论远大前程中社会因素对皮普爱慕虚荣性格的影响

第一篇：论远大前程中社会因素对皮普爱慕虚荣性格的影响

Social factors on the development of pip’s vanity in Great

Expectations

Abstract

This paper studies the social factors on the development of pip’s vanity in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations.It argues that, compared with other factors that affect pip’s vanity, social factors has its own distinguishing affects, and that is, it straightly pushes pip to be a vanity man with various ways.The combination of the social factors and pip’s vanity through the exploration of the following three aspects, namely social factors with his terrible educational background, social factors combined with his poor family situation and social factors tinted with the cruelty of the bourgeoisie will be closely examined in this paper.In this way it plans to prove that social factors are the factor that straightly pushes pip to be a vanity man.Keywords: social factors;terrible educational background;poor family situation;cruelty of the bourgeoisie

论远大前程中影响皮普虚荣性格发展的社会因素

摘要

本文研究社会因素对远大前程中皮普虚荣性格的形成的影响。笔者认为，与其他影响皮普虚荣性格的因素相比，社会因素有着非常独到的地方，即它直接的从各个方面把皮普塑造成了一个虚荣的人。本文从皮普教育的缺失，贫困的家庭环境，资本主义的残酷三个方面对皮普虚荣性格的形成进行了考察，从而证明社会因素直接地把皮普塑造成了一个虚荣性格的人。

关键词：社会因素，教育的缺失，贫困的家庭，资本主义的残酷

Contents

Number of pages: 16 Introduction.................................................................................................................1 2 Pip’s Character of Vanity............................................................................................2 2.1 A Brief Introduction to the Victorian Age............................................................3 2.2 The Prototype of Pip in Great Expectation..........................................................4 2.3 His Vanity in Great Expectations.........................................................................5 3 The Social Factors that Mold Pip’s Vanity..................................................................6 3.1 His Terrible Educational Background..................................................................7 3.2 His Poor Family Situation....................................................................................8 3.3 The Cruelty of the Bourgeoisie............................................................................9 3.3.1 Vengeful and Wealthy Miss Havisham......................................................10 3.3.2 Indulgent and Hypocritical Mr.Jaggers.....................................................11 4 Conclusion................................................................................................................12 Notes............................................................................................................................13 References....................................................................................................................14 Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................15 Declaration...................................................................................................................16

1.Introduction Dickens was one of the most influential writers of the 19th century, played a crucial Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens(7 February 1812–9 June 1870).He contributed greatly to the development of the writing style in British Literature.Through his numerous works，he exposed the readers to different aspects of the times he lived in and explored the unfairness and hypocrisy of the capitalist society and he analysis that the social factors that we lived in influences the formation of our characters.The social factors can be reflected in various ways such as education, families, friends and the living experiences.Pip is the hero in Great Expectations, whose life has through several changes.Each change is a new development for him and last forging a new Pip: The one who is fall in love with the beautiful Estella, the love drives him to run after the knowledge and fame;the one who gains a big fortune to have a gentleman cultivation in London;the one whose dreams fall into fallacy, which lets him realizes his guilty and starts repentance.Every stage Pip’s character is under subtle change that is related to the things happened around him.To say it in different way, pip’s change in every stage is influenced by the social factors especially let him to chase after the vanity like the upper class gentlemen life and wealth.Thus, this paper mainly studies the social factors on the development of pip’s vanity in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations with the factors of terrible education, the poor family and the friends around him who live in the cruelty Bourgeoisie.In this way to prove that social factors are the factor that straightly pushes pip to be a vanity man.2.Pip’s Character of Vanity

