borders.In fact, arguably a majority of the profits of multinational firms flows back to the country of origin so that even if China's consumers spend a great deal in China, a large percentage of those profits will not accrue to anyone in China but to foreigners instead.For instance, Nike may hire Chinese workers to produce its shoes, have stores in China to sell its products, and only Chinese people buy from those stores.In essence, 90 percent of the economic activity happens in China and gets recorded in China's GDP.However, the majority of the profits of Nike goes back to the owners in the United States even if none of the economic activity happens in the United States.The national wealth measure is distorted because it would seem that China is getting richer and the United States is getting poorer when the exact opposite is true.Secondly, GDP does not show distribution of income.A company that creates a lot of income from production does not show how that income is being distributed.We know that the majority of profits accrue to very few individuals and that the income inequality is wide in China.A focus on GDP can make matters worse since it can encourage more production by certain wealthy individuals who do not share their profits generously with their employees which will hinder healthy economic development.Another problem with GDP as a measure for economic progress is that it only captures financial transactions.When a parent takes his kid to watch a movie in a movie theater, that activity is captured in GDP.But when a parent takes the same kid to play soccer in a park, that activity is not captured in GDP.However, one can argue that going to the park to play soccer creates a better quality of life than going to the movies.The reasons are manifold: The parent can interact with the kid more directly;the kid gets more exercise;the parent and kid get fresh air;the parent and kid

can make more friends playing soccer, etc.Thus, if the focus becomes overwhelmingly on GDP growth, policy makers would have more incentives to create more movie theaters than public parks and the quality of life for that society can go down as a result.Of course, policy makers need to create the conditions for job growth and wealth accumulation in order for a society to raise its standard of living, and GDP growth can serve as a rough measuring stick.After all, what good is a public park if people are too poor to feed their kids? Movie theaters employ more people.This argument is certainly attractive except that the argument creates a false dichotomy.Policy makers don't have a choice simply between parks and movie theaters.There are actually infinite combinations of how policy makers can help foster more jobs and also improve the quality of life even if the GDP is not growing as fast.For example, a city can build a park in which it hires people to keep the park clean.It can also have concession stands so that people can buy snacks at the park.It can have a stage where different groups perform in the park and charge admission.It can have a beautiful garden that attracts many tourists who will be willing to pay admission to see it.The park can raise the rents and prices of surrounding office buildings and homes.All these benefits will come and raise the quality of life for the residents in the area, but the GDP will be sacrificed in the short run because these revenue streams and job growth will happen over a longer period of time than the building of a large movie theater.The worst part about focusing on GDP is that it can actually create the conditions for a worse quality of life.The pollution that causes cancers, food poisoning, or birth defects actually adds to GDP growth because whenever people seek medical help and incur medical bills to pay for all these ailments, GDP grows.On the other hand, GDP doesn't grow if people remain healthy and don't seek medical help.Obviously, it is much better to have a healthier, cleaner society, but that can be at odds with creating higher GDP growth.In summary, GDP can be used as a guidepost, but it should be considered alongside other factors and indicators that are important to developing a strong and desirable nation.Other measurements that should be allotted more room include the gross national product that allocates production based on ownership as opposed to location, the happiness index which measures satisfaction with life, median income rather than average income, air quality index, pollution index, and life expectancy.Furthermore, with the rise of big data, it is now possible to come up with algorithms that can further capture other nuances associated with a healthy economy.GDP has been relied upon because it is fast and easy to gather that data and make simple comparisons across countries.But because of its many shortcomings, policy makers would achieve their development goals faster if they used other metrics to measure their progress.第三篇（汉英）孔子学院的建立(待更新)

目前已覆盖五大洲的120个国家和地区，孔子学院440所，孔子课堂646个，总数超过1000个。孔子学院从无到有，从小到大，办学规模不断扩大，办学质量日益提高，为满足各国民众学习汉语的需要，增进中外人民之间的了解和友谊作出了重要贡献。

中美两国人民了解和学习对方的语言文化，有助于增进中美两国人民相互了解和友谊，推动中美关系发展。希望中美双方有关机构密切合作，切实办好贵校的孔子学院，为推动中美教育文化交流、促进中美关系发展作出积极贡献。

第四篇（汉英）信息与网络安全(原题来自新华网)http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-10/21/c_122181867.htm

信息和网络空间安全是当前国际社会面临的重大非传统安全挑战，如何应对已成为国际安全的重要内容和多边军控外交的重大课题。他呼吁国际社会携手构建和平、安全、公正的信息和网络空间。信息网络技术的飞速发展和广泛应用，极大推动了当代经济社会发展和人类文明进步，并正深刻改变着人们的生活和社会运行方式。信息和网络系统已成为国家的重要关键基础设施。

信息网络互联互通的特性及信息和网络空间潜在的多元风险和威胁来源，使各国在享受信息网络便利的同时，增加了安全上的脆弱性。他指出，近年来，中国除了自身信息和网络系统的脆弱性外，遭受来自境外的各种网络攻击日益突出，给中国带来巨大损失。在此方面，中国已成为世界上的主要受害国之一。他说：“我们深深地体会到，信息网络彼此相联，使得各国更加成为安危与共、谁也离不开谁的‘命运共同体’。维护信息和网络空间安全不仅是维护一国的安全，而是维护国际社会的共同安全。

国际社会以“命运共同体”的新视角，同舟共济，共同致力于构建一个和平、安全、公的信息和网络空间，并遵循和平、主权、统筹协调信息自由流动与安全流动、合作及公平发展等五大原则。

国际社会应积极开展预防性外交，推动信息网络技术用于促进社会经济发展和人类福祉，维护国际和平、稳定与安全。他呼吁各国承诺不利用信息网络技术实施敌对行动，制造对国际和平和安全的威胁；不扩散信息和网络武器及相关技术。他说，各国有权利和责任根据其相关法律法规保护其信息和网络空间及关键信息基础设施，使之免遭威胁、干扰、攻击和破坏，并应努力避免信息和网络空间成为新战场，防止信息和网络空间军备竞赛；通过对话方式和平解决有关争端。

主权国家是有效实施国际信息和网络空间治理的主体。各国应在信息和网络空间采取负责任和建设性的行动，加强有效管理，多管齐下，努力建立起完善法律规范、行业自律、安全保障和社会教育等方面相结合的综合管理体系，还应避免信息网络成为干涉别国内政的新工具。

各国应充分尊重各利益攸关方在信息和网络空间的权利和自由，同时遵循法治的原则，以有效维护信息和网络空间的秩序。他还说，信息和网络空间需要各国同舟共济，通过进一步加强国际交流与合作共同应对。他呼吁发达国家帮助广大发展中国家提高信息网络能力和技术，弥合数字鸿沟，真正实现公平和普遍发展。