第一篇:个性化教学辅导的实施策略
个性化教学辅导的实施策略
新课改的根本目的是推行素质教育,实现学生在知识与能力、方法与过程、情感与态度、价值观等方面综合而富有个性的发展。它要求我们必须尽快适应新的教育理念,实现从传统的统一规格教育向现代的差异性教育的转变,承认学生个体素质的差异性存在,推行以人为本的个性化教学方案,充分挖掘每个学生在各个领域的潜能,为现代化建设培养合格的个性化人才。
最早的教学是个体教学(一对一教学),所以能受教育的只是极少数贵族,后来逐渐演变为班级教学(一对多,也就是一个教师对一群学生)。正是由于有了班级教学,才大大加速了人类的文明进程。但是进入了信息化社会,我们发现:班级教学一刀切的模式让越来越多有独立思考能力、有创新精神的学生难以忍受,也越来越不适应科学技术日新月异的信息化社会。于是出现了个性化教育。
个性化辅导培养孩子的自主学习能力,哪儿学不会学哪儿,形成学生“我要学”的氛围。个性化辅导能更有效地解决学生面临的问题,针对每一个孩子不同的学习情况和心理情况,有针对性地制定出一套独特的、行之有效的教学辅导方案和心理辅导策略,通过全方位、策略性地辅导,不仅使孩子掌握一种切合自身的学习方法,提高学习成绩,更重要的是让孩子的心理更健康,教会孩子如何正确面对在青春期遇到的种种困惑,并帮助其树立自信,完善人格。个性化辅导就是尊重学生个性的辅导,必须根
据每个学生的个性、兴趣、特长、需要进行施教,亦即学生需要什么,教师便需授予什么,学生完全是一种自主性的学习。个性化教学的模式是“多对一”,就是多个老师对一个学生。个性化辅导是素质教育的必由之路。
倡导教师教学的个性化,是对教师人格与生活方式的尊重,使教师能按自己的意愿创造课堂,创造生活,体现生命的真正价值。每个教师都应意识到:教师教学的重点已不是传授知识,而是让学生学会自主学习,亦既培养学生的学习能力。教师从“知识传授者和专家”逐渐变为“协作人员,帮助者,有时是学习者”,同时学生的角色已不在是“听从者和学习者”而是“协作人员,有时是专家”。
新课程强调尊重学生个性,欧美发达资本主义国家早就实现了个性化教学,但他们都是小班化教学,便于开展个性化教学。目前我国的基础教育班级编制都是五十到七十人集中授课,教师教学只根据以往教学经验针对大多数学生写一个教案,这种教学模式是达不到“因材施教”的效果的,会出现一些学生“吃不饱”,不适应这种教学模式的学生跟不上的情况。个性化教学就是致力于改变这种现状,把凭经验主义备课改为以学生为中心,根据学生的实际情况教学,以学生为中心进行辅导,使学生真正成为学习的主体。那么,在人数众多的班级中如何实施个性化教学呢?我认为应做好以下几点:
1.个性化教学是要充分尊重和发挥学生的学习积极性,重视学生个性的和谐发展,并通过教学唤起学生的求知欲和对个人全面发展的追求。同时,引导学生独立思考,主动获取信息,实现知识、能力和人格的协同发展。
2.建构个性化师生关系。个性化教育作为一种生命化的教育,强调用生命去温暖生命,用生命去呵护生命,用生命去滋润生命,用生命去灿烂生命。因此,个性化教育致力于建立新型的师生关系,主张师生地位、人格是平等的。教师要热爱、尊重、信任每一个学生,把自己当作学生的朋友,从而建立起和谐的民主的良性互动的新型师生关系。
3.正确对学生个性分析,认识学生的差异。我们要通过多渠道去认识、了解,依据学生不同的背景和特点,发展性地正确地判断每个学生的不同特点及其发展潜力,了解学生学习兴趣与自信心、学习态度与学习习惯、学习方法与应试能力、学习类型与性格特点、学科知识实际掌握情况与缺漏之处,为每一个学生提出适合其发展的具体的有针对性的建议,以分类指导、分流施教为指导,通过因材施教,让每个学生在自己原有的基础上都得到发展。
4.树立个性化的教学目标。教师在教学活动中做好当堂了解、当堂消化、节节夯实、层层达标、分步到位。鉴于学生在智力因素和非智力因素方面表现出较大的差异性,我们不可能制定统一的、僵化的、绝对的教学目标,而要制定个性化的教学目标,对不同层次的学生采取不同的办法施以相应的教育,在不同阶段也要帮助不同的学生及时调整自己各方面的学习目标。
5.建立个性化教学模式。在课堂教学过程中,必须改革应试教育存在的弊端,从培养创新精神和实践能力出发,注重培养学生的独立性和自主性,引导学生质疑、调查、探究,在实践中学习,促进学生在教师指导下主动地、富有个性地学习,创设能引导学生主动参与的学习环境,激发学生的学习积极性,从过去的以“获取知识”转化为“探究知识”,强调发现学习、探究学习、研究学习,使学习过程更多地成为学生发现问题、提出问题、解决问题的过程,通过改变学习方式促进每个学生的全面发展,它尊重每个学生的独特个性,为每个学生的发展创造空间。
6.推行个性化的学习方式。学习方式是学习者一贯表现出来的具有个性特点的学习策略和学习倾向的总和。它是在特定的家庭教育以及社会文化环境的共同影响下,通过个体自身长期的学习活动逐渐形成的,因此,每个人的学习方式都带有明显的个性化特征。我们在实际的教学过程中就必须尊重和善待学生的学习方式,增强他们自主、合作、探究的学习能力。
7.培养个性化学习习惯。例如如何去预习、如何听课、如何做笔记、如何复习、如何归纳总结等,教师在这些学习习惯方面都要给予指导;在学习方法上给予指导,不同的学科需要不同的学习方法;在非智力因素方面给予指导,如激发学生的学习动机、培养学生的学习兴趣、调整学生的情绪情商、锻炼学生的意志力等。
8.实行个性化教学反馈,制定个性化的评价体系。在教育教学过程中应建立学生全面发展的评价体系,评价不仅要关注学生的学业成绩,而且要发现和发展学生多方面的潜能,帮助学生认识自我,建立自信,发挥评价的教育功能,促进学生的潜能、个性、创造性的发挥,使每一个学生具有自信心和持续发展的能力。如何实施个性化的评价呢?我们必须实行学生、伙伴、教师、家长四位共同参与的评价制度,这就能比较全面地对学生做出中肯的评价,促进每个学生健康发展。评价反馈至少应有作业分析、学习质量形成性分析、学习质量终结性分析、课情分析。特别是课情分析,教师在课内要根据学生的不同情况适时的给予激励性评价。对于智力发展较好的学生不要轻易给予表扬,当他们经过独立思考解决了较难的问题或有创新时给予适时表扬和鼓励,对于这些学生会起到很大的推动作用。而对于智力发展较慢的学生,只要他答出简单问题或只要肯回答问题就应给予充分的肯定。另外,还需采用个别激励与集体激励相结合的方法给所有的学生以激励。
9.布置个性化作业。个性化作业形式多样、内容丰富、体现个性,使作业“改头换面”,变枯燥为生动,让每个学生都有自主学习、自由探究、施展才华的机会。
总之,由于课程的实施和学生的发展是一项全面而系统的工程,个性化教学方案的推行也应当是开放式与立体式的,需要不断深化和完善,绝不仅仅限于本文上述的几个方面。在“以人为本、以育人为本”的教育理念指导下,我们必须大胆探索、敢于突破、勇于创新,不断完善适应新形式下的教育机制和教育方法,提高学生的综合素质,实现人生的自我价值。
第二篇:个性化教学辅导教案3初三
个性化教学辅导教案
学科:英语
年级 初二 性别 男 教学课题 九年级上册 Unit 3 lanuage 教学 目标 知识点: Unit3 A Object clause with a question word 作形容词的宾语
考点: Unit 3 语法
能力:
掌握本单元的语法
方法:读与练相结合 重点 难点 本单元的语法 课前检查 作业完成情况:优□__________________________________________ 课 堂 教 学 过 程