Pip is the hero in Great Expectations who is also a victim.His life reflects the background of the Victorian age when the society is dark and the people there all chase after the vanity of the wealth and the social status.It is also mirrored the life experiences of Charles Dickens.Pip actually is living in the lower class who has no good education and the rich family.When he lives with Joe, his dream is to be a balcksmith.But when he falls in love with the girl, he begins to hate his dirty hand that using to strike the iron.Apart from that, when he is in the cultivation for a gentleman, he begins to escape to meet the low class: Joe, though he is actually not a gentleman there.All the change of Pip’s character reflects the common features of the people in Victorian age and mirrored the life experiences of Charles Dickens.2.1A Brief Introduction to the Victorian Age In Great Expectation, Charles Dickens showed us a lively picture, which gave us a rough sketch of The Victorian Age.The country was ruled by Queen Victorian from 1837 to 1901, and during this period, the cruelty and the greedy of the Bourgeoisie that deeply affect everyone’s character.In society, the wealth and the greedy are like an evil.The distribution of wealth is always unequal and the contrast of the rich and the poverty is very sharp.On one hand, there excises the noble manor life and the comfortable life of the landlord;on the other hand, it is the farmer’s dilapidated cottage and the unemployed worker’s desperation.Family life for the middle and upper class was extremely important, as the families were large and living together in big houses, life was very comfortable for them and enjoyable.Poor and working class families, such as Dickens's were forced to work in factories doing dangerous jobs.Children were being exploited, into doing harsh dangerous work, for little pay and no gratitude.Besides, the Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries had transformed the social landscape, enabling capitalists and manufacturers to amass huge fortunes.Although social class was no longer entirely dependent on the circumstances of one’s birth, the divisions between rich and poor remained nearly as wide as ever.London, a teeming mass of humanity lit by gas lamps at night and darkened by black clouds from smokestacks during the day, formed a sharp contrast with the nation’s sparsely populated rural areas.More and more people moved from the country to the city in search of greater economic opportunity.Throughout England, the manners of the upper class were very strict and conservative: gentlemen and ladies were expected to have thorough classical educations and to behave appropriately in innumerable social situations.2.2 The Prototype of Pip in Great Expectation The prototype of the pip in great expectation should trace back to the purpose of Charles Dickens to write Great Expectations.In the Victorian Age, the contrast of wealthy and poverty is sharp and the cruelty and the exploitation is everywhere, which let all the lower class form a wrong value: run after the wealth and the upper class.Therefore, the vanity breeds out.So as Charles Dickens, he wrote Great Expectation to draw a picture of the people who run after the vanity through Dickens’ own life experiences.When Dickens was young, his parents had troubles in finance and disasters in the social, so they lived a rough live and had to change their living-quarters frequently for the lack of money which could be used to pay the rents.Dickens wasn't an orphan, as Pip is, but he may well have felt like one.His parents were sociable, pleasant people, but when Charles, who was the eldest boy, was nine, the Dickens’s pulled up roots and moved to London to try to live more cheaply.Charles was appalled by the cramped, grubby house they lived in there, and even more ashamed when his father was arrested and taken to debtors' prison.The rest of the Dickens’s were allowed to move into prison with their father, but twelve-year-old Charles had to live on his own outside.Therefore, the expectations of pip to get the social advancement and the wealth are the mirror of Dickens himself to make a great expectation to change his life style.2.3 His Vanity in Great Expectations In Great Expectations, Pip, the novel’s protagonist, lives in the marsh country, works at a job he feel enough, considers himself too good for his surroundings as shown by the following account in the book Great Expectations.“Joe was a fair man, with high brown hair and blue eyes.He was a mild, good-natured, dear fellow Joe and I being fellow-sufferers……”

But when he meet the Estella at Miss Havisham’s house, he suddenly feels shame about his surrounding and from this time his vanity breed out from his brain: he want to be a rich, a gentle and a uncommon man, though it is just a expectation that is impossible for him now as shown by the following account.“Being alone in the courtyard I looked at my coarse hands and my thick boots.They had never troubled me before, but they troubled me now.I wished Joe had been rather more genteelly brought up, and then I should have been so too.” page 49

“……and that I hadn’t been able to explain myself to Mrs.Joe and Pumblechook, and that there had been a beautiful young lady at Miss Havisham’s who was dreadfully and proud, and that she had said I was common……”page 70

“I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before, but I began to consider them rather a bad pair.Here contempt was so strong that it became infectious and I caught it”chapter7 page47

When Pip comes to London to have the cultivation for the gentleman, he begin to look down upon the low class, even his best friend: joe.As shown in the book.“One Monday morning I received a letter from Biddy in which she informed me of Joe’s intention to visit me at Barnard’s in the next morning.I did not look forward with pleasure to this visit, and if I could have kept him away by paying money……but I had the sharpest sensitiveness to his being seen by Drummle, whom I held in contempt because he was idle, stupid and haughty.” Chapter 15Page 114

It’s no doubt that there are a lot of words and description of Pip’s mental.All that gives the impression that Pip is a vanity man.The Social Factors that Mold Pip’s Vanity

The social factors can be reflected in various ways such as education, families, friends and the living experiences.This paper mainly studies the social factors on the development of pip’s vanity in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations with the factors of terrible education, the poor family and the friends around him who live in the cruelty Bourgeoisie.3.1 His Terrible Educational Background In Pip’s family in Great Expectations, the rough sister couldn’t gives Pip chances to satisfy his curiosity for knowledge．Although Joe is a good man and expects Pip to learn, but he is helpless.As to he is almost an illiterate.When Pip attends a night class，he sadly find it is not a school, where has no textbooks and no teacher in the real sense as shown in Great Expectations.“During this period I attended an evening school kept by Mr.Wopsle’s great-aunt.Her method of education was peculiar, for she usually went to sleep from six to seven every evening, leaving her pupils to improve themselves as best they could by seeing her do it.Mr.Wopsle’s great-aunt, besides keeping this Education Institution, kept in the same room a little general shop.”Chapter 6 page 33

The terrible education background couldn’t cultivate Pip to have the right value to the society and the life.So Pip wants to study hard just because of his vanity: the love for Estella．Pip wants to learn and become a gentle man.When Pip later becomes a London gentleman，he learns from Mr.Pocket．At this time，the purpose of receiving education is only to decorate the gentleman’s status.Thus throughout Pip’s receiving education, He learns only a little from his teachers.His real teachers are his sufferings．Pip’s process of being taught is mainly the process of his teaching himself.He is thirsty for knowledge but his teachers never satisfies his intellectual need or tell him the math of life．From the beginning to the end of the book．Originally, he wants education because of his love for Estella．There are great gaps between Pip and Estella, Pip wants to narrow these gaps by learning more．All those are driven by his vanity for the beautiful Estella and for the upper class life.3.2 His Poor Family Situation Pip was an orphan who lived with his sister and brother in law.The poor living condition made him quite sensitive, which also made him feel shame of his family situation when with Estella and the friends.Although Joe treated Pip as his best friend who he could believe in and give sincerity and comfort to, what Joe could do was too little to help Pip, not the good living situation and the good education.Thus, Pip formed the false values about the wealth, the social status and the wrong outlook about the world.Pip couldn’t refuse the temptation around so he lost his balance in mind because he always thinks he is poor and common man.He was eager to be a gentleman and the husband of Estella, though it is impossible of the family situation for him.However, he lived in his dream.His sister punished him in lots of ways such as using the tar water as medicine, her ring and thimble as torture instruments.Mrs.Joe liked to tell others that it was her that brought Pip up and she suffered a lot for this.However, she never gave Pip any good family situation to have a good education and the good value about the life and the wealth.What Pip felt was the following:

