英语语言学关于述谓分析讲解（含5篇）

第一篇：英语语言学关于述谓分析讲解

Tell why the following transformations are illegitimate.（每小题5分，共10分）

a.Had you knew that the train already left? b.You knew whether had the trainalready left.述谓结构分析与句子意思的准确把握

根据组合原则，一个句子的意思有各个语义成分（semantic component）的意思和它们的组合方式所决定。因此，要想对一个句子进行准确分析，我们就需要将语法结构分析和语义分析结合起来。首先，我们必须明确，一个句子的意思并非构成该句地各个语义成分所表达的意思总和。一个句子的意思应该包含两个方面的内容：语法含义（grammatical meaning）和语义含义（semantic meaning）。语法含义指的就是语法结构的完整性（grammatical well-formedness）。语义含义主要遵循选择限制（selectional restriction）的原则，比如下面这个句子，语法结构正确，但是却没有遵循选择限制的原则： Sincerity shook hands with the black apple.英国语言学家G..Leech提出述谓结构分析（predication analysis）的方法，对句子进行语义分析。此时我们可以先撇开语法含义这一层不说。在述谓结构分析中，述谓结构（predication）是基本单位，它是对一个句子的抽象概括，这种方法适用于各种句子的分析。一个述谓结构（predication）包含论元（argument）和谓词（predicate）,论元是述谓结构的逻辑上的参与者，主要是一个句子中的名词性成分，谓词是对论元的述说，或者陈述一种与论元之间的逻辑关系。如：Tom smokes.这个句子的predication就是：argument（Tom）和predicate（smoke）两个部分。

表示为：TOM（SMOKE）

因为语法形式对此并无影响，所以下列句子都有着相同的述谓结构：

Tom somkes.Tom is smoking.Tom has been smoking.Tom, smoke!

Does Tom smoke?

Tom doesn’t smoke.这些句子可以看成是相同的述谓结构的不同的语法体现。

有些句子包含两个以上的论元。如：

Kids like apples.可以表示为：KID, APPLE（LIKE）

但是有时候也可以没有论元。如：

It is hot.就表示为BE（HOT）

综上，我们根据论元的数量将述谓结构分为单位述谓结构（one-place predication），双位述谓结构（two-place predication）和缺位述谓结构（no-place predication）。

下面各个句子的述谓结构分别表示为：

The man sells ice-cream.MAN, ICE-CREAM（SELL），为双位述谓结构。

Is the baby sleeping?

BABY（SLEEP），为单位述谓结构。

It is snowing.BE（SNOW），为缺位述谓结构。

The tree grows well.TREE（GROW），为单位述谓结构。

第二篇：英语语言学总结

1.The fact that there is no logcial or intrinsic connection between a sound and a meaning is called what design feature of language?(Arbitrariness)

2.The actual use of language knowledge is called what by Chomsky?Performance

3.Any syllable can not be exempted from a what?

vowel

4.Free morphemes have two types, what are they?

Lexical morphemes and functional morphemes

5.Which two consonants are liquids?

[l][r]

6.Which vowel is rounded and open?

[o]

7.What is formalism in linguistics?

Formalism or formal linguisitics is the study of the abstract forms of languige and the internal relations.8.What is a minimal pair?

Pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.9.What is a bound morpheme?

Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words.10.What is langue?

Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.11.Describe the sound features:

[g]:stop, velar

[m]:bilabial, nasal

[w]:bilabial,glide

[^]:central, unrounded, semi-open

[f]:labiodental, liquid, fricative

1.The study about the meanings is which branch of linguistics? Smantics

2.Suprasemental features include four, name two.Stress and intonation

3.Sounds that are produced with no obstruction of airstream are called what?

Voiceless sounds

4.Language is used to build or maintain social contact reflects which function?

Phatic function/communion

5.Name the two affricates.6.Which vowel is close, front and long?

[i:]

7.What is phonetics?

Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds.8.What is allomorph?

An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme.9.What is competence?

10.What is a derivation morpheme?

Derivation morphemes are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.11.Describe the sound features:

[b]:bilabial, stop

[k]:velar,stop

[f]:labiodental, fricative

[∫]:palatal, fricative

[a:]unrounded, back, long, open

1.The fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication reflects what design feature of language?

Specialization

2.The particular realization of langue is what?

3.Describe the syllable structure.V CV VC CVC CCVC VCC CCCVC CVCC CVCCC

4.Words formed from the first letters of a series of words and

pronounced as single words, what are they called?

Acronym

5.Voiced palatal fricative is which sound?

6.Which vowel is unrounded and back?[a:]

7.What is language?

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.8.What is syntagmatic relation?

