第一篇：初中仁爱版教材各年级知识点简单总结范文
初中英语仁爱版教材各年级内容简单总结
七年级上
词类讲解（名词，代词，数词，动词，冠词），句子种类（陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹）简单讲解
七年级下
介词，序数词，情态动词，冠词，there be句型，现在进行时，一般过去时，祈使句，疑问句
八年级上
反身代词，情态动词，形容词的比较级，一般将来时，过去进行时，感叹句，宾语补足语
八年级下
句子的成分，简单句的基本句型，动词不定式，状语从句，宾语从句，原级，比较级和最高级
九年级上
不定代词，构词法，现在完成时，被动语态，并列句，定语从句
九年级下
定语从句，并列连词，主谓一致
第二篇：初中英语各年级知识点总结
初一英语语法虽然是从简单的一些日常用语出发的，但语法中常会有一些知识点看起来很细小，容易被忽视，但这些知识点掌握不熟练，往往会造成一些语法应用上的错误。因此在学习初一英语语法时，要认真、细心，不要觉得一些地方不重要而得过且过。
一、初一英语语法——词法
1、名词
2、代词
3、动词A）第三人称单数
4、形容词的级
5、数词
二、初一英语语法——句式 1.陈述句 2.祈使句 3.疑问句
三、初一英语语法——时态
1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有：
2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.初二英语知识点总结：
（一）一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。
（二）should的用法：
should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not.（三）
过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作。
（四）间接引语
（五）if引导的条件状语从句
结构：if＋一般现在时，主语＋将来时 含义：如果„„，将要„„
例如：If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请求他，他会帮助你。
If need be, we’ll work all night.如果需要，我们就干个通宵。
二.完形填空特点及解题思路
（一）题型分类与特点
完形填空试题是在给出的一篇短文中有目的地拿掉若干个词，留下一些空格，要求考生借助短文保留的部分，从所给的短文整体出发，在正确理解短文意思的基础上，根据句子和句子间的内在联系、词的用法和习惯搭配等，用适当的词或词语填空，使补全后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。这种题型测试的内容从形式上看是单词或短语的填空，但它必须注意到短文中上、下文意思连贯、词语搭配和语法结构正确，所以在空格上所填的词必须符合语义适用和语法正确两条原则，只考虑某一侧面都可能导致错误。中考中完形填空试题的基本题型分两类：完形填空选择题和完形填空题。
1.完形填空选择题：该题型的特点是将一篇短文中若干词语抽掉留下空格，对每一空格提供若干个选择项，要求考生通读短文后，在理解短文意思的基础上，运用所学的词汇、句型、语法等语言知识，从所提供的备选项中选出一个最佳答案，使短文内容完整正确。中考完形填空主要以这种题型为主。它所给的短文一般与初中英语教材难易程度相当，字数在150－200个单词之内，多数设置10个左右空格，所设考点涉及词汇、语法及对短文内容的理解。短文的第一句一般不设空，以期提供一个语境，对每一空格设置的选项基本都属于相同或对等的词类，给判定选择带来一定的干扰，侧重考查了考生准确运用词汇的能力及对短文的整体理解和逻辑推理能力。
2.选词填空题：该题型的特点是把抽出的词打乱顺序，不按原文顺序排列，放在短文前面或后面的方框内，有时还增加几个文外的词，要求考生从中选出适当的词以正确的形式填入短文空格内。
完形填空选择题的一般解题思路是：
1.跳过空格、通读全文、把握大意。先跳过空格，通读试题所给的要完形填空的短文，获得整体印象，做到弄清文脉、抓住主旨，较好地把握短文大意。要在阅读理解短文意思的基础上才开始判定选择，切忌仓促下笔。
2.结合选项、综合考虑、初定答案。在理解全文意思的基础上，再结合所给备选项细读全文，联系上、下文内容，注意从上、下文的语法结构和词语搭配及从选择项中寻找解题的提示，以词、句的意义为先，再从分析句子结构入手，根据短文意思、语法规则、词语固定搭配等进行综合考虑，对备选项逐一进行分析、比较和筛选，排除干扰项、初步选定答案。
3.瞻前顾后、先易后难、各个击破。动笔时要瞻前顾后、通篇考虑、先易后难。对比较明显直接的、自己最有把握的答案先做，一下子不能确定答案的，先跳过这一空格，继续往下做，最后回过头来再集中精力解决难点。这时可结合已确定答案的选项再读一遍短文，随着对短文理解的深入，可以降低试题的难度，提高选择的正确率。
4.复读全文、逐空验证、弥补疏漏。完成各道题选择后，把所选的答案代入原文，再把全文通读一篇，逐空认真复查。看所选定的答案是否使短文意思前后连贯、顺理成章，语法结构是否正确，是否符合习惯表达法。如发现错误答案或有疑问的，应再次推敲、反复斟酌、做出修正。完形填空试题的一般解题思路是：
1.跳过空格、通读短文、了解大意。解题时先跳过空格，通读完形填空的短文，了解全篇的内容和要旨。要重视首句，善于以首句的时态、语气为立足点，理清文脉，推测全文主题及大意。
2.复读短文、确定语义、判断词形。把握短文大意后再认真复读短文，利用上下文的语境，结合所学过的知识，先确定空格处所需词语的意义，再根据空格在句子中的位置，判断其在句中充当的成分，从而确定所填词的词性，再依据词语搭配和语法规则，判断所填的词的正确形式。
3.三读短文、上下参照、验证答案。在短文的每一空白处填上一个词后，将完成的短文再细读一遍，上下参照，连贯思考。把所填的答案放入短文中进行检验，可从上、下文内容是否协调一致、顺理成章，语法结构是否正确无误等进行综合验证，凡有疑问必须重新推敲考虑。
（三）课文阅读指导
1.初中阅读 阅读理解能力
（1）理解主旨要义（2）理解文中具体信息
（3）根据上下文猜测生词的意义（4）做出简单判断的推理（5）理解文章的基本结构（6）理解作者的意图和态度
2.培养良好阅读习惯（1）扩大视距（2）克服声读（3）克服逐字读
3.猜测词文
（1）通过标题或主题句进行预测
（2）文章的标题或主题句可包括作者的意图和倾向、篇章的总体意义和深层意义，因此通过文章标题或主题句进行预测，以便正确理解。（3）通过语篇标记进行预测
（4）语篇标记包括关联词、转换词也包括其他关键词。（5）利用背景知识预测（6）利用图片进行预测
初三英语语法复习名
词
一、名词的分类：根据用法，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。1．可数名词有单、复数形式的区别。需要掌握规则名词的复数形式的构成。
*以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
如： two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较： 层楼：storey---storeys
story---stories * 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a.加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
radio---radios
zoo---zoos；
b.加es，如：potato--potatoes
tomato--tomatoes *以f或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时常去 f , fe 加 ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wife---wives life---lives
thief---thieves
2.名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children
foot---feet
tooth---teeth
mouse---mice
man---men
woman---women
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。
如： an Englishman，two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复数同形 如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars;
a meter, two meters 3）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a.maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b.news 是不可数名词。
c.the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d.以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book.<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
4)表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses(眼镜)trousers, clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套);a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers 5）另外还有一些名词，即可做不可数名词也可做可数名词，但意思不相同。
单词 可数名词意思 不可数名词意思 单词 可数名词意思 不可数名词意思
work 作品，著作 工作 German 德国人 德语 wood 森林 木头 life 生命 生活，人生
Chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 Exercise 练习，体操 运动，锻炼 Paper 报纸，试卷 纸 Orange 橘子 橙汁
Room 房间 空间 Glass 玻璃杯 玻璃
Time 次数，倍数 时间 Japanese 日本人 日语
Light 灯 光线 fish 鱼（种类）鱼肉
6．）常以复数形式出现并使用的名词：clothes, people, trousers, glasses, scissors, thanks, congratulations, wishes, police, stairs(楼梯), works(著作), woods(森林), times(时代)3．不可数名词量的表示
可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：
a glass of water 一杯水
a piece of cake
4．修饰可数名词的词有：many, few, a few, a number of, 数词
修饰不可数名词的词有：much, little, a little, a great deal of
即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有：some(any), no, a lot of
二、定语名词的复数（即名词修饰名词）名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1)用复数作定语。如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
2)man, woman, 等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如：men workers
women teachers
3)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋）
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan.一个五年计划
some banana trees
two book stores
三、名词的格
1.有生命的人、物及其他名词的所有格在词尾加“’s”，如the boy’s bag 男孩的书包
2.若名词词尾已有-s，只加’，如：Teachers’ Day
the twins’ parents, the students’ books 3.时间、距离、地域等名词的所有格形式为-’s
today’s newspaper, ten minutes’ walk the city’s problem 4.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店
at my aunt’s(house)
go to the doctor’s.5.凡不能加“'s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字
the window of the house。
6.如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示“分别有”；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。
如：John's and Mary's rooms（两间）
John and Mary's room（一间）
7.双重所有格形式：a novel of Mark Twin’s
a friend of my father’s / mine
代
词
1．人称代词
1．）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语，例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.2．）人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词的宾语或介词宾语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。例如：I saw her with them。
her做宾语，them做介词宾语，a.--Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶？
b.--Me.--我。（me = It's me.）在正式文体中这里应为I。宾格代替主格：
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
----I like English.--我喜欢英语。
----Me too.--我也喜欢。
----Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?
---Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.3）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food.She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
4）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。1)单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为： you, he / she and I
You, he and I should return on time.2)复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为： we, you and they *注意：在承认错误，承担责任时，第一人称放在前面
It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。
*it的主要用法:可以表示天气, 时间, 距离, 形式主语, 形式宾语, 身份等.2.物主代词(„人的): 包括形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词
形容词性的物主代词 + 名词;
名词性的物主代词= 形容词性的物主代词+ 名词 3．反身代词：（1）加强语气，起强调作用，“„自己”, “亲自”, “本人”
(2)用在一些动词后,表示主语既是动作的发出者,也是动作的承受者.常见的这类动词有:teach, dress, help, look after, enjoy, hurt, wash 4.不定代词
(1)none(of)指人或物 回答how many / much的问题
nobody, no one 指人
nothing指物
(2)one指人或物, 复数为ones, that指物(不可数名词),it指代前面提到的物体
I have got a nice watch.Would you like to buy one?(a watch)
I have got a nice watch.Do you like it?(the watch)
The weather here is better than that in Beijing.(the weather)(3)三者或三者以上： all(全部，都)
any(任何一个)
none(一个也没有)
两者：
both(全部，都)
either(任意一个)
neither（一个也没有）*Neither of us is from the USA.None of us have / has ever been there before.*not与both, all 连用表示部分否定.(4)some用于肯定句中,也可用于表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中
any用于疑问句、否定句中；还有“任何的”意思(5)another泛指
另一个
the other常与 one 连用，表示两者中的另一个
one„the other„
others 泛指别的，其他的 the others特指别的，其他的（有范围限制）
(the)others =(the)other + 名词
else放在合成不定代词或疑问词之后
(6)every + 名词，只能做定语，（三者或三者以上）
each两者或两者以上的“每一”，可以单独使用
常见的短语：each of
each other（7）合成不定代词的用法（略）*形容词后置（8）many, few, a few + 可数名词复数 much, little, a little+不可数名词 *little 作形容词，小的
a little 还可以修饰形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
数
词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词
1.基数词写法和读法： 345 three hundred and forty-five； 2.基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：
1.)与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如hundreds of；
2.)表示“几十岁”；in his forties
3.)表示“年代”，用 in +the +数词复数；in the 1980s / 1980’s
二、序数词
1.)序数词的不规则变化及缩写形式： first---1st second---2nd third—3rd
fifth—5th
ninth
twelfth
twentieth
twenty-first----21st 2.)序数词前通常使用定冠词the，但有时使用不定冠词a, an,表示“又一，再一”Try it again, please.请再试一次。
When I sat down a third man came in.三、数词的用法 1.倍数表示法
1.)主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj.+ as
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。
2.)主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size(amount，length„)of„
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。
3.)主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than„
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
4.)还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2.分数表示法：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分 母序数词用复数：1/3---one-third ； 2/3---two thirds.冠
词
冠词包括定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a, an)两类。冠词不能单独使用，通常用在名词前面，帮助说明名词的含义。
一、不定冠词a, an的用法：
1.常放在可数名词的单数形式前面，表示“一”的概念，但数的概念没有one强烈。An interesting story book;
a small boy;
There’s a kite in the tree.2.放在可数名词的单数形式前，表示一类人或物。3．用在固定短语中。
二、定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个” “这些，那些”的意思，但较弱，放在名词前，表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1.特指双方都明白的人或物：
Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2.上文提到过的人或事：
He bought a house.I've been to the house.3.指世上独一无二的事物： the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth
4.与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人;the living 生者
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词，only，very，same等前面：
.Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。
He is the only person who knows the secret.他是唯一知道秘密的人。
6．用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
the People‘s Republic of China
中华人民共和国
the United States
美国 7.用在表示乐器的名词之前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
8.用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens
格林一家人(或格林夫妇)9.用在惯用语中：in the day, in the morning(afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky(water，field，country), in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle(of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre *在sun , moon, breakfast等之前有形容词时,可用a, an
a full moon
三、不用冠词的情况: 1． 国名，人名前通常不用冠词：England，Mary；
2.泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；
They are teachers.他们是教师。
3.抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
4.物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；
Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。
5.在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6.在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；
The guards took the American to General Lee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast，play chess
8.重叠运用的名词短语前常省去冠词；
from house to house，neck and neck，hour after hour，one by one 9.在一些习惯用语中
*注意以下一些短语的区别(有定冠词时,表示相关处所或地点，没有定冠词时,表示与相关处所有关的活动或功能.)
go to hospital 去医院看病-----go to the hospital
去医院(并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)in front of-----in / at the front of
in hospital-----in the hospital at table-----at the table
in class------in the class by sea-------by the sea
go to school--------go to the school a number of----------the number of *两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。*如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。
四、冠词的位置
1、不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
1.）位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half，I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the job.2.).当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.So short a time.Too long a way.3.)quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。quite a nice picture
2、定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。
All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
形容词和副词
一、形容词的用法：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。也可以放在联系动词后面作表语。1．直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。
That’s a heavy box.(定语)
He’s very happy to come here.(表语)The good news made me very happy.(宾语补足语)2.有些形容词是表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。例如：afraid 害怕的 alone单独，独自
asleep睡着的 ill生病的。
He is an ill man.（错）
The man is ill.（对）
She is an afraid girl.（错）
The girl is afraid.（对）
这类形容词还有： well，（身体）好的unwell（身体）不舒适的，alike相象的，alive活着的, awake醒着的等。
3.形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody 等不定代词时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice 1.)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly友好的，lovely可爱的，lonely孤单的，lively热闹的,有生气的，活泼的,等仍为形容词。
She sang lovely.(错)------Her singing was lovely.（对）
He spoke to me very friendly.（错）------He spoke to me in a very friendly way.-(对)* politely, truly, terribly 2）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry
如:The poor are losing hope.3）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。
the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.4.)多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table
a dirty old brown shirt a tall gray building
a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题: 1）Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two other B.two little other
C.two other little
D.little other two
答案：C。由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--性质--名词”的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。
2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone
B.Chinese old stone
C.old stone Chinese
D.Chinese stone old 答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3)----How was your recent visit to Qingdao?----It was great.We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.A.few last sunny
B.last few sunny
C.last sunny few
D.few sunny last 答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的放在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表： 限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
二、副词的用法：用来修饰动词、形容词或其它副词，在句中做状语。
三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词和副词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1、掌握比较级和最高级的变化形式：
１．）单音节形容词及部分双音节次加－er, est ２．）部分双音节词及多音节词前面加more, most或less, least构成．
3.)不规则变化形式：
原
级 比 较 级 最 高 级 good / well better best bad / badly / ill worse worst many / much more most little less least far farther / further farthest / furthest old older / elder oldest / eldest 2.使用比较级时要注意的问题: 1)在比较级前可以使用下列一些单词或短语加以修饰: much, a little, even, far, a bit, still, a lot, 等
数词 + 量词也可以修饰比较级
如:He is two years younger than I.还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。This room is twice as big as that one.2）要避免重复使用比较级
(错)He is more cleverer than his brother.(对)He is more clever than his brother.或He is clever than his brother.3）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错)China is larger that any country in Asia.(对)China is larger than any other countries in Asia.5.)不含than的形容词和副词比较级前可以加不定冠词a, an
a / an + 比较级 + 名词
How fast he runs.I’ve never seen a better runner.比较级前加定冠词the表示特指。Tom is the taller of the two brothers.6)than 后面可以用主格，也可以用宾格。但有时也有区别。
I’m taller than he / him.I like the boy than her.--------I like the boy than she.3．比较级的常见句型：
1．）比较级 + and + 比较级
越来越„„ 2.)the + 比较级„, the + 比较级„.越„,就越„ 3.)as„as
和„„一样;
not as / so „as和„„不一样;不如„„中间用形容词或副词的原级 4.)like „.better than „
和„„相比更喜欢„„ 5.)宁可„„也不„.Prefer to do sth rather than do sth.Prefer to do sth.Prefer doing sth to doing sth.6.)more B than A
与其说A,不如说B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.7.)no more„ than„ 与„„一样„„，不比„„多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less„ than„ 与„„一样„„
He is no less diligent than you.8.)more than 不只是，非常
She is more than kind to us all.4.使用最高级时应注意的问题: 1.)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。
It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
2.)最高级后面的介词in 与 of的区别 4)倍数+ as + 形容词 + as + 比较对象
This bridge is three times as long as that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.=Your room is twice the size of mine.介
词
介词不能单独使用,必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语，在句中做表语，定语、状语、补语等成分。根据介词的用法，通常可以分为：时间、地点、趋向和其他四类介词。
一、表示时间的介词：
(1)at 示时刻、时间的某一点
at six, at noon, at half past one, at that time / moment on 体的某一天
on Sunday，on Friday afternoon，on a cold morning, on the morning of …
on March 12th, 2005
in 示周、月、季节、年以及泛指的上、下午，晚上
in spring，in 2004，in the morning，*在his, last，that, next, every 等词前面不用介词this afternoon, last Sunday, every morning
区别：next week--------the next week(2)by “在„„前” 多和完成时态连用
till “直到„„才”
I’ll wait here till you come back.until “不到„„就不” 常和until连用
I’ll not leave until you come back.(3)in 过„„以后, 大多用于将来时
after 多用于过去时
(4)since + 过去的一个时间点(表示时间段, 从„„开始到现在)for + 一段时间
二、表示场所、方向的介词：
（1）at 表示比较具体的地点
at 37 Renming Road in 表示比较宽敞的地点
in Renming Street（2）above斜上方-------below斜下方
over正上方-------under正下方 on 两物体有接触
(3)between„and..在„„和„„之间
among在„„中间(三者以上)
(4)across(从物体表面)跨越, 越过
through(从物体中间)穿透, 穿越
(5)in 在„„里面(表示静止的位置)
into 进入,表示运动方向,常用在表示动作的动词之后, 如 go, come, walk, jump, run 等
into的反义词是out of
(6)to 到(目底地)或方向
towards 指朝着某方向,而不是目的地.He walked towards the beach.三、其它介词
1．with（１）在一起;（２）有;（３）用某种工具 in 用什么材料或语言，或表示衣着，声调特点等 by 用．．．．．．手段
２．Like 象．．．．．．一样
as 作为；按照，象．．．．．．一样（连词）＋ 句子 ３．for（１）为了（表示目的或原因）（２）（后面加一段时间）表示时间段
动
词
一、动词的分类： 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（行为动词）、连系动词、助动词、情态动词。
１．实义动词有完整的词义，能单独做谓语．根据用法，可分为及物动词（vt.后面直接跟名词或代词作宾语）和不及物动词（vi不能直接跟名词或代词，加宾语时必须加介词）。同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
但也有一些动词只能用做及物动词，如：visit, ask, win, tell, answer, feel, serve, marry, discuss, beat, reach, kill, drop 等．
而下列一些动词通常情况下只能用做不及物动词：reply(to), return(to), point(to, at)，knock(at, on, into), wait(for), listen(to), arrive(at, to), fall(down, off), look(at, after…)
2．连系动词（Link Verb）它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。常见的连系动词有：be, feel，become，look, smell，seem，taste，sound，keep，其它一些可以和形容词连用的动词也属于连系动词：fall ill / asleep, grow worse, turn red, get lost，keep healthy等
３．助动词：本身没有词义，不能单独作句子的谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语．主要帮助句子构成否定、疑问以及动词的不同时态、语态等语法特征。常见的助动词有：be, do(does, did), have / has, had, will, would 等。
４．情态动词：本身有一定的词义，单不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟其它动词的原形，表示说话人的语气和态度；常见的情态动词有：can(could), may(might), must, need 等。(1)can *能，会（表示能力）； *请求许可
can’t be 不可能 could:
can的过去式，但有时表示委婉的语气。
(2)may ＊可能（可能性）； *可以（请求许可，相当于can）；
＊表示祝愿
May you be happy!