“My sister’s bringing up had made me sensitive.In the little world in which children have their existence, whoever brings them up, there is nothing so finely perceived and so finely felt, as injustice.”(69)

Therefore, when Pip got the information that he had come into handsome property, he feel that he have the chance to be a gentle man and will not to be the low class of the society.And then, he waste the money every day and persist in he will be the upper class man.However, all that is because of his poor family situation that couldn’t give him the good education and had the right value of life and the wealth, which straightly let him got the vanity that he come into handsome property to have the chance to be a gentle man and the upper class of the society.3.3 The Cruelty of the Bourgeoisie In the Victorian Age, because of the Industrial Revolution and the development of the society, the Bourgeoisie is very cruelty for the wealth and the social advancement.Sometimes they are ruthless for the low class to reach their own purpose.3.3.1 Vengeful and Wealthy Miss Havisham In Great Expectations, Miss Havisham is a mad, vengeful, a wealthy old lady, who lives in a rotting mansion and wears an old, smelly wedding dress, which she never takes off in her rest of life.She is a poor role in the novel.Miss Havisham’s life is dominated by a disobliging man who named Compeyson, who leaves her alone on their wedding day.From then on, Miss Havisham turns all the clocks in her house at twenty minutes to nine, the moment when Compeyson dumps her, and she wears only one shoe, because when she is informed of his betrayal, she had not yet put on the other shoe.With such kind of manic, obsessive cruelty and miserable suffering, Miss Havisham adopts Estella and raises her as a gun to fire the men.Miss Havisham is an example of single-minded vengeance pursued destructively: both Miss Havisham and the friends in her life suffer painfully things because of her quest for revenge.Miss Havisham completely hasn’t seen that her actions are great hurtful to Pip and Estella.She is redeemed at the end of the novel when she realizes that she has broken Pip’s heart in the same manner as her own;rather than achieving any kind of personal revenge, she has only caused more pain.Miss Havisham’s begging for forgiveness reinforces the theme that bad behavior can be redeemed by contrition and sympathy.But Miss Havisham has also done the worse thing for Pip.She not only gives Pip the expectations to catch Estella, but also give Pip’s expectations to be a gentleman of the upper class, which indulges Pip’s vanity to chase after the illusory dreams.She knows that Pip is from the low class and Pip sometimes is self-contemptuous as shown in the book Great Expectations.“……my dream had come true, my wild fancy was surpassed by reality;Miss Havisham was going to make my fortune.” chapter 13 Page 92

Miss Havisham’s revenge straightly put Pip to run after the wealth and the social advancement.To say it in different way, Miss Havisham straightly put Pip to be a vanity man for the wealth and the social advancement.3.3.2 Indulgent and Hypocritical Mr.Jaggers In the beginning, Pip’s vanity is buried in his heart as shown in the book: “one morning after I wake up, a good idea comes into my heart: I’ll let myself uncommon.”, but when he meets Mr.Jaggers his vanity comes into a summit.Mr.Jaggers as a represent of the decaying legal system of British also gives Pip a dream to be the upper class of the society.The dream let Pip got the expectation.On the contrary, in London, Pip has never studied the knowledge and the manner of the upper class, but the luxury of the upper class as shown in the book:

“We always derived great satisfaction from making an appointment for this purpose.We ordered something special for dinner, with an expensive bottle of wine, in order that our minds might be fortified for the occasion.Dinner over, we produced pens and paper.I would then take a sheet of paper and write across the top of it, in neat hand writing, “Memorandum of Pip’s Debts” chapter 19 page 145

That is the indulgence of Mr.Jaggers who hasn’t paid the responsibility to Pip’s development, which is also because of his hypocritical.To say it in other words, Mr.Jaggers is an irresponsible lower.What he wants is just the attorney fees.Mr.Jaggers is also a vanity man as shown in the book:

“Now, I have nothing to say to you,” said Mr.Jaggers, throwing his finger at them.I want to know no more that I know.As to the result, it’s a toss-up.I told you from the first it was a toss-up.Have you paid Wemmick?”

From this point of view, Pip is also a victim.Although he is vanity after suffering Miss Havisham and Estella, the greatest culprit is Mr.Jaggers indulgent and hypocritical.It is his indulgent and hypocritical put Pip’s vanity to the summit.4 Conclusion The development of Pip’ vanity has a deep relationship with the social factors such as education, family and social activities.In the thesis we’ve talked about many aspects that influenced the development of Pip’s vanity.Pip lost his nature in his own life is because he has got the wrong value towards wealth, love and social status.Then the terrible education condition was an important aspect that Pip learnt little useful knowledge from the school or the teacher.Wemmick helped Pip when Pip faced the difficulties.He gave his true love to Pip who once saved his life.At last, Pip knew that he should abandon the wrong value and find back his natural character.The novel tells us that we must establish the right value for the wealth and the social status and shouldn’t be mislead by the wrong value from the social factors.The social factors can be the good thing for our development and can also mislead us to the abyss.To say it in other words, they can be educational and destructive.Of course, different people will lead different lives in the same social factors.But the most important factor is our own nature.