过
程
Step 1 Greeting
Step 2 复习
复习上册所讲的知识点
Step 3 词缀 1.词的前缀
前缀 例词 常 见 的 否 定 前
□ 中□差□ 建议 良 缀 in-(不,非)invisible 看不见的incomplete 不完全的il-(不,非)illegal 不合法的 illogical 不合逻辑的im-(不,非)imperfect 不完善/完美的immoral 不道德的ir-(不,非)irregular 不规则的 irresistible 不可抗拒的un-(不,非)unfair
unhealthy non-(无,没有)nonsense 无价值的东西
noneffective 无效力的dis-(不,无)disagree 不同意
disadvantage 劣势;缺点
mis-(误解,坏)misunderstand 误解、误会
misguided误入歧途的 ex-(以前的、前任的)ex-president 前任总统/主席
ex-wife 前妻
sub-(在……下,次于,低于)subway 地(下)道
submarine 潜艇
under-(在……下,不足)undercharge 少收……的 undergraduate 本科生 over-(太,完全,过度,多……)overfull 太满的 overstudy 用功过度 extra-(额外、以外,特殊)extraordinary 非凡的extramarital 婚姻外
inter-(中间,互相)interaction 相互作用
interchangeable可互换的 kilo-(千)kilowatt 千瓦
kilogram 公斤
tele-(远,远距离)telephone 电话
telescope 望远镜 en-(使可能)enrich 丰富,使神富裕
enlarge 扩大,扩展 re-(再次,重,又)retell 复述
rewrite 重写 uni-(一,单)unicycle 单轮脚踏车
unilateral 单边的
bi-(二倍,两,双,重复)bilateral 双边的 bilingual 两种语言的 tri-(三,三次,三倍)tricycle 三轮脚踏车
triangle三角(形)centi-(一百,百分之一)centimeter 厘米
centigram 厘克 mili-(毫,千分之一)millimetre 毫米
milligram 毫克 a-(构成形容词、副词)asleep
alone auto-(自己的,独自的)automobile 机动车
名
词
后缀 例词
-an/-ian(人,家)American
musician音乐家
-tion(-ation)(动作、状态)determination
competition decision-ence/-ency(抽象名词)dependence
frequency 频率-ee(动作承受者或受影响者)employee 受雇者
refugee 难民-eer(人)engineer
volunteer 志愿者-er/-or(人或物)fighter
actor
co ker-ess(女性)actress
waitress-ism(主义,……教)communism
Buddhism 佛教
-ist(主义者,家)dentist 牙医
physicist-ment(表行为、结果、状态,物件机构等)argument
government-ship(表示关系、身份)friendship
citizenship 公民
-ty(表状态,性质)plenty
difficulty
anxiety
形
容
词 后缀 例词
-able/-ible(能够)valuable
responsible
-al(……的)natural
cultural-an/-ian(人,地方)American
Russian-en(由……制成)wooden
woolen 羊毛的-ern(表方向)northen
southern-ful(充满……的,有……性质有)useful
careful-ic/-ical(关于……,有……性质的)economic
political
-ish(稍/略……,似……的,关于……国家的)Selfish 自私的 childish Briti h
-ive(有……性质的,有……倾向的)attractive
native
creative-less(无、不)careless
useless-ly(像……的,有……性质的)friendly
manly 有男子气概的-ous(充满的……的,有……性质的)nervous
dangerous-ward(向……)downward
backward-y(充满……的,有……性质的)rainy
noisy
snowy-ure(表结果、行为。状态或实物)pressure
pleasure-al(表动作过程,结果)arrival
approval 同意
动
词 后缀 例词
-en 使变得,使成为…… lengthen 延长
harden 使变得坚固
-fy 使……化 satisfy
beautify 美化
simplify 简化
-ize/ise 使……,变成…… realize
industrialize 使工业化 副
词-ly(……地)carefully
-ward(s)向…… forward
upwards
ownwards
Step 4 language The Object Clause 1.从属连词:that /if /whether 2.连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever ,whatever, whichever 3.连接副词:when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however
A.作动词宾语
He told us(that)he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。
Do you know whose dictionary it is ? 你知道这是谁的字典?
He has informed me when they are to discuss the work plan.他已经通知我他们将什么时候讨论工作计划 Give a reading list to whoever comes.给所有来的人一份阅读书目。
注意:
doubt(怀疑)的肯定句接if, whether引导的宾语从句,但否定句和疑问句接that引导的宾语从句。
I doubt whether / if he will succeed.我怀疑他是否会成功。
I do not doubt that he can recite the poem.我相信他能把这首诗背下来。
Do you doubt that he will win ? 你不相信会获胜吗?
B.作介词的He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
He goes to the library every day except when it is raining.宾语
除了天下雨外,他每天都去图书馆。
注意:
that引导的宾语从句只用在少数介词后,如:except, in, but等。此时,that不能省略。