May you succeed!might * may的过去式；
＊表示可能性（但可能性比may小）(3)must 必须，应该
mustn’t 禁止
must be 肯定, 一定
(4)need 需要（一般用于否定句或疑问句，肯定句中一般用做实义动词）
needn’t(= don’t have to)没必要
二、动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。
三、动词的时态：
时
态 结
构 时
态 结
构
一般现在时 动词原形（第三人称单数）一般过去时 动词的过去式 现在进行时 am / is / are＋动词的 过去进行时 was / were＋动词的 一般将来时 will ＋动词原形
am/ is / are going to＋动词原形 过去将来时 would＋动词原形 was / were going to＋动词原形
现在完成时 have / has ＋过去分词 过去完成时 had＋过去分词 ＊ 各种时态的用法省略
＊ go, come, arrive, leave, move, die等动词的进行时态可以表示对应的将来时态。＊ 表示过去经常发生而现在不再做的事情用used to do
四、动词的被动语态
１． 用法：动作的承受者作句子的主语。
２． 基本结构：be + 过去分词
掌握下列一些常见结构：
１．）一般现在时态：am / is / are ＋ 过去分词
２．）一般过去时：was / were ＋ 过去分词
３．）现在完成时：have / has been ＋ 过去分词
４．）一般将来时：will be ＋过去分词或者be going to be ＋过去分词
3.含情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词 + be + 过去分词
4．动词不定式的被动语态结构：to + be + 过去分词
There are twenty more trees to be planted.5.下列动词的主动语态表示被动语态。miss(丢失), sell well(销路好), need / want doing My bike is missing.This kind of food sells well.Your coat needs watering.6.happen, take place发生, last(持续), cost, hold(容纳), have, like, feel, sound(听起来)等动词
没有被动形式。
Great changes have taken place in our school.The water can last three days.Silk feels soft and smooth.The cake looks nice.An accident happened to him.五、动词不定式：由to + 动词原形构成，没有人称和数的变化，有时to可以省略。在句中 除了不能做谓语外，能够作其他一切成分。还能拥有自己的宾语和状语，构成不定式短语。
1、动词不定式的句法功能：
*做主语。常用It + be + 形容词+(of / for sb.)+ to do sth.结构。
of: good, bad, polite, kind, nice, clever, right, careful等
for: important, necessary, difficult, possible, dangerous等
*做表语。常用在等连系动词后面，若主语很长而表语很短，可以将两者颠倒过来。
His job is to sell the computers.He seems to be interested in the detective stories.*做状语。表目的：She was here to visit her daughter.表原因：I’m sorry to trouble you.表结果：The box is too heavy to carry.表示程度：This room is big enough to hold 200 people.*做定语。放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，若它与所修饰的名词有动宾关系，这个不定式应 为及物的。如：I was the first to come.I have no pens to write with.(动宾关系)*做宾语。常见的动词有：want, agree, choose, try, decide，hope, wish, learn，fail, would like
to do sth.*做宾语补足语。
1．）必须使用 to的动词有：ask, tell, order, take, invite, want, wish, follow，wait for, teach, would like, allow
sb.to do sth.2．）不能使用to的动词有：have, make, let;see, watch, hear, notice sb.do sth 注意：在主动语态中，to 要省略；而在被动语态中，to 必须加上
3．）可以使用to，也可以不用的动词：help *疑问词（除why外）+ 动词不定式(what, when, how, where, which + to do sth.)2.下列一些动词后面只能跟动名词（动词的 –ing 形式）作宾语:
enjoy，finish, mind, excuse, practice, keep, miss, spend, can’t help
be busy, be worth, keep on, carry on 3.下列一些动词后面可以跟动词不定式也可以跟动名词。
1．）意义相同或相近的有：begin, start，like, love, hate, prefer, plan
2．）意思不同的有：forget，remember，stop，see, hear, go on 4.注意： had better(not)do sth，would rather(not)do sth 5.动词不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to 主 谓 一 致
一、就近原则：either„„or„„
neither„„nor„„
not only„„.but also„„ There / Here be +并列主语.二、意义一致原则：
1.集体名词（class, family等）做主语时，可根据意义判断。
His family has moved into a new house.His family were having supper then.主语是数目、时间、金钱、距离时，动词用单数。
2.主语+ as well as / with / together with / like / but / except + 动词单数。Everyone except the twins has been to the Great Wall.Lily with her friends is going to the zoo tomorrow.3.下列一些不定代词做主语，动词用单数。each, either, neither, something, anything，somebody，anybody等。
4.The + 形容词 / 过去分词 + 动词复数 The wounded were looked after well in the hospital.The weak, like the strong, have many friends in the world.5.glasses, trousers, shoes, scissors等单独做主语时，动词用复数，但当它们与a pair of 连用时，动词与pair的数保持一致。
The pair of glasses fits you well.句
子
（一）根据句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句
一、简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。根据句子的结构，又可分为五种：
1、S + V.主语 + 不及物动词。
2、S + V + O.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语。
3、S + V + P.主语 + 连系动词 + 表语。
4、S + V + IO + DO.主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。可以转换成：
主语 + 直接宾语 + for 或 to ＋ 间接宾语。
常见的这类动词有： buy, bring，make ，choose，get
sth.for sb.teach, give, pass, hand(传递), show, offer, sell, lend, take, send sth to sb.5、S + V + O + C.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。
二、并列句：常由or, but, and, so for等词将两个简单句连接，表示转折，递进等关系。
三、复合句：包括宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。
1、宾语从句
掌握以下内容：* 引导宾语从句的引导词； * 掌握宾语从句的语序；
*掌握宾语从句的时态一致
2、状语从句
（1）时间状语从句的连词有：when, while, before, after, until(till), since, as soon as等。时间状语从句中通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。注意下列几个词的区别：
when: *当„„的时候
指一点时间,表示短暂性动作
*指一段时间,表示持续性的动作
*什么时候
引导宾语从句
while:*表示持续性的动作或状态
*具有对比的含义, 意为 “然而”
as: 表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,一般与延续性动词连用.“一边„一边„” 随着..As we walked, we talked.As time went by, we knew each other better and better.（2）原因状语从句 because(因为), since(既然), as(由于)，for(因为)（3）条件状语从句if(如果)
unless(除非)
在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时.（4）结果状语从句so + 形容词 / 副词 + that + 句子
such + 名词 + that„
＊such + a(an)+ 形容词+ 名词= so + 形容词+ a(an)+ 名词
（5）目的状语从句so that, in order that，(in order to do sth.so as to do sth)（6）比较状语从句as„as„
than，not as / so „ as„
（7）让步状语从句though，although，even though„
3、定语从句: 修饰名词或代词的从句, 放在名词或代词的后面.通常: 名词(人)+ who / whom / that + 句子
名词(物)+ which / that + 句子
（1）引导非限制性定语从句时,必须用 which 指物, 不用 that.I have lost my bag, which I like very much.（2）关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句动词的单复数形式和先行词保持一致.Do you know the man who is standing against the door?
（3）下列几种情况只能用 that 引导宾语从句:
*先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等, 如:
All that we have to do is to practise more.There is nothing that I can do for you.*先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,如: The first letter that I got from him is kept well.*先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰时,如:
I have eaten up all the food that you gave me.（4）由when, where, why 引导的定语从句
I don’t know the reason why he was late.This is the place where I have lived for five years.I’ll never forget the day when I met Mr.Li for the first time.先行词是表示地点时,如果从句的动词是及物的,就用that(which), 如果动词不及物,就用where引导.This is the house that he has lived in for five years.This is the house where he has lived for five years.句
子(二)根据句子的功能，可以把句子分为四类：陈述句（肯定句和否定句）；疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句）；祈使句和感叹句。
一、陈述句：
1、肯定句
2、否定句：（1）加 not 构成的否定句（2）由no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing, little, few等构成的否定句 两者的全部否定用neither或nor，部分否定用both + not;三者或三者以上的全部否定用none, nothing, nobody, no one等，部分否定用all, many, every加not构成。
（3）否定前置，常见的动词有：think, believe, suppose
二、疑问句
1．一般疑问句：用 yes 或 no 回答
2．特殊疑问句：用疑问词（what, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, how, why 以及 它们构成的一些短语）提问的句子。
3.选择疑问句：一般疑问句 + or + 选择对象
不能用 yes 或 no 回答
4.反意疑问句： 陈述句 + 简略的一般疑问句。
陈述句部分和疑问句部分的肯定、否定形式相反。注意以下一些内容：
（1）简略问句的主语和陈述部分保持一致，只能用人称代词（there除外），简略问句的动词也 和陈述部分保持一致，如果是否定，要用缩写形式。如：
Jin isn’t a student, is he?
There are some books in it, aren’t there?
(2)陈述部分是I’m„结构，疑问部分一般用aren’t you，如：
I’m late, aren’t I?
（3）陈述部分有little, few, no, never, nothing, hardly, nobody等词表示否定时，疑问部分用肯定。
（4）祈使句的反意疑问句：
祈使句，will you？
Let’s„, shall we?
（5）宾语从句的反意疑问句常和主句保持一致，但如果主句是I think / believe / suppose时，疑问部分的主语应和从句保持一致。I don’t think he knows it, does he?
三、祈使句：表示命令、请求或建议。肯定形式用动词原形.否定形式用 “Don’t / Never + 动词原形.”
四、感叹句：常由what 或 how开头
What + 形容词 +名词 + 主语+ 动词.What a nice house it is!
What fine weather!How + 形容词 + 主语 + 连系动词。
How happy they look!
How interesting the story is!How + 副词 + 主语 + 实义动词。
How happy they are laughing!
How + 主语 + 动词
How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!
第三篇：小学数学各年级知识点总结
如何学好小学数学？上海小学数学各年级知识点总结
一、小学数学各年级知识点
一年级 认识数学 认识数字 大小比较 加减学习与认识 物体的认识
二年级 简单的加减乘法四则混合运算 认识大数 基本的生活应用(轻重，东南西北)认识简单的几何图形(角、长方形、正方形、轴对称)
三年级 进一步学习多位数乘除法 认识分数 图形周长面积的求法及应用 圆角分、重量长度用小数表示
四年级 应用题的一些分类学习四则运算定律 线、角的初步知识 小数的认识及性质小数的应用 方程的初步认识(用字母表示数等式方程 应用题)正数负数的初步认识及应用
五年级 小数乘除法 列方程解应用题平面图形 立体图形 体积及表面积 约数和倍数 分数的加法和减法 简单的统计
二、小学数学各年级学科问题及失分点
一年级 位置分不清 运算进位退位易错 生活常识应用易错(路、人民币、重昊)单位的转化
二年级 乘法表的认识与记忆易错 简单图形认识混淆 三位数的加减法及其应用题易错。
三年级 多位数乘除法进退位失分 图形周长面积的变式题失分
四年级 应用题理解分析失分 运算定律运用失分 简便计算 小数点的移动及小数的加减法失分
五年级 计算问题(小数及简易方程)分析应用题 立体图形(长方体正方体)体积和表面积的综合运用
三、小学数学各年级学科难点和重点
一年级 比较数的大小 加减法 长度人民币的认识
二年级 乘法表的学习与认识 加减法 角的认识 方向的区分
三年级 乘法除法 图形的周长及面积的计算
四年级 小数、分数的初步认识 小数点的移动及小数的加减 简便计算
五年级 小数的乘除法 简易方程 几何图形面积的计算 正负数的认识 应用题
四、如何学好小学数学
一、课内重视听讲，课后及时复习。
新知识的接受，数学能力的培养主要在课堂上进行，所以要特点重视课内的学习效率，寻求正确的学习方法。上课时要紧跟老师的思路，积极展开思维预测下面的步骤，比较自己的解题思路与教师所讲有哪些不同。特别要抓住基础知识和基本技能的学习，课后要及时复习不留疑点。首先要在做各种习题之前将老师所讲的知识点回忆一遍，正确掌握各类公式的推理过程，庆尽量回忆而不采用不清楚立即翻书之举。认真独立完成作业，勤于思考，从某种意义上讲，应不造成不懂即问的学习作风，对于有些题目由于自己的思路不清，一时难以解出，应让自己冷静下来认真分析题目，尽量自己解决。在每个阶段的学习中要进行整理和归纳总结，把知识的点、线、面结合起来交织成知识网络，纳入自己的知识体系。
二、适当多做题，养成良好的解题习惯。
要想学好数学，多做题目是难免的，熟悉掌握各种题型的解题思路。刚开始要从基础题入手，以课本上的习题为准，反复练习打好基础，再找一些课外的习题，以帮助开拓思路，提高自己的分析、解决能力，掌握一般的解题规律。对于一些易错题，可备有错题集，写出自己的解题思路和正确的解题过程两者一起比较找出自己的错误所在，以便及时更正。在平时要养成良好的解题习惯。让自己的精力高度集中，使大脑兴奋，思维敏捷，能够进入最佳状态，在考试中能运用自如。实践证明：越到关键时候，你所表现的解题习惯与平时练习无异。如果平时解题时随便、粗心、大意等，往往在大考中充分暴露，故在平时养成良好的解题习惯是非常重要的。
三、调整心态，正确对待考试。
首先，应把主要精力放在基础知识、基本技能、基本方法这三个方面上，因为每次考试占绝大部分的也是基础性的题目，而对于那些难题及综合性较强的题目作为调剂，认真思考，尽量让自己理出头绪，做完题后要总结归纳。调整好自己的心态，使自己在任何时候镇静，思路有条不紊，克服浮躁的情绪。特别是对自己要有信心，永远鼓励自己，除了自己，谁也不能把我打倒，要有自己不垮，谁也不能打垮我的自豪感。
天材教育1对1小学数学辅导计划，倡导从一年级起就培养学生的思维能力。天材教育小学数学课题组的专家们认为，不论是开始的复习，教学新知识，组织学生练习，都要注意结合具体的内容有意识地进行培养。
例如复习20以内的进位加法时，有经验的天材教师给出式题以后，不仅让学生说出得数，还要说一说是怎样想的，特别是当学生出现计算错误时，说一说计算过程有助于加深理解“凑十”的计算方法，学会类推，而且有效地消灭错误。经过一段训练后，引导学生简缩思维过程，想一想怎样能很快地算出得数，培养学生思维的敏捷性和灵活性。再如，教学两位数乘法，关键是通过直观引导学生把它分解为用一位数乘和用整十数乘，重点要引导学生弄清整十数乘所得的部分积写在什么位置，最后概括出用两位数乘的步骤。
第四篇：仁爱版英语八-九年级教材知识点总结1（范文模版）
仁爱版八年级英语语言点归纳
Unit 1 Sports and Games Topic 1 Are you going to play basketball? 1.see sb.do sth “看见某人做了某事” 强调动作的全过程,常与every day;often等连用.see sb.doing sth.“看见某人正在做某事” 强调动作正在进行.Eg : I saw you play basketball almost every day during the summer holidays.I often see him draw pictures near the river.我常看见她在河边画画.I saw her go across the street.我看见她过了马路
I saw her going across the street.我看见她正在过马路.[类似的有watch,hear,feel 等这类感观动词.] 2.join sb.表示 “加入某人的行列” “和某人在一起”
join + 组织
表示 “加入某个组织”
take part in
表示 “参加/出席某个活动”
如: Will you join us?