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Growing Pains—An Analysis of J.D.Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye as a Bildungsroman 126 跨文化交际中社交语用失误及应对策略 127

Domestication and Foreignization in Idioms Translation 129 论建构主义理论指导下英语口语教学方法 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）

功能对等理论下的新闻词汇翻译 131 济慈六大颂诗的意象

浅析《睡谷传奇》中的浪漫主义 133

《大学英语》听力理解中的石化现象与对策 135 影响中学生英语学习的心理因素分析 136 试析流行文化对美国青少年价值观的影响

用本我，自我，超我的弗洛伊德理论来解析《红字》 138 从《绝望主妇》看美国人的婚姻观

The Symbolic Meanings of Red in The Catcher in the Rye 140 从谭恩美小说中“家”的概念看其文化身份认定 141 《洛丽塔》—时间的悲剧 142 “到十九号房间”的悲剧成因

中英文商标翻译的问题及其解决方法

论伍尔夫《到灯塔去》女权主义主题思想及对中国女性文学之影响 145 论奥康纳短篇小说的创作特色

《魔术与童年》翻译中英汉词汇衔接对比研究 147 《哈利.波特》中斯内普的人物分析

初中英语听力水平调查研究－－-以钢城十二中为例的个案调查 149 骑士精神对现代社会的影响

论文化差异在好莱坞电影《功夫熊猫》中的表现

151 唯美主义理论与实践的矛盾——解析王尔德的矛盾性 152 从及物性角度分析童话的文体特征 153 理智的动人诗篇——《马语者》

154 奈达功能对等理论指导下英汉广告修辞的翻译策略探究 155 艾米丽的心理性格分析 156 论被动句的翻译

157 Text Cohesion in English Business Contracts 158 从生态批评论梭罗《瓦尔登湖》中对工业化的思考 159 简与林黛玉性格及命运对比 160 凝视与对抗：《屋顶丽人》中的两性战争 161 命案现场——阿加莎死亡观简析 162 动物习语在英汉文化中的异同分析 163 傅东华译《飘》归化现象浅析

164 从“爱的习惯”看多丽丝.莱辛笔下的两性关系

165 从精神分析学角度探究《呼啸山庄》中的希斯克里夫 166 论《太阳照常升起》中的象征主义 167 功能对等理论指导下的外贸函电翻译 168 浅析《小妇人》中马奇太太的教育方式 169 从《红字》看霍桑的政治观

170 非英语专业大学生听力课堂焦虑的影响及解决策略 171 从奥运菜单看中式菜肴英译名规范化程度

172 A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and American Nonverbal Privacy 173 中美礼貌语中的“面子文化” 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）

174 弗吉尼亚伍尔夫《墙上的斑点》的叙事技巧分析 175 《最蓝的眼睛》和《宠儿》中黑人女性的悲剧根源

176 庄子和梭罗自然观比较——以《庄子》与《瓦尔登湖》为例 177 通过对比研究看电影《小红帽》对经典童话小红帽的颠覆 178 从文化视角看中西方的礼节差异 179 英汉爱情隐喻比较研究

180 《喧哗与骚动》中没落的悲剧 181 论莎士比亚十四行诗的特征

182 论教师的非语言行为在课堂教学中的作用 183 论中英文习语翻译的处理技巧及文化差异 184 《围城》英译本中文化负载词的翻译研究 185 论苔丝悲剧的成因

186 从词汇对等角度看《红楼梦》中“笑”一词的英译 187 A Comparative Study of Jane Austen and Emily Dickinson 188 从翻译目的论角度分析商务广告翻译 189 第二次世界大战中的温斯顿丘吉尔 190 如何激发初中生学习英语的兴趣

191 从《肖申克的救赎》看美国的个人英雄主义 192 化妆品说明书特征及其汉译技巧 193 威廉福克纳作品中的悲剧美学思想

194 《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》中哈克和吉姆的人物形象分析

195 The Blacks’ Soul Under the Impact of the White Culture in The Bluest Eye 196 A Reflection upon American Heroism Based on Reviews of Hollywood Movies 197 美国动画片名的翻译 198 A Study of Neo-Classicism 199 英语中的女性歧视

200 血性意识—D.H.劳伦斯的自然主义爱情观

第三篇：《远大前程》中皮普的人物性格分析

摘要:本文深入细致的分析了狄更斯《远大前程》一文中的主要人物皮普的生活经历与心路历程,揭示了英国维多利亚时代人与人之间赤裸裸的金钱关系,展现了生活在那个时代的底层民众的生存状态。