Syntagmatic relation refers to the horizontal relationship between linguisitc elements, which form linear squences.9.What is a morpheme?

A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.10.What is derivation?0

Dereivation is a way of word formation, which is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.11.Describe the sound features:

[i:]:long, closed, front

[t]:alveolar, stop

[v]:labiodental, fricative

[l]:liquid,fricative

[h]:liquid, frictive, glottal

1.Who distinguishes Competence and Performance?

Noam Chosmsky

2.The vertical relation between linguistic elements is called what relation?

Paradigmatic relations.3.The two levels of language--sound and meaning make which design feature of language?

Duality

4.The phenomenon that one sound is influenced by neighboring sounds is called what?

Assimilation

5.The two semi-vowels are what?

[j] [w]

6.Which vowel is long, central?

7.What is a phoneme?

Phonemes are the phonological units of language.8.What is an inflectional morpheme?

9.What is synchronic linguistics?

Synchronic linguistics is the study of language at one particular time.10.What is a compound?

Building new words by putting two words together is called compound.11.Describe the sound features:

[p]:bilabial, stop, liquid

[v]:labioldental, fricative

[l]:alveolar, liquid

[n]:nasal, alveolar

[e]:semi-opened, front, short, unrounded

卡号10385211密码5635

第三篇：述报告范本讲解

述 职 报 告。

第一部分 今年以来各项工作的基本情况

今年以来，在向西公司党政正确领导下，在公司班子成员和广大干部职工的大力支持下，我始终以党组织的信任、领导的重托和职工群众的期盼为动力，以加快向西公司发展为己任，紧紧围绕向西公司“五个三”发展战略目标，严格要求自己，认真履行职责，立足于治理提效益，着眼于改革要活力，靠实干争创一流，经过上上下下的不懈努力，全公司各项工作整体推进，全面发展。全公司干部职工精神面貌焕然一新，干部作风和劳动纪律明显加强，治理力度进一步加大，各项工作都有了新的飞跃和提高，全公司呈现出政通人和，人心思上，和谐发展的大好局面。

一、围绕效益抓源头，严密组织，促进了全年生产任务的顺利完成

面对向西公司生产矿井作业工作面多，生产环节多，采掘衔接紧张的实际，我与各矿生产班子成员进一步解放思想，精心组织，牢牢抓住制约安全生产的要害环节不放松，一起研究布置采掘衔接，一同安排部署安全生产工作，继续积极开展单产单进创水平活动，确保了生产任务的顺利完成。2012年公司原煤产量：全年完成784.42万吨，其中生

产矿井完成731.42万吨，比考核计划增产31万吨，技改矿完成53万吨，比考核计划增产1万吨；公司掘进进尺完成100734米，其中生产矿完成82119米，比考核计划多1117米，技改矿完成18617米比考核计划多1417米。

二、科学合理编制月度生产计划，使生产任务月度有保证，季度任务创新高，全年任务超计划。

按照公司中长期发展要求，在编制下达、季度、月度的生产任务过程中，我每月23日定期召开各矿生产衔接协调会，详细听取各矿井生产情况汇报，综合分析各矿井每个工作面的地质条件、设备状况，摸清每个队组的生产现状，充分发挥各队组的最大生产能力，确保了月生产任务按计划完成。涌现出米矿、帆煤矿两矿连续两个月突破16万吨最好水平。

三、及时调整采掘布署，确保重点工程按期完成，彻底扭转被动生产局面。

我先后针对米矿风量紧张的情况，充分调研后确定7#-11#暗斜井为重点工程，在生产供风紧张的情况下，宁可停下其它掘进也要保证重点工程的正常施工。计划8个月的建设工期的工程，在8月份才开工，采用正常施工的方法是很难按期完成任务的，及时采取分段施工的方案，终于在年底完成了全年的重点工程任务。帆煤公司计划技改工期2010年11月16日至2013年4月15日，我经过详细调研，积极

组织相关部门确立帆煤公司2012年305盘区开拓为重点工程。经过一年的共同努力，今年10月份一全部完成井巷工程，12月份完成设备的安装工程，提前4个月进入生产试运转期，为帆煤早日达产奠定了坚实的基础。

四、出台政策，极大的调动了基层单位组织生产的积极性和创造性。

一是按照今年职代会通过的工资分配管理办法和公司主要生产指标考核管理办法的规定，出台了吨煤超产加价和低煤层开采工资补贴办法，各单位在完成每月下达的生产计划的同时，享受吨煤超产奖励，通过一系列的奖励、激励政策，极大的调动了基层队组和员工的组织生产的积极性，确保能够每月出色的完成生产计划任务。

