第一篇:古诗词中叠字及其英译浅谈-长江大学
古诗词中叠字及其英译浅谈
姓名:陈建燕
班级:英本2045班
学号:200407204 摘要:叠字是汉语修辞的一种方法,古代诗词作家更是常常用到叠字来抒情、叙事、状物、摹声。诗词中的叠字有名词叠字,动词叠字,形容词叠字和副词叠字。叠字的英译方法有:叠字叠译、语义对等翻译、语用对等翻译,压韵体翻译。
关键词:古诗词;叠字;种类;翻译法 引言:
中国的古典诗词是一种语言凝练、精粹、内涵丰富而且韵律优美的文学体裁。在古典诗词中常常可以见到叠字这一特有的修辞形式。纵观中国古典诗词,从《诗经》到唐诗、宋词、元曲,叠字的运用随处可见。单是白居易的《琵琶行》中运用叠字便多达十二处之多。然而,由于中英两种语言的谴词造句习惯不同,我们在将汉语诗词中叠字译成英文时,往往会遇到较大的困难。本文将试着从分析叠字的种类入手浅谈叠字英译的几种方法。1.诗词中的叠字的种类
从叠字在句中的位置分,有句首叠字,如《诗经》中《关雎》有“关关雎鸠,在河之洲”;句中叠字,如。中“茅檐低小,溪上青青草”;句尾叠字,如王建的《望夫石》中“望夫处,江悠悠”。这种分类是形式上的,根据词性的不同,叠字可以分为以下几类: 1.1名词叠字
名词叠用往往是表示不可数事物或者可数事物的复数。如: ①.(今逢四海为家日),故垒萧萧芦荻秋。——刘禹锡《西塞山怀古》[7]P192 By old ramparts autumn wind soughs through the reeds.这里的“萧萧”指的是风声,故是名词。②.(嫦娥应悔偷灵药),碧海青天夜夜心。——李商隐《嫦娥》 [8]P11 In that blue ocean of a sky: endless thoughts, night after night.这里的“夜夜”指的是夜复一夜。1.2动词叠字
动词叠字表达的是动作大,时间长或者是动作重复。如:
①.清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂。——杜牧《清明》[7] P266 It drizzles endlessly during the rainy season in spring.“纷纷”指雨下个不停,即雨下的时间长。②.(死别已吞声),生别常恻恻。——杜甫《梦李白
(一)》 [7] P146 But to be parted in life is pain unending.“恻恻”在这里的意思是哭泣,是个动词。1.3形容词叠字
形容词叠用时,往往是修饰名词,以加深加重对事物特征的描述。如: ①.云青青兮欲雨,水澹澹兮生烟。——李白《梦游天姥吟留别》 [7] P114 Dark were the clouds, heavy with rain;Waters boiled into misty spray.这里的“青青”是形容乌云的样子,“澹澹”是水波荡漾的意思。②.两鬓苍苍十指黑。——白居易《卖碳翁—苦宫市也》 [7] P201 His temples grizzled, his ten fingers blackened.“苍苍”是花白的意思,是形容老翁的鬓角都白了。
翩翩两骑来是谁?——白居易《卖碳翁—苦宫市也》 [7] P201 Then up canter two riders;who can they be? “翩翩”是形容马跑的快的意思。③.夜船吹笛雨萧萧。——皇莆松《梦江南》 [1] P15
Of flute-songs played adrift one rainy night of yore.“萧萧”雨下的大。
④.茅檐低小,溪上青青草。——辛弃疾的《清平乐·村居》 [6] P164 Beside the brook green grasses grow.“青青”是形容草的绿色。1.4副词叠字
副词叠字与形容词叠字形式类似,有时容易混淆。区别的方法主要看叠字修饰的对象,修饰名词特征的是形容词,描述动作状态的是副词。副词的主要功能是加强语气,有的副词还有摹声的作用。如:
①.无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来。——杜甫《登高》 [7] P141 Everywhere the leaves fall rustling from the trees;While on for ever rolls the turbulent Yangtze.“萧萧”描述的是落叶飘然而下,纷纷扬扬,沙沙作响的样子。“滚滚”指长江水奔腾不息的湍急之势。②.(田夫荷锄至),相见语依依。——王维《渭川田家》 [1]P87 As they meet, they talk friendly, without cease.“依依”是指谈话投机。
③.匆匆春又归去。——辛弃疾《摸鱼儿》 [6] P160 Too hastily, I fear, twill leave again.“匆匆”是说春天的脚步很快,作者是在感叹时光飞逝,这与朱自清的《匆匆》有异曲同工之妙。
在上述四种叠字中,动词叠字和名词叠字较少见,副词的相对多一些,最多的是形容词的叠字。
2.诗词叠字的英译
诗词翻译是技巧更是艺术,具体到叠字的英译,则更加讲究。古诗词中的叠字除具备信息功能外,还具备表情功能与美感功能,使语言生动活泼,更富有感染力。翻译时如不把叠字处理好,无疑是一大损失;而要把一连串叠字很好的在译文中体现出来,又确实是一大难题。所以叠字英译时,译者必须很好的把握分寸,何时应该照译,何时不译,何时只译出意义等,都必须心中有数。观察叠词的种种译法,常用的翻译方法有以下几种。2.1叠字叠译
即直接重复某个英文单词来翻译汉语的叠字。重复是用的往往是形容词或是副词,这在形式上与汉语的叠字十分相似。如:
①.离离原上草,(一岁一枯荣)。——白居易《赋得古原草送别》 [8] P87 Green Green the grass upon the plain.②.错,错,错!
Wrong, Wrong, Wrong!莫,莫,莫!——陆游《钗头凤》 [6] P145 No, No, No!
③.杳杳寒山道,落落冷涧溪。——寒山《杳杳寒山道》 [3] P46 Long, long the pathway to Cold Hill;Drear, drear the waterside so chill.④.江雨霏霏江草齐,(六朝如梦鸟空啼)。——韦庄《台城》 [8] P165 Raining, raining steadily along the river.以上四个例子都是将古诗词原作中的叠字直接用英文的叠字短语译出,不仅不令人感到累赘,相反却很好的再现了原作的特色,不失为佳译。2.2语义对等翻译
众所周知,汉语的叠字远多于英语的叠字,直接叠字翻译的情况毕竟有限,大部分的汉语叠字在英语中找不出相对的叠字。英语中如果大量运用叠字,反而会视为内容空虚,冗余累赘,此时,可以从语义对等的角度进行翻译。语义对等是指在译文的句法和语义规范允许的范围内再现原作者在特定语境下所表达的确切含义,因此,翻译时应从多方面考虑叠字的词义,选择与汉语相应的英语词汇。具体而言,有以下几种方法。
2.2.1若叠字具有“每”的意思时,英语可译成each, every等词;若不强调“每一个”,可用复数形式来译。如: ①.(春眠不觉晓),处处闻啼鸟。——孟浩然《春晓》 [8] P30 Now everywhere the cries of birds are heard.②.(谁知盘中餐),粒粒皆辛苦。——李绅《悯农二首·其二》 [8] P169 That every grain comes only through long toil.③.人人尽说江南好,(游人只合江南老)。——韦庄《菩萨蛮》 [6] P25
All will say the Southern land is fair.例子①、②中的“处处”和“粒粒”都强调了每一处,每一粒的意思,③中的“人人”便是统指所有人,是一个复数概念。2.2.2运用拟声词。如:
①.车辚辚,马萧萧。——杜甫《兵车行》 [7] P85 Carts rumbling, horses neighing.这里将汉语的拟声词译成对等的英语拟声词。
②.鹅鹅鹅,曲项向天歌。——骆宾王《咏鹅》 [2] P13 Honk, honk, and honk, with upward neck thou to the sky loudly sing.拟声词honk(呷呷叫声)三次重复,很好的体现了原诗叠字产生的童趣。③.坎坎伐檀兮。——《诗经·伐檀》 [4] P201 Chop, chop, our blows on elm-tress go.以chop摹伐木之声,保存了原诗的形式与声音。2.2.3运用动词。如:
①.纷纷暮雪下辕门,风掣红旗冻不翻。——岑参《白雪歌送武判官归京》 [7] P160 Evening snow keeps pouring down at the camp gate.这里用一个动词词组pouring down形象立体的描述了大雪纷纷扬扬的样子。②.窗外雨潺潺,春意阑珊。——李煜《浪淘沙》 [2] P50 Without the blind the rain is pattering.原词中的“潺潺”是象声词,指小雨。译者用patter(急拍,轻拍)这个动词的-ing形式把一幅雨下个不停的画面展现在读者面前。
③.思悠悠,恨悠悠,恨到何时方始休。——白居易《长相思》 [6] P17 My thoughts stretch endlessly;My grief wretches endlessly.“悠悠”指无穷无尽的样子,这里wretch是名词做动词用,与上一行的动词stretch形成对仗,勾画出一位闺中少女倚楼眺望,思念久别未归的丈夫的情景。2.2.4运用n.+prep.+n.或A and B短语来体现重复