关键词:狄更斯远大前程皮普人物性格

《远大前程》是查尔斯·狄更斯艺术生涯后期最具代表性的长篇小说。小说描述了一个名为皮普的孤儿的生活经历和心路发展历程,艺术的揭示了这位孤儿从对幸福生活的期望到幻想破灭的整个过程。在这本书中“,远大前程”是一句反话,并不是真的指孤儿皮普有什么远大的前程,而恰恰是指的一种“幻灭”,一种幻想的幻灭。但如果读者只是把本书理解成一本描写孤儿幻想破灭的书,那就误解也低估了作者的本意,作者是要在对孤儿皮普的描述中展现19世纪英国维多利亚时代的社会生活,揭露了资产阶级金钱世界的种种罪恶。主人公皮普自幼就失去了父母,作者在小说的开始以第一人称的口吻这样叙述着主人公的身世“:我说皮利普是我父亲的姓,那是有根据的,因为我父亲的墓碑上刻着他的姓,而且我姐姐也这么说。我姐姐嫁给了铁匠乔·葛奇里,现在是葛奇里夫人了。至于我,从来没有见到过父亲和母亲,也没有看到过他们两位的照片。”从这里我们可以了解到,这样一个自幼由嫁给铁匠的姐姐抚养长大的孤儿,在那个时代是不可能获得什么太好的教育的。教育的缺失和家境的情况使得幼年的皮普把姐夫当做理想的奋斗目标。而事实上,在这个由姐姐掌握大权的家里,姐夫也是唯一可以“以诚相待,推心置腹”的人。而“一手”抚养他长大的姐姐呢“,我的姐姐乔·葛奇里夫人比我要年长二十多岁。她一直说我是由她一手带大的,因此在左邻右舍享有很大名气,倍受夸奖。从小我就想了解这里的“一手”究竟是什么含义。我所知道的她的手,是结实笨重而又冷酷严厉的,因为她特别喜欢把她的巴掌打在她丈夫的身上,当然也喜欢打在我的身上。我想乔·葛奇里和我就是这样由她一手带大的吧。”读者可以在字里行间读出作者的良苦用心,但即使在这样充满了暴力的家庭里长大,皮普依然保持着天真、质朴的性格,文中作者还特意用一段对吃面包的描述来展示皮普的天真可爱“:在吃晚餐时,我们有个习惯,要比较一下吃面包的速度,不时地悄悄拿起所啃的面包比一下,并且相互会心地表示赞美。这样,我们啃面包就越啃越有劲。”幼年的皮普也是善良的,这一点即使是在面对逃犯时也未曾改变,也正是这种善良为他日后的命运埋下了伏笔。哈维莎姆小姐的出现,彻底改

变了皮普一生的命运。在这里我们要注意一点,那就是作者查尔斯·狄更斯的哲学思想之一是环境对人思想的影响。狄更斯认为,不同的环境可以造就成不同的人。当然,我们知道,内因才是决定一个人发展的关键因素。皮普如果不是一个天真、质朴的少年,而是一个成熟、倔强的少年,也许这个故事就不会是这样一个结局了。对一个一心想要“报复男人”的哈维莎姆小姐来说,皮普是一个绝佳的工具和发泄对象。让年轻漂亮的养女埃斯特拉去主动接近皮普,却又不断的嘲笑皮普,哈维莎姆的计划是成功的。年轻的皮普就像一个提线木偶,被哈维莎姆小姐和命运玩弄于股掌之间。对爱斯特拉的倾慕使皮普开始厌恶自己“那双粗糙的手和那双笨头笨脑的皮靴”,用皮普自己的话说就是“我现在对这些东西很是瞧不起了,这些东西过去没有烦恼过我,现在却使我烦恼了。它们确是些粗俗不堪的东西。”也开始埋怨起一直“以诚相待,推心置腹”的“伙计”“我决定回家去问问乔,为什么他总是告诉我那些牌叫做贾克,而实际上应该是奈夫。我想,如果当年乔的教养高一些,我也不至于落到这地步。”应该说,作为一个孩子,在虚荣面前有些抱怨还是可以理解的,毕竟这也符合人性。于此同时,从这里开始我们也以看到,狄更斯在《远大前程》中对人物心理的描写比之以往更加细腻、真实,对人物内心世界的探索更加坚决、彻底。与其前期的人物形象相比,皮普的形象更加丰富逼真,这是作者摆脱了人物单一性和确定性的一种表现。也使得皮普这个人物更接近现实,更能反映当时的社会情形。在皮普的身上,我们看不到狄更斯早期作品中那种脸谱化的描写,看不到作者直接定义的人物性格,而是一个有其自身言行举止,内心活动的崭新的形象。对皮普的是非要由读者自己来判断、评价。皮普是真实的,也就是从这一刻开始,那种对虚荣的爱慕情结开始萌动,那种摆脱现状的想法开始不可遏制的出现,并很快的开始实施“一两天后的一个早晨,我醒来时突然想到一个非常好的主意。我要使自己走向不平凡,最为上策的办法是去找毕蒂,学会她所知道的一切东西为自己所用。”从这一刻开始,皮普开始了他的奋斗历程。从这一刻开始

第四篇：浅析《远大前程》中皮普的个人抱负与自我完善

英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考

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试论用英语电影进行英语文化教学 119 母语负迁移对中学英语写作的影响 120 论翻译美学视角下的公示语翻译

从翻译审美分析食品品牌名称翻译的原则及策略 122 从中西思维差异角度看汉英翻译中的中式英语现象

A Study on the Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning in Junior High School 124 从女性主义视角分析《飘》中斯佳丽人物形象 125 组织学习障碍及相应的对策 126 商务信函的写作原则与技巧