I know little about him except that he lives downstairs.我对他知之甚少,只知道他住在楼下。
He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.他和他的同学们不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在阅读上。C.作形容词的宾语
I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。
I’m afraid(that)you don’t understand what I said.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
I'm suprised(that)I didn't see all that before.我好奇怪,我以前没见过那一切。
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry, afraid,satisfied,surprised
Sarah hopes to become a friend of ____shares her intersts.A.anyone B.whonever C.whoever D.no matter who whoever 和no matter who 都是无论谁,不管谁的意思。但whoever可以作为引导让步状语从句的连接代词,而no matter who 不能。
whoever和no matter who 是疑问词 + ever和no matter + 疑问词中的一个特例,这类词的主要区别是:
①疑问词 + ever可引导名词性从句,在主从句中要充当一定的部分。如:
Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.You can choose whatever you like in the shop.②疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。如: Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished,.Whatever you do, you must do it well.③no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。如: No matter what you do, you must do it well.No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished.Step 5 Exercises 将下列句子合并为一句: 1.Where do they stop on the way?
I asked.2.What will you speak at the meeting? Could you tell me?
3.Do they like to make friends with us?
He asked.4.“ I am doing my homework.” He said.5.“I will come back.” Tom said.6.“Is he doing his homework?” Jim asked.7.“When will he come back?” Tom asked.8.“How can I get to the station?”
Could you tell me?
9.“Why is the train late?”
Would you tell me?
10.“Where is Tom?”
They asked.11.Jason will pass his driving test tomorrow.(confident)
12.Paul will study at a famous university.(excited)
13.Jenny will fail such a difficult exam.(worried)
14.Mrs.Anderson left her handbag in a taxi.(upset)
15.Debbie is going to her best friend’s birthday party.(happy)
16.Kitty couldn’t find her school books.(sad)
17.The head teacher received some flowers from his students.(surprised)
18.Ben arrived at the meeting one hour late.(sorry)
Step 7 Homework 翻译
1.我不懂你什么意思。
I don’t understand ____ ____ _____.2.他不知道怎么样处理这件事。
He doesn’t know ___ ____ ____ do with it.3.能告诉我班上谁最高吗?
Can you tell me ____ ____ ____ ____ in class.4.你知道我们每天需要多少热量吗?
Do you know _______ _______ calories we need every day? 5.我意识到哪个更重要了。
I realized ______ ______ ______ more important.从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空。
1.I don't know _________ he will come tomorrow._________ he comes, I'll tell you.
A.if;Whether B.whether;Whether C.if;That D.if;If
2.I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow.A.when does he come B.how will he come C.if he comes D.whether he'll come
3.Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is? A.what B.how C.whether D.where
4.Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help? A.how did he mend B.what did he mend C.how he mended D.what he mended
5.I want to know _________.A.whom is she looking after B.whom she is looking C.whom is she looking D.whom she is looking after
6.Do you know where _________ now?
