修辞学与文体学

第一篇：修辞学与文体学

修辞学与文体学

“修辞”顾名思义就是修辞。人们在讲话或写作时总是要用到修辞，以使表达出来的语句得体、准确，具有较强感染力。“修辞”是语言运用中的一个重要方面。自古以来，人们对修辞活动做过不少研究，并创建了有关的学科。在法语中，研究修辞的学科主要有两种：

一、修辞学；

二、文体学。

法语修辞研究的内容很广，它研究一切非语言因素对语言运用活动的作用。众所周知，语言是人类的交际手段（Moyen de communication），人们在运用这一手段进行交际时会受到很多因素的制约，我们可以把这些因素简单地分为语言因素和非语言因素。语言因素是指语言本身的一些规律，例如其中的语法。人们在讲话或写作时应遵循语法来组词、造句，不能随心所欲，否则就无法使人理解了。非语言因素是指言者本身的情绪、年龄、地位、职业、文化修养等因素，以及交际场合、听者或读者的情绪、年龄、地位、职业、文化修养等因素。这些非语言因素也会对写、说者产生一种制约力，使之自觉、不自觉地考虑这些因素来修饰自己的辞语。法语修辞主要是研究后一类因素即非语言因素对语言运用的影响，下面略举几例说明：

a.-C’est laid.这很丑。

--Qelle horreur!真是丑死了！

这两个例句的意思基本相同，句子结构也都正确。但是第二句的言者在表达自己看法的同时流露出了内心强烈的厌恶情绪。这说明一个人的感情、内心活动可以通过他使用的语言形式反映出来，不同的感情会产生不同形式的语句。

b.–Dis-moi su ce spectacle t’a plu.告诉我，你喜欢这场演出吗？

-Ce spectacle vous a-t-il plu,monsieur?先生，您是否喜欢这场演出？

这两个例句从语法角度来说都正确，意思也大致相同。但是，我们可以清楚地感觉到第一句的言者是在向一个熟人或者地位比自己低的人发问；而第二句的言者却是在向一个不很熟悉的人或者地位比自己高的人发问。可见对不同类型的人，一般都要采用不同的语言形式来表达思想。

c.-Il est atteint de surdité.他失聪了。

-Il est sourd.他是聋子。

这两句话的意思也基本相同，句子结构也都符合语法规定。但是，第一句话是医学的术语，只有在医院里或学术会议上，或其它正式场合才使用；而第二句话在任何一般场合，尤其是在日常会话中就可以听到。可见场合不同，用词造句的方式也不相同。

d.-Je suis las de cet homme.我对此人感到厌烦。

-J’en ai assez de cet homme.我讨厌这个人。

-Ce type-là,ras de bol!这家伙，真讨厌！

这三个例句意思相同，语句结构都正确。但是我们可以感觉到这三句话的言者的文化修养不尽相同。第一句话给人的印象文绉绉的，其言者一般来说具有一定的文化修养；第二句话是一般人常用的句型；第三句话给人的感觉是很随便。甚至有点俗，其言者大多是文化修养不很高的人。这一组例句表明言者的文化修养（以及社会地位）会在语言表达形式上留下痕迹。

以上四组例句表明语言的运用并不是一件简单的事，我们不仅要学会用语法组词造句，还要学会根据不同的情况（即考虑各种非语言因素）选用恰当的语言形式，准确、得体地表达自己的思想感情。这就是修辞研究的内容。