中英婚礼习俗中的红和白颜色文化的研究 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考

论中美文化差异对其商务谈判的影响及策略 129 从童话看中西方儿童教育的差异

《推销员之死》中主角威利的性格分析 131 浅析威廉福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》 132 英汉恭维语及其应答的对比分析 133 文化意识与外语教学

托妮•莫里森《宠儿》中的主角赛丝的女性形象研究 135 浅谈商务英语于商务信函中的运用 136 论希斯克利夫出走的必然性

The Linguistic Features of American Inaugural Address 138 论爱伦坡小说中的哥特式风格 139 英汉基本颜色词对比研究

论建构主义理论下初中英语教师的课堂角色定位

英语流行歌曲中隐喻的功能分析——以后街男孩的歌曲为例 142 On the Difference of Family Education between China and America 143 汉语对英语语法学习的负迁移 144 论《达芬奇密码》中的基督教元素 145 外交语言策略中的合作原则

试论任务型教学法在英语阅读教学中的应用

试析《哈克贝利费恩历险记》中主人公冲破种族主义桎梏追求自由的精神 148 中餐菜谱翻译的错误分析

卡特福德的等值翻译理论与名词化翻译——以《入乡随俗》英译汉为例 150 论商标名称汉英翻译中的合作原则

151 从跨文化的角度研究故事影片名字的英汉翻译 152 文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响 153 论英语习语的语言和文化功用

154 男权社会女性意识的觉醒——弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫女性主义文学研究 155 论罗伯特•佩恩•沃伦《国王的人马》中对真理与自我认知的追求 156 情感在中学英语教学中的应用

157 On Relationship Between Mothers-and-Daughters-in-Law in China and the West 158 跨文化交际中的语用失误与避免方法

159 从《篡夺》中看辛西娅奥兹克作品中的反偶像崇拜精神

160 从道德角度分析简•奥斯丁《劝导》中的女主人公安妮•艾略特 161 《荆棘鸟》的女性主义解读

162 场独立和场依存对不同主题阅读材料的影响研究 163 英汉礼貌原则的比较分析

164 浅析英语专业学生在听力理解中的策略运用 165 英汉习语对比研究及其对高中英语教学的启示

166 《呼啸山庄》和《远离尘嚣》中女主人公的女性意识的对比 167 Purity and Doom: on Thomas Hardy’s Tess’s of the d’Urbervilles 168 从现代主义角度分析《无名的裘德》中裘德的无根性 169 On the Anti-traditional Factors of Feminism Translation 170 《阿甘正传》承载的美国青年价值观 171 中西校园流行语的文化对比 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考

172 浅析当今网络英语交流中的缩略语

173 《哈利波特》系列里哈利波特与伏地魔的二元对立分析 174 逆成构词的分类及其认知机制和规律 175 从《西风颂》看英国积极浪漫主义的特征

176 美国电影与文化霸权—以好莱坞大片《阿凡达》为例 177 从《动物庄园》看乔治·奥威尔反极权主义思想 178 中西方婚礼礼服颜色的对比研究

179 Two Trapped Roses—A Comparative Study on Emily and Miss Havisham 180 英汉白色词的文化象征意义及翻译 181 中式英语的潜在价值

182 On the Feminist Consciousness Reflected in Pride and Prejudice 183 Analysis of Advertisements Based on the Cooperative Principle 184 翻译中的性别－－《简•爱》几个中译本的女性主义解读 185 论《海狼》中拉尔森船长本性的双重性 186 从《美国的悲剧》解析美国梦

187 用本我，自我，超我的弗洛伊德理论来解析《红字》 188 从生态女性主义角度解读《苔丝》

189 鼓励性教学方法在中学英语教学中的应用

190 On Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in Subtitle of Ashes of Time Redux 191 The Awakening of the Female Consciousness in Pride and Prejudice 192 中美文化差异对商务谈判的影响

193 从《好事一小件》和《洗澡》的对话对比分析看人物形象塑造的差异 194 英汉形状类量词的隐喻认知分析 195 对《愤怒的葡萄》中圣经原型的分析

196 守望何物－－《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的困惑 197 《野性的呼唤》中自然主义探析

198 从《老人与海》中看海明威的人生哲学 199 《贵妇画像》主题和写作艺术特征

200 浅析《远大前程》中皮普的个人抱负与自我完善

第五篇：论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响

论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响

院 系

专 业 班 级

姓 名 _ 学 号

年 月 日

目 录

摘要.....................................................2 ABSTRACT.................................................3 引言....................................................4

一、绪论................................................6(一)文化的概念.......................................6(二)翻译的概念.......................................6

二、分论................................................6(一)文化内涵的差异对翻译的影响.......................7 1 宗教文化的差异对翻译的影响.......................7 2 历史文化的差异对翻译的影响.......................8(二)生活方式的差异对英汉翻译的影响...................6(三)价值观的差异对翻译的影响........................10

三、结语...............................................11 参考文献................................................12

摘 要

文化（culture)是一个内涵丰富而又复杂的概念。语言是文化的重要组成部分，是文化的载体和核心，也是文化赖以语言传播的物质表达形式。翻译是两种语言之间的转换活动，是信息和思想的交流，是语言表达的艺术再创造，而不是文字上的对译。语言与文化的密切关系注定了翻译与文化的密切关系。翻译是把一种语言转换成另一种语言。不言而喻，两种语言转换的过程中必然涉及到两种文化。翻译实质上是不同文化间的交流。