A.he lives B.does he live C.he lived D.did he live
7.Do you know what time _________? A.the train leave B.does the train leave C.will the train leave D.the train leaves
8.I don't know _________.Can you tell me, please? A.how the two players are old B.how old are the two players C.the two players are how old D.how old the two players are
9.The small children don't know _________.A.what is their stockings in B.what is in their stockings C.where is their stockings in D.what in their stockings
10.I can't understand ____ ______.A.what does Christmas mean
B.what Christmas does mean C.what mean Christmas does
D.what Christmas means
在横线上填上合适的词
1)The mother likes saying __________________she has a good daughter.2)They told me __________________ they could finish the work before ten o’clock.3)The boy wanted to know _______________they could go boating.4)Mr Green asked ______________would give the message to Miss Wang.5)Dad wanted to know ______________the tennis match would be.6)
She hasn’t decided ______________language she is going to choose.7)It’s well-known _________________Lu Xun was a great writer.8)Do you know _____________Doctor King live?
9)Lucy wants to ask Li Lei _______he goes to school by bus every day.10)He doesn’t know ___________she will go to the USA tomorrow.11)
I hope ____________everybody at school are all well.12)
Lily asked ______________there were any cheaper ones.13)
I didn’t know _______________ the books were.14)
Do you know _______________time I get up every day.15)
Could you tell me _____________grade you are in ?
16)The boy didn’t know _______________was his new English teacher.17)
The teacher asked _____________Li Lei was late for school.18)
I was afraid __________________he might fail his exam.19)
Can you tell me _______________you got home.20)
I didn’t know _______________book it was.按要求转换句型。
1.Does Mr.Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us?(改写句子)
→Could you tell us _________ Mr.Brown _________ living in China? 2."Does the girl need any help?” he asked me.(变为复合句)
→He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help.
3.Jim is not a student.Tom is not a student, either.(合并为一个句子)
_________ Jim _________Tom is a student.4.When does the train leave? I want to know.(改为含宾语从句的复合句)
I want to know _________ the train _________.5.They went home after they had finished their homework.(用not...until改写)They _________ go home _________ they had finished their homework.
6.Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know.(改为含宾语从句的复合句)Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday.课后巩固 巩固复习及作业_____20分钟(每天)英语记8 B unit 1.2的单词_______________;
预习布置_____________________ 老师 课后 赏识 评价 老师最欣赏的地方:
老师的建议:
第三篇:教学辅导
山东广播电视大学开放教育地域文化(齐鲁文化概论)
辅导资料(5)
姜太公的兵学成就
齐鲁文化不仅诞生了博大恢弘的孔孟儒学,而且孕育了绚丽夺目的兵学文化,在中国军事思想史上占有极其重要的地位。宋神宗元丰年间官修《武经七书》,其中《六韬》、《孙子》、《吴子》、《司马法》四部兵学著作的作者都出自齐鲁大地。其中,姜太公被称为兵家始祖,孙武被称为兵圣,这充分说明兵家文化是齐鲁文化中的一朵艳丽奇葩,同时也是齐鲁文化与其它地域文化相比所独具的魅力和风采。