二是制定了公司提高单产单进规划措施，积极开展采掘队“创水平达等级”活动，制定了“四化四抓四提高”具体措施，通过一篮子行之有效的措施，极大的提升了我公司的生产管理水平。全年产生了2个百万吨综采队（帆煤矿综采队年产150万，米磁窑综采二队100.1万吨），全年达甲级队2个（米矿机一和机二队、2012年没有出现低产低进队。

三是为了稳步推进采掘运安全质量标准化建设工作，生产部每月、季度、半年及全年要严格考核，精细管理，加强检查、督查，确保各矿、公司采掘运安全质量标准化规划目标顺利实现。各生产矿全年采掘运标准化均达到了一级。

四是严格落实公司采掘运相关岗位精细化管理岗位标准，加强日常采掘运精细化管理岗位标准培训和业务指导，在井下现场不定期以问答方式、考卷形式或现场操作方式进行考核。

五、深入基层，调查研究解决各矿实际问题。1.我通过对各技改矿井调研发现，各技改矿井初设和技改中都存在一些问题。为了加快技改进度，为了实现各技改矿井早日安全生产达产，针对调研发现的问题和各技改矿井技改存在问题以及初设和技改、生产存在差异的地方进行了进一步论证并统一了意见并进行了修改。通过调研努力提高矿井机械化水平，实现采掘有序衔接。

2.为了加快现代化矿井建设步伐，彻底改变向西公司设备落后的局面。亲自抓项目的确立，并亲抓三机配套，抓工程的进展，今年9月份，在米矿7#8323工作面（630*140*1.2m）上马，已采出煤量3.2万吨。打开了现代化矿井建设的大门，为向西建设现代化矿井走出了第一步，大幅度提高井下生产效益，改善了井下的劳动条件。电液系统控制的应用，取消了人工控制过程中的辅助时间，反应速度快，最大限度地发挥机械设备的最大能力。对支架编组运行，同时对多个支架进行操作，实现跟机定量推溜和自动移架。改善工作面顶板支护状况，有利于安全生产，保证工作面支架初撑力，实现带压擦顶移架，可减少顶板事故发生。

3.由于骨干矿矿原设计的不合理，前期工程量大，不能按期完成技改任务，经过仔细调研，矿井储量主要集中在井田中西部，增加一个回风井有以下优点（1）矿井通风距离短，通风阻力小。（2）前期井巷工程量小，占用资金少。（3）矿井建设期短，投产早，见效快。通过优化设计，井巷工程量较初设减少2556米，可缩短工期10个月。2012年11月5日已得到了省厅批复。确定骨干矿矿在井田中部增加一个回风井的方案。

4.沿空留巷稳步扎实推进，确保矿井增产增效。自2011年8月份，沿空留巷技术在刘噶矿推广应用，截止2012年10月底，累计沿空留巷865米，采出7#层8131、8133两个工作面，多采出煤炭9000吨，少掘巷道1200米，创效500万元。

5.大胆探索极近距离煤层开采技术的应用。在马口矿1

3-2层8402面与13层层间距为0.8-2米，为极近距离煤层开采，顶板支护采取了锚杆、组合锚索、一梁三锚、马丽散联合支护成功地控制住了顶板，由于有害气体下陷，该面成功采用了均压开采。该面顺利采出，采出煤炭18万吨。下一步计划在13层8406面生产，预计可采出煤炭18万吨。马口极近距离煤层的成功开采为下一步开拓11#层402东翼盘区及其他矿近距离煤层开采积累了丰富的经验。

6.合理优化施工方案，缩短施工工期，加快技改进度。-

2确定刘文章煤业新主井分段施工方案，新皮带主井分上下两段施工，上段从地面施工掘至3#层，长度700米；下段从3#层往下施工，含煤仓和通风行人斜巷共计500米，缩短了工期10个月。

7.改进支护方式，加快施工速度。修改刘文章矿新副斜井支护方式，由原来浇筑600mm改为浇筑300mm，提高了单进，由原来月进30米提高到月进50米。

8.果断制定过漏顶方案，为恢复生产争取时间。杏沟矿14#8305面37#架-44#架漏顶，漏顶高度5米，原方案在漏顶上方注瑞米材料后通过漏顶，如果采用这种方法，很难通过漏顶。通过现场调研及时采取新方案：a、启动溜子，拉空漏下的矸石b、漏顶支架下煤壁每架穿两根4米11#工字钢梁（入煤壁不小于2米），并与支架前顶梁搭接c、工字钢梁上架井型圆木搭严d、漏顶支架下煤壁及周围注马丽散。通过此方案2天顺利通过了漏顶区