I will join the skiing club.She is planning to take part in the high jump.3.prefer to 更喜欢
（to是介词，后接名词、V-ing形式）
Eg：She prefers fish to meat.She prefers playing the piano to playing the guitar.4.arrive in + 大地点arrive at + 小地点
get to + 地点 = reach + 地点 如: My uncle arrived in Beijing yesterday.I arrived at the Great Wall.= I got to the Great Wall.= I reached the Great Wall.注意: reach here/there/home = get here/there/home = arrive here/there/home 5.leave„ 离开„„
leave for„ 动身去„/离开到„
如: They are leaving Beijing tomorrow.明天他们要离开北京.They are leaving for Japan the day after tomorrow.后天他们要前往日本.6.a few “几个;一些” 修饰可数名词
a little “一点点” 修饰不数名词 如: There are a few eggs in the basket.There is a little water in the bottle.7.how long 表示“多久(时间)”;提问时间段.how often 表示 “多常;多久一次”;提问时间的频率.如: They will stay in Beijing for a week.→ How long will they stay in Beijing?
He plays basketball twice a week.→
How often does he play basketball? 8..be good at(doing)sth.= do well in(doing)sth.擅长于(做)某事
如: She is good at(playing)baseball.= She does well in(playing)baseball.9..make sth/sb + adj.使某物(某人)在某种状态
keep „sth/sb + adj.保持某物(某人)在某种状态
如: Playing soccer can make your body strong.Swimming can help to keep your heart and lungs healthy.重点语法
一般将来时：
（一）be going to 结构: ①表示主语进行某一将来行动的打算、意图。这种打算常经过预先考虑并含有自己做好某些准备的意思，因此通常认为用be going to表达的行动很可能会见诸实践。
如：I’m going to play basketball with my classmates this Sunday.我打算本周日和同学们一起打篮球。
She is going to buy a sweater for her mother.她打算为她妈妈买一件毛衣。
②表预测。指根据迹象推测，而且马上或很快就要发生。
如：Look at those clouds.It’s going to rain.瞧那些乌云！快要下雨了！
（二）will + 动词原形：表示单纯的将来事实，常与表将来的时间状语如:tomorrow, soon, later, next time(week/month/year„)等连用。will not = won’t;缩略形式为’ll.表示作出立即的决定。这种意图并未经过事先的考虑或计划，是临时的一种决定。如：a.----Please put your things away, Tom.汤姆，把你的东西收拾好。----I’m sorry.I’ll do it right away.对不起。我马上就去做。b.----Would you like coffee or tea? 您要咖啡还是茶？
----I will have a cup of tea,please.我要一杯茶。
c.Don’t worry.I’ll help you.别担心。我会帮你的。表示预测。指说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测。
如： I’m sure our team will win next time.我确信下次我们队会赢。Maybe she will go to the gym.也许她会去体育馆。
表示许诺。如： I’ll do better next time.下次我会做得更好的。
I’ll visit you tomorrow.明天我会去看你的。句式：肯定句：I/She/He/They will go to play baseball soon.否定句：I/She/He/They won’t go to play baseball soon.一般疑问句：Will you/she/he/they go to play baseball soon? 回答：Yes, I/she/he/they will.No, I/she /he/they won’t.（三）动词plan, come, go, leave, fly等用现在进行时表示将要发生的事.如： I’m coming.我就来。
He is leaving for Shanghai.他将到上海去。
We are going to Beijing.我们将去北京。
Topic 2
Would you mind teaching me ? 1.ill 与 sick 都表示 “生病的”, 只能作表语而既可作表语也可作定语.如: The man is ill/sick.那个男人病了.(作表语)
He is a sick man.他是个病人.(作定语)2.Would you mind(not)doing sth? 表示 “(不)做某事介意/好吗?” 如: Would you mind coming and checking it? 来修理它好吗?
Would you mind not smoking here? 不要在这儿吸烟好/介意吗? 3.one of + 名词复数
表示 “其中之一„„”, 主语是one,表单数.谓语动词用单数。
如: One of my teammates is strong and tall.其中我的一个队友又高又壮。4.miss “错过,思念,遗失”
如: I missed the last bus yesterday.昨天我错过最后一班车.He missed his mother.他想念他的母亲.My God!I missed(=lost)my key.天啊!我把钥匙弄丢了.5.do one’s best 尽某人的最大努力
= try one’s best We do our best to finish the task.6.be sure to do sth.= be sure that + 句子
“确定做某事”
如: We are sure to win next time.= We are sure that we will win next time.我们确信下次一定会赢。
7.be sorry for„ “为某事抱歉”
be sorry to do sth.= be sorry(that)+ 句子 “很抱歉做了某事” 如: I am very sorry for what I said.我为我所说的话感到抱歉.I’m sorry I lost your book.= I’m sorry to lose your book.很抱歉弄丢你的书。8.tired adj.“（感到）疲惫的” , 主语是人
如: I feel tired today.今天我感到累了.tiring adj.“令人疲劳的”, 主语是事物
如:This job is tiring.这份工作令人疲惫.类似的有: excited 感到兴奋的 exciting 令人兴奋的 interested 感到有趣的interesting 有趣的 9.15-year-old “15岁的” years old “15岁”
如: He is a 15-year-old boy.= The boy is 15 years old.类似用法: 2.5-mile / 2.5 miles 10.instead “替代;相反”, 一般单独使用,放在句末,前面用逗号隔开.instead of„“替代„„;而不„„,相反”
如: I won’t go to Shanghai.I’ll go to Beijing, instead.我不会去上海而会去北京.= I’ll go to Beijing instead of Shanghai.I drank a lot of milk instead of water.我喝了许多牛奶而不是水.have fun doing sth.= enjoy doing sth.表示 “从做„„.中获得乐趣”
如: I have great fun running.= I enjoy running.我总能在跑步中得到很大乐趣。
Topic 3 Which sport will you take part in? 1.be ready for 为„准备
= prepare for
Eg：We are ready for the final exam
= We are preparing for the final exam 2.encourage 鼓励
(to + V)Eg：We should encourage children to look after themselves.3.take / do exercise 做锻炼
Eg：They often takes / does exercise in the morning.4.group up 长大
Eg：What are you going to be when you grow up.bring up : 抚养
5.a symbol of代表
= stand for Eg：?The?Tang?costume?stands?for?Chinese?fashion?culture?and?the?long?history?of?China.The?Tang?costume is a symbol of Chinese?fashion?culture?and?the?long?history?of?China.6.at least 至少
at most 至多
Eg：We need at least another two days to finish the task.There are 1000 students in this school at most.7.fill out + 名词
“填好„„” fill + 名词/代词+out
如: Please fill out this form.= Please fill this form out.请填好这张表格.Please fill it/them out.(当宾语是代词时, 只能放中间)请把它(们)填好.8.be afraid„
“恐怕” 指有礼貌地、委婉地拒绝别人.be afraid of„
“害怕(做)„„”
如: I’m afraid I won’t be free.我恐怕没有空.He is afraid of dogs.他害怕狗.They are afraid of losing the game.他们害怕输了比赛.9.may be “可能是„„”
may是情态动词 + be maybe “或许;可能”
maybe是副词
如: He may be a teacher.= Maybe he is a teacher.他可能是一名老师.He may know her name.= Maybe he knows her name.他可能知道她的名字.10.between 在两者之间
among
在三者或三者当中 如: The answer is between A and B.答案在A和B 之间.The winner is among of us.获胜者在我们当中.Unit 2
Keeping Healthy Topic 1 How are you feeling today? 1.身体某个部位 + ache，表身体某处疼痛。
如: headache 头痛
backache 背痛
stomachache 胃痛
toothache 牙痛2.medicine
“药”（为不可数名词）
pill
“药片”（为可数名词）如: take some medicine
吃些药
take some cold pills
吃些感冒药 3.with
“含有„”
without “没有”
Eg：hot tea with honey 加蜜的茶
coffee with sugar and milk
加糖和牛奶
mooncake with eggs 含鸡蛋的月饼
Chinese tea with nothing = Chinese tea without anything 中国清茶
Go to school without(eating)breakfast.没吃早饭去上学。4.well 康复
well 是副词，修饰动词。作为形容词来用时，是“身体健康”的意思。Eg：She dances well.(well是副词)
Take care of you，you’ll be well soon.(well是形容词)good是形容词，“好的”
eg：He is a good boy.5.You’d better go to see a doctor.你最好去看医生
see a doctor 看医生
had better(not)do sth 最好（不）做某事 Eg：You’d better ask your teacher for help
You have a fever，Let’s see a doctor.Your leg is hurt，you’d better not move.6.have a rest 休息一下
Eg:You look tired ,why not have a rest? 7.until
“直到„为止”;句中动词一般为延续性动词
not „until„
“直到„才„”;句中动词一般为短暂性动词
如: He will wait for his father until ten o’clock.他将等他父亲一直到10点为止.He won’t leave until his father comes.直到他父亲来他才离开.8.plenty of„ “充足;大量”
既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词, 只用于肯定句, 相当于a lot of„/ lots of„
many
“许多”, 修饰可数名词
much
“许多”, 修饰不可数名词 如: You should drink plenty of /a lot of boiled water.你应该喝大量的开水.You shouldn’t drink so much water.你不应该喝这么多水.I have many/lots of/a lot of/plenty of books.我有许多水.Topic 2 I must ask him to give up smoking.1.be good for„
对„„有益
be bad for„
对„有害 如: Swimming is good for health.游泳对健康有益.Reading in strong sunlight is bad for the eyes.在强烈的阳光下看书对眼睛有害.2.enough adj.“足够的”
修饰名词时, 既可放在名词之前, 也可放在名词之后.(但通常放在名词之前)如: I have enough time/ time enough to finish this work.我有足够的时间完成这项工作.There is enough food in the fridge.冰箱里有足够的食物.adv.“足够地”
修饰形容词或副词时, 均放在所修饰词的后面.如: He is tall enough to reach the apple.他足够高,能够得着苹果.He speaks clearly enough.他讲得足够清楚.3.need “需要, 必需”
作实义动词: need sth.需要某物
need to do sth.需要做某事 如: I need some help.我需要一些帮助.You need to see a doctor.你需要去看医生.He needs to take a bus.他需要去搭车.作情态动词: need + 动词原形
如: If she wants anything, she only need ask.她想要什么东西, 只要开口就行了.You needn’t finish this work today.你不必今天完成这项工作.4.too much + 不可数名词
表“太多的„”
much too + 形容词
表“太„”，much 起加强语气作用
如：Don’t eat too much meat.不要吃太多的肉。
He is much too fat.他实在太胖了。5.give up 放弃
Eg|：In order to keep healthy，you must give up smoking and drinking.6.Staying up late is bad for your health.熬夜有害你的健康.(V-ing短语做主语)
staying up（late）熬夜（到很晚）6.throw about 乱扔
Eg：We shouldn’t throw litter about.7.in public 公共的
Eg：We shouldn’t smoke in public.8.more than 超过
less than 少于
Eg：There are more than 1000 students in that school.I do morning exercise less than three times a week.9.must “必须, 一定”
如: We must study hard.我们必须努力学习.must表示推测时一般用于肯定句；在疑问句和否定句中一般应用can,否定句中也可用功ay,但may not表示“可能不”，而can't表示“不可能”；
(4）否定句中，mustn't表示禁止，意为“不允许”。以must开头的疑问句，肯定回答应用must，而否定回答则常用needn't,needn't表示“不需要、不必”，相当于don't have to。如：
There's someone knocking on the door.It must he Jim.有人敲门。肯定是吉姆。
Eg-Must we keep the windows open all the time?
-No, we don’t have to./ No, we needn’t.(注意回答时不能用No, we mustn’t.)* have to “不得不,必须”, 侧重表示因客观条件或客观环境的迫使而＂不得不做某事＂．（可用于各种时态）
如：It’s too late.I have to go now.太迟了.现在我得走了.I had to borrow some money at that time.那时我不得不借了一些钱.Topic 3 We should do to fight SARS? 1.hurry up 赶快 2.be on TV 上电视 Eg：He is on TV 3.go ahead 向前走 ； 着手干
Eg：Go ahead and you will find a bank.-Mr.Wang ,I want to ask you a question.-Go ahead.4.build up 使强健
Eg:We must do as much exercise as we can to build up our bodies.5.take care of 照顾
= look after Eg: The boy is too young to take care of himself.= The boy is too young to look after himself.6.It’s my duty to save the patients.挽救病人是我的职责。
It’s my duty to do sth 做„是我的责任 Eg：It’s our duty to keep the classroom clean.7.on 通过，使用
Eg：Now，more and more students learn English on Internet.8.Long time no see.好久不见。
9.talk with sb.表 “与„„交流” , 指 “与人平等地交流、讨论”
talk to sb.表示 “找某人谈话” , 在口语中常 “责备某人” 如: Jim’s father is talking with the teacher.吉姆的父亲正在和老师交谈.I will talk to him about his careless.我要找他谈话,批评他的粗心大意.10.teach oneself 自学
= learn by oneself
Eg：His family is too poor to afford his education ,so he teach himself after school.11.enjoy oneself = have a good time 玩得高兴
12.help sb(to)do sth = help sb.with sth.帮助某人做某事 如: I helped my mother cook at home.= I helped my mother with the cook at home.我在家帮我母亲做饭.Unit3 Our Hobbies Topic 1 What hobbies did you use to have ?
1.What beautiful stamps!(Page 53)哇，那么漂亮的邮票！what引导的感叹句
（1）.What +a(an)＋形容词＋可数名词的单数形式＋主语十 谓语！
What a beautiful girl she is！
她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀！
（2）.What＋形容词＋可数名词的复数形式＋主语＋谓语！女日：
What important jobs they have done！
他们做了多么重要的工作呀！
（3）.What＋形容词＋不可数名词＋主语＋谓语！如：
How sweet water it is！多甜的水呀！
how引导的感叹句
（1）.How十形容词或副词＋主语＋谓语！如：
How interesting the dog is！多么有趣的狗呀！
（2）.How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词的单数形式＋主语＋谓语！如：
How useful a subject they are learning！
他们正在学的科目多么有用呀！
（3）.How＋主语＋谓语！如：
How time flies！时间过得真快呀！
技巧总结：从后往前划出主语、谓语，然后看前部的中心词，名词用what，形容词、副词用how。
2.We can learn a lot about people, places, history, and special times from stamps.(Page 53)通过这些邮票我们可以学到许多关于人文、地理、历史和特殊时代的知识。
a lot “许多、大量”，用在动词后，同very much。如: eg： She had told me a lot about how to learn English well.另外，a lot of 和lots of 的意思也是“许多、大量”，要用在名词前，在肯定句中常代替much，many。Eg：There are a lot of / lots of history books in the room.屋里有许多历史书。
There is still a lot of / lots of snow on top of the house.房上仍有许多雪。
a lot of和lots of之间没有多大区别，都可以与可数名词和不可数名词连用。与不可数名词连用时，动词用单数，与可数名词连用时，动词用复数。见上述例句。3.What things do you love collecting?(Page 53)你喜欢集什么东西？ love + doing表示“喜欢、爱好”，也可以用like+ doing表示。如： 1）I love listening to the music.我爱好听音乐。
5.I am interested in playing sports.(Page 54)我对运动感兴趣。
be interested in(doing)sth.“对„感兴趣”如:
I?am interested in reading books.我对读书特别感兴趣。
Jack is interested in football.杰克对足球很感兴趣。
6.What do you often do in your spare time?
在你的业余时间里面你都做些什么啊？ in one’s spare time “在业余时间”“在闲暇之际”，也可用in one’s free time替换。如: eg：I shall do it in my spare time.我会在我的业余时间做这件事。
In my free time I often go to the movies.在闲暇之际，我常去看电影。
?7.I often go fishing.(Page 55)我经常去钓鱼。go + doing表示“去做某事”
go +v-ing结构很常用，多用于体育活动和业余娱乐活动。如: 1)Let’s go fishing next Sunday.下星期天我们去钓鱼吧。
2)Are you going hiking this weekend?这个周末你打算去远足吗？
另外还有：go hunting 去打猎??go shooting 去射击??go swimming 去游泳 go bathing 去沐浴??go shopping 去购物??go climbing 去爬山 8.And I do a lot of reading.我通常都是阅读一些书籍。在英语中有不少由“do + doing”的结构，表示“干某事”。如： 散步?do some walking ?? ?do a lot of walking 读书?do some?reading
do a lot of reading 洗衣服?do some?washing
do a lot of washing 买东西?do some shopping
do a lot of shopping 清扫?do some cleaning
do a lot of cleaning 9.Why not go out and do some outdoor activities?