一、姜太公生平
姜太公姓姜,名尚,字牙,尊称子牙。姜尚的先祖伯夷因辅佐大禹治水有功,封于吕。姜姓的这一支从伯夷起便以吕为姓氏,故姜尚又名吕尚。
姜尚的里籍按照司马迁在《史记》中的记载为“东海上人”,即今山东省的日照、莒县一带。在归顺周朝之前,姜尚曾在东海之滨过着十分穷困的生活。后来,他来到殷都朝歌,从事过屠牛、贩卖、佣作等劳作,生活困苦。
周族崛起后,素有治平之志的姜太公,与周文王相遇渭水之滨,遂投奔文王,谋划\参与兴周灭商活动。
对姜尚在兴周灭商过程中的功绩,司马迁在《史记·齐太公世家》中曾经作过如下概括:“周西伯昌之脱羡里归,与吕尚阴谋修德以倾商政,其事多兵权与奇计,故后世之言兵及周之阴权皆宗太公为本谋……伐崇、密须、犬夷,大作丰邑。天下三分,其二归周者,太公之谋计居多。”
二、牧野大战
公元前1046年,发生在牧野的一次由周武王率领的诸侯联军与商纣王带领的商朝主力之间的战略大决战。
1、战争过程
前1050年,周文王姬昌病逝,世子姬发继位,即周武王。武王为完成文王的未竟之业,决定东征商纣。周军至盟津,各诸侯国不召自来有八百之多。通过“孟津观兵”,周武王了解了自己的号召力和军事势力,认为灭商时机已经成熟,于是在吕尚等人的辅佐下,乘商军主力远征东夷之际,率领诸侯联军直捣商都朝歌。
联军兵力虽远少(不足5万)于纣军(70万,一说17万),但因纣暴虐无道,失道寡助,加之其军队为临时拼凑的乌合之众,故军心涣散,战斗力低下。联军方面,武王果敢,姜尚远谋,士卒英勇,将士一心。商军一触即溃。纣王见大势已去,于鹿台自焚。
2、战争结果
牧野之战周武王大获全胜,击毙商军十八万人,生俘三十三万人,并交活了大量动物及珠宝财物。随后联军兵分四路,向东南方进发,四处征伐忠于的商朝各地诸侯,驱逐商朝大将飞廉于海滨而杀之。商王朝土崩瓦解。
3、战争意义
牧野之战是中国历史上以少胜多,以弱胜强,先发制人的著名战例,也是中国古代车战初期的著名战例。它终止了六百年的商王朝,确立了西周王朝的统治,为西周时期礼乐文明的全面兴盛开辟了道路。牧野之战中所体现的谋略和作战艺术,也对中国古代军事思想的发展具有不可低估的意义。
三、姜太公的军事思想
姜太公除了拥有赫赫战功外,还有军事著作《六韬》流传于世。《六韬》包括《文韬》、《武韬》《龙韬》、《虎韬》、《豹韬》和《犬韬》6卷,共60篇。《六韬》虽然是“托名著作”,不是吕望亲笔所书,但旧题“吕望撰”。其成书时间虽然较晚,但其主旨思想源于周代史官所记录的档案资料当无疑问。
1、“文伐”是姜太公军事理论的重要内容
姜太公的文伐,实际上就是利用各种手段瓦解敌国,最终达到“不战而屈人之兵”的目的,这对孙子的“全胜”思想有重要影响。姜太公认为“圣王号兵为凶器,不得已而用之。”因此,他强调不单纯使用武力来实现政治目标。
2、韬光养晦的权谋思想
在灭商阶段,面对商强周弱的局面,姜太公没有公开向商朝挑战,而是积极积蓄力量,暗中设法削弱商纣的辅翼,“阴谋修德以倾商政”,最终实现了
强弱转化、以弱胜强。在《六韬》中,姜太公以修德治、行仁政、以民为本的政治军事思想为主线,突出了“大智不智、大谋不谋、大勇不勇、大利不利”等韬晦思想,突出了政治重于军事、文伐先于武伐、谋胜贵于兵胜的制胜之道,对韬光养晦作了具体详尽的多角度论述。
3、修德施仁、民心为上
姜太公认为只有修德行善,争取百姓的支持,才能最终取得战争的胜利,因此特别强调亲民、惠民,在军事行动中打出了吊民伐罪的旗帜,以赢得民心,将民心向背看作是战争胜利的根本。《六韬·文韬·文师》:“太公曰:天下非一人之天下,乃天下人之天下也。同天下之利者则得天下。” 强调国君要行仁修德,泽及百姓,不可暴民、虐民、害民,只有这样,人民才能真心拥戴国君,国君才能在战争中取得胜利。
《六韬》的思想内容丰富广泛、博大精深,不仅仅局限于兵事,也不单纯是一部兵书,而是一部文事武备兼资取鉴、治国理民并可为用的古代典籍,最集中、最全面地反映了姜太公的思想。
第四篇:个性化作文创新培养策略
个性化作文创新培养策略
山东省兖州市实验小学尚传设
一、拓宽训练时空,是个性化作文教学创新的基础
从目前的小学作文教学现状来看。教师给学生的思维时间和创新空间都很有限,为了改变这个现状,教师必须创造条件,拓宽训练的时空,为学生个性化作文教学创新发展提供广阔的智力背景。
1、在训练时间上,要引导学生从课内走向课外,克服为文而文的倾向。学生的习作是他们对日常生活感悟后的产物。这样的习作往往有着鲜明的个性色彩,并体现着表现自我的创造性,它没有时间的限制。教师应该引导学生把作文的时间放在平时,让学生有了感触就及时地记录下来。作文课上,教师要指导学生将观察到的素材进行加工、润色和提炼,从而进一步提高学生语言文字的表达能力和创新能力。
2.在训练的空间上,开展形式多样的活动,拓宽习作训练的渠道。
(1)开放学生的多种器官,提供实践机会,让学生在活动中提高语言表达能力和创新能力。①绘画。在指导学生写想象作文时,可先出示一些词语,让学生根据这些词语借助想象画成图画,然后要求将这些图画剪下来拼成一幅完整的、自己喜爱的图画,最后让学生把这幅图画的内容写下来。这种训练使文字与形象配合,画面与习作互补,从而促进了学生创新能力的发展。②实验。先布置学生运用自然课或课外阅读中学到的某一科学知识自己做一个科学小实验,然后让他们把实验的过程写下来。③制作。学习课文之后,可让学生完成一个小制作,如学了《琥珀》,让学生制作一个琥珀,并让学生把制作的过程、感受和新的发现写下来。④操练。小语课文中安排了不少说明文,在学习了这类课文后,不妨让学生亲自实践操作一下,如学了《我们的新朋友──电脑》 1
一课后,让学生操练一下,并让他们把操作后的感受写下来。⑤表演。好动、好表演是小学生的天性。小语教材中有不少课文有很强的故事性,非常适合学生表演,学生表演的过程也是对教材语言进行再创造的过程。因此,提供学生表演的机会,在表演中提高创新能力,在表演的基础上,引导学生把表演后的感受和发现写下来。
(2)在学校和班级的板报墙上开辟“自由谈”“小评论家”“心里话”“新发现”等栏目,引导学生将班级、学校以及社会上出现的好人好事或一些带倾向性的问题发表议论,这种写作形式可以不拘一格,对某一问题发表三言两语的看法也可以,其目的是为了向学生提供一块说理的园地。
(3)不断丰富班队活动内容,为学生提供写作机会。班队活动内容越丰富,学生动笔的机会和创新机会也就越多。如,小队之间的挑战赛、摆台赛;班级开展的参观、游览活动;班级举行的智力竞赛活动、小记者采访活动和文娱表演活动等。教师应抓住这些机会让学生进行习作练习。
(4)结合课外阅读、看电影和电视,指导学生写读书笔记,评论电影(或电视)中的人物等等。
二、强化创新思维训练,是个性化作文创新的关键