从上面的阐述中可以看出语言的准确性和得体性对语言交际功能的发挥有着重要的意义。下面谈谈准确、得体的涵义：

“准确”即选用的词和句型能真正反映言者的思想感情和意图，语气要适当。例如，对于一般的违法行为，如果你不想夸大其辞，就应选用“délit”而不是“crime”（指杀人放火等罪行）来表达；当你对某人的行为感到气愤时可以说：Ça,c’est le comble!（这简直糟糕透顶！）；若对某人行为只想一般性表示异议就应该改换口气：Je ne compends pas ce que vous avez fait.(我对你的行动很不理解)；如果你想告诉别人你是在上海长大的，可以说：J’ai grandi à Shanghai.若你想突出强调你成长的地方是上海而不是别的地方就应该说：C’est à shanghai que j’ai grandi.“得体”即选用的词和句型要适合言者自己的身份、年龄、社会地位、文化修养。例如成年人就不应该使用小孩子的语言；教师不应该对学生使用粗俗的语言。在此同时，还要注意使自己的语言适合对方的年龄、身份、地位、文化修养。例如，对小孩与对大人讲话的口气应是不一样的；对高级知识分子讲话一般可以用较规范的语言，而对一般文化水平的人讲话就必须使用通俗易懂的语言；对下级、对下属讲话可以用命令式口吻讲话，但对上级、长辈一般不能使用这种口气。

“得体”还意味着选用的词句与交际场合相适应。如，在外交场合一般力求措辞高雅，但是在家里可以使用通俗语；在学术会议上大多使用严肃的专业词汇，而在联欢会上宜用风趣轻松的语言。

总之，修辞所说的准确、得体可以归纳为一句话：写文章、讲话、要因人、因时、因地而异。

第二篇：修辞学

春晚小品中的修辞运用

春晚作为全国人民除夕之夜的必备大餐，已经伴随我们近三十年的时间，而其中的语言类节目更是让大家记忆深刻。小品是一门借助语言来塑造描写人物的舞台幽默表演艺术，在中国喜剧小品中宋丹丹小品具有代表性。近十几年来的央视春晚上，来自北方特别是东北的小品、相声几乎垄断了春晚的语言类节目，由此东北方言几乎成了每年春晚的主流语言，并且一度成为中国社会流行语。这主要得益于语言、表演等幽默形式的展现。而一位来自山东青岛的小丫头在1989年凭借《懒汉相亲》走进了我们的视野，也让我们记住了那个嘴边总是挂着“俺娘说了„„”的朴实得农村丫头。一炮走红之后她与黄宏、赵本山表演的一连串小品，伴随全国的电视观众度过了十多个春节。可以说，白云的形象早已深入人心。她的语言虽然很土、很俗，却让人感觉很新鲜、很特别。例如“你太有才了 ；走了，太伤自尊了；那是相当„„”等等这些耳熟能详地道的东北方言已为广大电视观众所喜爱，并广泛地运用在我们日常生活中，给人们带来了很多乐趣。独具特色的语言正是其小品魅力构成的重要因素，也是其小品生命力的保障。本文主要从语音的搭配、辞格的运用两个方面，每个方面各选两种其最具代表性的修辞方式，对宋丹丹小品台词的修辞艺术进行分析。

一、语音搭配

1、谐音。谐音就是利用汉字同音或近音的条件，用同音或近音字来代替本字，使听者产生误解已达到说话人的目的。在宋丹丹小品中经常借助语音的谐音联系达到其喜剧小品幽默风趣

例1，1999年的小品《昨天 今天 明天》

崔：今天的话题是“昨天 今天 明天”

赵：昨天在家准备了一宿，今天上这里来了，明天回去了。

崔：不是 我不是让你说昨天、今天、明天，往前说。

宋：前天，我们俩刚领到乡里通知。

崔：大叔大妈，我说的这个昨天今天明天呀，不是昨天今天明天！

赵：那是后天？

崔：不是后天

宋：那是哪一天啊？

崔：不是哪一天！我说的这个昨天今天明天啊就是咱回忆一下过去，再评说一下现在，再展望一下未来 您听明白来了吗？

赵：那是过去、现在和将来。

宋：那也不是昨天、今天、明天呀·

“昨天、今天、明天” 是运用了词语的多义。它们真正的意义有两种，（1）今天的前一天，说话时的这一天，今天的下一天；（2）过去、现在、不远的将来。在这里，崔要表达的是第2个意思，而白云、黑土这对老夫妻理解得是第一个意思，造成了语言理解上的偏差 这段对话简单读后会让人感到诙谐幽默、滑稽可笑，在舞台上，再加入三人对话时的语气、表情、动作，可是说是风趣到了极点，令人捧腹大笑。