为什么不走出去做一些户外运动呢？用why not do sth
用来征求对方的意见或表达建议。使用这种句子必须要有上下文，如：
Why not run a little faster?为什么不跑快一点呢？
11.And I wasn’t interested in sports at all.我对运动一点兴趣都没有。not...at all “一点也不„„”；“全然不”。如： 1）I didn’t mind it at all.我一点也不在意。
2）—Thank you for helping me.谢谢你帮助我。—Not at all.没关系。12.I used to know little about paintings.我过去不太懂绘画。
little和few都含有否定的意思。表示“不多”；“很少”。little相当于not much, few相当于not many。little与不可数名词连用, few与可数名词复数连用。如：
I have little time.我的时间很少。
Few people would agree with him.没有多少人同意他。而a little和a few含有肯定的意思，表示“一些”；“几个”（虽然少，但有一些）。如：
There’s a little water in the glass.杯子里还有点儿水。
I still have a few friends in Beijing.我在北京还有几个朋友。13.I enjoy listening to rock music.(Page 56)我喜欢听摇滚音乐。
enjoy意为“喜欢，欣赏”，含有“乐于、享受„„之乐趣”之意，其后可以跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语。enjoy oneself表示“玩得愉快”之意。
The Greens enjoy living in China.格林一家喜欢在中国居住。
Did you enjoy yourself in the zoo?你在动物园玩得愉快吗？
Many foreigners enjoy Chinese food.很多外国人喜欢中国菜。
prefer意为“宁愿、更喜欢”，用于两者之间的选择，其后可跟名词、代词、动名词或不定式。prefer...to...表示“宁愿„，不愿„”，“喜欢„而不喜欢„”，其中to为介词，后可跟名词或动名词。如：
Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?
你比较喜欢喝茶，还是喝咖啡？
I prefer walking to cycling.我喜欢步行胜过骑单车。
My brother likes maths, but I prefer English.我哥哥喜欢数学，而我更喜欢英语。
14.Did you use to go swimming during?summer vacations? 在暑假里，你过去经常去游泳么？
during “在„的期间、在„的时候”。如：
eg
The sun gives us light during the daytime.太阳在白天给我们阳光。
He called to see me during my absence.当我不在的时候他来访过我。
15．I used to do that in the pond in front of my house.(Page 57)我过去常在我家门前的池塘里游泳。
in front of “在„„的前面”；指在物体外部的前面。而in the front of “„„的前部”；指在物体内部的前面，即前部。注意它们的区别。试比较：
eg:
There is a tall tree in front of my house.我家房前有一棵大树。
The driver is sitting in the front of the car.司机坐在汽车的前面。
16.When they are free, people usually do what they like.当人们空闲的时候，他们总是做一些自己喜欢的事情。
free “有空、空闲”，be free可以替换为have time。如：
eg:
Are you free this evening? = Do you have time this evening? 你今天晚上有空吗？
If I am free, I am going to visit the museum.= If I have time, I am going to visit the museum.如果有时间，我打算去参观博物馆。17.such as
比如„
Eg|：They also paint pictures or collect things such as coins, dolls or stamps.他们也绘画或者收集一些东西，例如：硬币、娃娃或邮票。
eg: We study several subjects, such as Chinese, maths, English and physics.我们学习很多的科目，比如语文、数学、英语和物理。
18.When people become old, hobbies can keep them healthy.When people are sick, hobbies can help them get well sooner.当人们变老的时候，爱好可以帮助他们保持健康。当人们身体虚弱的时候，爱好还可以帮助他们很快地康复。
本句中become, keep, be, 与get都是系动词。系动词的基本用法是其后加形容词做表语。三.语法学习
used to do sth.这一结构表示过去的习惯（过去经常反复发生的动作）或状态（暗含的意思是现在已不复存在），只有一种形式，即过去式，用于所有人称。used to的否定形式为：used not to do或didn’t use to do。疑问句为Used you to...? 或 Did you use to...?如：
eg: He used not to like Peking opera, but now he’s very fond of it.他过去不喜欢京剧，但现在非常喜欢。
现在大多数人在口语中或不太正式的书面语中对否定句和疑问句常使用与do 连用的形式。例如：
1)I didn’t use to like skating, but now I like it very much.我过去不喜欢滑冰，但现在很喜欢。
2)Did you use to go there?你以往常去哪儿？
3)There used to be a theatre here, didn’t there?以前这里有一座剧院，是不是？
另外，注意be used to doing sth.与used to do sth.的区别：
be used to doing sth “习惯于„„，适应于„„”如:
eg: He is used to working hard.他习惯于努力地工作。
eg: He used to bring me roses when he came to see me.过去他来看我时,常带玫瑰花。
be used to do sth.“某物被用来做某事”。如：
eg: Computers can be used to do a lot of work now.如今电脑可用来做许多事.3.He doesn’t mind whether they’re good or not.他并不介意它们是否是好的。
此句为以whether引导的宾语从句。whether...or not“不论是否„”。如：
eg: You have to get up early everyday whether it rains or not.你必须天天早点起床，不论是否下雨。
if与whether的区别。
whether 后可紧接or not，而if一般不能。
eg: Let me know whether or not you can come.你能来还是不能来，请告诉我一声。whether引导的宾语从句可移到主句前，if则不能。如：
eg: Whether this is true or not, I can not say.这件事是否真实，我说不上。
不定式前用whether，不用if。如：
I haven’t decided whether to go to the cinema or to stay at home.介词后可用whether，不用if。如：
I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.我是否回家还没有定。
Topic2 What sweet music!1.What kind of musical instrument can you play?(Page 62)你会弹什么种类的乐器？ kind 是“种类，类型”的意思。如：
a kind of 一种，all kinds of各种各样，what kind of 什么类型的。如: eg: Dumpling is a kind of Chinese food.饺子是一种中国食品。
eg: There are all kinds of books in Beijing Library.北京图书馆有各种各样的图书。eg: What kind of room would you like, a double room or a single room? 2.They are very popular among young people.(Page 64)它们在年轻人当中很流行。among 介词“在„„当中”,“在„„中间”，用于三者或三者以上；而between也是介词“在„„当中”,“在„„中间”之意，则只能用于两者之间。如：
eg: Tom runs fastest among the boys in his class.eg: Mary is sitting between the twins.玛丽坐在双胞胎的中间。? 8.Guo Lanying, Song Zuying and Tenger are famous for their folk songs.(Page 64)be famous for“以„„而著名”, “因„而出名”。如：
eg: Gui Lin is famous for the stone forests.桂林以石林而著名。be famous as „
作为„出名
Eg: YaoMing is famous as a basketball player.9.In the fall of 1976, aEg：He’ll try his best to work hard in order to/so as to catch up with his classmates.=
He’ll try his best to work hard so that he can catch up with his classmates.他将尽全力努力学习为了能赶上他的同学。5.raise money集资，筹款
6.复习定语从句
Topic2 Cooking is fun Section A
1、teach sb.to do sth.教某人（如何）做某事
Eg：You often teach me to be kind to the poor and the old.你经常教我要善待穷人和老人。
2、It’s very kind of you.你真是太好了。
It is different for us to finish the task in a short time.两句中用of 还是for，取决于形容词是修饰人还是不定式。
4、After that, fill bowels 70%—80% full with bone soup slowly.之后，慢慢地在碗里加7—8分的骨头汤。
fill „with“用„„装满”,fill用作动词，构成be filled with等同于be full of译为“充满，装满” 如：
Fill the glass with water.往杯子里注满水（强调动作）
The glass is filled of water.= The glass is full of water.杯子里装满了水（强调状态）?
5、It’s not impolite to smoke during a meal in France.在法国，吃饭时吸烟不是不礼貌的。During是介词，后常跟名词或短语，而while是连词，后常跟从句。如：
? What did you do during the summer holiday? 在暑假期间你做了什么？这里不能用while代替。
6、what does the dinner start with ? 晚餐先吃什么？
begin/start with 以„„开始，如：Let’s start our class with Unit 1.让我们从第一单元开始上课。
7、Never drink too much during a dinner.就餐时千万别喝太多。
too much 是用来修饰不可数名词，too many是修饰可数名词，而much too是修饰形容词和副词。如：too much water太多的水，too many trees太多的树木，much too tired太累了
7.pick up 抓起，拾起
eg：In parts of India, they use their fingers and bread to pick up the food.在印度地区，他们用手指和面包来抓食物。
另外还有“（用车）接（人或物）之意。如： I’ll come to pick you up.我会开车去接你。
Topic3.Welcome to our food festival!1.enjoy yourselves!祝你们玩得开心！
enjoy oneself 相当于have a good /nice/great/wonderful time
2.Anything else ? 还要别的吗？
else译为“别的”“其他的”常修饰疑问词，不定代词并放在所修饰词的后面。如：what else, who else, nobody else, something else等。other也表示“别的”“其他的”，但它修饰名词。如：some other people其他的一些人，other修饰名词people,不能用else代替。
3.The Beijing roast duck smells nice and tastes nice, too.北京烤鸭闻起来很香尝起来也香。
① 这里smell和taste都是系动词，后面加上形容词nice表语，构成系表结构，“系动词+adj.”构成系表结构，这类动词还有look, feel, sound, seem, get, turn, become, grow, make, keep等。
? ②too, also, as well和either 都可以表示“也”，但用法不同：
also较正式，位置通常接近动词，不用于句末：too多用于口语，位置通常在句末，前面 常有逗号隔开，as well也多用于口语，只用于句末，以上3个词都不用于否定句，而either 却用于否定句。如
He also plays the piano.他也弹钢琴。
He is a worker, too.他也是个工人。
He plays the guitars as well.他也弹吉他。
He was not there ,either.他也不在那里。
4.We must remember that we should eat not only our favorite food but also other healthy food.我们必须记住我们不仅要吃我们喜欢吃的食物，而且还要吃其他有益健康的食物
not only„but also„不但„„而且，这种结构属于“对称”的句型，要求only和also 尽量用同样的词语，如：
She not only reads English ,but also speaks French.她不仅能看懂英语，而且还能说法语。5.The more regularly we eat, the healthier we are.我们的饮食越有规律，我们身体就越健康。The+比较级„„，the+比较级„„表越„„就越。如：
The more trees we plant, the more beautiful our city is.我们种越多的树，我们的城市就越漂亮。
6.Not all students have a regular breakfast.并非所有的学生早餐饮食有规律。
Not all译成“并非所有的”，是部分否定。如：
Not all students like swimming.并不是所有的学生喜欢游泳。
Unit 8 Beautiful Clothes Topic 1 What a nice coat!1.what’s it made of?它是由什么做成的？
be made of意为“由„„制成”（看出原料），类似结构的短语还有
be made from“由„„制成”（看不出原料）
be made in “某物生产于某地”
be made up of“由„„组成”
???be made into“把„„作成某产品”如：
eg：The table is made of wood.这张桌子是木头制成的。
Paper is made from wood.纸是木材做成的。
The TV set is made in Japan.这台电视机是日本产的。
The medical team is made up of ten doctors.这支医疗队由十位大夫组成。
Bamboo can be made into walking sticks and fishing rods.用竹子可以制成很好的拐杖和钓鱼竿。
2.The weather is getting warmer and warmer.天气变得越来越暖和了。
“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越„„”如：
The little tree is getting taller and taller.那棵小树越来越高了。
对于多音节的形容词或副词则这样表达more and more+adj/adv.如：
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.那个女孩变得越来越漂亮了 3.We can get cotton from plants and get wool,silk and leather from animals.我们可以从植物中获得棉花，从动物中获得羊毛、丝绸和皮革。get sth.from/sth./sb.从某事或某人处获得某物。4.catch one’s eye 意为“吸引某人的注意”如：
Can you catch the teacher’s eye? 你能引起老师的注意吗？
5.What the people there wear depends on their likes and? dislikes.人们的衣着取决于他们的喜好。
depend on 意为“依靠、依赖”如：
We depend on our hard work.我们依靠我们的努力工作。
6.Some people prefer to dress formally„一些人宁可打扮得正式些 prefer 宁肯，更喜欢„„，prefer A to B = like A better than B eg：I like prefer singing =I like singing better.我更喜欢唱歌。
I prefer swimming to skating.比起滑冰我更喜欢游泳。
7.While many South American people have the same way of dressing as Australia?然而许多南美的人们和澳大利亚有相同的衣着方式。
While用于对比两件事物，意为“而„„，然而„„”
Michael is interested in music, while his brother prefers P.E.迈克对音乐感兴趣，而他的兄弟却喜欢体育。
the same„ as 和„„一样/相同，反义词：be different from„与„„不一样，如：
My idea is the same as yours, but it’s different from his我的主意和你的一样，但和他的不一样。
8.People first started wearing clothes to protect themselves from the sun ,wind, rain and cold.人们最早穿衣服是为了保护他们不受日晒、风吹、雨打以及寒冷。
protect „from sth/doing sth? 阻止„„做„„
eg：The trees can protect the sand from moving.树可以防止沙子向前移。?
Try to protect your skin from the sun.尽量保护你的皮肤不受太阳暴晒。
Topic2 Different jobs require different uniforms 1.I don’t like uniform because they will so ugly on us.我不喜欢校服，因为我们穿了它看起来很丑。
look so ugly on us意为“穿在我们身上看起来很丑”
2.I think our school should allow us to design our own uniform.我认为我们的学校应该允许我们设计自己的校服。
allow“允许、许可”，allow sb.to do sth.“允许某人做某事”如：
Mr.Wang allows us to play football.王老师允许我们踢足球。3.They are good for patients.他们对病人有好处。
be good for 对„„有益，be bad for 对„„有坏处，be good at 擅长于
4.Second,patients can find easily when they are in need.第二，当病人需要我们时，会很容易地找到我们。
be in need “需要”，与 need同义。如：
When you are in need, you can call me.当你在需要的时候，你可以打电话给我。
5.You should take off your shoes when you enter someone’s home in Japan.当你进入日本人家的时候，必须先脱掉鞋子。take off意为“脱下，脱掉”，反义词组是put on.? take off还可表示“起飞” The plane will take off in an hour.飞机将在一小时内起飞。
6.But now ,most of us can dress for ourselves.但是现在我们大多数人都可以自己打扮。dress for“为„„穿衣服”
put on“穿（戴）上”的动作，反义词take off eg：He put on his coat and went out.wear, have „on, be on„“穿（戴）着”的状态。
Eg: Today he is wearing a pink dress.dress sb./oneself“给别人/自己穿衣服，dress up “乔装打扮”dress后不能接“衣服”类的词作宾语。
Eg: The boy is too young to dress himself.7.It’s well-known that uniforms are not popular but useful.众所周知，制服不流行但有用。①It’s well-known„意为“众所周知”如：
It’s well-known that this song is very popular.众所周知，这首歌很流行。②not„but„ 不是„„而是„„
He isn’t a teacher but a doctor.他不是一个老师而是一个医生。Topic3? Let’s go and watch the fashion show
? 1.There is going to be a fashion show in fashion show in Xidan Shopping center.在西单购物中心将会有一场时装秀。
? There is going to be„是There be结构的将来时,表示某地将举行某项运动，或将有某物。如：There is going to be a football match in our school next week.=There will be a football match in our school next week.我们学校下周将有一场足球比赛。there is/are going to be=there will be 2.??? Here come the models.模特走过来了。
（1）英语中以here或there开头的句子要倒装，除主语是代词外，动词要放在主语之前。如：Here come Mary!玛丽来了！??? Here come the bus!车来了！
(2)主语若是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。
如：Here she comes.她来了。
Here it is.它在这儿。
3.?The Tang costume stands for Chinese history and fashion culture.唐装代表着中国的历史和服装文化。
stand for意为“代表”，如：It stands for Olympics.它代表着奥林匹克。
4.?? The so-called Tang costume got its name because China became known to other countries during the Han and Tang Dynasties.所谓的唐装是因为中国在汉、唐时期开始文明于世而得名。（1）so-called所谓的
（2）get one’s name得名??? 如：The village got its name from the lake in it.这个村庄因村内的湖泊得名。
5.Today the Tang costume can be designed as formal or casual clothes.现在唐装被设计成有正式款的，也有休闲款的。
be designed as被设计成?? 如：
They decided that the theater will be designed as a palace.他们决定把那个剧院设计成宫殿模样。
7.Today,few people wear kimonos except for special occasions like weddings and national celebrations.except for除„„之外?? 如：The roads were clear except for a few cars.除了几辆小汽车外，马路上空荡荡的。三．语法学习：跟doing的动词口诀
怎样善于做贡献（What/how about doing ,be good at/do well in doing, make a contribution to doing）
阻止他人放弃练。(stop/prevent/keep sb.from doing, give up doing, practice doing)有难宁可不介意,（have problems doing, prefer doing sth./to doing sth, mind doing）建议花时忙完成。(suggest doing, spend doing, be busy doing, finish doing)使人不禁有信心，(keep sb.doing sth., can’t help doing ,have confidence in doing)继续展望想未来。（keep/keep on doing, look forward to doing, feel like doing）惊喜满意又兴奋，（be amazed/surprised at doing, be pleased/satisfied with doing, be excited about doing）
牢记doing值得喜洋洋。(be worth doing, enjoy doing, have fun doing)九年级英语（仁爱版）语言点归纳 Unit 1 The Changing World Topic 1 China has developed rapidly in recent years.1.take place 发生
eg: Great changes have tanken place in my hometown.2.Though I had no time to travel, I still felt very happy this holiday!尽管我没时间去旅游，但这个假期我仍然感到很愉快。
though 从属连词，用来引导让步状语从句，表“虽然；尽管”，不能与but连用。如：
Though he is poor, he is happy.= He is poor, but he is happy.尽管他很贫穷，但是他很快乐。
3.Could you please tell me something about Chinese teenagers? 请告诉我一些有关中国青少年的一些事情好吗？
Could /Would you please(not)do sth？请（不）做某事好吗？
eg: Could you please turn down your radio? 请把收音机声音调低好吗？
Would you please not play football here? 请不要在这儿踢球好吗？
4.Parents couldn’t afford education for their children.父母供不起孩子上学。
afford 常与can, could 或 be able to 连用，尤其用于否定句或疑问句，表“负担得起（做）某事；抽得出（时间）” “(can’t/ couldn’t)afford(to do)sth.”