在n.+prep.+n.短语中,名词用单数、复数都可以,常用的介词有by, after, no, to, within, upon等,这种方式表达力极强,在叠字的英译中有着广泛的运用。在A and B的短语中,A,B两部分为并列成分,它们可以为同义词,也可以为反义词,用同义词时语气得到加强,反义词则形成鲜明对比。如: ①.(霓为衣兮风为马),云之君兮纷纷而来下。——李白《梦游天姥吟留别》[8] P45 One after another, celestial lords descend.②.晴川历历汉阴树,(芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲)。——崔颢《黄鹤楼》 [1] P100 By sun-lit river trees can be count’d one by one.③.(两情若是久长时),又岂在朝朝暮暮。——秦观《鹊桥仙》 [6] P107 Why need they stay tighter night and day? ④.青泥何盘盘。——李白《蜀道难》 [7] P50 At Green Mud Ridge the path winds back and forth.2.3语用对等翻译
翻译中的语用对等是与语义对等相对应的,是翻译理论中的一个新模式。具体的说,就是在词汇、语法、语义等语言学的不同层次上,不拘泥于原文的形式,只求保存原作的内容,用译文中最贴切而又最自然的对等语将这个内容表达出来。因此,译者必须在特定的语境中,仔细分析原文的“语用用意”。如:
①.十年生死两茫茫。——苏轼《江城子》 [6] P79 Ten years parted, one living, one dead.“茫茫”在此表明诗人和死去的妻子隔着两个世界,茫然虚无、互无信息的情景。译者并没有一味追求叠字的形式,在译文中没有出现“茫茫”的字眼,而从整体意义和深层意义考虑,较好的表达了原词的一样和风格,文字简洁,情真意切。②.念天地之悠悠,(独怆然而涕下)。——陈子昂《登幽洲台歌》 [8] P28 Thinking of this infinite universe.“悠悠”是形容天地广阔,译文中的表达准确且言简意赅。
③.燕燕轻盈,莺莺娇软。——姜夔《踏莎行·燕燕轻盈》 [10] P45 My love graceful and slim;In sweet and soft voice.原文中,“燕燕”和“莺莺”均指所恋女子,译文中没有按照字面译成“swallows”和“nightingales”,而是译出了叠字真正的含义“my love”.2.4通过格律体和压韵体体现重复。如:
①.世事茫茫难自料,春愁黯黯独成眠。——韦应物《寄李儋元锡》 [9] P99 The world’s ways-dim and distant,hard to foretell.Spring griefs-dull and dark;I sleep alone.“茫茫”是指诗人对自己和国家前途不可预料的迷惘程度,“黯黯”表达的是诗人忧烦失意,一筹莫展的苦闷心情。译者用dim and distant来译“茫茫”,用dull and dark来译“黯黯”,这两组词意思上互相补充,加强语气,且都押头韵[d],产生叠字反复的效果。②.寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。——李清照《声声慢》 [6] P127 I look for what I miss, I know not what it is;I feel so sad, so drear, So lonely, without cheer.译者在这里很好的将原文叠字的言内意义融进了同义词和同句型的重复之中,前三行的“I”“What”,后两行中的so结构,其中drear,cheer还采用押尾韵,起到了很多的修饰效果。
③.欲去又依依。——韦庄《女冠子》 [5] P56 You ‘d go away but stop to stay.以stop和stay译“依依”,这两个词都以/s/音开头,押头韵,再现了双声叠韵,起到了加强节奏、渲染气氛的作用,使整个句子读起来音韵十分优美。
从以上例子可以看出,若非翻译功底深厚的译者,一般不大用这种方法来英译古诗词,尤其不用格律体意译。
总之,汉语古诗词中叠字数量之多,英译之难,绝非文中所列几条所能概括,方法还有很多,如意象法和仿译法。尽管英语中叠字不如汉语中丰富,但英语本身也是一门内涵丰富的语言。只要广大译者坚持不懈,努力探索,尽可能多的了解两种语言的文化背景,尽可能多的照顾汉英的用词习惯和特点,就能使译文达到意义、文化和美学上的完美统一,获得理想的艺术效果。
参考文献:
[1]隋荣谊 《汉英翻译新教程》 北京:中国电力出版社 2004.05 [2]万昌盛 《中国古诗一百首》 郑州:大象出版社 2002 [3]许渊冲 《中国古诗词六百首》 北京:北京新世界出版社 1994 [4]许渊冲 《诗经》 长沙:湖南出版社 1993 [5]许渊冲 《中诗英韵探胜》 北京:北京大学出版社 1992 [6]许渊冲 《最爱唐宋词》 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司 2006.04 [7]杨宪益、戴乃送 《古诗苑汉英译丛书之唐诗》 北京:外文出版社 2003 [8]张庭琛 《最美是唐诗》 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司 2006.04 [9]周运增 《谈中国古典诗词中叠字英译》 商丘师专报 1999(3)[10]偬仕 《宋词选》 北京:中国文学出版社 1999
第二篇:古诗词中叠字名句集粹
古诗词中叠字名句集粹(一)
呦呦鹿鸣,食野之苹。我有嘉宾,鼓瑟吹笙。(《诗经·小雅·鹿呜》)战战兢兢,如临深渊,如履薄冰。(《诗经·小雅·小旻》)
行行重行行,与君生别离。(古诗十九首之一)
青青河畔草,郁郁园中柳。盈盈楼上女,皎皎当窗牖。
娥娥红粉妆,纤纤出素手。(古诗十九首之二)
青青陵上柏,磊磊涧中石。(古诗十九首之三)洛中何郁郁,冠带自相索。(古诗十九首之三)冉冉狐生竹,结根泰山阿。(古诗十九首之八)
迢迢牵牛星,皎皎河汉女。
纤纤擢素手,札札弄机杼。(古诗十九首之十)盈盈一水间,脉脉不得语。(古诗十九首之十)
回车驾言迈,悠悠涉长道。
四顾何茫茫,东风摇百草。(古诗十九首之十一)白杨何萧萧,松柏夹广路。(古诗十九首之十三)
凛凛岁云暮,蝼蛄夕鸣悲。(古诗十九首之十六)明月何皎皎,照我罗床纬。(古诗十九首之十九)
路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索。(屈原《离骚》)
明月皎皎照我床,星汉西流夜未央。(曹丕《短歌行》)天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊。(南北民歌《敕勒歌》)
木欣欣以向荣,泉涓涓而始流。(陶潜《归去来兮辞》)念天地之悠悠,独怆然而涕下。(陈子昂《登幽州台歌》)
漠漠水田飞白鹭,阴阴夏木啭黄鹂。(唐·王维《积雨辋川庄作》)
流连戏蝶时时舞,自在娇莺恰恰啼。(杜甫《江畔独步寻花》)繁枝容易纷纷落,嫩蕊商量细细开(杜甫《江畔独步寻花七绝句》)风含翠筱娟娟静,雨裛红蕖冉冉香。(杜甫《狂夫》)
穿花峡蝶深深见,点水靖蜒款款飞。(杜甫《曲江二首》)信宿渔人还泛泛,清秋燕子故飞飞。(杜甫《秋兴八首之三》)榉柳枝枝弱,枇杷树树香(杜甫《田舍诗》)无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来。(杜甫《登高》)
黄鹤一去不复返,白云千载空悠悠。
晴川历历汉阳树,芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲。(崔灏《黄鹤楼》)
大弦噪噪如急雨,小弦切切如私雨。
噪噪切切错杂弹,大珠小珠落玉盘。(白居易《琵琶行)一道残阳铺水中,半江瑟瑟半江红。(白居易《暮江吟》)
人生代代无穷已,江月年年只相似。(张若虚《春江花月夜》)渭城朝雨浥輕尘,客舍青青柳色新。(王維《渭城曲》)
清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂。(杜牧《清明》)长空澹澹孤鸟没,万古销沉向此中。(杜牧《登乐游原》)
一叶叶,一声声,空阶滴到明。(温庭筠《更漏子》)庭院深深深几许,杨柳堆烟,帘幕无重数。(欧阳修《蝶恋花》)浥浥炉香初泛夜,离离花影欲摇春。(苏轼《江城子》)
知否?知否?应是绿肥红瘦。(李清照《如梦令》)争渡,争渡,惊起一滩鸥鹭。(李清照《如梦令》)
寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。(李清照《声声慢》)
古诗词中名句鉴赏
人闲桂花落,夜静春山空。月出惊山鸟,时鸣春涧中。--唐·王维《鸟鸣涧》
忽如一夜春风来,千树万树梨花开。--唐·岑参《白雪歌送武判官归京》
莫愁前路无知己,天下谁人不识君。--唐·高适《别董大》
白日依山尽,黄河入海流。欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。--唐·王之涣《登鹳雀楼》
洛阳亲友如相问,一片冰心在玉壶。--唐·王昌龄《芙蓉楼送辛渐》
劝君更进一杯酒,西出阳关无故人。--唐·王维《送元二使安西》
独在异乡为异客,每逢佳节倍思亲。--唐·王维《九月九日忆山东兄弟》
大漠孤烟直,长河落日圆。--唐·王维《使至塞上》
绿树村边合,青山郭外斜。--唐·孟浩然《过故人庄》
海上升明月,天涯共此时。--唐·张九龄《望月怀远》
落霞与孤鹜齐飞,秋水共长天一色。--王勃《滕王阁序》
海内存知己,天涯若比邻。--唐·王勃《送杜少府之任蜀州》