这些看似荒唐可笑的对话让我们开怀大笑得同时我们往往忽略为什么他们会有这样的对话。白云黑土他们是地地道道得农民，没怎么读过书，平时所接触得人也不会用一些文绉绉的词语和他们对话，当小崔和他们交流时恰恰忽略了这一点，这就提醒我们在面对不同的人物身份时要选用不同得语言，已达到交流的目的。而这种为甲答乙的对白恰恰可以收到了幽默风趣的艺术效果，增强了小品语言的艺术魅力，塑造了鲜明的人物形象。因此这一手段在小品中经常出现。

例2，2006年小品《小崔说事》

崔：哎，大妈……你们这次到北京是怎么来的？

白：俺们，搭专机来的崔：那太贵了，那我们报不起

白：不用报，都小钱儿，嘿嘿，现在，有钱，瞅这穿的，相当有钱，嘿，太有钱了„„„„

崔：大叔啊，听说你们这次到北京是搭专机来的？

黑：啊，是搭拉砖拖拉机过来的对话中，开行的飞机或是机关单位或个人专用的飞机事实上崔也是这样理解的虽然有些质疑，感觉不大可能随着黑土大叔的回答才恍然大悟，“专”与”砖”同音，白云就是借助这种谐音搭配达到了交际的目的，即提高自己作为名人儿的身价，博取了众人们的笑趣.2、重音。小品是一种短小的艺术表现形式，每个小品在台上演出的时间大约30分钟左右，在这短短的30分钟内，怎样用语言打动观众，赢得观众的掌声和欢笑非常重要。宋丹丹以其独特的语言表达技巧给观众留下了深刻的印象她的独特性表现在，大量运用程度副词，且重音经常落在程度副词上，主要体现在程度副词“太”“相当的”使用上。如：

那家伙，那场面，那是相当壮观，是锣鼓喧天，鞭炮齐鸣，红旗招展，人山人海······《说事儿》

你太有才了！（《策划》）

二、辞格的运用

1、飞白。

飞白是一种根据语言表达的需要，将明明知道是错误的语言，故意如实地记录或仿效的修辞格主要分为语音字形语义逻辑飞白四种类型飞有凭空或任意运用的意思，“白”有错字的意思其目的是为了使语言滑稽幽默，甚至是给人揶揄之感其作用是不但增加文章的趣味性和语言的感染力，而且往往有助于体现人物形象的真实性。

例3，1999年小品《昨天今天明天》

宋：秋波是啥玩意儿你都不懂？咋这没文化呢？

赵：啥啊？

宋：秋波就是秋天的菠菜。

例4，2000年小品《钟点工》

宋：美国著名明星麦当娜抹啥我抹啥？

赵：麦当娜是谁呀？

宋：你不认识呀？她妹妹你指定熟悉。

赵：谁啊？

宋：麦当劳么！

例3例4 中“秋波”“麦当娜”借用同音关系飞白，而例一中《昨天、今天、明天》是用错了词语的义项而使意义飞白。小品就是能够“很精心地把一个个源于生活的喜剧环节非常合适地连接起来——这正是他获得成功的选择”在这里，看似简单地将“秋波”理解成“秋天的菠菜”；将话题“昨天、今天、明天”理解成“今天的前一天、说话时的这一天、今天的下一天”，但其作用却是真实生动地表现了这对农村夫妇落后的文化水平，这些语言不但对他们十分合身，也增添了对白的趣味性，把小品的搞笑幽默的特点充分体现了出来。例4 中将明星与美食结成姐妹，趣味横生，表现了陪人聊天唠嗑的钟点工老太太一味地追求名 牌名人效应，引出的笑话同时也真实地反映了当下社会中人们盲目地攀比，追求大品牌的现