本文在阐述文化和翻译概念的基础上，试从中西文化的相似和差异性，包括不同的文化内涵、生活方式以及价值观等方面，对此问题进行深入的分析和探讨，指出两种语言翻译中应注意的文化问题。关键词：英汉翻译；文化因素；影响

Abstract

Culture is a complex conception.Language is a very important part of culture.It is the core of culture.Translation is a transfer activity of two languages.It is the exchange between information and thoughts, but not the direct translation.The close relationship between the language and the culture means the close relationship between the translation and culture.In fact, translation is a kind of tool for us to communicate.This article tries to point out the problem, what cultural factors should be noticed during the translation, will be analyzed and discussed from the aspects of similarity and difference of eastern and western culture, including different cultural connotation, life-style, outlook on values in foundation of explaining idea of culture and translation.Key words: English-Chinese Translation;Cultural Factor；Effects 3

论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响

引言

文化（culture)是一个内涵丰富而又复杂的概念。追溯其历史渊源，“文化” 一词最早出现在中国古籍。西汉刘向《说苑·指武篇》说：“圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力。凡武之兴，为不服也；文化不改，然后加诛。”这里，“文化”的含义是指古代封建王朝所施的文冶和教化，与天造地设的自然，或与无教化的“质朴”、"野蛮”相对而言。现在所说的“文化”与古文中的“文化”涵义有较大的差异。今天我们所用的文化一词是外来语的意译，是19世纪末从日文中转译过来的。文化一词源于拉丁文cultus，是由colere 演化而来，而英语中的culture和德语中的kultur同由拉丁语的 cultus转化而来。文化一词拉丁文原义是“开发，开化”的意思。德语kultur本义指精神文化，实指宗教文化而言。英语culture的意义则与政治、法律、教育等社会生活有关。现在，我们可以对文化概念有一个清楚的认识。文化定义有 广义文化和狭义文化。广义文化包括物质文化和精神文化，而狭义文化仅指精神文化。

语言是人类特有的一种符号系统，当它作用于文化的时候，它是文化信息的载体和容器。”(许国璋)是文化的重要组成部分，是文化的载体和核心，也是文化赖以语言播的传物质表达形式。语言是一种社会文化现象，是社会文化发展的产物。文化差异导致不同民族对相同的客观现象和社会存在产生不同的认识，而这种认识上的差异则通过语言展现出来。

翻译是指用接受语（receptor language）复制源语言（source language）信息的最近似的自然等值，首先在意义方面，其次在文体方面。（Eugene Nida）翻译就是指用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的活动。翻译是两种语言之间的转换活动，是信息和思想的交流，是语言表达的艺术再创造，而不是文字上的对译。译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人，人们都说，他必须掌握两种语言，确实如此；但是，不理解语言当中的社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言。（王佐良）我们必须从文化的角度来看待翻译。翻译不仅要做到语言意义上的等值，而更重要的是要真正做到文化意义上的等值。

一、绪论

在论述文化因素对英汉翻译造成哪几方面的影响之前，先对文化以及翻译的概念进行一个简单表述。

（一）、文化的概念

文化的实质性含义是指：人化或人类化，即人类主体通过社会实践活动，适应、利用、改造自然界客体而逐步实现自身价值观念的过程。其体现即有自然面貌、形态、功能的不断改观；也有人类个体与群体素质的不断提高和完善。凡是超越本能的、人类有意识地作用于自然界和社会的一切活动及其结果，都属于文化。自然的人化即文化。西汉以后，文与化开始结合成一个整词，其涵义或与天造地设的自然对举；或与无教化的“质朴”、“野蛮”对举。(二)、翻译的概念

一般地，我们将翻译定义为：将一种语言（口语或笔语形式）（译出语）转换或创造为另一种语言（译入语）。翻译是一种非常复杂的 人类高级语言活动，这种活动的整个过程是很难以图示、语言等其他方式阐释清楚的。不同领域、不同派别的学者有不同的解释。从文化角度来看，翻译不仅仅是语言符号的转换，同时是文化的交流，尤其是“文化间交流”。通常我们把这一术语又改称为“文化

间合作”或“跨文化交际”等。语义角度下的翻译着眼于两种语言间的意义对等，正如Nida（1986）指出的那样：翻译就是语义的翻译。

二、分论

（一）、文化内涵的差异对翻译的影响

文化是语言赖以生存、发展的土壤，具有鲜明的民族性特点，是不同民族在特定的历史、地理、宗教、习俗等环境里的独特创造。语言不能脱离文化而存在。语言翻译是跨文化交际的桥梁，其根本任务就是传播和交流文化。语言的翻译不仅是语符表层指称意义的转换，更是两种不同文化的相互沟通和移植。

1、宗教文化的差异对翻译的影响

东西方文化在宗教信仰上存在着极大的差异。西方人多信奉基督教，认为上帝创造了一切，宗教多有“圣经”“洗礼”“修女”“教堂”“上帝”等词汇。而中国人信奉“佛教”“道教”，多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在西方文化中，历史典故多源于古希腊和罗马神话及圣经故事。而中国文化当中的历史典故则源于如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。宗教是一种文化现象，是人类思想文化的重要组成部分。不同的宗教是不同文化的表现形式，反映出不同的文化特色和文化背景，体现了不同的文化传统。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，多有“玉帝”、“菩萨”、“佛祖”等宗教词汇，与此有关的习语也很多，如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，认为上帝创造了一切。