蝉噪林逾静,鸟鸣山更幽,--南朝梁·王籍《入若耶溪》
机不可失,失不再来。--《新五代史·晋书》
近朱者赤,近墨者黑。--晋·傅玄《太子少傅箴》
士别三日,即更刮目相待。--陈寿《三国志·吴书》
勿以恶习小而为之,勿以善小而不为。--西晋·陈寿《三国志》
非淡泊无以明志,非宁静无以致远。--诸葛亮《诫子书》
鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已,--诸葛亮《后出师表》
山不厌高,海不厌深;周公吐哺,天下归心。--曹操《短歌行》
老骥伏枥,志在千里;烈士暮年,壮心不已。--曹操《龟虽寿》
盛名之下,其实难副。--南朝宋·范晔《后汉书·黄琼传》 精诚所至,金石为开。--范晔《后汉书·广陵思王荆传》
失之东隅,收之桑榆。--范晔《后汉书·冯异传》
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲!--汉乐府《长歌行》
绳锯木断,水滴石穿。--班固《汉书》
忠言逆耳利于行,良药苦口利于病。--《史记》
智者千虑,必有一失;愚者千虑,必有一得。--《史记·淮阴侯列传》
桃李不言,下自成蹊。--《史记·李将军列传》
失之毫厘,谬以千里。--《史记·太史公自序》
塞翁失马,焉知非福。--《淮南子》
临渊羡鱼,不如退而结网。--《淮南子》
一张一弛,文武之道。--《礼记·杂记下》
独学而无友,则孤陋而寡闻。--《礼记·杂记》
流水不腐,户枢不蠹,动也。--《吕氏春秋·尽数》
千里之堤,溃于蚁穴。--《韩非子·喻老》
蓬生麻中,不扶不直;白沙在涅,与之俱黑。--《荀子·劝学》
锲而舍之,朽木不折;锲而不舍,金石可镂。--《荀子·劝学》
生,亦我所欲也;义,亦我所欲也;二者不可得兼,舍生而取义者也。我所欲也》
富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈。--《孟子·滕文公下》
生于忧患,死于安乐。--《孟子·告子下》
得道者多助,失道者寡助。--《孟子·公孙丑》
民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。--《孟子·尽心上》
天时不如地利,地利不如人和。--《孟子·公孙丑》
老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼。--《孟子·梁惠王下》达则兼济天下,穷则独善其身。--《孟子·尽心上》
橘生淮南则为橘,生于淮北则为枳。--《晏子春秋》
十年树木,百年树人。《管子·权修》
吾生也有涯,而知也无涯。--《庄子·养生主》
敏而好学,不耻下问。--《论语·公冶长》
--《孟子·鱼
有则改之,无则加勉。--《论语》
与朋友交,言而有信。--《论语·学而》
言必信,行必果。--《论语·子路》
学而不厌,诲人不倦。--《论语·述而》
学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。--《论语·为政》
三军可夺帅也,匹夫不可夺志也。--《论语·子罕》
己所不欲,勿施于人。--《论语·颜渊》
往事不可谏,来者犹可追。--《论语·微子》
工欲善其事,必先利其器。--《论语·卫灵公》
物以类聚,人以群分。--《易经》
知人者智,自知者明。--《老子》
天网恢恢,疏而不漏。--《老子·七十三章》
祸兮福之所倚,福兮祸之所伏。--《老子·五十八章》
千里之行,始于足下。--《老子·六十四章》
知己知彼,百战不殆。--《孙子兵法·谋攻》
亡羊补牢,犹未迟也。--《战国策·楚策》
前事不忘,后事之师。--《战国策·赵策》
辅车相依,唇亡齿寒。--《左传·僖公五年》
人非圣贤,孰能无过?过而能改,善莫大焉。--《左传》
满招损,谦受益。--《尚书》
其曲弥高,其和弥寡。--宋玉《对楚王问》
路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索。--屈原《离骚》
投我以桃,报之以李。--《诗经·大雅·抑》
他山之石,可以攻玉。--《诗经·小雅·鹿鸣》
言者无罪,闻者足戒。--《诗经·大序》
今宵酒醒何处?杨柳岸晓风残月。--宋·柳永《雨霖铃》
大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物。--宋·苏轼《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》
别有幽愁暗恨生,此时无声胜有声。--唐·白居易《琵琶行》
千呼万唤始出来,犹抱琵琶半遮面。--唐·白居易《琵琶行》 采菊东篱下,悠然见南山。--晋·陶渊明《饮酒》
臣心一片磁针石,不指南方不肯休。--宋·文天祥《扬子江》
恰同学少年,风华正茂,书生意气,挥斥方遒。指点江山,激扬文字,粪土当年万户侯。曾记否,到中流击水,浪遏飞舟?--毛泽东《沁园春·长沙》
四体不勤,五谷不分。--《论语·微子篇》
俭,德之共也;侈,恶之大也。--《左传·庄公二十四年》
有道之士,贵以近知远,以今知古,以所见知所不见。--《吕氏春秋·察今》
雁荡经行云漠漠,龙湫宴坐雨蒙蒙。--唐·贯休《诺矩罗赞》
人间四月芳菲尽,山寺桃花始盛开。常恨春归无觅处,不知转入此中来。--白居易《大林寺桃花》
忍看朋辈成新鬼,怒向刀丛觅小诗。--鲁迅《为了忘却的记念》
言之无文,行而不远。--《左传》
茕茕孑立,形影相吊。--李密《陈情表》
君子食无求饱,居无求安,敏于事而慎于言。--《论语·学而》
是故弟子不必不如师,师不必不如弟子,闻道有先后,术业有专攻,如是而已。--韩愈《师说》
是故无贵无贱,无长无少,道之所存,师之所存也。--韩愈·《师说》
古之学者必有师。师者,所以传道受业解惑也。--韩愈·《师说》
故不积跬步,无以至千里,不积小流,无以成江海。--《荀子·劝学》
君子曰:学不可以已。青,取之于蓝,而青于蓝。--《荀子·劝学》
管中窥豹,时见一斑。--《晋书》
众口铄金,积毁销骨。--《史记·张仪列传》
“ 鉴于往事,有资于治道。”--宋神宗评《资治通鉴》语
鉴前世之兴衰,考当今之得失。--宋·司马光《资治通鉴》
读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。--英·培根《谈读书》
古人不废炼字法,然以意胜,而不以字胜,故能平字见奇,常字见险,陈字见新,朴字见色。
--清·沈德潜《说诗语》
会当凌绝顶,一览众山小。--唐·杜甫《望岳》 旧时王谢堂前燕,飞入寻常百姓家。--唐·刘禹锡《乌衣巷》
竹径通幽处,禅房花木深。--唐·常建《题破山寺后禅院》
晴川历历汉阳树,芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲。--唐·崔颢《黄鹤楼》
不以物喜,不以己悲。--宋·范仲淹《岳阳楼记》
鸟宿池边树,僧敲月下门。--唐·贾岛《题李凝幽居》
无可奈何花落去,似曾相识燕归来。--宋·晏殊《浣溪沙》
寒雨连江夜入吴,平明送客楚山孤。--唐·王昌龄《芙蓉楼送辛渐》
江南好,风景旧曾谙。日出江花红胜火,春来江水绿如蓝,能不忆江南--唐·白居易《忆江南》
好雨知时节,当春乃发生。随风潜入夜,润物细无声。--唐·杜甫《春夜喜雨》
天门中断楚江开,碧水东流至此回。两岸青山相对出,孤帆一片日边来--唐·李白《望天门山》
予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染,濯清涟而不妖。--宋·周敦颐《爱莲说》
清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂。借问酒家何处有?牧童遥指杏花村。--唐·杜牧《清明》
绿树村边合,青山郭外斜。--唐·孟浩然《过故人庄》
三人行,必有我师焉。择其善者而从之,其不善者而改之。--《论语·述而》
敏而好学,不耻下问。--《论语》
温故而知新,可以为师矣。--《论语》
学而时习之,不亦乐乎?--《论语》
1.培养教育人和种花木一样,首先要认识花木的特点,区别不同情况给以施肥、浇水和培养教育,这叫“因材施教”。
——陶行知
2.人像树木一样,要使他们尽量长上去,不能勉强都长得一样高,应当是:立脚点上求平等,于出头处谋自由。——陶行知
3.当教师把每一个学生都理解为他是一个具有个人特点的、具有自己的志向、自己的智慧和性格结构的人的时候,这样的理解才能有助于教师去热爱儿童和尊重儿童。——赞科夫
4.从我手里经过的学生成千上万,奇怪的是,留给我印象最深的并不是无可挑剔的模范生,而是别具特点,与众不同的孩子。——苏霍姆林斯基
5.世界上没有才能的人是没有的。问题在于教育者要去发现每一位学生的禀赋、兴趣、爱好和特长,为他们的表现和发展提供充分的条件和正确引导。
——苏霍姆林斯基
第三篇:诗歌中的叠字
诗歌中的叠字
叠字是指两个相同的字重叠组成的词语,又称为复字、重言,也是一种比较常见的修辞方式。两字相叠被称为单叠,四字相叠被称为双叠。在古典诗词曲中,叠字的运用相当普遍。
我国古代第一部诗歌总集《诗经》共305篇,竟有204篇见用叠字。《诗经》在运用叠字方面显示了精深的语言表现力和惊人的创造性,对后世诗歌创作产生了深远的影响。如:
萧萧马鸣,悠悠旆旌。(《小雅“车攻》)
风雨凄凄,鸡鸣喈喈;
风雨萧萧,鸡鸣胶胶。(《郑风”风雨》)
昔我往矣,杨柳依依;
今我来思,雨雪霏霏。(《小雅“采薇》)
都是受到历代评论家称许的叠字佳句。清代语言学家王筠把《诗经》中的叠字汇集分类,编成《毛诗重言》一书。可见后世对“诗三百”叠字修辞之妙是何等击节赞赏。刘勰在《文心雕龙”物色》中对于《诗经》的叠字给予高度评价:“灼灼状桃李之鲜,依依尽杨柳之貌,杲杲为日出之容,漉漉拟雨雪之状,喈喈逐黄鸟之声,喓喓学草虫之韵;……并以少总多,情貌无遗矣。虽复思经千载,将何易夺?”