六、积极组织参观学习，推广新技术、新设备、新工艺。我深知科技是第一生产力，不仅公司领导、公司部门负责人学习，而且要部门人员和基层骨干学习新技术、新设备、新工艺。2012年组织相关部门走出去学习先进技术和先进经验，组织了各生产矿技术科长、生产部长、掘进队长参加煤科院组织的“煤矿无煤柱开采和灾害防治新技术”，及煤科院组织的“煤矿快速掘进技术”学习班。组织5期打眼工“光

面爆破”培训班。

七、加大重大安全隐患的治理力度，为矿井的安全生产提供保障。刘噶矿8层2103巷顶板破碎处，制定治理方案：40m-140m段打组合锚索，40m-80m段注马丽散，100m-200m段架一梁两柱；王子矿13层8218回风顺槽240-340米段顶板破碎，决定采用铺设整体网、打组合锚索、一梁三锚和注马丽散的支护方式；杏煤14#层8305面顶板压力大，确定8305面两顺槽往外300米顶板破碎处采用一梁三锚、组合锚索支护；针对刘文章主提升皮带斜井40m-80m处巷道有裂缝下沉现象，通过井下实地研究，确定采取从井口揭开表土层重新浇灌混凝土的施工方案；针对技改矿井井下巷道圆钢锚杆支护强度不够，制定了所有使用锚杆支护巷道必须使用不低于φ18mm左旋无纵筋冷拔螺纹钢，拉拔力不低于8.5吨，托板使用球墨铸钢托板。以上措施的制定为矿井的安全生产提供了有力保证。

八、精心调度，及时协调解决生产过程中的挡手问题。一是进一步强化了日常调度基础工作，严格调度汇报制度和重大隐患整改跟踪落实制度，强化调度指挥协调作用。先后对米矿、姜矿、李大矿王子矿煤场爆满，进行及时调整生产，增加推煤设备，确保公司各项指标的顺利完成。由于今年煤炭市场的不景气，煤质是销售的主要指标，及时在井下建立井下寄矸硐，减少煤中矸石的含量，促进煤炭的及时销售，#-

2#

确保了矿井的均衡生产。

九、注重综采工作面搬家准备工作跟踪落实。把综采工作面搬家准备衔接工作，作为日常调度工作的重中之重。先后对6座生产矿井9个综采队11套综采设备的搬家准备情况进行全程调度，并设立了搬家进度台帐，对新旧面停采铺网时间、撤架、开扩帮以及支架、工运机、皮带、泵站、绞车等安装进度等情况都进行跟踪调度，进行专题分析，为公司合理布置调整当月产量任务提供科学依据。1-11月份，综采搬家共计23次（3次搬家不停产，2次面内小搬家），累计搬家天数478天，面均搬家时间21天，比去年同期面均搬家天数提前了2天。其中：米矿综采二队真正实现了“搬家不停产，搬家不减产”，帆煤矿相临面搬家月均17天，杏煤公司相临面搬家月均18天；通过各单位搬家工作的有序组织，极大的缩短了搬家时间，提高了开机率，为完成全年生产任务奠定了基础。

十、定期召开 “生产专题例会”，对每月生产工作开展情况进行了认真分析、总结，指出了制约生产的问题，安排布置下月的重点工作，积极发挥调度室在煤矿安全生产过程中的指挥、协调作用。

第二部分 存在的问题和不足

主要是：一是由于科学技术的不断进步，我感觉到我自己技术理论水平还有待于进一步提高；二是向西公司多数是

资源枯竭型矿井，有许多工作面不能使用现代化机械设备，工作面多，作业人员多，职工的安全意识教育和安全技能培训还应进一步细化，安全文化建设探索不够；三是明年技改矿逐渐投产，将遇到资金、人员、设备、技术以及乡村利益等问题；四是矿井资源已是迫在眉睫的问题。我将在今后工作中高度重视，并加以改进和提高。并将继续认真履行自己的工作职责，与其他班子成员同心同德、肝胆相照、开拓创新局面、勤奋工作，努力实践“三个代表”，强化治理，落实责任，狠反“三违”，靠前指挥，工作到位，跑现场，抓质量，抓安全，为公司发展做出自己应有的贡献。