象外表虽华丽却掩盖不了内心的空虚与无知。

2、移用。

词语都有固定的意义和固定的用法如果在一定的语言环境中，为了一定的修辞效果，可以临时改变词在小品语言中较为常见语的用法，这种修辞手段叫移用。

例5，1999年小品《昨天、今天、明天》

宋：现在不行了，现在是头发也变白了，皱纹也增长了，两颗洁白的门牙，去年也光荣下岗了。

这句话巧妙地运用了移用这一修辞手法。“下岗”本指职工因企业破产裁减人员等原失去工作岗位或指离开执行守卫警戒等任务的岗位，这里移用来指人岁数大了，牙齿自然脱落这一生理现象，不仅增强了语言的幽默感与趣味性而且独具匠心，别出心裁，使人听来颇有情趣。

例6，2007年小品《策划》

赵：实在憋不住了，就找了个狗窝把蛋下了。

牛：狗窝？是怎么发现的？

宋：被狗仔队发现的呗。

“狗仔队”本指记者特别是一些八卦周刊的记者跟踪报道明星的绯闻这里将现代社会人尽皆知的狗仔队移用指狗窝里的狗仔这一实质性动物，不仅增添了语言生动形象性，而且突出反映社会中一部分人特别是明星为了出名，刻意炒作，不讲原则，制造出一些绯闻，以此来吸引读者和观众，达到成名的目的。

例7，别瞎掰1999年小品《昨天、今天、明天》

黑 土：，当时还有一样家用电器呢。

主持人：还有家用电器呀？

黑 土：手电筒嘛。

约定俗成的观念，几乎所有人把“家用电器”定义为狭义的比较高档的电器产品，而当大叔说出“手电筒”是家用电器时，大叔明显偏离了常规思维，把“家用电器”广义为一切由交流电和直流电控制的家庭日常用品。不论这是幼稚还是狭黠，观众确实被它逗乐了。又如：

上述例子，都是宋丹丹小品台词中极具代表性的语言她的小品演绎的都是东北农村喜闻乐见的生活琐事，贴近现实生活朴实无华的语言，在给人们带来笑趣的同时，还真实地反映了社会现象，可谓一举两得正如台湾修辞学家沈谦所说，追求语言文辞之美，大概有拙通巧朴四个阶段，而真正最高的境界应该是第四层的朴质真醇自然高妙，以最寻常的题

材，最平淡的字句，最熟稔的意象，表达最深刻的情理，这第四阶段就寻常词语艺术化的表现，没有刻意的雕琢，表面上也不那么惹眼，似乎也不见绚烂夺目的好辞，可是细细品味之后，却是真挚感人，余韵无穷。

参考文献：

[1]叶涛.《成功的基础—读赵本山演出的喜剧小品文学本》J.电视与戏剧;l992;(2);40

[2]沈谦.《语言修辞艺术》M.北京：中国友谊出版公司，l998;3

[3]邵敬敏.《现代汉语通论》第2版M上海;上海教育出版社.2007.7

[4]黄伯荣，廖序东.《现代汉语》.北京：高等教育出版社.1997.7

第三篇：文体学答案

A Ⅱ.Read the following short passages and answer the questions or do the assignment that follow(40 points).Question 1: a.lexical differences(5 points): length, formalityb.syntactic differences(5 points): length, structure Question 2: sample 2:oral,informal(2 points)

sample 3: formal,written(2 points)

sample 1: the style is between that ofsample1&2

Question 3: antithesis(2 points): not that……but that……

Rhetorical question(2 points): had you……to live all

freemen?