这是说:《诗经》中的叠字如“灼灼”“依依”“杲杲”等,虽然只是相叠的两个字,却可以“以少总多”,把客观景物描摹刻画得“情貌无遗”,形神毕现;即使人们再苦思冥想上一千年,也将不能找到更为恰当的词去取代这些叠字。
汉代五言诗《古诗十九首》中,运用了叠字的竟达十三首之多。如《青青河畔草》全诗十句,开头六句连用了叠字: 青青河畔草,郁郁园中柳;
盈盈楼上女,皎皎当窗牖;
娥娥红粉妆,纤纤出素手。
“青青”是从色彩上形容春草之碧绿,“郁郁”是从意态上描绘柳树之葱郁,写出烂漫春光之中草木的生机畅茂。“盈盈”是形容“楼上女”的绰约风采,“皎皎”表现出这位女子临窗凝眺时的姿容仪态。艳丽的“红粉妆”再加上“娥娥”二字,愈显现出她美丽的容貌;洁净白晰的“素手”再饰以“纤纤”二字,更加具体地刻画出“素手”的形态。顾炎武指出:这首诗“连用六叠字,亦极自然,下此即无人可继”(《日知录》)。自然妥贴,毫无矫饰雕琢之痕是这首诗的特点,顾氏之评,切中肯綮。
在格律严整的近体诗盛行之后,叠字运用就比较少了,这是因为近体诗在句数字数上都有严格的规定,遣词造句都讲求高度精炼,如果一味滥用叠字,势必造成诗意的繁复和音节上的板滞。但在唐宋两代律诗里,成功地运用叠字的佳作还是不乏其例的。如崔颢的《黄鹤楼》颈联:
晴川历历汉阳树,芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲。
“历历”是说登楼远眺时,汉阳的树木清晰在望,尽收眼底;“萋萋”是形容鹦鹉洲上芳草浓密茂盛,一片葱翠,由于运用了两组叠字使这联诗句形象鲜明,如在目前,意境更为高远。假如去掉这两组叠字,诗句成为“晴川汉阳树,芳草鹦鹉洲”,则兴味索然了。
唐代诗人李嘉祐有一联诗:“水田飞白鹭,夏木啭黄鹂”;王维《积雨辋川庄作》颔联:“漠漠水田飞白鹭,阴阴夏木啭黄鹂”,在李诗每句前加上一对叠字。前人认为这是王维袭用或点化李诗句,明代胡应麟在《诗薮》中指出,王维是盛唐人,李嘉祐是中唐人,前人怎能偷用后人的诗呢?其说甚是。抛开谁袭用谁这个问题,仅就两联诗的本身进行对照比较而言,王诗多了两组叠字,却增色不少。“漠漠”显示出江南水田的广漠开阔,一望无垠;“阴阴”形容夏木的浓荫幽暗,诗句的内涵更为广袤,比李诗更生动、更传神,显得绰约多姿,读来引人想象,饶有兴味。谢榛评云:“加以四字,豪健自别”(《四溟诗话》);叶梦得说:“此两句好处,正在添漠漠阴阴四字,……自见其妙,如李光弼将郭子仪军,一号令下,精彩数倍”(《石林诗话》)。所谓“豪健自别”“精彩数倍”,都充分肯定了叠字的妙用,缘情体物,突出地渲染出自然景物的特征,因而收到较好的艺术效果。
杜甫是善于用叠字写诗的艺术大师,他的七言律绝中妙用叠字的清词丽句很多,如:
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
(《曲江二首》之二)
信宿渔人还泛泛,清秋燕子故飞飞。
(《秋兴八首》之三)
无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来。
(《登高》)
留连戏蝶时时舞,自在娇莺恰恰啼。
(《江畔独步寻花七绝句》之六)
繁枝容易纷纷落,嫩叶商量细细开。
(《江畔独步寻花七绝句》之七)
却绕井栏添个个,偶经花蕊弄辉辉。
(《见萤火》)上述诗句中的叠字,有的精微细致地描摹刻画了客观事物的动态,有的深切真挚地表露了诗人的思想感情,无论是状物还是抒情,均达到拟声、摹形、传神的境地,使诗句音节琅琅,形象栩栩欲活。不仅七言,五言亦如此,对于老杜五言诗使用叠字之精妙,我们借引范晞文在《对床夜雨》中的一段论述:
双字用于五言,视七言为难。盖一联十字耳,苟轻易放过,则何所取也。老杜虽不以此见工,然亦每加之意焉。观其“纳纳乾坤大,行行郡国遥”,不用纳纳,则不足以见乾坤之大,不用行行,则不足以见道路之远。又“寂寂春将晚,欣欣物自私”,则一气旋转之妙,万物生成之喜,尽于斯矣。至若“汀烟轻冉冉,竹日净晖晖”;“湛湛长江去,冥冥细雨来”;“野日荒荒白,春流泯泯清”;“地晴丝冉冉,江碧草纤纤”;“急急能鸣雁,轻轻不下鸥”;“檐影微微落,律流脉脉斜”;“相逢虽衮衮,告别莫匆匆”等句,俱不泛。
范氏所言之“双字”即本文所谈的叠字。杜诗中叠字安排都是经过锤炼而成的,像用“急急”形容空中鸣雁,用“轻轻”形容盘旋飘飞的白鸥,用“荒荒”形容落日,用“泯泯”形容河水,都新奇别致,妥帖自然。上述所引例证,无论叠字之在句首(如“湛湛长江去”),或在句中(如“檐影微微落”),或在句尾(如“地晴丝冉冉”),状物写景都精当熨贴,从中可见老杜“语不惊人死不休”那种锤炼语言的苦心。
通篇每一句都见叠字的诗作被称为叠字体诗,如清代著名诗人万树的《上元灯月》二首,兹举其一:
煌煌夜色华,攘攘众音哗。皎皎金为月,层层雪作葩。
盈盈飞玉斝,璨璨喷银花。赫赫平津第,潭潭博陆衙。
腾腾歌玉勒,扰扰走钿车。艳艳悬灯市,熙熙贳酒家。
翩翩鞋踏绣,楚楚发垂纱。隐隐藏红袖,婷婷隔绛纱。
悠悠唱罗嗊,细细拨琵琶。袅袅箫初奏,逢逢鼓又挝。行行游未遍,忽忽桂轮斜。
在词这种体裁中,叠字运用也不算少,如:
过尽千帆皆不是,斜晖脉脉水悠悠,肠断白蘋洲。(温庭筠《梦江南》)
庭院深深深几许。(欧阳修《蝶恋花》)
念去去千里烟波,暮霭沉沉楚天阔。(柳永《雨霖铃》)
千古兴亡多少事,悠悠。不尽长江滚滚流。(辛弃疾《南乡子》)
但这些叠字的运用基本上还是承袭了诗的手法,并没有什么突破。在宋代词作叠字运用中,最为赞赏的是李清照名作《声声慢》的开头:
寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。
连用七对叠字,超然笔墨恒蹊之外,确实是大胆的创新。这十四字内包容着千种愁情、万斛怨恨:“寻寻觅觅”,写出心中若有所失,惶惶寻索的茫茫思绪;“冷冷清清”,点染出孤独冷寂的凄苦处境;“凄凄惨惨戚戚”,写出内心深处悲苦凄惨难以名状的愁情,表达出她在南渡之后,国破夫亡,孤苦独处的心境,沉痛无比,十分感人。后世诗歌评论都给予极高的评价:
此乃公孙大娘舞剑手,本朝非无能词之士,未曾有一下十四叠字者。„„后叠又云“梧桐更兼细雨,到黄昏点点滴滴”,又使叠字,俱无斧凿痕。(张端义《贵耳集》)
首句连下十四个叠字,真似大珠小珠落玉盘也。(《词苑丛谈》)
我们理解,所谓“无斧凿痕”是说它造语奇隽而自然稳妥;所谓“大珠小珠落玉盘”,喻其声调顿挫凄绝,用字奇横但不妨音律,故声情和谐。总之《声声慢》的叠字已成为古典诗词中的“六龙回日之高标”,后人是难以企及的。清代女词人双卿在其《凤凰台上忆吹箫》中,妙用叠字来倾吐内心的愁怨,亦为一首叠字名作:
寸寸微云,丝丝残照。有无明灭难消,正断魂魂断,闪闪摇摇。
望望山山水水,人去去隐隐迢迢。
从今后,酸酸楚楚,只似今宵。
青遥,问天不应,看小小双卿袅袅无聊。
更见谁谁见?谁痛花娇?
谁望欢欢喜喜,偷素粉,写写描描?
谁还管,生生死死,暮暮朝朝。
这首词宛转缠绵,情真意切。叠字运用的好,应以“复而不厌,赜而不乱”(顾炎武《日知录》语)为标准,即字面上虽然相叠重复,但应清新熨贴,不使读者感到讨厌;意境上虽然厚重幽深,但应安排得有章法、有条理,不繁杂紊乱。
一些作者在创作中刻意追求多用叠字以标新立异,却往往弄巧反成拙,加厉而变本矣。像韩愈的《南山》连用十四句叠字,诗同堆砌,令人厌烦,不能卒读;李商隐《菊》诗:“暗暗淡淡紫,融融治治黄”,雕琢太过,不足取法。元朝乔吉写的散曲小令《天净沙》通篇用叠字组成:“莺莺燕燕春春,花花柳柳真真。事事风风韵韵,娇娇嫩嫩,停停当当人人。”奇则奇矣,但叠字用得过了头,一味追求奇险,效颦前贤,成为堆砌雕琢之作。前人对此多有批评,陆以湉豪不含糊地指出:“不若李(指李清照[声声慢])之自然妥帖”(《冷斋杂识》);陈廷焯更斥之为“丑态百出”(《白雨斋词话》);话虽刻薄,但讲的不无道理。
在诗、词、曲中,元曲作品的叠字运用最为常见,这是因为元曲具有口语化、通俗化的特点,在格律上又比较宽的缘故。有许多散曲在叠字使用上很为出色,略举元人小令二三例于后.:
杯斟的金波滟滟,诗吟的青霄惨惨,人惊的白鸟皑皑。
(张养浩《普天乐·大明湖泛舟》)
秋风飒飒撼梧桐,秋雨潇潇响翠竹,秋云黯黯迷烟树。
(刘廷信《水仙子·相思》)
自别后遥山隐隐,更那堪远水粼粼。
见杨柳飞锦滚滚,对桃花醉脸醺醺,透内阁香风阵阵,掩重门暮雨纷纷。
(王实甫《十二月尧民歌·别情》)
王实甫在对偶排比的句式中又安排了六对叠字,而且遥山与远水、杨柳与桃花、香风与暮雨相对,均以叠字收尾,更显得缠绵流转,音节和美,琅琅上口。
在元杂剧中,叠字运用则更为常见,一般在描写人物复杂的思想感情或描摹介绍自然风光时运用叠字。下面各举一例说明。如《西厢记》第四本第三折,崔莺莺唱词[叨叨令]:
见安排着车儿马儿,不由人熬熬煎煎的气;
有什么心情将花儿靥儿,打扮得娇娇滴滴的媚;
准备着被儿枕儿,则索昏昏沉沉的睡;
从今后衫儿袖儿,都揾作重重叠叠的泪。
兀的不闷杀人也么哥,兀的不闷杀人也么哥!