例如：You are just a doubting Thomas.You won’t believe what I tell you 这句话中的doubting Thomas 源于圣经故事，Thomas 是耶稣的12个门徒之一。他生性多疑，后来在英语中常使用doubting Thomas 来表示多疑的人。理解了文化内涵之后，这句话就可译为：

你这个人真多疑，我说什么你都不信。

2、历史文化的差异对翻译的影响

历史文化指的是由特定的历史发展进程和社会遗产的沉淀所形成的文化。由于各个民族和国家的历史发展不同,因而在其漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的历史文化也不相同。在两种语言之间进行翻译时,会经常遇到由于历史文化差异 而出现的翻译难题。只有对语义对等后面的文化含义和历史背景给予充分的重视，才能真正达到信、达、雅三方面都“天衣无缝”的翻译境界。

再如,毛泽东《七律·送瘟神》诗词中有两 句诗:“春风杨柳万千条,六亿神州尽舜尧。”诗中的“舜尧”是中国历史传说中的两位贤明帝王,为人民所爱戴,代表圣贤。这对于中国人来说比较容易懂,但对于英美读者来说,若采取音译,会使他们莫明其妙,因此必须增译注释。即使那样,仍有隔靴搔痒之感,而且显得累赘,同时也使诗句失去了“诗气”。亚瑟·古柏在翻译该诗句时干脆用Sage-Kings代替, “Springwindsmovewillowwands,intensofmillions:Sixhundredmillionweshallallbe Sage-Kings!”这样翻译既简单明了,音韵铿锵,又达到了传神的效果。

（二）、生活方式的差异对英汉翻译的影响

无论从历史传统还是就近、现代生活的方方面面来看，中国文化和英美文化都可以说是处于现代文化光谱的两极。尽管中国的改革开放和现代化进程不断地缩短了这种差距，然而，相似只是相对的、个别的，而歧异则是绝对的、普遍的。

语言的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。历史上，英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。下面举几个例子，简单谈谈两种文化在生活方式上表现出来的不同。

从历史传统和现实生活来看，英语民族长期过着航海生活，因而英语中就有了大量关于航海，或源于航海的说法――这些在以大陆文化为根基的汉语中就没有对应词语。以下举几个容易搞混的例子：able seaman（“一级水手”而不是“能干的水手”）；be left high and dry（“船高高地搁浅在沙滩上”，指“陷于困境”，而不是“高高在上”）；give(sb.or sth.)a wide berth（“让出一条宽宽的水域”，指“远远地躲开”，而不是“让其自有发挥”）；show one‘s(true)colours（“亮出自己的真正旗帜”，即“显露真面目”，而不是“显示颜色”）„„诸如此类的用法用于比喻性的句子中，就更难吃准，如：

反之，汉语有许多关于山川、四季、农耕等方面的习语，在英语中也难以找到现成的对应词；除非想创造某种“异国情调”，译为英语时往往要用意译的不办法。例如：

a)山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。――作为诗，完全可以译为：The hills and streams have no end, there seems to be no road beyond;But dim with willows, bright with flowers, another village appears.但在一般杂文中，恐怕还是直接译出其涵义为好； 9

一种可能的译法是：One has a sudden glimpse of hope in the midst of despair.b)种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。――英语中虽有As you sow, so you must reap的说法，但不如汉语那么具体，实际上，英语中最常见

（三）、价值观的差异对翻译的影响

价值观指人的意识形态、伦理道德、宗教信仰，以及风俗人情等为人处世准则的观念。一般认为是特定文化和生活方式的核心，表现在两种语言中，会对语言理解和翻译造成很多障碍，足以引起翻译工作者的重视。

中国文化中以儒家文化为主，其种族亲属和社会关系表达得十分清楚和严格，不容丝毫的含混和马虎；而对崇尚新教、个体文化价值的英语民族来说，这种亲属关系就笼统宽松得多。表现在两种语言中，英语一般只用uncle和aunt表示对非直系长一辈的称呼，对小一辈只用nephew和niece，而对同辈不分长幼用brother和sister，甚至不分男女概称cousin，这在汉语中是不容许的，因为汉语中对此类关系分得十分详细。所以在英译汉中，要找准汉语对应的词语，必须先弄清辈分和亲属、社会关系。而在汉译英中，这些复杂的亲属关系词语就要适当简化。

英语民族崇尚个人主义，个人至上主义价值观是西方文化的特点。体现在语言中，例如：An Englishman's house is his castle.10

(英国人的家是他们的城堡)，意味着没有理由不可以去无故打扰别人或没有预约不可以贸然拜访某人；Even reckoning make long friends(明算账，友谊长)；Tell money after your own father(亲父子明算账)等，这些都表明西方人的个人主义价值观。

中国文化中以谦虚为美德，所以对别人的赞扬、夸奖常礼仪性地予以否认。如“You speak excellent English，中国人常说“no, no”；而西方人崇尚自我奋斗，常会对别人的赞扬乐于接受并表示感谢，积极地回答“Thank you!”。

三、结语

总之,英汉两种语言虽有相同和相近的表达方式,但更多的是表达方式的个性特征。正是这些不同的表达方式和中西文化差异才使人们产生出许多翻译的误解和困惑。要排除表面意思的迷惑,避免错误的理解,克服中西文化差异给英语翻译造成的障碍。

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