eg: We can’t afford(to buy)this house because we don’t have enough money.我们买不这房了，因为我们没有足够的钱。
eg: He felt he couldn’t afford any time to play football.他觉得自己没有时间踢球了。
5.Our government gives support to poor families.我们的政府能为贫困家庭提供帮助。
give support to sb.= give sb.support 为某人提供帮助/ 支持
support作动词时表“供养；支持；支撑”，eg: She had to support her family at the age of ten.她十岁时就得养家。
His parents supported him in his decision.他的父母支持他的决定。
The two sticks support the tree.两根木棍支撑着这棵树。
6.Why not go and search the Internet for some information? 为什么不上网查找相关信息呢？
search sp.for sth.搜查某地寻找某物
search sb.for sth.搜身查找某物
search for sth./ sb.= look for sth./ sb.搜寻某物/ 某人；
eg: The villagers searched the woods for the lost children.村民们在树林里寻找失踪的孩子们。
The police searched the man for the stolen money.警察搜那个男人的身，查找被偷的钱。
He is searching/ looking for his missing keys.他在寻找他丢的钥匙。
7.We often went hungry because the boss didn’t give us enough food to eat.我们经常挨饿，因为老板不给我们足够的食物。
在这里是系动词，表“变得„”,后跟形容词,构成系表结构.eg: The food on the table went bad.桌面上的食物变坏了.8.One part was used to help support my family, to help send my elder brother to school.a)one part„the other(part)„一部分„„另一部分„„
b)elder brother 哥哥
elder 作形容词时, 是old的比较级, 一般表示家庭成员出生的顺序,在句中只能作定语,可与than连用;而older表年龄的比较,可与 than连用.如:
His elder sister is two older than he.他的姐姐比他大两岁.作名词时, 表 “ 长者;前辈;祖先”, 如:
Their customs were handed down by the elders.他们的风俗习惯是由他们的祖先传下来的.9.But China has developed rapidly in recent years.但是近年来,中国发展迅速.in recent years 表 “近年来”,常与完成时连用.如:
She has learnt a lot of knowledge in recent years.近年来,她学到了许多知识.10.China has made such rapid progress.中国已经取得如此迅速的进步。
progress 为不可数名词make progress 取得进步
make some/ much/ great progress 取得一些/ 许多/ 巨大的进步
11.What has happened to Beijing’s roads now? 现在北京的公路发生了什么变化？
sth.happen to sb.某人发生了某事，如：
eg: If anything happens to him, let me know.万一他有什么不测，就请通知我。
A little accident happened to her yesterday.昨天她发生了点小意外。
12.They express the rich culture of China as well.他们也表达了丰富的中国文化。
as well, too, also均表“也；又”； as well 多用于口语，只用于句末，不用逗号隔开；
too 多用于口语，用于句末，要用逗号隔开；
also 较正式，不用于句末；
either 用于否定句，表“也不”，与too 对应。
eg: He likes sports as well.= He likes sports, too.= He also likes sports.他也喜欢运动。
He didn’t come, either.他也没来。
13.keep in touch with 和„保持联系
eg: Nowadays，we keep in touch with each other by sending e-mails.14.复习现在完成时
Topic 2 What has happened to the population?
1.I really hate to go such a place.我真讨厌去购物。--So do I.我也是。
So do I.为倒装句，表示前面提到的肯定情况也同样适合另外一个主体，表“某某也一样”，结构为“so + be /情态动词/ 助动词 + 主语”。
eg: Jim is a student, so is Tom.吉姆是一名学生，汤姆也是。
Jim can swim, so can Tom.吉姆会游泳，汤姆也会。
Jim likes sports, so does Tom.吉姆喜欢运动，汤姆也喜欢。
如表前面不怎样，后面“也不”怎样时，其结构为“ neither/ nor + be /情态动词/ 助动词 + 主语”。
eg: Jim wasn’t Chinese, neither/ nor were they.吉姆不中国人，他们也不是。
Jim can’t speak Japanese, neither can I.吉姆不会说日语，我也不会。
Jim didn’t go there, neither did I.吉姆没去那儿，我也没去。
如前后两句表达的是同一个主体，则不能倒装，表“的确如此”。如：
eg: Jim is a good student.So he is.吉姆是一名好学生，的确如此。
Jim swims well.So he does.吉姆游泳很好，的确如此。
2．At that time, China was the country with the largest population in the world.那时，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。
population为不可数名词，表示人口的多少只能用 “large”或 “small”修饰，提问人口用“what”, 如：
eg: The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.上海的人口比北京多。
What’s the population of China?= How many people are there in China? 中国的人口有多少？
3.Great changes have taken place in China.中国发生了巨大变化。
take place 指必然性的“发生”或有计划、安排之内的“举行”。如：
eg: The meeting will take place next Friday.会议将在下周五举行。
happen 指偶然的、没有预料的“发生“，其结果往往给人带来不幸或麻烦。如：
eg: The accident happened yesterday.事故发生在昨天。
※两者都不用于被动语态。
4.The population has increased a lot.人口增长发很多。
increase 可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。其含义是“增长，增加，加强”等。
increase by„ 指“增加了„„”;increase to„指 “增加到„„”
5.„and about one fifth of the people in the world live in China.而且世界上大约五分之一的人口生活在中国。
one fifth 是分数表达法。英文分数表达法：分子为基数词，分母为序数词，先读分子后读分母。当分子大于1时，分母的序数词则变为复数，直接在词尾加“s”。eg: one fourth 四分之一； three fourths 四分之三；
one second 二分之一； two thirds 三分之二
注：分数修饰名词作主语，谓语动词要和所修饰的名词保持一致。6．It has worked well in controlling China’s population.它在控制人口数量方面取得了显著的功效。
work well in doing sth.表“在„„方面很有功效”，eg: Doing eye exercises works well in protecting our eyesight.做眼保健操在保护视力方面很有功效。
7.Because of our large population, we are short of energy and water.be short of„ 表 “缺乏„„”
eg: She is always short of money at the end of every month.每个月底她总是缺钱。
be short for„ 表“是„„的缩写”，eg: TV is short for television.TV是television的缩写形式.8.Can all Chinese families offer their children a good education? 所有的中国家庭都能给他们的的孩子提供良好的教育吗？
offer 表“（主动）给予，提供”
offer sb.sth.“提供某人某物”如：
I offered him a glass of wine.我敬了他一杯酒。
offer to do sth.“（主动）提出做某事”如：
She offered to cook for her mother.她提出帮她妈妈煮饭。8.be strict with 对„要求严格 eg：Our teachers are strict with us.9.I can’t go shopping in big stores unless I travel for a couple of hours.我得花几个小时，才能到大的商场购物。
a)unless = if not 表“除非„;如果不”，引导条件状语从句。
eg: I won’t go unless I hear from you.= I won’t go if I don’t hear from you.如果你不通知我，我就不去。
Unless Bill studies hard, he’ll fail in the exam.如果比尔不努力, 他不会通过考试的.b)a couple of„ 表 “几个人或几件事”，eg: a couple of years ago 几年前;a couple of students 几个学生
couple 指任何两件同类的东西;如:
a couple of watches 两只手表； five couples of cats 五对猫
pair 指两件不可分开使用的东西,它们可指两件互不相连的东西(鞋子、袜子等)，也可指两部分构成的一件东西（裤子、剪刀等）。如：
a pair of shoes 一双鞋子 a pair of pants 一条裤子 10.on / about 关于
on：关于（学术性较强）eg：He is writing a book on medicine.about：He is telling us a story about heroes.11.take measures 采取措施
Eg: China has take measures to reduce the pollution.四、重点语法
现在完成时常与下列表不明确的状语连用： 1．already 和 yet already “已经”（多用于肯定陈述句），如： He has already gone home.他已经回家了。yet “已经;还”（用于否定句或疑问句），如：Have you found him yet? 你已经找到他了吗？ I haven’t finished my homework yet.我还没完成作业。
※ already 也可用于疑问句，表“出乎意料或惊奇”
Have you finished your homework already? 难道你已经完成作业了？ 2．ever 和 never ever “曾经”（多用于疑问句，问初次经历），如：I have ever been abroad.我曾出过国。never“从未；从来不”（多用于否定陈述句），常回答ever的句型。如： I have never seen him before.--Has he ever been abroad? 他曾出过国吗？--No, never.不，从来不。3．just
just “刚刚”（多用于肯定句，位于谓语动词之前），如：I have just tried to call you.我刚刚打电话给你。4．before before “之前”（一般位于句末；常与never呼应），如：He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before.他说他以前从来没看过这么美的风景。
Topic 3 The world has changed for the better.1.Well, once they find people in need, they decide on suitable ways to help them.他们一旦发现有人需要帮助，就选定适当的方式来帮助他们。
a)once 是从属连词，表“一旦„„就„„”,它的从句为现在时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时)，主句则为一般将来时。或者主从句均为过去的某种时态。
eg: Once you become interested in playing computer games, you’ll have trouble giving them up.一旦你迷上了电脑游戏，你就很难放弃它。
b)decide on(doing)sth.决定（做）某事，相当于 decide to do sth.eg: They decided on spending the holiday in Hainan.他们决定在海南度假。
= They decided to spend the holiday in Hainan.2.The government provides homeless people with nice homes.政府向无家可归的人们提供舒适的住处。
provide sb.with sth.= provide sth.for sb.提供给某人某物
eg: The school provided the students with food.这所学校为学生们提供食物。
= The school provided food for the students.3.I think it’s a wonderful place to live in.我认为那是一个居住的好地方。
to live in 是动词不定式，用来修饰前面的名词place.在不定式中，如动词为不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后必须跟上相应的介词。
eg: There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的事。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一只笔写字。
4.It is famous because it has been so successful in helping homeless people return to normal lives.它很出名是因为它已经成功地帮助无家可归的人重新过上正常的生活。
be successful in doing sth.成功地做成某事，相当于 succeed in doing sth.如： eg: He was successful in passing the exam.他成功地通过了考试。
They were successful in climbing Mount Huang.他们成功地登上了黄山。
5．In the past sixteen years, Project Hope has raised about 3 billion yuan.在近十六年来，希望工程已筹集了大约30亿元。
in the past + 若干时间，表“近若干时间来”，用于现在完成时。
eg: They have learnt about 500 English words in the past two months.近两个月来，他们已经学习了大约500个英语单词。6.复习直接引语和间接引语和构词法
Unit 2 Saving the earth Topic 1 I can’t stand the environment here.1.I can’t stand the environment here.我无法容忍这儿的环境。
stand 表“容忍；忍受”，后接名词、代词及动名词做宾语。
eg: I can’t stand that man, he talks too much.我忍受不了那个人了，他话太多了。
I can’t stand waiting any longer.我再也等不了了。2.What do you mean by sth.?
某物是什么意思呢? = What’s the meaning of sth ? = What does sth.mean?
3.I hope I can move from here soon.我希望我能早点从这儿搬走。当主从句主语一致时，常可转换成不定式短语
= I hope to move from here soon.我希望早点从这儿搬走。
4．There are several chemical factories pouring waste water into the river.有几座工厂正往河里排放污水。
There be + sb./ sth.+ doing sth.表有某人/ 某物正在做某事。eg: There are some birds singing in the tree.树上有些鸟儿在歌唱。
There is a little girl crying in the street.街上有个小女孩在哭。5．stop doing sth.停止做（正在进行的）事
stop to do sth.停下来去做（另一件）事
eg: It’s late.They will stop working and(stop)to have supper.很迟了。他们将停下来吃晚饭。
The students stopped talking and to listen to the teacher.学生们停止说话去听课。6．I’m sorry for making so much noise.很抱歉我弄出这么大的噪音。
be sorry for doing sth.表对做过的事感到抱歉
be sorry to do sth.表对当前的事感到抱歉
eg: I’m sorry for waking you up yesterday.很抱歉昨天把你弄醒了。
I’m sorry to trouble you.很抱歉打扰你了。
I’m sorry to hear that.听到那个（消息）感到很遗憾。
7． Recently it was reported that many teenagers in America can hear no better than 65-year-old people do,„近来据报道，美国许多青少年的听力和65岁的老人一样差。
no better than„ 表“同„„(几乎)一样差;不比„„做得好”
eg: Lucy did no better than Lily in the exam.露西和莉莉考得几乎一样糟.= Lucy almost did as badly as Lily in the exam.8.复习现在完成时中延续性的动作或状态和由for / since 引导的一段时间状语搭配使用。a)“for + 时间段”
与 “since + 时间点”
都表“一段时间”，常用How long 提问。b)如句中含有非延续性动词，则改为相应的延续性动词或状态。
Topic 2 How does pollution hurt the earth? 1.It says that China has become the world’s largest producer and user of coal.它（文章）写到中国已经成为世界上最大的煤炭生产和消费国。
sth.+ says that„ 此句型中主语是事或物，say表用“文字、数字”说明信息。
eg: It says “ Happy New Year!” on the card.卡片上写着“新年快乐！”。
The clock says that it is 20:00 now.这面钟显示现在是20：00。2.As we know, none of us likes pollution.众所周知，没有人喜欢污染。
none与no one 的区别： none “全无”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短语;作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数；no one只指人，后不能跟of 的短语;作主语时，谓语动词只用作单数。
eg: He has read none of these books.（指物）这些书他一本都没看过。
None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友们没有一个喜欢画画。
No one is here.没有一个在这儿。
none回答how many/ much的问题；no one回答who的问题。如：
A: How many students come to school by taxi? B: None.有多少的学生搭出租车来上学？ 没有人。
A: How much water is there in the bottle? B: None.瓶子里有多少水？ 一点儿也没有。
A: Who is in the room? B: No one.谁在房中？没有人。
3.When it rains, the soil will be washed away.下雨时，土壤就会被冲走。
will be +过去分词为一般将来时的被动语形式。
eg: The earth will be blown away by the wind.泥土将会被风刮走。（被动语态）
= The wind will blow away the earth.风将会把泥土刮走。（主动语态）
5．A lot of rich land has changed into desert, leaving only sand.许多肥沃的土地已经变成了沙漠，留下的是遍地黄沙。
a)change„ into„ = turn„ into„
把„..(转)变成„
eg: Please change/ turn English into Chinese.请把英语变成汉语。
When the traffic lights change/ turn into green, we can go.当交通灯变成绿色时,我们就可以通行。
b)leaving only stand现在分词短语作状语, 表伴随主动。
eg: The children went away, talking and laughing.孩子们说着、笑着离开了。
The girl is looking for her mother, crying loudly.这个女孩大声地哭着在寻找她的母亲。6．Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away.They can also prevent the sand from moving toward the rich land.树可以防风固土，也可阻止风沙吹进良田。stop / prevent sb./sth.(from)doing sth.阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事 keep sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事
eg: Trees can keep water from running away.树可以防止水土流失。7.in danger of(doing)sth.处于做某事的危险中
eg: They are in danger of losing their lives.他们正处于失去生命的危险中。8.cut down 砍到
Eg：Many trees are cut down every years 9.You may either take a bus or a taxi.你们可能搭公车去或者是搭出租车去。
a)either„or„ “要么„要么„并列连词,连接主语时,根据就近原则选取谓语动词。
eg: You may come either today or tomorrow.你要么今天来，要么明天来。
Either you or he is right.要么你对，要么他对。
b)either 单独使用时，是代词，表“二者之一”既可指人也可指物；用作主语时，谓语动词用作单数。如：
A：Ｗould you like coffee or tea? B: Either is OK
你想要咖啡还是茶？随便都可以。
Either of us is right.我们俩中有一人是对的。
Topic 3 Let’s be greener people.1.We should use both sides of paper, and reuse plastic bags rather than throw them away.我们应该把纸的两面都使用，将塑料袋再次使用而不是轻易扔掉。
both 修饰复数名词；而 either 修饰单数名词；
eg: There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.= There are a lot of trees on either side of the road.在路的两边有许多树。2.Everyone is supposed to do it.每个人都应该那样做。
be supposed to do sth.指（按规定、习惯、安排等）应当做某事；相当于should;用于否定句时，表“允许”；
eg: Teachers are supposed to/ should know a lot.老师应该知道很多。
You are not supposed to smoke here.这里不允许抽烟。
4.First, you ought to turn off the lights when you leave a room.首先，当你离开房间的时候，应该关灯。
ought to 情态动词, 表 “应该;应当”;语气比 should 强;指道义上应该做的事,有时含有责备或督促的语气。should 指主观上感到有责任或义务去做。如：
You ought to help your mother do some housework.你应该帮你妈妈做些家务。We should study hard.我们应该努力学习。其否定式和疑问式：
You oughtn’t to get up so late in the morning.你早晨不应该起这么晚。Ought I to tell her the bad news? 我该告诉她坏消息吗？ Yes, you ought.No, you oughtn’t.Unit 3 English around the world Topic1 English is widely spoken around the world.1.stick v.粘贴，=put up eg: You can stick it on the wall in your room.你可以把它贴在你房间的墙上。2.can't wait to do sth.迫不急待地想要做某事
eg:
I can't wait to fly there!我迫不急待地想要飞往哪里。
又：can't help doing sth.忍不住要做某事，如：I can't help laughing.我忍不住笑了。3.have a good chance to do sth.有个做某事的好机会
eg: You'll have a good chance to practicing speaking English.你将有一个练习说英语的好机会。
4.practice speaking English 练习说英语。有的动词后再跟动词时，后面的动词要用--ing形式，如：practice, finish, enjoy, meind等等。
5.from now on 从现在起，意思相当于later on 后来，过后，将来。
eg: Try your best and work much harder(at English)from now on.从现在起，尽你最大的努力更努力(得多)地学习(英语)。6.on business 出差
?eg：Mr.Lee is on business in the U.S.A..7.be similar to...与...相似
eg: Is Spanish similar to English? 西班牙语和英语会相似吗？ 8.It's possible that...有可能...eg: It's possible that you will have some trouble.你有可能会遇到一些困难。9.ask sb.for help 向某人求助，求助于某人。eg: I'll ask an interpreter for help.我将向翻译求助。10.translate A into B 把A翻译成B，eg: The interpreter translates English into Chinese.这位翻译把英语翻译成中国语。11.in general 一般来说
12.have trouble(in)doing sth.在做某事方面有困难。
eg: In general, he has no trouble understanding people.一般说来，他听懂别人的说话是没有困难
的。
13.What's more 还有
once in a while 有时，偶尔，相当于at times或sometimes 14.whenever = no matter when
topic 2 English is spoken differently indifferent countries。
1.follow = understand 听懂,理解, 明白, eg: I can't follow you.? Can you speak more slowly, please? 2.be the same as?? 与...相同，eg: Is Australian English the same sa British English? 澳大利亚英语和英国英语是相同的吗? 3.I'm flying to Disneyland tomorrow.? 明天我要飞往迪斯尼乐园.注: 此句中 am flying是表示一般将来时.???英语中,??“位移动词”或称“趋向动词”?可以用现在进行时的结构表示将来发生的动作, 这类动词有“leave”, “leave for”, “leave „ for„”, “come,” “fly„”, “return”, “arrive”, “go”,? “start”(出发), 等等, 如:? I'm going.我要走了.?? I'm coming!我就来!? My uncle is meeting us tomorrow.4.depend on? 依靠；取决于；依„而定, 如: Sometimes the meaning can change, depending on the country where it is spoken.5.succeed in doing sth.成功地做某事，eg: f you want to succeed in making yourself understood, you need to know some of these differences.如果你想成功地表达自己的意思, 你就需要了解一些这种不同点.6.on one's way to +地名, 在去某地的路上(后接副词时不用to)?.? eg: Lucy is on her way to school.露西在回家的路上.??