1.冲破定势,训练学生思维的发散性。
学生作文为什么会出现众多的雷同现象?这与学生作文时的思维定势有着密切的关系。因此,我们在指导学生习作时,要引导学生冲破思维定势的束缚,把作文训练与培养学生发散性思维有机结合起来。所谓发散性思维,是指以某一事物为触发点,多角度、全方位引出问题,展开思路,提炼创意的一种思维方式。发散性思维的形式大致有以下几种:
(1)同一题目多角度选材。为了培养学生的创新思维,教师在作文指导时,要注意引导学生围绕同一题目多种角度选择材料。例如,写《我的妈妈》,教师可以启发学生从妈妈的性格、脾气、品德、才能、爱好、在家庭和社会中的作用等方面进行选材。学生一旦学会了发散思维,就会从“山重水复”走向“柳暗花明”,觉得有写不完的材料。
(2)同一材料多种立意。为了克服学生习作思维的单一,不善于变通的弊病,教师在指导学生写同一材料的习作时,要引导学生挖掘同一材料的多义性。
如:在指导学生写《登山》这篇习作时,可启发学生从这样几个角度去立意:①通过记叙登山途中看到的赏心悦目的美丽景色,把中心写为“对大自然的热爱,或对家乡美好的赞美”;②受《挑山工》一课的启发,通过写登山途中的感受,把中心定为“做任何事,要想获得成功,必须脚踏实地地去努力”;③通过写登山远眺的感受,把中心定为“只有站得高,才能看得远”。又如,在指导学生写《“滥竽充数”读后感》时,为了突破“滥竽充数”的思维定势,启发学生另辟蹊径:①南郭先生很有自知之明,他比那种占着位置不做事的人强;②造成南郭先生得以“充数”多年的根本原用是“大锅饭制度”,说明要发展必须改革;③南郭先生在乐队里“充数”多年,没有一个人举报,这与乐师们普遍存在的明哲保身的思想有关。
(3)同一材料多种体裁。学生的思维是多侧面的,有的善于逻辑思维,有的擅长形象思维,还有的直觉思维见长。因此,我们要根据学生不同的思维特点和写作兴趣,引导学生进行同一材料多种体裁的训练。例如:围绕“学校”这个材料,可设计这样一组题目。《我们的校园》(侧重于记叙和抒情)、《我们的学校》(侧重于说明)、《我爱我的学校》(侧重于议论)、《我们学校的未来》(侧重于假想)。
2.启发相关联想,训练思维的变通性。
相关联想是人们根据事物之间的某种联系,由某一事物联想到另一事物的心理过程,它是创新思维的重要形式。通过相关联想,能不断拓宽学生的思维空间,从而训练学生思维的变通性。例如:在指导学生写“雪”这一自然景观时,可启发学生开展正相关联想和反相关联想。
3.充分展示个性,训练思维的独特性。
创新思维必定是个性思维。在作文教学中要培养学生个性化思维,教师要善于引导学生“换角度”思考,运用“批判的眼光”思考,让学生获得与众不同的思维方法。
从选材来看,异向思维就是一个新路子。例如:写《我的一家》,大多数学生都可能会写家庭的和睦幸福、尊老爱幼、互敬互爱等。如果反向写家庭父母之间,妈妈和奶奶之间的“摩擦”,希望自己的家庭和谐起来,这将会给人以耳目一新之感。又如:写《我们的学校》,中心是通过对学校人、事、景物的具体描写来反映学校的美。大多数学生只会写校园的景色美、校园里的好人好事层出不穷、教师工作认真负责等等。如果采取“反弹琵琶”的思维方式,写教师办公室条件简陋,而工作的热情却那么高,两者对比,歌颂老师的奉献精神,既突出了文章的中心,又体会了学生创新思维的独特个性。
从立意来看,可通过审美立意的途径来培养学生思维的独特性和深刻性。有一位老师在指导学生写《生日》这篇习作时,先让学生自选材料,结果发现大多数学生写自己过生日时,长辈、同学给自己祝贺生日,感到很快乐,显然,这样的立意缺乏“美”。后来经老师指导,学生有的写为长辈过生日,有的写为老师过生日,还有的写为孤寡老人、残疾朋友、失去亲人的同学过生日,这时,教师引导学生将这些立意进行“比美”,通过比较,学生发现立意从“我”→家庭→社会,一个比一个美丽,一个比一个深刻。那么,立意深刻是否可以写自
己和家庭呢?为避免学生产生立意深刻只能写大事不能写小事的错觉,老师在指导时强调:写自己过生日,通过写礼品的丰富、亲人的欢聚,可以反映党的富民政策给千家万户带来了欢乐,这样的立意同样是深刻的。这样可以启发学生从凡人小事中发现“美”的素材,使学生个性化思维得到发展。
三、构建一个开放的、充满生命活力的个性化教学模式
(1)营造氛围,诱发创新的热情。创造心理学的研究表明,学生创新能力的发展,必须要有良好的氛围环境。为此,教师应采取生活再现、表演展示、实物演示、音乐渲染等手段。并用充满情感的教学语言,营造民主、平等、和谐的教学氛围,诱发学生创新的热情,让所有的学生进入“我要写”的精神状态。
(2)放胆表达,拓展创新思维的空间。所谓放胆表达,就是教师提供一种或几种习作的范围,然后放手让学生自己命题,自己选材立意,不限体裁,不规定字数、时间,学生爱写什么就写什么,爱怎么写就怎么写,让学生的习作个性得到充分的展示,这时,学生的生命力和创造力就会像火山一样爆发出来。值得一提的是,我们鼓励学生放胆表达,不是说就可以不需要教师进行习作方法的指导,而是说学生刚进入习作状态,教师不宜用太多的框框束缚学生的思维,让学生在习作时考虑较多的不是写作的方法,而是学生自己的思想,自己的情感,自己的生活。至于教师的写法指导应在学生完成习作初稿之后,指导时要做到有的放矢。只有这样,学生的习作才会有真情实感。
(3)交流合作,激活创新思维的火花。交流合作就是让学生之间的信息和情感通过交流产生思维碰撞,从而激活他们创新思维的火花。合作的形式通常有小组合作和全班合作两种形式。小组合作的成员构成,可以按学生的作文程度搭配成组,也可以采取自愿组合的形式。这里指的交流合作,是指在学生习
作初稿完成的基础上所进行的互评互改。
(4)评优激励,激发创新动机。目前的作文教学中,相当一部分学生对习作产生畏惧心理,这与教师在批改和评语中惯用的“纠谬法”──只罗列学生习作中的不足,不肯定学生习作中闪光点有很大的关系。据心理学家分析,缺乏肯定与鼓励的批评,会使人的情绪低落,而情绪会直接影响人的行为。一个人的情绪越低,所投注到所要从事的事情上的注意力就越少,任务也就完成得越糟糕,进而陷入更为低落的情绪中。如果这时有一句鼓励的话,便会使人重新估计自己的能力与信心,重新审视、注意所要完成的任务,情绪状态就会提升,从而促进自己更好地完成任务。因此,我们在作文教学中,要变“纠谬法”为“评优法”。“评优法”的实质就是激励。就作文教学而言,激励应贯穿在习作教学的各个环节之中,而在作文的批改和讲评环节尤其需要激励,通过高分、给予鼓励性评语、提供“发表”机会等激励形式,让学生树立“我能写”“我能写好”的自信心,从而激发学生新的创新动机,使作文教学步入良性循环的轨道。
(发表于《作文阅读个性化·课题通讯》2007年第4期<总第52期>)
第五篇:个性化教学辅导教案六年级英语作文复习
个性化教学辅导教案
教学课题
作文复习