久以后书儿、信儿,索与我恓恓惶惶的寄。
一连串双叠的叠字句,整齐复沓,流转如珠,如诉如泣,曲折地倾泄出莺莺难以与张生离别的复杂感情,缠绵悱恻,鸣咽凄楚,把内心世界刻画得细腻入微,栩栩如生。元杂剧中《货郎担》第三折,用叠字描写凄风夜雨的自然景色:
我则见黯黯惨惨天涯云布,万万点点潇湘夜雨;
正值着窄窄狭狭沟沟堑堑路崎岖,黑黑黯黯彤云布,赤留赤律潇潇洒洒断断续续,出出律律忽忽鲁鲁阴云开处。
霍霍闪闪电光星注;正值着飕飕摔摔风,淋淋渌渌雨,高高下下凹凹答答一水模糊,朴朴簌簌湿湿渌渌疏林人物,却便似一幅惨惨昏昏潇湘水墨图。
上文曾说过,叠字句,特别是放连珠炮似的叠字句,因为相同的声音较多,运用失当,容易流于单调凝滞,甚至使读者感到厌烦。《货郎担》这段曲词用的叠字很多,但效果很好,其原因在于:它使用的全是口语化的通俗词语,清新易懂;另外,作者把一个双叠词与两个双叠词交错运用,形成了音节上的急缓相间、繁促嘈杂,有力地渲染出云密天暗,雨暴风狂的天气形势,使读者如临其境、心弦紧扣。
诗、词、曲均属韵文范畴,在这些体裁的作品中成功地运用好叠字这种修辞手法,有三点好处:
(一)可以使对自然景物和客观事物的描摹更加生动、形象,写景状物,细致真切。
(二)可以使作品(或人物)的思想感情表达得更为绵密曲折,深切感人。
(三)可以使作品的气势连贯,音节流美,增强了节奏感和修辞美。
第四篇:中国古诗词英译50份
中国古诗词英译
第一部分 由许渊冲翻译 关雎
关关雎鸠,在河之洲.窈窕淑女,君子好逑.参差荇菜,左右流之.窈窕淑女,妩媚求之.求之不得,妩媚思服.优哉游哉,辗转反侧.参差荇菜,左右采之.窈窕淑女,琴瑟友之.参差荇菜,左右毛之.窈窕淑女,钟鼓乐之.Cooing And Wooing By riverside are cooing;A pair of turtledoves;A good young man is wooing A fair maiden he loves.Water flows left and right;Of cress long here, short there;The youth yearns day and night;For the good maiden fair.His yearning grows so strong,He can not fall asleep,But tosses all night long, So deep in love, so deep!Now gather left and right;Cress long or short and tender!O lute, play music bright For the bride sweet and slender!Feast friends at left and right;On cress cooked till tender!O bells and drums, delight The bride so sweet and slender!大风歌
刘邦
大风起兮云飞扬,威加海内兮归故乡。安得猛士兮守四方!SONG OF THE GREAT WIND A great wind rises, oh!The clouds are driven away.I come to my native land, oh!Now the world is under my sway.Where can I brave men, oh!To guard my four frontiers today!垓下歌
项羽
力拔山兮气盖世,时不力兮驹不逝。驹不逝兮可奈何,虞兮虞兮耐若何!XIANG YU‘S LAST SONG
I could pull mountains down, oh!With main and might, But my good fortune wanes, oh!My steed won‘t fight.Whether my steed will fight, oh!I do not care.What can I do with you, oh!My lady fair!龟虽寿
曹操
神龟虽寿,尤有竟时。腾蛇乘雾,终为土灰。老骥伏枥,志在千里。烈士暮年,壮心不已。盈缩之期,不但在天;养怡之福,可得永年。幸甚至哉,歌以咏志。
INDOMITABLE SOUL
Although long lives the tortoise wise,In the end he can not but die.The serpent in the mist may rise,But in the dust he too shall die.Although the stabled steed is old,He dreams to run for mile and mile.In life‘s December heroes bold
Won‘t change indomitable style.It‘s not up to Heaven alone
To lengthen or shorten our day.To a great age we can live on,If we keep it fit, cheerful and gay.How happy I feel at this thought!
I croon this poem as I ought.七步诗
曹植
煮豆燃豆萁,豆在釜中泣。本是同根生,相煎何太急。WRITTEN WHILE TAKING SEVEN PACES Pods burned to cook peas, Peas weep in the pot: ―Grown from same root, please,Why boil us so hot?‖
神情诗
顾恺之
春水满四泽,夏云多奇峰。秋月扬明辉,冬岭修寒松。SPIRIT OF THE FOUR SEASONS Spring water overbrims the streams;Summer could fancy peaks outshines;The autumn moon sheds brilliant;On winter cliffs stand cold-proof pines.归园田居
陶渊明
种豆南山下,草盛豆苗稀。晨兴理荒秽,带月荷锄归。道狭草木长,夕露沾我衣。衣沾不足惜,但使愿无违。RETURN TO NATURE I sow beans‘ neath southern hill;Bean shoots are lost where weeds o‘ er the path grow.I weed at dawn though early still;I plod home with my moonlit hoe.The path is narrow, grasses tall,With evening dew my clothes wet, To which I pay no heed at all,If my desire can but be met.回乡偶书
贺之章
(一)少小离家老大回,乡音未改鬓毛衰。儿童相见不相识,笑问客从何处来。IHOME-COMING Old, I return to the homeland while young, Thinner has grown my hair, though I speak the same tongue.My children, whom I meet, do not know am i.―Where are you from, dear sir?‖ they ask with beaming eye.(二)离别家乡岁月多,近来人事半消磨。惟有门前镜湖水,春风不改旧时波。Since I left my homeland, so many years has passed, So such has faded away and so little can last.Only in Mirror Lake before my very door The vernal wind still ripples the water as before.在狱咏蝉
骆宾王
西陆蝉声唱,南冠客思深。不堪玄鬓影,来对白头吟。露重飞难进,风多响易沉。无人信高洁,谁为表予心。THE CICADA HEARD IN PRISON Of autumn the cicada sings;In prison I‘m worn out with care.How can I bear its blue-black which remind me of my gtey hair? Heavy with dew, it can not fly;Drowned in the wind, its song‘s not heard.Who would believe its spirit high? Could I express my grief in word? 登鹳雀楼
王之涣
白日依山尽,黄河入海流。欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。ON THE STOCK TOWER The sun beyond the mountain glows;The Yellow River seawards flows.You can enjoy a great sight
By climbing to a greater height.春晓
孟浩然
春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟。夜来风雨声,花落知多少。SPRING MORNING This spring morning in bed I‘m lying, Not to awake till birds are crying.After one night of wind and showers, How many are the fallen flowers? 从军行
王昌龄
青海长云暗雪山,古城遥望玉门关。黄沙百战穿金甲,不破楼兰终不还。ARMY LIFE Clouds on frontier have darkened mountains clad in snow;The town with Gate of Jade stands far away, forlorn.We will not leave the desert till we beat the foe, Although in war our golden armour be outworn.静夜思
李白
床前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月,低头思故乡。A TRANQUIL NIGHT Before my bed a pool of night—Can it be hoarfrost on the ground? Looking up, I find the moon bright;Bowing, In homesickness I‘m drowned.早发白帝城
李白
朝辞白帝彩云间,千里江陵一日还。两岸猿声啼不住,轻舟已过万重山。LEAVING THE WHITE KING‘S TOWN AT DAWN
Leaving at dawn the White King crowned with rainbow cloud, I have sailed a thousand miles through Three Georges in a day.With monkeys‘ sad adieus the riverbanks are loud;My boat has left ten thought mountains far away.送友人
李白
青山横北郭,白水绕东城。此地一为别,孤蓬万里征。浮云游子意,落日故人情。挥手自兹去,萧萧班马鸣。FAREWELL TO A FRIEND
Green mountains bar the northern sky;White grids the eastern town.Here is the place to say goodbye;You‘ll drift like lonely thistledown.With floating cloud you‘ll float away;Like parting day I‘ll part from you.You wave your hand and go your way;Our steeds still neigh, ―adieu,adieu!‖ 黄鹤楼
崔颢
昔人已乘黄鹤去,此地空余黄鹤楼。黄鹤一去不复返,白云千载空悠悠。晴川历历汉阳树,芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲。日暮乡关何处是?烟波江上使人愁。YELLOW CRANR TOWER The stage on yellow crane was gone amid clouds white.To what avail is Yellow Crane Tower left here? Once gone, the yellow crane will ne‘er on earth alight;Only white clouds still float in vain from year to year.By sunlit river trees can be count‘d one by one;
On Parrot Islet sweet green grass grows fast and thick.Where is native land beyond the setting sun? The mist-veiled waves of River Han make me homesick.春望
杜甫
国破山河在,城深草木深。感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心。烽火连三月,家书抵万金。白头搔更短,浑欲不胜簪。SPRING VIEW On war-torn land streams flow and mountains stand;In towns unquiet grass and weeds run riot.Grieved o‘er the years, flowers are moved to tears;
Seeing us part, birds cry with broken heart.The beacon fire has gone higher and higher;Words from household are worth their weight in gold.I can not bear to scratch my grizzling hair;
It grows too thin to hold a light hairpin.枫桥夜泊
张继
月落乌啼霜满天,江枫渔火对愁眠。姑苏城外寒山寺,夜半钟声到客船。MOORING BY MAPLE BRIDGE AT NIGHT At moonset cry the crows, streaking the frosty sky;Dimly lit fishing boats ‗neath maples sadly lie.Beyond the city walls, from Temple of Cold Hill Bells break the ship-borne roamer‘s dream and midnight still.复得古原草送别
白居易
离离原上草,一岁一枯荣。野火烧不尽,春风吹又生。远方侵古道,晴翠接荒城。又送王孙去,萋萋满别情。
GRASS ON THE ANCIENT PLAIN –FAREWELL TO A FRIEND Wild grasses spread o‘er ancient plain;With spring and fall they come and go.Wild fire can‘t burn them up;again They rise when vernal breezes blow.Their fragrance overruns the way;Their green invades the ruined town.To see friend go far away, My sorrow grows like grass o‘ er grown.乐游原
李商隐
向晚意不适,驱车登古原。夕阳无限好,只是近黄昏。ON THE PLAIN OF TOMB At dusk my heart is filled with gloom;I drive my cab to ancient tomb.The setting sun seems to sublime,But it is nearing its dying time.江上渔者
范仲淹
江上往来人,但爱鲈鱼美。君看一叶舟,出没**里。THE FISHERMAN ON THE STREAM You go up and down stream;You love to eat the bream.Lo!The fishing boat braves,Perilous wind and waves.梦中作
欧阳修
风凉吹笛千山月,路暗迷人百种花。棋罢不知人换世,酒阑无余客思家。WRITING IN DREAM A flute has chilled the moon over a thousand hills;Dim sight is dazzled by a hundred daffodils.After a game of chess, the world has changed its face;Sobered from wine, can one not miss his native place? 绝句
李清照
生当作人杰,死亦为鬼雄。至今思项羽,不肯过江东。A QUATRAIN Be man of men while you are alive;
Be soul of souls e‘en though you‘re dead!Think of Xiang Yu who‘d not survive
His men, whose blood for him was shed.观书有感
朱熹
半亩方塘一鉴开,天光云影共徘徊。问渠哪得清如许?为有源头活水来。THE BOOK There lies a glassy oblong pool,Where light and shade pursue their course.How can it be so clear and cool?