Parallelism: complete parallelism(2 points): as…I…

partial parallelism(2 points):tears for his love, joy

for his fortune……

repetition:(2 points)if any, speak, for him have I offended

Question 4(10 points):

without you have read=if you have not read2 pointsthat ain’t no matter=that isn’t matter2 pointsI never seen= I have never seen2 points Without it was Aunt Polly=it was not Aunt Polly2 pointsAunt Polly and Mary, and the widow Douglas is all told=Aunt Polly and Mary, and the widow Douglas are all told Question 5(5 points): lower class, less educated

III.Read the following passages and analyze the stylistic features of the following passages(30 points).1.total: 15 points

1)lexical(5 points): word length;word color;structure of

noun/verb group

2)syntactic(5 points): structure & type, tense, length

3)textual(5 points): news report;inverted pyramid;

paragraphing;inverted commas 2.total: 15 points

1)lexical(5 points): technical terms;word length;word color;structure of noun/verb group

2)syntactic(5 points): tense, structure, length, passive voice3)textual(5 points): research abstract;goal;method;

result/conclusion

IV.Read the poem below and analyze its language and style(10 points).1.phonological(3 points): iambic tetrameter;rhyme scheme

(aabb ccdd)

2.lexical(2 points): common words with one syllable and two

syllables

3.syntactic(2 points): using coordinated sentence structure to

weave contrasting ideas or elicit action.4.theme(3 points): describing the miserable life of British

people and giving them suggestions.B

Ⅱ.Read the following short passages and answer the questions or do the assignment that follow(40 points).Question 1: a.lexical differences(5 points): length, formalityb.syntactic differences(5 points): length, structure Question 2: sample 2:oral,informal(2 points)

sample 3: formal,written(2 points)

sample 1: the style is between that ofsample1&2

Question 3: antithesis(2 points): not that……but that……

Rhetorical question(2 points): had you……to live all

freemen?

Parallelism: complete parallelism(2 points): as…I…

partial parallelism(2 points):tears for his love, joy

for his fortune……

repetition:(2 points)if any, speak, for him have I offended

Question 4(10 points):

without you have read=if you have not read2 pointsthat ain’t no matter=that isn’t matter2 pointsI never seen= I have never seen2 points Without it was Aunt Polly=it was not Aunt Polly2 pointsAunt Polly and Mary, and the widow Douglas is all told=Aunt Polly and Mary, and the widow Douglas are all told Question 5(5 points): lower class, less educated

III.Read the following passages and analyze the stylistic features of the following passages(30 points).1.total: 15 points

1)lexical(5 points): word length;word color;structure of

noun/verb group

2)syntactic(5 points): structure & type, tense, length

3)textual(5 points): news report;inverted pyramid;

paragraphing;inverted commas 2.total: 15 points

1)lexical(5 points): technical terms;word length;word color;structure of noun/verb group

2)syntactic(5 points): tense, structure, length, passive voice3)textual(5 points): research abstract;goal;method;

result/conclusion

IV.Read the poem below and analyze its language and style(10 points).1.phonological(2 points): main metrical pattern(iambic

pentameter), rhyme scheme(abab)

2.lexical(2 points): common words with one syllable and two

syllables

3.syntactic(2 points): simple coordinated sentence structure 4.theme(4 points): living to love nature and pursue art rather

than strive for fame and fortune

第四篇：文体学学习心得

文体学学习心得

研究生的第一个学期，学校为我们翻译专业安排了《文体学》这门课程。在付晓丽老师的指导下，我们对文体学这门课形成了系统的认识，对翻译活动也有了更深层次的见解。通过这学期的学习，我不仅了解了文体学的相关理论，学会了用这些理论服务来于翻译实践，而且还发现了许多学习的乐趣，真正体会到生活处处皆学问的内涵。

一、《文体学》之前期准备

在开设这门课之前，对《文体学》这门课没有丝毫的了解，甚至有同学猜测是不是跟瑜伽有关，听上去很修身养性的课程名称。后来在网上查了一下，才知道，“文体学，也称语体学、风格学，现大都译为文体学。它是一门研究文本体裁的特征、本质及其规律，介于语言学、文艺学、美学、心理学等学科之间，方兴未艾的综合性边缘学科，目前正处于发展、完善的阶段。”也有的说“文体学是一门教我们怎样使用语言，怎样使用不同风格的语言的一门学科。”不管哪种说法，跟翻译联系起来，给人的印象绝对是那种枯燥、乏味，且属于纯理论的课程。因此，在正式上课之前，潜意识里就断定这门课肯定很没有意思。