教学 目标 知识点: 作文复习考点:作文
方法:题目与讲解相结合 重点 难点
Step2 Reviewing 1.Checking homework 2.Dictating the words
Step 3 范文
National Day is coming, and we can have a seven-day holiday.My family are going to Hainan.It's a good seaside city.We are staying there for a week.We are going to the beach and going swimming in the sea.We're visiting Tianya Haijiao, Wanquan River and many other beautiful places.I think we'll have a good time there.2.Our art teacher is not too old and not too young.He’s tall and strong.He has a big mouth and small ears.He likes wearing a hat.He is good at drawing.He’s very funny.We all like him.3.I am a 10 years old boy.Smart and handsome.I am proud of myself.Because I can get perfect scores in Chinese, math and English.It is not good enough, I am also proud of being an elder brother.That is a Friday evening, my baby brother was crying all the time.My parents were both cooking for dinner.I said to my mum, let me look after this little thing.My mum said, “Are you sure you can?” “ Yes ,believe me I can.” I answered.Then mum went to the kitchen.I went towards my baby brother.“ Oh baby, don’t cry.I will sing a song for you…” I carried him and sing songs for him.After a while, he was asleep.I was so tired.My parents were happy and praised me a good boy.This is my first time to look after my baby brother and I feel proud of myself.4.My hobby
I am Bob.I am 11 years old.I live in a tall building.It has twenty-nine floors.I live on the twenty-first floor.I am from China.I have small eyes.My favourite food is chicken.My favourite animal is dog,because it is lovely.My best friend is Ted.We often play together.But his house is very far from my house.He likes playing computer games.My hobby is playing football.I often play football with my classmates, because they like playing football, too.We often win.Why do I like football? Because 作文
Step 1 Greetings it does a lot of good for my body.Do you like football?
5.MY HAPPY WEEKEND
OK, let me tell you something about my weekend.I am going to do many things and be very busy on the weekend.So I do my homework on Saturday morning.In the afternoon, I am going to do housework with my mother.Because I am a good girl, I am helpful at home.On Sunday morning, I am going to visit my grandparents with my parents.In the afternoon, we are going to the park together.Because there is a kite show.And my grandparents likes making kites.I think, we can see many beautiful kites there.And we are going to buy some beautiful kites, too.Then, we are going to fly the new kites, that’s fun.In the evening, we are going to have a big dinner.We are going to have fish for dinner.Because my grandparents likes eating fish.And my grandma cooks fish well.After dinner, we are going to watch TV together.We are going to be very happy.This is my happy weekend.I like my weekend very much.What about your weekend? Can you tell me?