Tom is on his way home.汤姆在回家路上.[要区别于By the way顺便问/说一下;? in this way用这种方法] 7.see sb.off 为某人送行，eg: Kangkang and Michael?going to the airport to?see them off.康康和迈克尔要去机场为他们送行.put out 伸出
eg: Michael sees a foreigner putting out his hand with his thumb raised.迈克尔看见一个外国人伸出他的手, 拇指朝上.[本名还要掌握see sb.doing sth.看见某人正在做某事? see sb.do sth.看见某人做某事, 以及with his thumb raised作伴随状语.] 8.ask for a ride 请求搭车, The foreigner is asking for a ride.这个外国人在请求搭车.9.be worried about...为...担心
eg: I'm still worried about my English.我还在为我的英语担心.10 as for...? 至于„, 关于某人/某事
eg: As for the spelling differences, you can easily find them when you use a computer.?? 11.have difficulty doing sth.做某事有困难 注：difficulty作“困难,艰难,费劲,辛苦,难度”解时为un 作“难题,难事,难处,困境,危难”时,为cn eg: We have difficulties understanding foreigners
12.be closed to...靠近..., The Disneyland is close to Los Angeles.? 迪斯尼乐园离洛杉矶很近。13.in person 亲自
eg:He helped her with her English in person.14.be fond of...? 喜爱...eg: Children are fond of exciting rides like Pirates of the Caribbean.32
15.come about 发生
eg: How did these differences come about? 这些差别是如何发生的?
Can you tell me how the accident came about? 16.be forced to do sth.被迫做某事
eg: I was forced to take a taxi because I couldn't catch the last bus.?因为没有赶上末班车, 只好坐出租车.17.take in 吸收，如：The English language has taken in many new words from other languages.Topic 3 Could you give us some advice on how to learn English well? 1.make sb understood 使某人被理解
Eg：He say it slowly to make him understood 2.work hard at 努力„
eg:He worked hard at English and at last he passed the final exam.3.advise 建议（后接to do 或V-ing）eg：I advises waiting till the proper time.I advise you to leave now.4.stick to 坚持
(to 是介词，后接名词或V-ing)Eg：If you stick to the truth ,you have nothing to fear.He sticks to having a talk with his teacher.4.Laugh at 嘲笑
Eg：Don’t laugh at others.5.come to realize 明白
eg：After talking to his teacher,he have come to realize his teacher is always caring for him。5.in order to 为了
(后接动词原形)eg：He gets up early in order to catch the fisrt bus.6.give up 放弃
eg：I always advise my father to give up smoking.7.复习动词不定式的用法。
Unit 4 Amazing Science Topic 1 Spaceship are mainly controlled by computers.1.dream of 梦想
Eg：I dream of studying in a university.2.send 寄，送
Eg：I will send a gift to my mother on her birthday.=I will send my mother a gift on her birthday.相关的短语：～ for 派人去请
～off 送行
～ out发出（光、热）；长（叶子）
～ up 发射
3.no doubt 毫无疑问
Eg : There is no doubt he is a kind man.4.thanks to 多亏
eg : Thanks to the bad weather we don’t have to do morning exercise.5.turn on 打开
turn off 关掉
turn up 调高
turn down 调低
Topic 2 When was it invented? 1.Because I’m not allowed to play computer games.因为我不可以玩电脑游戏。allow “允许、准许”的意思。常用于以下几种形式：
(1)allow +n./prep 如：
We can’t allow such a thing.我们不容许这种事情发生。
(2)allow sb.to do sth 允许某人做某事 如：
She allowed me to go fishing.她允许我去钓鱼。
(3)allow +doing sth 允许做某事 如：
We don’t allow smoking in the reading-room.我们不允许在阅览室吸烟。
(4)be allowed to do sth 如：被允许做某事
The students are allowed to play games on the play ground after school.放学后学生们被准许在操场上做游戏。
2.It’s made from wood.它用木材做的。
(1)be made in 在„„地方制造，后接表示地点的名词。
(2)be made of 用„„制造的，表示原材料未经化学变化，仍可看得出原材料。
(3)be made from 用„„制造的，表示原材料经过化学变化，已看不出其原样。
(4)be made by 由（被）„„（人）制作，后接表示人的名词或代词。
(5)be made into（某物）被制成„„
(6)be made up of 由„„组成 如：
The TV set is made in Japan.这台电视机是日本生产的。
These houses are made of stones.这些房子是由石头建造的。
Paper is made from wood.纸是木头造的。
Was this cake made by your mother?这蛋糕是你妈妈做的吗？
Metal can be made into all kinds of things.金属可以制成各种各样的物品。
The medical team is made up of ten doctors.这支医疗队由10位大夫组成。
4.It’s used for helping us to improve our English.它用来帮助我们提高英语水平。
(1)be used for+ving
be used to do（被）用来做„
强调用途或作用
(2)be used as（被）作为„„而用，强调被当作工具或手段来用。
(3)be used by 被„„使用，by后跟人/物，强调使用者。Eg：Pens are used for writing.钢笔被用来写字。
Wood is used to make paper.木材被用来造纸。
English is used as a foreign language in China.英语在中国被当作外语使用。
Recorders are often used by English teachers.英语老师经常使用录音机。5.They will no longer want to be our servants, but our masters.它们将不再愿意做我们的人，而要做我们的主人。
no longer（通常在动词前），not„any longer;not„any more（用于非正式文体中）都可表示“（过去曾„）现在不再„”
eg: She no longer lives here.=She doesn’t live here any longer(或 any more).她不在这儿住了。（过去她曾住这儿）7.This method worked well at night as long as the weather was good and the stars could be seen.在夜间只要天气晴朗，能看见星星，这种方法就能很好地发挥作用。
work well 有效 eg：China’s one-child police works well in controlling China’s population.as long as 只要 eg :As long as you work hard ,you must succeed one day.34
Topic 3 I don’t think aliens can be found in space.1.in the future 将来
Eg：I think people will live on Mars in the future.2.What are you going to be when you grow up?你长大后干什么？ 3.at a distance of 以„距离
Eg：The moon goes around the earth at a distance of 38.0000 kilometers.4.land on 着陆
Eg: People took some measures to make the plane land on safely.5.be worth doing 值得„
Eg：The book is worth reading 6.I don’t think aliens can be found in space.我认为外星人不可能出现在太空里。
(1)当think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后的宾语从句含有not的否定词时，该否定应移至主句，即否定主句的谓语动词。如：
I don’t think it will rain tomorrow.我认为明天不会下雨。
(2)can +be +过去分词，是情态动词构成的被动语态。如： This can’t be done in a short time.这不是短期内能完成的。
7.It has been two days since we landed on Mars.自从我们登上火星以来已经两天了。
it用作主语谈论时间，常与since连用。
eg：It is(或has been)three years since we left school.自从我们离开学校以来已经三年了。8.What’s worse, our water supplies were very low.更糟糕的是，我们的水供给是非常有限的。What’s worse 更糟糕的是。类似结构还有：What’s more 更有甚者；更为重要的是。9.It’s a quarter as big as the earth.它是地球的四分之一大。倍数表示法：倍数+as+形容词/副词+as 如：This box is three times as heavy as that one.这只箱子是那只箱子的三倍重。
Unit5 Knowing about China Topic 1 How much do you know about China？
1.China is a great country that has about 5000 years of history.中国是一个拥有五千多年历史的大国。
句中that has about 5000 years of history是定语从句，修饰名词country。country 是先行词，that 是关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，也可以用which.。
There are many places of interest which attract millions of tourists from all over the world every year.There are a great number of rivers in China.中国有许多大河。
2.a(great)number of „ 许多/大量，后接可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语用复数；
the number of „。。的数量，后接可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语用单数。
e.g.A number of books are lent out from the library every day.每天有许多书从图书馆被借走。
The number of the students present is not known yet.还不知道出席学生的数目。
3.Among them, the Yangtze River is the longest one and the second longest is the Yellow River.其中长江是中国最长的河流，黄河位居第二。
句中the longest one，the second longest，“最长”用最高级，“第二长”在最高级前加上 35
序数词second。
e.g.Shanghai is the biggest city in China and Beijing is the second biggest one.上海是中国最大的城市，北京位居第二。4.hear of 听说
Eg：Have you heard of the romantic story
That’s the most fantastic place that I have ever heard of.那是我听说过的最奇妙的地方。
Hear from 收到„的来信
（已经含有收信的意思，无需用letter）= receive a letter from 5.lose oneself in „ 意为“沉浸于„”
Eg：The scenery is so attractive that visitors often lose themselves in it.如此迷人的景色常常使得游客流连忘返。
6.It severs as a bridge which connects the mainland with the rest of the world.它（香港）是连接祖国大陆与世界其他地方的桥梁。
7.be considered as = be regarded as
“被看作„，被认为„”，而regard „as 意为“把„看作，把„认为，as 是介词，后接名词。
Eg：As we know, Taiwan is considered as the Treasure Island of China.台湾被认为是“中国宝岛”。
8.fetch 去取回来
eg：If you are thirsty ,I can fetch you a bottle of water.9.introduce 介绍
(～sb to sb)eg：Boys and girls ,let me introduceTom, your new classmate, to you.复习定语从句（I）
Topic 2 Confucius, a pioneer in the field of education.1.He was also a famous philosopher whose wise sayings have influenced many people in different countries.他也是一位著名的哲学家，他的至理名言影响了不同国家的许多人。
2.When I walk along with two others, I may be able to learn from them.三人行，必有我师。3.are proud of 人引以为豪的(take pride in)Eg：Chinese people are proud of China’s long history.= China takes pride in her long history.4.Unfortunately, he died of illness on his way home from Africa in 1433.不幸的是，他于1433年在从非洲返回的路途中病故。
die of 多指因内因而引起，die from 多指因外因而引起。
Eg:The old man died of heart disease.He died from a serious traffic accident.5.bring down 推翻
Eg： After a revolutionary，the emperor was brought down.break down 摧毁，垮下
Topic 3 The dragon has become a symbol of the Chinese nation.1.play a part in 在„方面起作用
Eg：Robots plays an important part in morden industry 2.promise sb.sth.许诺某人某事
promise to do sth.答应做某事 promise sb.to do sth.答应某人做某事
eg:
I promised him a present for his birthday.我答应送他一件生日礼物。
She promised to write to him.她答应给他写信。
Father promised me to buy a new pair of shoes for me.爸爸许诺给我买一双新鞋。2.We can go to either Beihai Park or Shichahai Park.either „or 或„或„ ,连接并列主语时，谓语和最近的主语一致，即遵从就近原则。
e.g.Either you or he has to go there.或者是你或者是他得去那儿。3．Both my father and I like it a lot.我和我父亲都非常喜欢。
both „and„ 意为“既„又„，两者都„”。连接并列主语时，谓语用复数形式。
e.g.Both Tom and I have been to the Great Wall.汤姆和我曾经去过长城。4．Neither my mother nor my father likes it.我的父母都不喜欢。
neither „nor „ 既不„也不„，连接两个并列成分，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致，即遵从就近原则。
Eg:Neither she nor I am right.她和我都不对。
He is neither a doctor nor a teacher.他既不是医生也不是老师。5．found v.成立，建立；创建，创办
Eg:A new country was founded on October 1st ,1949.found的过去式与过去分词都是founded
e.g.His elder brother founded a company in 2001.他的哥哥2001年创办了一个公司。注意区分：find v.“找到，发现”，它的过去式与过去分词是found
e.g.He found a purse lying on the ground.他发现地上有一个钱包。6.At the end of 在„末端
Eg：At the end of the year，he passed away.7.复习并列连词both „and „, either„or „, neither„nor„.和not only„but also„的用法：
Unit 6 Entertainment and Friendship Topic 1 I would rather watch sports shows than those ones.1.In my spare time , I enjoy watching TV, especially quiz shows from which I can learn a lot.在空闲时间，我喜欢看电视，特别是能从中学到许多东西的智力节目。
在定语从句中，当关系代词which作介词的宾语时，即“介词+which”结构，介词可放在which之前，也可放在定语从句中的动词之后。
Eg: This is the house in which Bing Xin was born.冰心是在这所房子里出生的。
= This is the house which Bing Xin was born in.2.would rather do sth.than do sth.比起做„更愿意做„
Eg:I would rather stay at home than go out in such bad weather.这么糟糕的天气，我宁愿待在家中，也不愿出去。
3.hit sb on the nose 打某人的鼻子
（用the 而不用his 或her）
Eg：He hit the woman in the face / on the nose.4.be ready to do sth.内心愿意/乐意做某事
Eg: He was ready to believe her.他愿意相信她。
5.From then on.从那时起
From now on
从现在起 6.a symbol of „
„的象征
= stand for Eg：The rose is regarded as a symbol of love in both China and some western countries.People think the rose stands for love, peace, courage and friendship.8.order sb.to do sth.命令/要求某人去做某事
order sth for sb./ sth.为某人/ 某物订购某物
eg: The doctor ordered me to stay in bed.医生命令我好好呆在床上休息.9.forgive sb.sth.原谅某人某事
forgive sb.for doing sth.请求别人原谅所做的事
eg: She could forgive him anything.她会原谅他的任何事.Please forgive me for disturbing you.请原谅我打扰你了.Topic 2 Who is your favorite character in literature? 1.according to 根据
Eg：According to the given words，fill in the blanks。2.make up one’s mind 意为“下定决心”，后跟动词不定式。
Eg：He has made up his mind to work hard and catch up with others.他已下定决心努力学习赶上别人。
3.can’t help 禁不住
+ v-ing eg：Sometimes we can’t help laughing because of his funny behavior.有时我们因他的有趣行为而禁不住大笑。
Topic 3 I will remember our friendship forever.1.This weekend we’ll graduate from Ren’ai International School!本周末我们将从仁爱国际学校毕业。1）graduate 作动词是，表 “毕业”，相当于leave school，其名词形式为graduation eg: He graduated in 1999.= He left school in 1999.2）graduate from + 学校 表 “从某个学校毕业” graduate in + 专业 表 “毕业于某专业”
eg: He graduated from Peking University last year.去年他从北京大学毕业。
He graduated in English at a famous University.他毕业于一所名牌大学的外语专业。2.think back on/ to “回想起，追忆” 如：
eg：When I think back on/to those things, I miss my friends a lot.当我回想起那些事情时，我就非常想念我的朋友。3.…and write some words on the blackboard with color chalks.用彩色粉笔在黑板上写几句话。1）chalk “粉笔”，不可数名词，若表示“一支粉笔”时，则用a piece of chalk;2）当表示各种颜色的粉笔时，则可数。
4.I’ve got dozens of cards.我准备了许多贺卡。1）dozen作可数名词，意为“
（一）打；十二；几十；许多”
Give me a dozen, please.请给我一打。
2）当和数词连用后面跟名词时，dozen不加s，其后也不跟of。
eg: two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋
3）dozen后加s时，常与of连用，意为“几十；许多”，表不明确的数目。dozens of„ 几十hundreds of„几百；成百上千thousands of„几千；成千上万 5.to one’s joy 使某人高兴的是
to one’s surprised 使某人惊讶的是
eg: To my joy, I became the owner of an MP3 last week.使我高兴的是，上周我拥有了自己的MP3。
To our surprised, Jim didn’t pass the exam.令我们惊讶的是，吉姆没通过考试。6.take photos of sb.为某人拍照
take photos with sb.与某人合影
7.leave„behind “忘了带；遗忘；把„„抛在后面”
eg：It means change, and leaving behind unforgettable faces and places.它意味着变化，意味着把那些不能忘却的面容和地方留在记忆深处。
She knew that she had left childhood behind.她知道童年已一去不复返了。8.see sb off 为某人送行
Eg：Today，we got up early to see him off.39
第五篇：仁爱英语九年级知识点总结
九年级英语（仁爱版）语言点归纳 Unit 1 The Changing World Topic 1 China has developed rapidly in recent years.1.take place 发生
eg: Great changes have tanken place in my hometown.2.Though I had no time to travel, I still felt very happy this holiday!尽管我没时间去旅游，但这个假期我仍然感到很愉快。
though 从属连词，用来引导让步状语从句，表“虽然；尽管”，不能与but连用。如：
Though he is poor, he is happy.= He is poor, but he is happy.尽管他很贫穷，但是他很快乐。
3.Could you please tell me something about Chinese teenagers? 请告诉我一些有关中国青少年的一些事情好吗？
Could /Would you please(not)do sth？请（不）做某事好吗？
eg: Could you please turn down your radio? 请把收音机声音调低好吗？
Would you please not play football here? 请不要在这儿踢球好吗？
4.Parents couldn’t afford education for their children.父母供不起孩子上学。
afford 常与can, could 或 be able to 连用，尤其用于否定句或疑问句，表“负担得起（做）某事；抽得出（时间）” “(can’t/ couldn’t)afford(to do)sth.”