二、《文体学》之学习过程

刚上第一节课，便发现文体学老师讲课很有意思，为人随和、教学风格幽默，我们学生也不用一直拘谨，课堂氛围非常活跃。后来才知道付老师在语言学方面的造诣相当深厚，经过老师精彩的讲解，我们对文体学的概念及其在日常生活中的应用，有了初步了解，老师还用生活中的具体事例向我们展示了身边的文体学，例如大家平时津津乐道的“甄嬛体”、“梨花体”、“淘宝体”等。这时候我才发现文体学与我想象中的完全不一样，它不但不是纯理论，而且与日常生活的关系还如此密切。

由于大家都很喜欢付老师的行事作风、讲课风格，所以每次上课，大家都会积极配合。每一节课都会有新鲜的材料、新鲜的知识，发生在身边、自己却又没有留意到的课堂素材，甚至连街上的双语广告单页也可以拿来给我们作为平行文本进行分析，在一种轻松、愉悦的氛围中，那种枯燥乏味的知识听起来也变得有趣了许多，下课后还有意犹未尽的感觉，总想再多听一会儿付老师的讲解。有时候老师还会跟我们分享一些，她看到的杂志上的一些小篇幅文章，表面看来意义颇深，但对其深究，却会发现其中的逻辑并不严谨。教导我们平时不仅要留心观察，发现别人发现不到的问题，更要认真思考，对事情保有自己的看法。老师还教导我们平时应多读一些优质文本，培养对语言的敏感度；多看一些专业相关的核心期刊，了解行业最新发展动态。

三、《文体学》之知识收获

作为一名翻译硕士，学习文体学的最终目的，无非是将其应用于翻译实践，完善翻译文本。翻译必须要符合源文本的本意，这就需要与句子结构、文体分析相结合，高质量的目标语文本不仅要传达源语文本的信息，还要表现出源语文本的文体特征。文体学则是运用语言学的理论去研究文章表面意义与深层内涵、文体功用与实践效果之间的关系，处理现代翻译理论中的一个根本问题，即文体上的“形似”还是意义上的“神似”，或者说采用直译还是意译的问题。

学过文体学之后，每次做翻译的时候，总要先通读源文本，了解文本信息及其语言风格，然后尽量在准确传递信息的同时，采用源文本的语言风格。虽然现在能力有限，做不到风格的完全对等，但至少已经注意到了这个问题，并且在努力使其形式、风格更加接近。

现在，文体学课程已经全部结束了，在整个学习的过程中，可以说是受益匪浅，我将会在今后的翻译实践中，更多地注意这方面的问题，不断学习、巩固自己的翻译技能，更好地把握文体学在翻译中的应用。

第五篇：文体学论文

A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech I Have a dream

Course: English Stylistics and Rhetoric Lecturer: Zhang Xuhong Credit: 2 Time of Assigned on 28/11/2013 Time of Submission:19/12/2013 Student No:2010010225 Name:杜敏

Class:(Grade 2001)Class 1English Dept, Harbin Normal Univ.从文体学的角度分析演讲稿《我有一个梦》

杜敏

摘要：本文根据文体学理论从文体手段角度试图对美国著名黑人领袖马丁.路德.金的著名演讲《我有一个梦》中所使用的文体手段进行了详尽的分析，作者在此基础上进而对演讲文体的风格进行了简要的论述。本研究对演讲稿的文体风格的选用具有启示作用。