For water fresh comes from its source.秋思
马致远
枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家。古道西风瘦马,夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。AUTUMN THOUGHTS
Over old trees;Wreathed with rotten vines fly evening crows;Under a small bridge near a cottage a stream flows;On ancient road in the west wind a lean horse goes.Westward declines the sun;Far, far from home is the heartbroken one.石灰吟
于谦
千槌万凿出深山,烈火焚烧若等闲。粉身碎骨浑不怕,要留清白在人间。SONG TO THE LIME You come out of deep mountains after hammer blows;Under fire and water tortures you are not in woes.Though broken into pieces, you will have no fright;You‘ll purify the world by washing it e‘er white.泊船瓜洲
王安石
京口瓜洲一水间,钟山只隔数重山。春风又绿江南岸,明月何时照我还。MOORED AT MELON ISLET A river severs Northern shore and Southern land;Between my home and me but a few mountains stand.The vernal wind has greened the Southern shore again.When will the moon shine bright on my return? O when? 过零丁洋
文天祥
辛苦遭逢起一经,干戈寥落四周星。山河破碎风飘絮,身世浮沉雨打萍。惶恐滩头说惶恐,零丁洋里叹零丁。人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青。SAILING ON LONELY OCEAN Delving in the Book of Change,I rose through hardship great, And desperately fought the foe for four long years.Like willow down the war-town land looks desolate;I sink or swim as duckweed in the rain appears.For the perils on Perilous Beach I have sighs;On Lonely Ocean now I feel dreary and lonely.Since olden days there‘s never been a man but dies;I‘d leave a loyalist‘s name in history only.金缕衣
无名氏
劝君莫惜金缕衣,劝君莫许少年时。有花堪折直须折,莫待无花空折枝。
THE GOLDEN DRESS Love not your golden dress, I pray, More then your youthful golden hours.Gather sweet blossoms while you may, And not the twig devoid of flowers!别董大
高适
千里黄云白日曛,北风吹雁雪纷纷。莫愁前路无知己,天下谁人不识君。FAREWELL TO A LUTIST Yellow clouds spread for miles and miles have veiled the day, The north wind blows down snow and wild geese fly away.Fear not you‘ve no admirers as you go along!
There is no connoisseur on earth but loves your song.题滕王阁
王安石
滕王平昔好追游,高阁依然枕必流。胜地几经兴废事,夕阳偏照古今愁。城中树密千家市,天际人归一叶舟。极目沧波吟不尽,西山重叠乱云浮。PRINCE TENG‘S PAVILION
Pretty Teng was fond of visiting each pretty scene;His lofty tower still o‘erlooks the river green.The ups and downs of dynasties have come in view;The setting sun slants, laden with griefs old and new.The town is thick with trees that shade a thousand shops;The horizon is dotted with a sail that flops.Endlessly I sing of waves stretching out of sight And watch o‘er Western Hills cloud upon cloud in flight.第二部分
由孙大雨翻译: 登幽州台歌
前不见古人,后不见来者。念天地之悠悠,独怆然而涕下。Song on Ascending the Youzhou Terrace Descrying nor the ancients of long yore, Nor those that are to come in the future far, I muse on the eternity of heaven and earth.,And, all alone, grieve mutely with tears for my lorn star.赠汪伦
李白乘舟将欲行,忽闻岸上踏歌声。桃花潭水深千尺,不及汪伦送我情。To Wang Lun Li Bai embarking, just about to depart, On a sudden heareth tramping and songs on the strand.The Peach Bloom Deep, a thousand feet in depth, Runneth not so deep as Wang Lun‘s thoughts for me command.早发白帝城
朝辞白帝彩云间,千里江陵一日还。两岸猿声啼不住,轻舟已过万重山。Embarking from Baidi Town at Early Morn Leaving Baidi on high at down
Among the clouds in blaze gay, A thousand li to Jiangling City
I sped within a day.Unceasingly the gibbons screeched
On both banks of the River, As my light skiff shot through the folds
Of mounts ten thousand with a whirr.枫桥夜泊
月落乌啼霜满天,江村渔火对愁眠。姑苏城外寒山寺,夜半钟声到客船。Night Mooring at Fengqiao Village The moon is sinking;a crow croaks a dreaming;‗Neath the night sky the frost casts a haze;Few fishing-boat lights of th‘river side village
Are dozing off in their mutual sad gaze.From the Cold Hill Bonzary outside
The city wall of Gusu town, The resounding bell is tolling its clangour
At midnight to the passenger ship down.江雪
千山鸟飞绝,万径人踪灭。孤舟蓑笠翁,独钓寒江雪。Snowing on the River Not a bird o‘er hundreds of peaks,Not a man on the thousands of trails.An old angler alone in a boat,With his rod and line, in raining outfit, Is fishing on the river midst th‘snowdrift.寻隐者不遇
松下问童子,严师采药去。只在此山中,云深不知处。A call on the Recluse Who Is Just Out I asked the boy beneath the pine tree,Who said, ―the master‘s gone herbs to pick;He must be some where around these clifts,Concealed unseen in the clouds thick‖.山行
远上寒山石径斜,白云深处有人家。停车坐看枫林晚,霜叶红于二月花。Mountain Trip Far up the mountainside the stone trail wound, Where the clouds were thick, there stood some abodes.I stopt my cart to watch the maple forest late With frost-bitten leaves more crimson than spring blooms.夜雨寄北
君问归期未有期,巴山夜雨涨秋池。何当共剪西窗烛,却话巴山夜雨时。Li Shangyin Lines Sent to the North Written during Night Rains
Being asked for my home-coming date, I tell thee I‘m not sure when that‘ll be,As night rains on the mounts of Ba fall And autumn pools are brimmed from the lea.Then we shall by the west window sit, Clipping the candle wick in some night,And talk of the night rains on th‘Ba mounts, When I think of thee with mute delight.题都城南庄
去年今日此门中,人面桃花相映红。人面不知何处去,桃花依旧笑春风。Cui Hu In the Capital‘s Southern Village
On this same day last year within this door, A comely face and peach blooms together did glow.She I‘ve admired has gone I know not where,Th‘peach blooms are smiling still in th‘breeze to blow.乌衣巷
朱雀桥边野草花,乌衣巷口夕阳斜。旧时王谢堂前燕,飞入寻常百姓家。Black Coat Lane
Liu Yuxi Wild nameless flowers by the Cinnabar Bird Bridge Are aglow in the last sun-beams in the Black Coat Lane.The swallows‘ fore the Wang and Xie noble mansions Now fly into the nobodies‘ home stalls.游子吟
慈母手中线,游子身上衣。临行密密缝,意恐迟迟归。谁言寸草心,报得三春晖? The wandering Son‘s Song
The thread from my dear mother‘s hand
Was sewn in the clothes of her wandering son.For fear of my belated return, Before my leave they were closely woven.Who says mine heart like a blade of grass Could repay her love‘s gentle beams of spring sun? 九月九日忆山东兄弟
独在异乡为异客,每逢佳节倍思亲。遥知兄弟登高处,遍插茱萸少一人。
Remembering My Brothers East of the Mountain on the Ninth Day of the Ninth Moon Being a stranger all alone
In a strange land far away, I think of my parents all the more
On a fair festival day.I know full well my brothers all
Would climb up the heights of a mount!Inserting cornus shoots in their hair,They‘d all miss one in their count.桃花源记
陶渊明
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业,缘溪行,忘路之远近.忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷.渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。林尽水源,便得一山。山有小口,仿佛若有光,便舍船从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数十步。豁然开朗,土地平旷,屋舍俨然。有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人。黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。见渔人,乃大惊。问所从来,具答之。便邀还家,以设酒杀鸡作食。
村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人,来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言,所闻皆叹惋。余人各赴延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语云:―不足为外人道也。‖
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣太守说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷不复得路。
南阳刘子骥,高尚士也。闻之,欣然亲往,未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
The Peach Blossom Visionary Land
During the Tai-yuan years of the dynasty Jin,a fisherman from the county of Wuling strolled on the bank of a stream,forgetting the distance of his track ,into a grove of blossing peach trees all at once.For several hundred steps along the bank side,there were no other trees;the sward was freshly green and fallen petals of the peach blooms were scattered on the grass verdure.The fisherman,surprised by the sight,walked on to see where the grove would end.It ended at the source of the stream,where there was a mountain.An aperture opened on the mount,from which light seemed to be emitted.The man abandoned his boat and entered the opening.It was narrow at first,just enough to pass through.After several tens of steps,the way led to vast spaciousness.The land was level and expanded ,houses were spread out in good order;goodly farms,fair ponds and mulberry and bamboo thickets were to be seen everywhere.The ways and cross roads were stretched out far and wide.Cocks‘ crew and dogs‘ barking were heard here and there.The men and women coming and going in their tilling and handicraft work were dressed all like people outside.The aged with hair of light beige and children with cut hair fringing their foreheads all looked gay and contented.Seeing the fisherman, people were greatly surprised, asking him whence he came from and being replied to.They then invited him to their homes, offering wine and killing chickens for entertainment.When it was generally known in the village that there was this man,more people came to see and ask questions of him.They all said that their forefathers,fleeing from turmoils during the Qin Dynasty ,led their families and villagers hither to this isolated district to stay, and so being separated from the outside world.They asked what time it was then ,knowing not there was any dynasty Han ,to say nothing of those of Wei and Jin.The man answered them all in details ,whereon they heaved sighs and exclamations.All the others also invited him severally to their homes for hospitality.After many a day,he made his departure.They told him not to publicize his sojourn there.When out ,he sought out his boat and noted closely the way leading to the aperture of the mount.After his return to the chief town of the county,he went to the alderman and made a report of his outlandish excursion.The county official dispatched a man to follow him whereto he would lead.But he could not find the spots he had noted on his way back and so lost the whereabouts of the grove of blossoming peach trees.Liu Ziji of Nanyang,a scholar of high repute,hearing of the story sought to find out the place.He fell sick and died,before his attempted trial.Thereafter ,no one ever ventured the visionary deed.蜀相
杜甫
丞相祠堂何处寻?锦官城外柏森森。映阶碧草自春色,隔叶黄鹂空好音。三顾频烦天下计,两朝开济老臣心。出事未捷身先死,长使英雄泪满襟。Chancellor of Shu The Memorial Hall of the Chancellor----where is its site to be found ? Beyond th‘walls of Jinguan Town, a cedar old riseth there thickset and tall.The fresh verdure of th‘ lawn reflecteth on the steps vernal hues by itself;In the foliage chanteth in vain the golden oriole‘s tuneful call.Being viseted thrice and then ofttimes conferred on affairs of state-craft, In instaling and propping up two reigns as their adamantine support , You in person the state‘s corps dispatch led, but died before triumph could be won: It doth make all our heroes,for mourning your noble cause ,to tears e‘er resort.将进酒
李白
君不见黄河之水天上来,奔流到海不复回?君不见高堂明镜悲白发,朝如青丝暮成雪? 人生得意需尽欢,莫使金尊空对月。天生我才必有用,千金散尽还复来。烹羊宰牛且为乐,会须一饮三百杯。岑夫子,丹丘生,将尽酒,君莫停,与君歌一曲,请君为我倾耳听。钟鼓馔玉不足贵,但愿常醉不复醒。古来圣贤皆寂寞,惟有饮者留其名。陈王昔时宴平乐,斗酒十千恣欢谑。主任何为言少钱?径需沽取对君酌。五花马,千金袭,呼儿将出换美酒,与尔同销万古愁。Carouse, Please
Seest thou not
The waters of the Luteous River rush down from the sky,And roll off to the sea forevermore not to come back ? Seest thou not
White locks are wailed at before bright mirrors in halls high,For turning at wailed at dusk into snowflakes from their morning‘s jet black?