第三部分 2013年的努力方向

做好二O一三年的各项工作，圆满完成公司下达的各项指标，一是要加强学习，不断提高综合素质。在新的一年里，要认真学习十八大会议精神，坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，全面领会科学发展观的深刻内涵，不断提高自己的政治素质和管理水平。同时，要进一步加强经济治理、市场营销知识、现代企业制度和上级一系列政策规定的学习，努力转变思想作风和工作作风，开拓创新，真抓严管，完成集团公司下达的各项目标任务。二是要千方百计地抓好安全生产。煤矿生产，安全为天，安全好不好，直接关系到企业的稳定和发展，必须牢固树立“安全第一、预防为主”的方针，始终把安全生产当作头等大事来抓，坚持以人为本，大力开展“安全质量标准化”和“精品工程创建”活动，强化安全治理，狠抓责任落实，加大安全投入和生产设备投入，改进采掘工艺，进一步科学组织，优化矿井设计，努力提高单产单进，确保安全目标和各项生产任务的顺利实现，为加快企业发展创造好条件。三是要创新管理，提高经济效益。坚持一手抓稳产增效，一手抓节约挖潜，按照“目标治理，责任明确，刚性考核，节奖超罚”的要求，健全完善成本指标内控体系，突出加强成本治理、资金治理、物流治理和劳动力治理，提高企业运行质量。要进一步加强责任部门的责任落实，发挥好监督检查、治理考核和参谋助手的作用。要切实加强营销工作，优化产品结构，促进煤炭销售，确保效益源头。我的述职完毕，谢谢大家。

述职人：石银

第四篇：语言学概论感悟 英语

语言学概论感悟

Why do we study linguistics? When we study a particular language, we just study it and actually we are limited by this language.While linguistics can help us study languages in general.In other words, linguistics is a systematic subject for students who want to learn any kind of language better.Just as my teacher said, linguistics is not only useful but also helpful.After I learned the second language-French, I found between English and French, there had something in common.However, language learning is still more difficult than we get our mother tongue.It must because speech is earlier than writing, for example little children hear sound or human voice first, then they learn written language because words are just symbols.There are things, and then there are the names of things.Just as Shakespeare said a rose by any other name would sell as sweet.If we want to have a good command of other language, we should not only focus on one or two point such as grammar or vocabulary.We should keep in mind learn a language is to learn the whole thoughts.That’s why we should study linguistics.Students always have rare interests in language learning for they don’t find a effective way to study it.When we recite words and try to understand the complicated grammar, we may be bored and tired, that’s because we do not know language’s similarities and generalizations.If we study linguistics, we can have a systematic recognition.During a period of time of learning, I find that linguistics has a widely use in language learning.Just like we read a sentence, we should consider the logical meaning of it because we shall know a word by the company it keeps, or we will make mistakes.If we learn linguistic, we can benefit a lot in language learning and find the beauty of the language.

第五篇：英语语言学试题(8)

英语语言学试题（8）

语言学试题

第一部分选择题

一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any other name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.()

A.the conventional nature of language

B.the creative nature of language

C.the universality of language

D.the big difference between human language and animal communication

2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.()

A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk

3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.()

A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical

4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.()

A.Case ConditionB.parameter

C.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter

5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence

6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.()

A.commisivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives

7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.comparativeD.historical comparative

8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship.The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+title

C.title aloneD.first name+last name+title

9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles

overlappingin some parts.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.()

A.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thought

C.covert thoughtD.overt thought

10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.()

A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation

B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings

C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language

D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use

第二部分非选择题

二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。)

11.In the course of time,the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be inc________ distribution.13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms.16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another.For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian,with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language.As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________, which is specific to human beings.20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language.This is know as language t________.三、判断说明题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。)判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。

()21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.()22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.()23.A compound is the combination of only two words.()24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”,and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.()25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.()26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation.That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.()27.The division of Englishinto Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.()28.Language reflects sexism in society.Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene;but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.()29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.()30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。)

31.cultural transmission(as a defining feature of human language)

32.phonic medium of language

33.voicing

34.inflectional morphemes

35.reference

36.locutionary act

37.protolanguage

38.ethnic dialect

39.registers

40.acculturation

五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。)

41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structurein analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production.语言学试题参考答案

一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)

1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D

6.A7.B8.C9.D10.A

二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)

11.social12.complementary

13.root14.complex

15.complementary16.utterance

17.metathesis18.bilingualism

19.lateralization20.transfer

三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)

21.F

The contrary is true.The writing system is always a later invention.22.T

23.F

Some compounds contain more than two words.24.T

25.F

It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense.26.T

27.F

The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.28.T

29.T

30.F

Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds.四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)

31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds.33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world;it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, “The dog is barking,” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”.36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.For example, by saying “You have left the door wide open”,the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences.It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users.For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)

41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure treehas a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.For example, the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations, i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun ”men“, or the following two nouns ”men and women".Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.NPNP

NPNPNPNP

The old menandthe womenthe old menandthe old women

42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of perception,comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted.When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.