关键词：文体学；文体学理论；文体手段；文体的风格；分析；演讲

A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech I Have a dream

DuMin

Abstract: On the base of the definition of stylistics, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of some the of stylistic devices used in the famous speech by the well-known American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and then probes into the stylistic characteristics of speech as a style.Key words: Stylistics, Stylistic devices, Analysis, Speech.Introduction As an interdisciplinary field of study, stylistics promises to offer useful insights into literary criticism and the teaching of literature with its explicit aims and effective techniques.It is very useful in the analysis of various styles of writing.In this thesis, the author tries to offer a stylistic analysis of the famous speech by Martin Luther king, Jr.I Have a Dream.1.Introduction: Definition of Stylistics and Stylistic Analysis As far as the definition of stylistics is concerned different scholars define the branch of study in different ways.Wales defines stylistics simply as “ the study of style”(1989:437), while Widdowson provides a more informative definition as “the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation” and takes “a view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a means of linking the two”(1975:3).Leech holds a similar view.He defines stylistics as the “study of the use of language in literature”(1969:1)and considers stylistics a “meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study”(1969:2).From what Widdowson and Leech say, we can see that stylistics is an area of study that straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics.It takes literary discourse(text)as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.Stylistic analysis is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text;that is, what it is that is peculiar to the uses of language in a literary text for delivering the message.This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse.Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a literary text by Systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another.Halliday points out, “The text may be seen as „this‟ in contrast with „that‟, with another poem or another novel;stylistics studies are essentially comparative in nature…”(1971:341).On this points, Widdowson is of the same opinion as Halliday.He says：“All literary appreciation is comparative, as indeed is a recognition of styles in general”(1975:84).Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity that is highly comparative in nature.2.A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech(An analysis of some of the stylistic devices used in the speech.Martin Luther King‟s speech of August 28, 1963 is widely regarded as one of the most powerful ever delivered in the United States.Although this address was delivered orally, it was read from a written text composed with GREat care.It is an example of formal English with a convincing style.Here are some of the stylistic devices(which maybe considered traditionally as rhetorical devices)used by Dr King to inspire and persuade.2.1 Repetition Throughout the speech, Dr.King repeats words and sentence.This is a very outstanding feature in this speech called repetition.It belongs to the stylistic device of syntactic over-regularity.The term repetition is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text such as a word, phrase or even a sentence(Leech, 1969), because all the over-regular features in literature are in some sense repetitious.Used in speech, repetition not only makes it easy for the audience to follow what the speaker is saying, but also gives a strong rhythmic quality to the speech and makes it more memorable.In paragraphs 8 through 16, for example, King uses the words “I have a dream” nine times.This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in discourse and the function of reinforcement in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker‟s strong emotion of longing for freedom, justice, righteousness and a much more united nation of all of God‟s children.If we study the whole speech more carefully, it is easy for us to find many other examples of repetition used.(1)But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free.One hundred years later, the life of the Negro(2)is still sadly crippled by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination.One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.Here the phrase “one hundred years later” has been repeated three times, seemingly indicating that it is really a long time for the Negro to wait for the coming of the time of justice and righteousness.(3)But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity of this nation.(Par.4)(4)Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice.Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God‟s Children.Now Is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.(Par.4)In this short passage, the clause “Now is the time to…” has been used four times to emphasize the fierce urgency of “NOW” and to encourage and persuade the blacks to take immediate action to rise above and gain their own rights and freedom.2.2 Use of Parallelism Parallelism is another syntactic over-regularity.It means exact repetition in equivalent positions.It differs from simple repetition in that the identity does not extend to absolute duplication, it “requires some variable feature of the pattern-some contrasting elements which are „parallel‟ with respect to their position in the pattern”(Leech, 1969:66).To put it simply, parallelism means the balancing of sentence elements that are grammatically equal.To take them parallel, balance nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, clauses with clauses, and so forth.In his speech, Martin Luther King uses parallelism to create a strong rhythm to help the audience line up his ideas.Here are few examples:(5)…by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination…(Par.2, two parallel noun phrases)(6)“This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.”(Par.4, two parallel infinitive phrases: “to engage…to take…”)

(7)“there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America…”(Par.5, two parallel nouns joined with “neither…nor”)