Seize the moments of content in life and make full mirth of them;
Let not your golden beakers stay empty to glint at the moon.Heaven hath endowed me with talents certes for good use;
A thousand pieces of gold being scattered bumpers at one carouse.My friends sire Cen and good Danqiu,pause not in drinking , Let me sing s ditty for you ,let me your kind ears arouse.Banquets with bell-strikings and drum-beats are not by me prized ,But I wish to drink deep always ,ne‘er sadly sober remain.Since olden times ,saints and sages have all been solitary,While drinkers throughout the ages their renown do retain.When king Chenzhi of literary fame feasted at Pingle
Ten thousand coins were spent for each dipper of rare old vintage.Why doth our taverner say there is any lack of cash ?
We doth our taverner say there is any lack of cash ? We should not lack means to get wine your mind to assuage.My mottled steed and the fur-lined robe of a thousand crowns ,Let my boy lead and fetch out to barter for drinks divine,In order to banish with ye both our griefs eternal trine.经典中国古文英语翻译 但愿人长久,千里共婵娟。
We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart.独在异乡为异客,每逢佳节倍思亲。
A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day.大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物。
The endless river eastward flows;with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years.二人同心,其利断金。
If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal.富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能曲,此之谓大丈夫。
It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate.海内存知己,天涯若比邻。
A bosom friend afar brings distance near.合抱之木,生于毫末,九层之台,起于累土;千里之行始于足下。
A huge tree that fills one‘s arms grows from a tiny seedling;a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth;a thousand li journey starts with the first step.祸兮,福之所依;福兮,祸之所伏。
Misfortune, that is where happiness depends;happiness, that is where misfortune underlies.见贤思齐焉,见不贤而内自省也。
On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal;on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects.江山如此多娇,引无数英雄尽折腰。
This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage.举头望明月,低头思故乡。
Raising my head, I see the moon so bright;withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around.俱往矣,数风流人物,还看今朝。
All are past and gone;we look to this age for truly great men.君子成人之美,不成人之恶。
The gentleman helps others to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct.君子独立不惭于影,独寝不愧于魂。
A righteous man never feels ashamed to face his shadow when standing alone and to face his soul when sleeping alone.君子之交淡如水,小人之交甘如醴。君子淡以亲,小人甘以绝。
The friendship between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate;the friendship between men without virtue is sweet like wine, yet easily broken.老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼。
Expend the respect of the aged in one‘s family to that of other families;expend the love of the young ones in one‘s family to that of other families.礼尚往来。往而不来,非礼也;来而不往,亦非礼也。
Propriety suggests reciprocity.It is not propriety not to give out but to receive, or vice versa.两情若是长久时,又岂在朝朝暮暮。
If love between both sides can last for aye, why need they stay together night and day? 路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索。The way ahead is long;I see no ending, yet high and low I‘ll search with my will unbending.民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。
The people are the most important element in a state;next are the gods of land and grain;least is the ruler himself.千丈之堤,以蝼蚁之穴溃;百尺之屋,以突隙之烟焚。
A long dike will collapse because of an ant-hole in it;a tall building will be burned down by a spark from a chimney‘s chink.锲而舍之,朽木不折,锲而不舍,金石可镂。
Carve but give up half way, even a decayed piece of wood will not break;carve without stop, even metal and stone can be engraved.人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴阳缺,此事古难全。
People have sorrow and joy;they part and meet again.The moon dims or shines;it waxes or wanes.Nothing is perfect, not even in the olden days.人之于文学也,犹玉之于琢磨也。
Learning and culture are to a person what polished and grinding are to jade.三人行,必有我师焉。择其善者而从之,其不善者而改之。
Among any three people walking, I will find something to learn for sure.Their good qualities are to be followed, and their shortcomings are to be avoided.士不可以不弘毅,任重而道远。仁以为己任,不亦重乎?死而后己,不亦远乎?
An educated gentleman cannot but be resolute and broad-minded, for he has taken up a heavy responsibility and a long course.Is it not a heavy responsibility, which is to practice benevolence? Is it not a long course, which will end only with his death? 士之为人,当理不避其难,临患忘利,遗生行义,视死如归。
A moral intellectual is one who escapes no danger in face of truth, discards personal interests in front of disaster, practices righteousness at the expense of life, and looks upon death as going home.逝者如斯夫!不舍昼夜。
The passage of time is just like the flow of water, which goes on day and night.顺天者存,逆天者亡。
Those who follow the Heaven‘s law will survive;those who go against it will perish.天将降大任于斯人也,必先苦其心志,劳其筋骨,饿其体肤,空乏其身,行拂乱其所为,所以动心忍性,增益其所不能。
When Heaven is about to place a great responsibility on a great man, it always first frustrates his spirit and will, exhausts his muscles and bones, exposes him to starvation and poverty, harasses him by troubles and setbacks so as to stimulate his spirit, toughen his nature and enhance his abilities.天生我才必有用。
Heaven has endowed me with talents for eventual use.天时不如地利,地利不如人和。
Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are less important than terrestrial advantages, which in turn are less important than the unity among people.天行健,君子以自强不息。
As Heaven‘s movement is ever vigorous, so must a gentleman ceaselessly strive along.温故而知新,可以为师矣。
He who by reviewing the old can gain knowledge of the new and is fit to be a teacher.物格而后知至,知至而后意诚,意诚而后心正,心正而后身修,身修而后家齐,家齐而后治国,国治而后天下平。Things investigated, genuine knowledge acquired;genuine knowledge acquired ,thoughts purified;thoughts purified, hearts rectified;hearts rectified, personalities cultivated;personalities cultivated, families regulated;families regulated, the states well governed;the states well governed, the whole world will be in peace and tranquil.相见时难别亦难。
It is unbearable to meet as well as to depart.学不可以已。青取之于蓝,而青于蓝;冰,水为之,而寒于冰。君子博学而日参省乎己,则知明而行无过矣。
There is never an end to learning.The dye extracted from the indigo is bluer than the plant;so is the ice colder than the water.By broadly learning and constantly examining himself every day, the gentleman sharpens his awareness and makes fewer mistakes.学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。
Learning without thinking leads to confusion;thinking without learning ends in danger.学而不厌,诲人不倦。
Never be contented with your study;never be impatient with your teaching.学如逆水行舟,不进则退。
Learning is like rowing upstream: not to advance is to drop back.有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎。
It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.玉不琢,不成器。人不学,不知义。
As a jade without chiseling will not become a useful object, a man without learning will not know the Way.欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。
We widen our views three hundred miles by ascending one flight of stairs./ Exhausting my eyes to a thousand li further, I am ascending one more story of the tower.在天愿做比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝。
In heaven let us be two birds flying ever together, and on earth two trees with branches interlocked forever.不登高山,不知天之厚也;不临深渊,不知地之厚也。
One can never be aware of the height of the sky or the depth of the earth, if he does not climb up a high mountain or look down into a deep abyss.大道之行也,天下为公。
A public spirit will rule all under the sky when the great Way prevails.大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物。
The endless river eastward flows;with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years.丹青不知老将近,富贵于我如浮云。
Absorbed in painting, you know not old age is coming;indeed, to me wealth and rank are like clouds scudding.曲则全,枉则直,洼则盈,敝则新,少则得,多则惑。
To be part is to be whole;to be bent is to be straight;to be hollow is to be filled;to be worn out is to be renewed;to have little is to have more;to have much is to be confused.