eg: We can’t afford(to buy)this house because we don’t have enough money.我们买不这房了，因为我们没有足够的钱。
eg: He felt he couldn’t afford any time to play football.他觉得自己没有时间踢球了。
5.Our government gives support to poor families.我们的政府能为贫困家庭提供帮助。
give support to sb.= give sb.support 为某人提供帮助/ 支持
support作动词时表“供养；支持；支撑”，eg: She had to support her family at the age of ten.她十岁时就得养家。
His parents supported him in his decision.他的父母支持他的决定。
The two sticks support the tree.两根木棍支撑着这棵树。
6.Why not go and search the Internet for some information? 为什么不上网查找相关信息呢？
search sp.for sth.搜查某地寻找某物
search sb.for sth.搜身查找某物
search for sth./ sb.= look for sth./ sb.搜寻某物/ 某人；
eg: The villagers searched the woods for the lost children.村民们在树林里寻找失踪的孩子们。
The police searched the man for the stolen money.警察搜那个男人的身，查找被偷的钱。
He is searching/ looking for his missing keys.他在寻找他丢的钥匙。
7.We often went hungry because the boss didn’t give us enough food to eat.我们经常挨饿，因为老板不给我们足够的食物。
在这里是系动词，表“变得„”,后跟形容词,构成系表结构.eg: The food on the table went bad.桌面上的食物变坏了.8.One part was used to help support my family, to help send my elder brother to school.a)one part„the other(part)„一部分„„另一部分„„
b)elder brother 哥哥
elder 作形容词时, 是old的比较级, 一般表示家庭成员出生的顺序,在句中只能作定语,可与than连用;而older表年龄的比较,可与 than连用.如:
His elder sister is two older than he.他的姐姐比他大两岁.作名词时, 表 “ 长者;前辈;祖先”, 如:
Their customs were handed down by the elders.他们的风俗习惯是由他们的祖先传下来的.9.But China has developed rapidly in recent years.但是近年来,中国发展迅速.in recent years 表 “近年来”,常与完成时连用.如:
She has learnt a lot of knowledge in recent years.近年来,她学到了许多知识.10.China has made such rapid progress.中国已经取得如此迅速的进步。
progress 为不可数名词make progress 取得进步
make some/ much/ great progress 取得一些/ 许多/ 巨大的进步
11.What has happened to Beijing’s roads now? 现在北京的公路发生了什么变化？
sth.happen to sb.某人发生了某事，如：
eg: If anything happens to him, let me know.万一他有什么不测，就请通知我。
A little accident happened to her yesterday.昨天她发生了点小意外。
12.They express the rich culture of China as well.他们也表达了丰富的中国文化。
as well, too, also均表“也；又”； as well 多用于口语，只用于句末，不用逗号隔开；
too 多用于口语，用于句末，要用逗号隔开；
also 较正式，不用于句末；
either 用于否定句，表“也不”，与too 对应。
eg: He likes sports as well.= He likes sports, too.= He also likes sports.他也喜欢运动。
He didn’t come, either.他也没来。
13.keep in touch with 和„保持联系
eg: Nowadays，we keep in touch with each other by sending e-mails.14.复习现在完成时
Topic 2 What has happened to the population? 1.I really hate to go such a place.我真讨厌去购物。--So do I.我也是。
So do I.为倒装句，表示前面提到的肯定情况也同样适合另外一个主体，表“某某也一样”，结构为“so + be /情态动词/ 助动词 + 主语”。
eg: Jim is a student, so is Tom.吉姆是一名学生，汤姆也是。
Jim can swim, so can Tom.吉姆会游泳，汤姆也会。
Jim likes sports, so does Tom.吉姆喜欢运动，汤姆也喜欢。
如表前面不怎样，后面“也不”怎样时，其结构为“ neither/ nor + be /情态动词/ 助动词 + 主语”。
eg: Jim wasn’t Chinese, neither/ nor were they.吉姆不中国人，他们也不是。
Jim can’t speak Japanese, neither can I.吉姆不会说日语，我也不会。
Jim didn’t go there, neither did I.吉姆没去那儿，我也没去。
如前后两句表达的是同一个主体，则不能倒装，表“的确如此”。如：
eg: Jim is a good student.So he is.吉姆是一名好学生，的确如此。
Jim swims well.So he does.吉姆游泳很好，的确如此。
2．At that time, China was the country with the largest population in the world.那时，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。
population为不可数名词，表示人口的多少只能用 “large”或 “small”修饰，提问人口用“what”, 如：
eg: The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.上海的人口比北京多。
What’s the population of China?= How many people are there in China? 中国的人口有多少？
3.Great changes have taken place in China.中国发生了巨大变化。
take place 指必然性的“发生”或有计划、安排之内的“举行”。如：
eg: The meeting will take place next Friday.会议将在下周五举行。
happen 指偶然的、没有预料的“发生“，其结果往往给人带来不幸或麻烦。如：
eg: The accident happened yesterday.事故发生在昨天。
※两者都不用于被动语态。
4.The population has increased a lot.人口增长发很多。
increase 可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。其含义是“增长，增加，加强”等。
increase by„ 指“增加了„„”;increase to„指 “增加到„„”
5.„and about one fifth of the people in the world live in China.而且世界上大约五分之一的人口生活在中国。
one fifth 是分数表达法。英文分数表达法：分子为基数词，分母为序数词，先读分子后读分母。当分子大于1时，分母的序数词则变为复数，直接在词尾加“s”。eg: one fourth 四分之一； three fourths 四分之三；
one second 二分之一； two thirds 三分之二
注：分数修饰名词作主语，谓语动词要和所修饰的名词保持一致。6．It has worked well in controlling China’s population.它在控制人口数量方面取得了显著的功效。
work well in doing sth.表“在„„方面很有功效”，eg: Doing eye exercises works well in protecting our eyesight.（视力）做眼保健操在保护视力方面很有功效。
7.Because of our large population, we are short of energy and water.be short of„ 表 “缺乏„„”
eg: She is always short of money at the end of every month.每个月底她总是缺钱。
be short for„ 表“是„„的缩写”，eg: TV is short for television.TV是television的缩写形式.8.Can all Chinese families offer their children a good education? 所有的中国家庭都能给他们的的孩子提供良好的教育吗？
offer 表“（主动）给予，提供”
offer sb.sth.“提供某人某物”如：
I offered him a glass of wine.我敬了他一杯酒。
offer to do sth.“（主动）提出做某事”如：
She offered to cook for her mother.她提出帮她妈妈煮饭。8.be strict with 对„要求严格 eg：Our teachers are strict with us.9.I can’t go shopping in big stores unless I travel for a couple of hours.我得花几个小时，才能到大的商场购物。
a)unless = if not 表“除非„;如果不”，引导条件状语从句。
eg: I won’t go unless I hear from you.= I won’t go if I don’t hear from you.如果你不通知我，我就不去。
Unless Bill studies hard, he’ll fail in the exam.如果比尔不努力, 他不会通过考试的.b)a couple of„ 表 “几个人或几件事”，eg: a couple of years ago 几年前;a couple of students 几个学生
couple 指任何两件同类的东西;如:
a couple of watches 两只手表； five couples of cats 五对猫 pair 指两件不可分开使用的东西,它们可指两件互不相连的东西(鞋子、袜子等)，也可指两部分构成的一件东西（裤子、剪刀等）。如：
a pair of shoes 一双鞋子 a pair of pants 一条裤子 10.on / about 关于
on：关于（学术性较强）eg：He is writing a book on medicine.about：He is telling us a story about heroes.11.take measures 采取措施
Eg: China has take measures to reduce the pollution.四、重点语法
现在完成时常与下列表不明确的状语连用： 1．already 和 yet already “已经”（多用于肯定陈述句），如： He has already gone home.他已经回家了。yet “已经;还”（用于否定句或疑问句），如：Have you found him yet? 你已经找到他了吗？ I haven’t finished my homework yet.我还没完成作业。
※ already 也可用于疑问句，表“出乎意料或惊奇”
Have you finished your homework already? 难道你已经完成作业了？ 2．ever 和 never ever “曾经”（多用于疑问句，问初次经历），如：I have ever been abroad.我曾出过国。never“从未；从来不”（多用于否定陈述句），常回答ever的句型。如： I have never seen him before.--Has he ever been abroad? 他曾出过国吗？--No, never.不，从来不。3．just
just “刚刚”（多用于肯定句，位于谓语动词之前），如：I have just tried to call you.我刚刚打电话给你。4．before before “之前”（一般位于句末；常与never呼应），如：He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before.他说他以前从来没看过这么美的风景。Topic 3 The world has changed for the better.1.Well, once they find people in need, they decide on suitable ways to help them.他们一旦发现有人需要帮助，就选定适当的方式来帮助他们。
a)once 是从属连词，表“一旦„„就„„”,它的从句为现在时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时)，主句则为一般将来时。或者主从句均为过去的某种时态。
eg: Once you become interested in playing computer games, you’ll have trouble giving them up.一旦你迷上了电脑游戏，你就很难放弃它。
b)decide on(doing)sth.决定（做）某事，相当于 decide to do sth.eg: They decided on spending the holiday in Hainan.他们决定在海南度假。
= They decided to spend the holiday in Hainan.2.The government provides homeless people with nice homes.政府向无家可归的人们提供舒适的住处。
provide sb.with sth.= provide sth.for sb.提供给某人某物
eg: The school provided the students with food.这所学校为学生们提供食物。
= The school provided food for the students.3.I think it’s a wonderful place to live in.我认为那是一个居住的好地方。
to live in 是动词不定式，用来修饰前面的名词place.在不定式中，如动词为不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后必须跟上相应的介词。
eg: There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的事。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一只笔写字。
4.It is famous because it has been so successful in helping homeless people return to normal lives.它很出名是因为它已经成功地帮助无家可归的人重新过上正常的生活。
be successful in doing sth.成功地做成某事，相当于 succeed in doing sth.如： eg: He was successful in passing the exam.他成功地通过了考试。
They were successful in climbing Mount Huang.他们成功地登上了黄山。
5．In the past sixteen years, Project Hope has raised about 3 billion yuan.在近十六年来，希望工程已筹集了大约30亿元。
in the past + 若干时间，表“近若干时间来”，用于现在完成时。
eg: They have learnt about 500 English words in the past two months.近两个月来，他们已经学习了大约500个英语单词。6.复习直接引语和间接引语和构词法 Unit 2 Saving the earth Topic 1 I can’t stand the environment here.1.I can’t stand the environment here.我无法容忍这儿的环境。
stand 表“容忍；忍受”，后接名词、代词及动名词做宾语。
eg: I can’t stand that man, he talks too much.我忍受不了那个人了，他话太多了。
I can’t stand waiting any longer.我再也等不了了。2.What do you mean by sth.?
某物是什么意思呢? = What’s the meaning of sth ? = What does sth.mean?
3.I hope I can move from here soon.我希望我能早点从这儿搬走。当主从句主语一致时，常可转换成不定式短语
= I hope to move from here soon.我希望早点从这儿搬走。
4．There are several chemical factories pouring waste water into the river.有几座工厂正往河里排放污水。
There be + sb./ sth.+ doing sth.表有某人/ 某物正在做某事。eg: There are some birds singing in the tree.树上有些鸟儿在歌唱。
There is a little girl crying in the street.街上有个小女孩在哭。5．stop doing sth.停止做（正在进行的）事
stop to do sth.停下来去做（另一件）事
eg: It’s late.They will stop working and(stop)to have supper.很迟了。他们将停下来吃晚饭。
The students stopped talking and to listen to the teacher.学生们停止说话去听课。6．I’m sorry for making so much noise.很抱歉我弄出这么大的噪音。
be sorry for doing sth.表对做过的事感到抱歉
be sorry to do sth.表对当前的事感到抱歉
eg: I’m sorry for waking you up yesterday.很抱歉昨天把你弄醒了。
I’m sorry to trouble you.很抱歉打扰你了。
I’m sorry to hear that.听到那个（消息）感到很遗憾。
7． Recently it was reported that many teenagers in America can hear no better than 65-year-old people do,„近来据报道，美国许多青少年的听力和65岁的老人一样差。
no better than„ 表“同„„(几乎)一样差;不比„„做得好” eg: Lucy did no better than Lily in the exam.露西和莉莉考得几乎一样糟.= Lucy almost did as badly as Lily in the exam.8.复习现在完成时中延续性的动作或状态和由for / since 引导的一段时间状语搭配使用。a)“for + 时间段”
与 “since + 时间点”
都表“一段时间”，常用How long 提问。b)如句中含有非延续性动词，则改为相应的延续性动词或状态。Topic 2 How does pollution hurt the earth? 1.It says that China has become the world’s largest producer and user of coal.它（文章）写到中国已经成为世界上最大的煤炭生产和消费国。
sth.+ says that„ 此句型中主语是事或物，say表用“文字、数字”说明信息。
eg: It says “ Happy New Year!” on the card.卡片上写着“新年快乐！”。
The clock says that it is 20:00 now.这面钟显示现在是20：00。2.As we know, none of us likes pollution.众所周知，没有人喜欢污染。
none与no one 的区别： none “全无”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短语;作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数；no one只指人，后不能跟of 的短语;作主语时，谓语动词只用作单数。
eg: He has read none of these books.（指物）这些书他一本都没看过。
None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友们没有一个喜欢画画。
No one is here.没有一个在这儿。
none回答how many/ much的问题；no one回答who的问题。如：
A: How many students come to school by taxi? B: None.有多少的学生搭出租车来上学？ 没有人。
A: How much water is there in the bottle? B: None.瓶子里有多少水？ 一点儿也没有。
A: Who is in the room? B: No one.谁在房中？没有人。
3.When it rains, the soil will be washed away.下雨时，土壤就会被冲走。
will be +过去分词为一般将来时的被动语形式。
eg: The earth will be blown away by the wind.泥土将会被风刮走。（被动语态）
= The wind will blow away the earth.风将会把泥土刮走。（主动语态）
5．A lot of rich land has changed into desert, leaving only sand.许多肥沃的土地已经变成了沙漠，留下的是遍地黄沙。
a)change„ into„ = turn„ into„
把„..(转)变成„
eg: Please change/ turn English into Chinese.请把英语变成汉语。
When the traffic lights change/ turn into green, we can go.当交通灯变成绿色时,我们就可以通行。
b)leaving only stand现在分词短语作状语, 表伴随主动。
eg: The children went away, talking and laughing.孩子们说着、笑着离开了。
The girl is looking for her mother, crying loudly.这个女孩大声地哭着在寻找她的母亲。6．Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away.They can also prevent the sand from moving toward the rich land.树可以防风固土，也可阻止风沙吹进良田。stop / prevent sb./sth.(from)doing sth.阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事 keep sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事
eg: Trees can keep water from running away.树可以防止水土流失。7.in danger of(doing)sth.处于做某事的危险中
eg: They are in danger of losing their lives.他们正处于失去生命的危险中。8.cut down 砍到 Eg：Many trees are cut down every years 9.You may either take a bus or a taxi.你们可能搭公车去或者是搭出租车去。
a)either„or„ “要么„要么„并列连词,连接主语时,根据就近原则选取谓语动词。
eg: You may come either today or tomorrow.你要么今天来，要么明天来。
Either you or he is right.要么你对，要么他对。
b)either 单独使用时，是代词，表“二者之一”既可指人也可指物；用作主语时，谓语动词用作单数。如：
A：Ｗould you like coffee or tea? B: Either is OK
你想要咖啡还是茶？随便都可以。
Either of us is right.我们俩中有一人是对的。Topic 3 Let’s be greener people.1.We should use both sides of paper, and reuse plastic bags rather than throw them away.我们应该把纸的两面都使用，将塑料袋再次使用而不是轻易扔掉。
both 修饰复数名词；而 either 修饰单数名词；
eg: There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.= There are a lot of trees on either side of the road.在路的两边有许多树。2.Everyone is supposed to do it.每个人都应该那样做。
be supposed to do sth.指（按规定、习惯、安排等）应当做某事；相当于should;用于否定句时，表“允许”；
eg: Teachers are supposed to/ should know a lot.老师应该知道很多。
You are not supposed to smoke here.这里不允许抽烟。
4.First, you ought to turn off the lights when you leave a room.首先，当你离开房间的时候，应该关灯。
ought to 情态动词, 表 “应该;应当”;语气比 should 强;指道义上应该做的事,有时含有责备或督促的语气。should 指主观上感到有责任或义务去做。如：
You ought to help your mother do some housework.你应该帮你妈妈做些家务。We should study hard.我们应该努力学习。其否定式和疑问式：
You oughtn’t to get up so late in the morning.你早晨不应该起这么晚。Ought I to tell her the bad news? 我该告诉她坏消息吗？ Yes, you ought.No, you oughtn’t.Unit 3 English around the world Topic1 English is widely spoken around the world.1.stick v.粘贴，=put up eg: You can stick it on the wall in your room.你可以把它贴在你房间的墙上。2.can't wait to do sth.迫不急待地想要做某事
eg:
I can't wait to fly there!我迫不急待地想要飞往哪里。
又：can't help doing sth.忍不住要做某事，如：I can't help laughing.我忍不住笑了。3.have a good chance to do sth.有个做某事的好机会
eg: You'll have a good chance to practicing speaking English.你将有一个练习说英语的好机会。
4.practice speaking English 练习说英语。有的动词后再跟动词时，后面的动词要用--ing形式，如：practice, finish, enjoy, meind等等。
5.from now on 从现在起，意思相当于later on 后来，过后，将来。eg: Try your best and work much harder(at English)from now on.从现在起，尽你最大的努力更努力(得多)地学习(英语)。6.on business 出差
?eg：Mr.Lee is on business in the U.S.A..7.be similar to...与...相似
eg: Is Spanish similar to English? 西班牙语和英语会相似吗？ 8.It's possible that...有可能...eg: It's possible that you will have some trouble.你有可能会遇到一些困难。9.ask sb.for help 向某人求助，求助于某人。eg: I'll ask an interpreter for help.我将向翻译求助。10.translate A into B 把A翻译成B，eg: The interpreter translates English into Chinese.这位翻译把英语翻译成中国语。11.in general 一般来说
12.have trouble(in)doing sth.在做某事方面有困难。
eg: In general, he has no trouble understanding people.一般说来，他听懂别人的说话是没有困难的。
13.What's more 还有
once in a while 有时，偶尔，相当于at times或sometimes 14.whenever = no matter when
topic 2 English is spoken differently indifferent countries。1.follow = understand 听懂,理解, 明白, eg: I can't follow you.? Can you speak more slowly, please? 2.be the same as?? 与...相同，eg: Is Australian English the same sa British English? 澳大利亚英语和英国英语是相同的吗? 3.I'm flying to Disneyland tomorrow.? 明天我要飞往迪斯尼乐园.?注: 此句中 am flying是表示一般将来时.???英语中,??“位移动词”或称“趋向动词”?可以用现在进行时的结构表示将来发生的动作, 这类动词有“leave”, “leave for”, “leave „ for„”, “come,” “fly„”, “return”, “arrive”, “go”,? “start”(出发), 等等, 如:? I'm going.我要走了.?? I'm coming!我就来!? My uncle is meeting us tomorrow.4.depend on? 依靠；取决于；依„而定, 如: Sometimes the meaning can change, depending on the country where it is spoken.5.succeed in doing sth.成功地做某事，eg: f you want to succeed in making yourself understood, you need to know some of these differences.如果你想成功地表达自己的意思, 你就需要了解一些这种不同点.6.on one's way to +地名, 在去某地的路上(后接副词时不用to)?.? eg: Lucy is on her way to school.露西在回家的路上.??