It is traditionally believed that parallelism is used for the purpose of emphasizing and enhancing, esp.in speech, the ideas expressed by the speaker(or author in written versions), thus always encouraging and inspiring the audience.We need not to be very carefully to find out many more examples of parallelism used in King‟s speech and classified as is followed: 2.2.1 Parallel Nouns:(8)This not was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.(Par.3, three parallel nouns as attributive)(9)1963 is not an end, but a beginning(Par.5, two parallel nouns joined with “not…but…”)(10)Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.(Par.6)2.2.2 Parallel Noun Phrases:(11)So we have to came to cash this check-a check that will give as upon demand the riches of freedom and The security of justice.(Par.4)(12)I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brother hood(Par.10)2.2.3 Parallel Infinitive Phrases:(13)It would be fetal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro.(Par.5, two parallel infinitive phrases)(14)With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to straggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.(Par.7, five parallel infinitive phrases).2.2.4 Parallel Prepositional Phrases(15)I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.(Par.12)(16)…, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, …(Par.25)

E.Parallel clauses:(17)…, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and(that)their freedom is inextricably bound t our freedom.(Par.6, two parallel objective clause)2.3 Use of Similes and Metaphors As two very important types of meaning transference in literature, similes and metaphors are comparisons that show similarities in things that are basically different, which can be used to add vividness and vitality to writing.As Leech points out, metaphor is associated with a particular rule of transference which may be called the “metaphoric rule”(1969: 151).That is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning.Throughout the speech, King makes extensive use of similes and metaphors.In paragraph 1, for example, King compares The Emancipation Proclamation to two forms of brilliant light cutting through darkness.The first-“a joyous daybreak”-compares it to the sunrise, which(in this case)ends “the long night of captivity”.In paragraph 2, he speaks of “the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination,” comparing segregation and discrimination under which the Negro people live to the manacles and chains once used on slaves.Therefore, it is very clear that the using of similes and metaphors can definitely add vividness and vitality to writing and make it easy for the readers or audience to understand.Now let‟s cite some of the similes and metaphors used in King‟s speech.(18)One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(Par.2, metaphors)(19)But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity for this nation(Par.4, metaphors)(20)This is no time … to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.(Par.4, metaphor)2.4 Use of Contrast Although maybe a rhetorical device instead of a stylistic one, contrast has also been used effectively, like repetition, in this speech, achieving the function of making clear the ideas of the speaker.In paragraph l, for example, “GREat beacon light of hope” is contrasted with “flames of withering injustice,” and “joyous daybreak” with long night of captivity.”

As it is defined, contrast is used to show the difference between two things.Therefore, it is not very difficult for us to understand why the speaker king uses so many contrasts in his speech.(21)One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(Par.2)(22)Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice.(Par.4)(23)Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood(Par.4)

Conclusion

As we have analyzed above, stylistic devices are frequently used in the discourse of literary works especially in speech, to achieve certain specific purposes.Thus making the style of a speech somewhat particular to the others.Generally speaking, a speech may have the following stylistic characteristics: To begin with, it must be very persuasive.Thus the sentence patterns are very well-organized, with repetitions, parallelism and contrasts frequently used.Secondly, it should be emotional so as to be convincing, because the speaker should face the audience directly and his words should not only be orderly and informative but also be expressive and inspiring.Therefore, the stylistic devices such as similes and metaphors are often involved.Finally, in many cases, written-conversational style is usually used with not very formal diction and not very complicated sentence structure.Reference [1].Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream, August 28, 1963 [2].Wang Shouyuan, Essentials of English Stylistics, Shandong University Press, July, 2000 [3].Pan Shaozhang, English Rhetoric and Writing, Shanghai Transportation University Press, December, 1998 [4].Widdowson, H.G.Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature, Longman, 1975

[5].Leech, G.N.“ „This bread I break‟ Language and interpretation”.In D.C.Freeman.(ed.).Linguistics and Literature Style.New York:Holt, Rinhart & Winston.