6.During a long vacation, I like going to see the exhibits in one of a great many museums.Such as the art museum, the history museum, the museum of natural history, and the museum of science and technology.Many wonderful things are cared for in museums.There are paintings, potteries, sculptures, costumes, swords, ancient animal bones and plants, stuffed animals, antique steam locomotives, and many others.It is always a good review of history to visit those museums
7.I have a best friend.She has long,straight,black hair,big,black eyes and a small nose.She is very thin and kind,she is cute,too.Her English and Chinese is very good.She is hard-working.She favorite season is summer,because it's hot ,she can eat ice-cream.She like playing the piano ,reading books and singing songs.Who's she? She is my best friend---Sun Mengqi.She has a very good English name,too---Angle.8.My Classroom
My classroom is nice and big.There are forty desks and chairs in the classroom.There are two black boards on the walls.And there are two pictures, too.My classroom has eleven lights and twelve fans.What colour are the fans ? They are blue.At the coner, there is a shelf , many books are in the shelf.I like the books very much.This is my classroom , it is very nice.I like my classroom very much.Do you have a nice classroom, too ?
9.Last November 24 was my birthday.I had a party at my home.My friends came to my home in the afternoon and I got a lot of presents from them.At the party, we ate a big cake, sang songs, watched TV and listened to music.We were very happy.But all good things must come to an end.We said goodbye at about ten o'clock.We had a very good time on
November 24.Step 4 写人
Dr Sun Yatsen Dr Sun Yatsen was a great leader.He was born in 1866 in Guangdong.He loved the people.So he was against the emperor.And he tried to free the people.Finally he started to change China.People loved him.And he was the father of modern China.Deng Xiao ping was a famous leader of China.He visited Guangdong and made an important speech in 1979.He loved the people and the people loved him.He died in 1997.All the Chinese people were very sad.My mother My mother is a beautiful lady.She has two big eyes, a big mouth, and long black hair.She is patient and kind, and she is hard –working, too.She is very busy every day.At about seven she gets up.Then she goes to work by bus.In the evening she gets back home very late.I love my mother.植树节
Tree Planting Day Today was Chinese Tree Planting Day.I got up very early this morning.Then I went to Baiyun Hill with my friends by bus.At about half past ten we began to plant trees.Someone went to carried water, someone dug holes, someone put the trees into the holes and someone filled the holes with earth.We were happy when we finished the work, but also tired, too.亚运会
The 2010 Asian Games will be held in Guangzhou.Many people will come to Guangzhou.I wish I could be a volunteer in the Asian Games.Chinese athletes will win Many gold medals.Guangzhou will be the greatest.Step 4 Exercises 1.亚运会 2.世博会 3.我的爱好 4.我的周末
5.我的妈妈/爸爸/ 家庭 6.我的梦想
7.我最喜欢的季节
8.我最喜欢的运动/食物
Step 5 Consolidation Step 6 Homework Diary March 12th Thursday
sunny
Today was Chinese Tree Planting Day.We went to the Yuntai Garden to plant trees.My friends were very excited.First we dug some holes.And our parents put the young trees into the holes and filled the holes with earth.Then some of the children carried water, and the others watered the trees.We were very happy today.All of us hoped the trees will grow well.Next year, we will plant trees again!
Today was Sunday.It was sunny and hot.So I went to the swimming pool to swim.I like swimming very much.I swim very fast.I was very happy.Suddenly I saw a little boy fell into the water and he can’t swim.And he was crying.He said “HELP!”I swam to him them I swam back with him.His parents were surprised and excited.They said to me “Thank you very much!You are a good child!”
Liu Bin ‘s new bedroom and the old one
The new bedroom is bigger than the old bedroom.The new bedroom is brighter than the old bedroom.The new bedroom has a sofa ,but the old bedroom didn’t have.There is a picture on the wall in the new bedroom and there is a bookshelf in the new bedroom.And the new room is tidier than the old one.2010 Asian Games will be held in Guangzhou.I hope I can be a volunteer in the Asian Games.I think many people will come to Guangzhou.And I hope they can be happy in Guangzhou.I hope Chinese athletes will win many medals and gold medals.I hope Guangzhou can become more beautiful and modern than before.I will be very happy!
I hope I have a bike.I hope I can ride it where I like.I wish I could fly.I wish I could fly high in the sky.The Crown Drink the Water It’s a hot day.A crown was very thirsty.He saw a bottle.There was some water in it.But he cannot drink the water, because the bottle’s neck was very long.“How can I drink the water?” he thought and thought and the he had an idea.He found some stones and put them into the bottle.He flew many times and put many stones into the bottle.Slowly the water came higher and higher.Finally, the water was as high as the bottle.So the crown drank all the water.He was very happy.He thought it was a very good idea.And he told all his friends about it.Turtle And Rabbit One day, a turtle and a rabbit wanted to hold a race.They began to run for the big tree on the hill.Rabbit ran very fast.It thought: Turtle runs too slowly, I can sleep for a few minutes.It doesn’t matter.So rabbit slept under a tree by the road.The turtle ran very hard.When the rabbit woke up, the turtle was under the big tree on the hill!It became the winner!Rabbit was very angry when it saw that, it thought: I won’t sleep in the race any more!课后巩固 巩固复习及作业____________________;
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