Tom is on his way home.汤姆在回家路上.[要区别于By the way顺便问/说一下;? in this way用这种方法] 7.see sb.off 为某人送行，eg: Kangkang and Michael?going to the airport to?see them off.康康和迈克尔要去机场为他们送行.put out 伸出
eg: Michael sees a foreigner putting out his hand with his thumb raised.迈克尔看见一个外国人伸出他的手, 拇指朝上.??? [本名还要掌握see sb.doing sth.看见某人正在做某事? see sb.do sth.看见某人做某事, 以及with his thumb raised作伴随状语.] 8.ask for a ride 请求搭车, The foreigner is asking for a ride.这个外国人在请求搭车.9.be worried about...为...担心
eg: I'm still worried about my English.我还在为我的英语担心.10 as for...? 至于„, 关于某人/某事
eg: As for the spelling differences, you can easily find them when you use a computer.?? 11.have difficulty doing sth.做某事有困难 注：difficulty作“困难,艰难,费劲,辛苦,难度”解时为un 作“难题,难事,难处,困境,危难”时,为cn eg: We have difficulties understanding foreigners
12.be closed to...? 靠近..., The Disneyland is close to Los Angeles.? 迪斯尼乐园离洛杉矶很近。
13.in person 亲自
eg:He helped her with her English in person.14.be fond of...? 喜爱...eg: Children are fond of exciting rides like Pirates of the Caribbean.15.come about 发生
eg: How did these differences come about? 这些差别是如何发生的?
Can you tell me how the accident came about? 16.be forced to do sth.被迫做某事
eg: I was forced to take a taxi because I couldn't catch the last bus.?因为没有赶上末班车, 只好坐出租车.17.take in 吸收，如：The English language has taken in many new words from other languages.Topic 3 Could you give us some advice on how to learn English well? 1.make sb understood 使某人被理解
Eg：He say it slowly to make him understood 2.work hard at 努力„
eg:He worked hard at English and at last he passed the final exam.3.advise 建议（后接to do 或V-ing）eg：I advises waiting till the proper time.I advise you to leave now.4.stick to 坚持
(to 是介词，后接名词或V-ing)Eg：If you stick to the truth ,you have nothing to fear.He sticks to having a talk with his teacher.4.Laugh at 嘲笑
Eg：Don’t laugh at others.5.come to realize 明白
eg：After talking to his teacher,he have come to realize his teacher is always caring for him。5.in order to 为了
(后接动词原形)eg：He gets up early in order to catch the fisrt bus.6.give up 放弃
eg：I always advise my father to give up smoking.7.复习动词不定式的用法。Unit 4 Amazing Science Topic 1 Spaceship are mainly controlled by computers.1.dream of 梦想
Eg：I dream of studying in a university.2.send 寄，送
Eg：I will send a gift to my mother on her birthday.=I will send my mother a gift on her birthday.相关的短语：～ for 派人去请
～off 送行
～ out发出（光、热）；长（叶子）
～ up 发射
3.no doubt 毫无疑问
Eg : There is no doubt he is a kind man.4.thanks to 多亏
eg : Thanks to the bad weather we don’t have to do morning exercise.5.turn on 打开
turn off 关掉
turn up 调高
turn down 调低 Topic 2 When was it invented? 1.Because I’m not allowed to play computer games.因为我不可以玩电脑游戏。allow “允许、准许”的意思。常用于以下几种形式：
(1)allow +n./prep 如：
We can’t allow such a thing.我们不容许这种事情发生。
(2)allow sb.to do sth 允许某人做某事 如：
She allowed me to go fishing.她允许我去钓鱼。
(3)allow +doing sth 允许做某事 如：
We don’t allow smoking in the reading-room.我们不允许在阅览室吸烟。
(4)be allowed to do sth 如：被允许做某事
The students are allowed to play games on the play ground after school.放学后学生们被准许在操场上做游戏。
2.It’s made from wood.它用木材做的。
(1)be made in 在„„地方制造，后接表示地点的名词。
(2)be made of 用„„制造的，表示原材料未经化学变化，仍可看得出原材料。
(3)be made from 用„„制造的，表示原材料经过化学变化，已看不出其原样。
(4)be made by 由（被）„„（人）制作，后接表示人的名词或代词。
(5)be made into（某物）被制成„„
(6)be made up of 由„„组成 如：
The TV set is made in Japan.这台电视机是日本生产的。
These houses are made of stones.这些房子是由石头建造的。
Paper is made from wood.纸是木头造的。
Was this cake made by your mother?这蛋糕是你妈妈做的吗？
Metal can be made into all kinds of things.金属可以制成各种各样的物品。
The medical team is made up of ten doctors.这支医疗队由10位大夫组成。
4.It’s used for helping us to improve our English.它用来帮助我们提高英语水平。
(1)be used for+ving
be used to do（被）用来做„
强调用途或作用
(2)be used as（被）作为„„而用，强调被当作工具或手段来用。
(3)be used by 被„„使用，by后跟人/物，强调使用者。Eg：Pens are used for writing.钢笔被用来写字。
Wood is used to make paper.木材被用来造纸。
English is used as a foreign language in China.英语在中国被当作外语使用。
Recorders are often used by English teachers.英语老师经常使用录音机。5.They will no longer want to be our servants, but our masters.它们将不再愿意做我们的人，而要做我们的主人。
no longer（通常在动词前），not„any longer;not„any more（用于非正式文体中）都可表示“（过去曾„）现在不再„”
eg: She no longer lives here.=She doesn’t live here any longer(或 any more).她不在这儿住了。（过去她曾住这儿）7.This method worked well at night as long as the weather was good and the stars could be seen.在夜间只要天气晴朗，能看见星星，这种方法就能很好地发挥作用。
work well 有效 eg：China’s one-child police works well in controlling China’s population.as long as 只要 eg :As long as you work hard ,you must succeed one day.Topic 3 I don’t think aliens can be found in space.1.in the future 将来
Eg：I think people will live on Mars in the future.2.What are you going to be when you grow up?你长大后干什么？ 3.at a distance of 以„距离
Eg：The moon goes around the earth at a distance of 38.0000 kilometers.4.land on 着陆
Eg: People took some measures to make the plane land on safely.5.be worth doing 值得„
Eg：The book is worth reading 6.I don’t think aliens can be found in space.我认为外星人不可能出现在太空里。
(1)当think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后的宾语从句含有not的否定词时，该否定应移至主句，即否定主句的谓语动词。如：
I don’t think it will rain tomorrow.我认为明天不会下雨。
(2)can +be +过去分词，是情态动词构成的被动语态。如： This can’t be done in a short time.这不是短期内能完成的。
7.It has been two days since we landed on Mars.自从我们登上火星以来已经两天了。
it用作主语谈论时间，常与since连用。
eg：It is(或has been)three years since we left school.自从我们离开学校以来已经三年了。8.What’s worse, our water supplies were very low.更糟糕的是，我们的水供给是非常有限的。What’s worse 更糟糕的是。类似结构还有：What’s more 更有甚者；更为重要的是。9.It’s a quarter as big as the earth.它是地球的四分之一大。倍数表示法：倍数+as+形容词/副词+as 如：This box is three times as heavy as that one.这只箱子是那只箱子的三倍重。Unit5 Knowing about China Topic 1 How much do you know about China？
1.China is a great country that has about 5000 years of history.中国是一个拥有五千多年历史的大国。
句中that has about 5000 years of history是定语从句，修饰名词country。country 是先行词，that 是关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，也可以用which.。
There are many places of interest which attract millions of tourists from all over the world every year.There are a great number of rivers in China.中国有许多大河。
2.a(great)number of „ 许多/大量，后接可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语用复数；
the number of „。。的数量，后接可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语用单数。
e.g.A number of books are lent out from the library every day.每天有许多书从图书馆被借走。
The number of the students present is not known yet.还不知道出席学生的数目。
3.Among them, the Yangtze River is the longest one and the second longest is the Yellow River.其中长江是中国最长的河流，黄河位居第二。
句中the longest one，the second longest，“最长”用最高级，“第二长”在最高级前加上序数词second。
e.g.Shanghai is the biggest city in China and Beijing is the second biggest one.上海是中国最大的城市，北京位居第二。4.hear of 听说
Eg：Have you heard of the romantic story
That’s the most fantastic place that I have ever heard of.那是我听说过的最奇妙的地方。
Hear from 收到„的来信
（已经含有收信的意思，无需用letter）= receive a letter from 5.lose oneself in „ 意为“沉浸于„”
Eg：The scenery is so attractive that visitors often lose themselves in it.如此迷人的景色常常使得游客流连忘返。
6.It severs as a bridge which connects the mainland with the rest of the world.它（香港）是连接祖国大陆与世界其他地方的桥梁。
7.be considered as = be regarded as
“被看作„，被认为„”，而regard „as 意为“把„看作，把„认为，as 是介词，后接名词。
Eg：As we know, Taiwan is considered as the Treasure Island of China.台湾被认为是“中国宝岛”。
8.fetch 去取回来
eg：If you are thirsty ,I can fetch you a bottle of water.9.introduce 介绍
(～sb to sb)eg：Boys and girls ,let me introduceTom, your new classmate, to you.复习定语从句（I）Topic 2 Confucius, a pioneer in the field of education.1.He was also a famous philosopher whose wise sayings have influenced many people in different countries.他也是一位著名的哲学家，他的至理名言影响了不同国家的许多人。
2.When I walk along with two others, I may be able to learn from them.三人行，必有我师。3.are proud of 人引以为豪的(take pride in)Eg：Chinese people are proud of China’s long history.= China takes pride in her long history.4.Unfortunately, he died of illness on his way home from Africa in 1433.不幸的是，他于1433年在从非洲返回的路途中病故。
die of 多指因内因而引起，die from 多指因外因而引起。
Eg:The old man died of heart disease.He died from a serious traffic accident.5.bring down 推翻
Eg： After a revolutionary，the emperor was brought down.break down 摧毁，垮下
Topic 3 The dragon has become a symbol of the Chinese nation.1.play a part in 在„方面起作用
Eg：Robots plays an important part in morden industry 2.promise sb.sth.许诺某人某事
promise to do sth.答应做某事 promise sb.to do sth.答应某人做某事
eg:
I promised him a present for his birthday.我答应送他一件生日礼物。
She promised to write to him.她答应给他写信。
Father promised me to buy a new pair of shoes for me.爸爸许诺给我买一双新鞋。2.We can go to either Beihai Park or Shichahai Park.either „or 或„或„ ,连接并列主语时，谓语和最近的主语一致，即遵从就近原则。
e.g.Either you or he has to go there.或者是你或者是他得去那儿。3．Both my father and I like it a lot.我和我父亲都非常喜欢。
both „and„ 意为“既„又„，两者都„”。连接并列主语时，谓语用复数形式。
e.g.Both Tom and I have been to the Great Wall.汤姆和我曾经去过长城。4．Neither my mother nor my father likes it.我的父母都不喜欢。
neither „nor „ 既不„也不„，连接两个并列成分，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致，即遵从就近原则。
Eg:Neither she nor I am right.她和我都不对。
He is neither a doctor nor a teacher.他既不是医生也不是老师。5．found v.成立，建立；创建，创办
Eg:A new country was founded on October 1st ,1949.found的过去式与过去分词都是founded
e.g.His elder brother founded a company in 2001.他的哥哥2001年创办了一个公司。注意区分：find v.“找到，发现”，它的过去式与过去分词是found
e.g.He found a purse lying on the ground.他发现地上有一个钱包。6.At the end of 在„末端
Eg：At the end of the year，he passed away.7.复习并列连词both „and „, either„or „, neither„nor„.和not only„but also„的用法： Unit 6 Entertainment and Friendship Topic 1 I would rather watch sports shows than those ones.1.In my spare time , I enjoy watching TV, especially quiz shows from which I can learn a lot.在空闲时间，我喜欢看电视，特别是能从中学到许多东西的智力节目。
在定语从句中，当关系代词which作介词的宾语时，即“介词+which”结构，介词可放在which之前，也可放在定语从句中的动词之后。
Eg: This is the house in which Bing Xin was born.冰心是在这所房子里出生的。
= This is the house which Bing Xin was born in.2.would rather do sth.than do sth.比起做„更愿意做„
Eg:I would rather stay at home than go out in such bad weather.这么糟糕的天气，我宁愿待在家中，也不愿出去。
3.hit sb on the nose 打某人的鼻子
（用the 而不用his 或her）
Eg：He hit the woman in the face / on the nose.4.be ready to do sth.内心愿意/乐意做某事
Eg: He was ready to believe her.他愿意相信她。
5.From then on.从那时起
From now on
从现在起 6.a symbol of „
„的象征
= stand for Eg：The rose is regarded as a symbol of love in both China and some western countries.People think the rose stands for love, peace, courage and friendship.8.order sb.to do sth.命令/要求某人去做某事
order sth for sb./ sth.为某人/ 某物订购某物
eg: The doctor ordered me to stay in bed.医生命令我好好呆在床上休息.9.forgive sb.sth.原谅某人某事
forgive sb.for doing sth.请求别人原谅所做的事
eg: She could forgive him anything.她会原谅他的任何事.Please forgive me for disturbing you.请原谅我打扰你了.Topic 2 Who is your favorite character in literature? 1.according to 根据
Eg：According to the given words，fill in the blanks。2.make up one’s mind 意为“下定决心”，后跟动词不定式。
Eg：He has made up his mind to work hard and catch up with others.他已下定决心努力学习赶上别人。
3.can’t help 禁不住
+ v-ing eg：Sometimes we can’t help laughing because of his funny behavior.有时我们因他的有趣行为而禁不住大笑。Topic 3 I will remember our friendship forever.1.This weekend we’ll graduate from Ren’ai International School!本周末我们将从仁爱国际学校毕业。1）graduate 作动词是，表 “毕业”，相当于leave school，其名词形式为graduation eg: He graduated in 1999.= He left school in 1999.2）graduate from + 学校 表 “从某个学校毕业” graduate in + 专业 表 “毕业于某专业”
eg: He graduated from Peking University last year.去年他从北京大学毕业。
He graduated in English at a famous University.他毕业于一所名牌大学的外语专业。2.think back on/ to “回想起，追忆” 如：
eg：When I think back on/to those things, I miss my friends a lot.当我回想起那些事情时，我就非常想念我的朋友。3.…and write some words on the blackboard with color chalks.用彩色粉笔在黑板上写几句话。1）chalk “粉笔”，不可数名词，若表示“一支粉笔”时，则用a piece of chalk;2）当表示各种颜色的粉笔时，则可数。
4.I’ve got dozens of cards.我准备了许多贺卡。1）dozen作可数名词，意为“
（一）打；十二；几十；许多”
Give me a dozen, please.请给我一打。
2）当和数词连用后面跟名词时，dozen不加s，其后也不跟of。
eg: two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋
3）dozen后加s时，常与of连用，意为“几十；许多”，表不明确的数目。dozens of„ 几十hundreds of„几百；成百上千thousands of„几千；成千上万 5.to one’s joy 使某人高兴的是
to one’s surprised 使某人惊讶的是
eg: To my joy, I became the owner of an MP3 last week.使我高兴的是，上周我拥有了自己的MP3。
To our surprised, Jim didn’t pass the exam.令我们惊讶的是，吉姆没通过考试。6.take photos of sb.为某人拍照
take photos with sb.与某人合影 7.leave„behind “忘了带；遗忘；把„„抛在后面”
eg：It means change, and leaving behind unforgettable faces and places.它意味着变化，意味着把那些不能忘却的面容和地方留在记忆深处。
She knew that she had left childhood behind.她知道童年已一去不复返了。8.see sb off 为某人送行
Eg：Today，we got up early to see him off.
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