第五篇:化学专业英语中英译
United 1 材料科学与工程
材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。如交通、房子、衣物,通讯、娱乐和食 物的生产,实际上,我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。历史上社会 的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。实际上,早期的文 明就以材料的发展程度来命名,如石器时代,铜器时代。早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料,如石头、木材、粘土等。渐渐地,他们通过 技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料,这些新材料包括陶器和金属。进一步地,人们发现材料 的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。在这点上,材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。也就是说,在一系列非常有限的材料中,根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。这个大约是过去的 60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。因此,成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得 以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。一种材料的先进程度通常是 一种技术进步的先兆。比如,没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。在现代,复杂的 电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程 有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。严格地说,材料科学涉及 材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。相反,材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设 计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说,材料科学家的作用 是发展或合成新的材料,而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系,和/或发展 材料加工新技术。多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。简单地说,材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排 列有关。原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。在原子水平上,结 构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。在更大的结构领域上,其包括大的原子 团,这些原子团通常聚集在一起,称为“微观”结构,意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察 得到的结构。最后,结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。
“Property” 一词的概念值得详细阐述。在使用中,所有材料对外部的刺激都表现出某种反 应。比如,材料受到力作用会引起形变,或者抛光金属表面会反射光。材料的特征取决于其 对外部刺激的反应程度。通常,材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。实际上,所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类:机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐 蚀性。对于每一种性质,其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能力。如机械性能与施加压力引 起的形变有关,包括弹性和强度。对于电性能,如电导性和介电系数,特定的刺激物是电场。固体的热学行为则可用热容和热导率来表示。磁学性质表示一种材料对施加的电场的感应能 力。对于光学性质,刺激物是电磁或光照。用折射和反射来表示光学性质。最后,腐蚀性质 表示材料的化学反应能力。除了结构和性质,材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分,即加工和性能。如果考虑 这四个要素的关系,材料的结构取决于其如何加工。另外,材料的性能是其性质的功能。因 此,材料的加工、结构、性质和功能的关系可以用以下线性关系来表示: 加工——结构——性质——性能。
为什么研究材料科学与工程? 为什么研究材料科学与工程?许多应用科学家或工程师,不管他们是机械的、民事的、化学 的或电子的领域的,都将在某个时候面临材料的设计问题。如用具的运输、建筑的超级结构、油的精炼成分、或集成电路芯片。当然,材料科学家和工程师是从事材料研究和设计的专家。
很多时候,材料的问题就是从上千个材料中选择出一个合适的材料。对材料的最终选择有几 个原则。首先,现场工作条件必须进行表征。只有在少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综 合性质。因此,有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。典型的例子是当考虑材料的强度和延展性时,而通常材料具有高强度但却具有低的延展性。这时对这两种性质进行折中考虑很有必要。其次,选择的原则是要考虑材料的性质在使用中的磨损问题。如材料的机械性能在高温或腐 蚀环境中会下降。最后,也许是最重要的原则是经济问题。最终产品的成本是多少?一种材料的可以有多种理 想的优越性质,但不能太昂贵。这里对材料的价格进行折中选择也是可以的。产品的成本还 包括组装中的费用。工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、功能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术,根据 以上的几个原则,他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
Unit 2 Classification of Materials
Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers.This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates.In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials—composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.译文:固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型:金属,陶瓷和聚合物。这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的,大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面,尽管有许多中间品。除此之外,有三类其他重要的工程材料-复合材料,半导体材料和生物材料。
Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics;biomaterials are implanted into the human body.A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next.译文:复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成,然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用;生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。关于材料类型和他们特殊的特征的一个简单的解释将在后面给出。METALS
Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements.They have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons;that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms.Many properties of metals are directly able to these electrons.be bound to 被约束于。be attribute to 归属于。归因于。
译文:金属材料通常由金属元素组成。它们有大量无规则运动的电子。也就是说,这些电子不是被约束于某个特定的原子。金属的许多性质直接归属这些不规则运动的电子。
Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat and are not transparent to visible light;a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet deformable, which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications.科技英语在讲述科学真理的时候通常用主动语态。如: Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity Deformable ?
译文:金属是十分好的电和热的导体,它们对可见光不透明;一个抛光的金属表面有光辉的外表。除此之外,金属是十分硬的,也是可变 形的,这个性质解释了它们广泛使用在结构方面的应用。CERAMICS Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements;they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass.that引导的定语从句
译文:陶瓷是介于金属和非金属元素之间的化合物;它们通常是氧化物,氮化物和碳化物。落在这个分类种类中的宽的材料范围包括陶瓷,它们由粘土矿物,水泥和玻璃组成。
These materials are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle.more„.Than„..with regard to„.译文:这些材料是典型的电和热的绝缘体,并且它们比金属和聚合物更加耐高温和耐苛刻的环境。至于机械性能,陶瓷是硬的但是却很脆。
POLYMERS Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials.Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements;furthermore, they have very large molecular structures.These materials typically have low densities and may be extremely flexible.译文:聚合物包括常见的塑料和橡胶材料。它们中的大多数是有机化合物,这些化合物是以化学的方法把碳、氢和其他非金属元素组合而成。因此,它们有非常大的分子结构。这些材料通常有低的密度并且可能十分柔软。COMPOSITES A number of composite materials have been engineered that consist of more than one material type.Fiberglass is a familiar example, in which glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material.more than„
译文:许多复合材料被作用工程使用,它们由至少一种类型的材料组成。玻璃丝是一个熟悉的例子,玻璃纤维被埋入聚合物材料中。
A composite is designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component materials.Fiberglass acquires strength from the glass and flexibility from the polymer.Many of the recent material developments have involved composite materials.译文:为了联合显示每一种组分材料最好的特性,一种复合材料被设计出来。玻璃丝从玻璃中获得强度并且从聚合物中获得柔软性。最近发展中的绝大多数材料包含了复合材料。SEMICONDUCTORS
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators.Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, which concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions.be sensitive to 对„敏感的译文:半导体有电的性质,它们是介于电导体和绝缘体之间的中间物。除此之外,这些材料的电学性质对微量杂质原子的存在十分敏感,杂质原子浓度可能只是在一个十分小的区域内可以控制。The semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industries(not to mention our lives)over the past two decades.译文:这些半导体使得集成电路的出现变得可能,在过去20多年间,这些集成电路革新了电子装置和计算机工业(更不用说我们的生活)。
BIOMATERIALS Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues(i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).译文:生物材料被应用于移植进入人类身体以取代病变的或者损坏的身体部件。这些材料不能产生有毒物质而且必须同人身体器官要相容(比如,不能导致相反的生物反应)。
All of the above materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials.For example, some of the biomaterials such as CF/C(carbon fibers/carbon)and CF/PS(polysulfone)are utilized in artificial hip replacements.译文:所有以上材料-金属,陶瓷,聚合物,复合材料和半导体材料可能用作生物材料。比如,如CF/C和CF/PS(聚砜)这些生物材料被用作人工肾的取代物。
ADVANCED MATERIALS Materials that are utilized in high-technology(or high-tech)applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles;examples include electronic equipment(VCRs, CD players, etc.), computers, fiberoptic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry.译文:用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料。借助于高科技,我们预定一个装置或者产品,这些产品用相对复杂和熟练的原理运转或者起作用;这些例子包括电子设备(VCRs, CD 播放器),计算机,光纤系统,宇宙飞船,航天飞机和军事火箭。
These advanced materials are typically either traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced or newly developed, high-performance materials.Furthermore, they may be of all material types(e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers), and are normally relatively expensive.译文:这些高级材料或是典型的传统材料,它们的性质被提高,最近开发出来的,高性能材料。除此之外,它们可能是所有材料类型(比如,金属、陶瓷和聚合物),通常相对较贵。
In subsequent chapters are discussed the properties and applications of a number of advanced materials—for example, materials that are used for lasers, integrated circuits, magnetic information storage, liquid crystal displays(LCDs), fiber optics, and the thermal protection system for the Space Shuttle Orbiter.译文: 在下面的章节将讨论众多先进材料的性质和应用-比如被用作激光,集成电路,磁信息存储,液晶显示器,光纤和空间舱轨道的热保护系统的材料。
MODERN MATERIALS’ NEEDS
In spite of the tremendous progress that has been made in the discipline of materials science and engineering within the past few years, there still remain technological challenges, including the development of even more sophisticated and specialized materials, as well as consideration of the
environmental impact of materials production.Some comment is appropriate relative to these issues so as to round out this perspective.译文:在过去几年内,不论材料科学与工程的规律取得了巨大的进步,仍然有一些技术挑战,包括开发更加熟练的专业化的材料,并且考虑材料生产对环境导致的影响。针对这个问题,一些评论是十分相关的。
Nuclear energy holds some promise, but the solutions to the many problems that remain will necessarily involve materials, from fuels to containment structures to facilities for the disposal of radioactive waste.译文:核能还保持着一些承诺,但是解决许多仍然存在的问题,将有必要把材料包括在里,从燃料到保护结构以便方便处置这些放射性废料。
Significant quantities of energy are involved in transportation.Reducing the weight of transportation vehicles(automobiles, aircraft, trains, etc.), as well as increasing engine operating temperatures, will enhance fuel efficiency.New high strength,low-density structural materials remain to be developed, as well as materials that have higher-temperature capabilities, for use in engine components.译文:相当数量的能源用在交通上。减少交通工具(汽车,飞机,火车等)的重量,和提高引擎操作温度,将提高燃料的使用效率。新的 高强,低密度结构材料仍在发展,用作引擎部位能耐高温材料也在发展中。
Furthermore, there is a recognized need to find new,economical sources of energy, and to use the present resources more efficiently.Materials will undoubtedly play a significant role in these developments.译文:除此之外,寻找新的、经济的能源资源,并且更加有效的使用目前现存的资源是公认为必须的。材料将毫无疑问的在这些发展过程中扮演重要的角色。
For example, the direct conversion of solar into electrical energy has been demonstrated.Solar cells employ some rather complex and expensive materials.To ensure a viable technology, materials that are highly efficient in this conversion process yet less costly must be developed.译文:比如,太阳能直接转化为电能已经被证实了。太阳能电池使用相当复杂并且昂贵的材料。为了保证技术的可行,在这个转化过程中的高效但不贵的材料必须被发展。
Furthermore, environmental quality depends on our ability to control air and water pollution.Pollution control techniques employ various materials.In addition, materials processing and refinement methods need to be improved so that they produce less environmental degradation, that is, less pollution and less despoilage of the landscape from the mining of raw materials.译文:除此之外,环境质量取决于我们控制大气和水污染的能力。污染控制技术使用了各种材料。再者,材料加工和精制的方法需要改善以便它们产生很少的环境退化,也就是说,在生材料加工过程中,带来更少的污染和更少的对自然环境的破坏。
Also, in some materials manufacturing processes, toxic substances are produced, and the ecological impact of their disposal must be considered.Many materials that we use are derived from resources that are nonrenewable, that is, not capable of being regenerated.These include polymers, for which the prime raw material is oil, and some metals.These nonrenewable resources are gradually becoming depleted.译文:也,在一些材料生产过程中,有毒物质产生了,并且它们的处置对生态产生的影响必须加以考虑。我们使用的许多材料来源于不可再生的资源,不可再生也就是说不能再次生成的。这些材料包括聚合物,最初的原生材料是油和一些金属。这些不可再生的资源逐渐变得枯竭
which necessitates: 1)the discovery of additional reserves, 2)the development of new materials having comparable properties with less adverse environmental impact, and/or 3)increased recycling efforts and the development of new recycling technologies.译文:下面是必须的:1)发现另外的储藏,2)开发拥有较少负环境影响的新材料,3)增加循环的努力并且开发新的循环技术。As a consequence of the economics of not only production but also environmental impact and ecological factors, it is becoming increasingly important to consider the ‘‘cradle-to-grave’’ life cycle of materials relative to the overall manufacturing process.译文:结果,不仅是生产,而且环境影响和生态因子,和材料整个生产过程紧密相关的材料“一生”的生命周期的考虑变得越来越重要。