第一篇:考研英语语法难点精析
无忧考网www.xiexiebang.come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天,新(男)老师将来较你德语。
【语法难点精析之besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的区别】
(1)besides与except 前者表示"除...以外,还有...";后者表示"从整体中除去..." 这个大家都知道,就不举例子了.
(2)except与except for a.除去的和非除去的是同类事物,用except eg:
All the essays are well written except Nelson's.Nelson的文章(除去的)和All the essays(非除去的)是同类事物,所以用except. b.除去的和非除去的不是同类事物,用except for,并且从语气上通常表示遗憾.
无忧考网www.xiexiebang.com here every day,always excepting the youngest.(5)but与except同义,但but多用在every,any,no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything,anywhere,nobody等词以后及all,none之后 eg:
The children go to school everyday but Sunday.They are all gone but me.You can get the book anywhere but here.There is no one but me.Who but George would do such a thing? 【语法难点之too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】(连载中)【too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】
我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为“太...以致于不能” eg:He is too old to work.无忧考网www.51Test.net 但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义: ⑴当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时.eg:English is not too difficult to learn.英语并不太难学.He is too wise not to see that.他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.⑵当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容词或副词时.eg:They are too anxious to leave.他们急于离开.He is too ready to help others.他总是乐于助人.与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义.eg:I'm only too glad to see you.见到你非常高兴.They are but too pleased to hear the news.他们听到这个消息,非常高兴.⑶与cannot连用时.eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough)to do your homework.你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).⑷当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时.eg:There are too many problems to be solved.有很多问题有待解决.It is too much to say that he is a fool.【语法难点精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】
无忧考网www.51Test.net ⑴"every other+单数名词” 意思是“每隔一。。”
如:every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵树
⑵“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词” 意思是“每隔。。”(较英语数词少一个)
如:every three days=every third day 每隔两天(或者译为每三天)因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天(或者译为每两天)
⑶“every few+复数名词” 意思是“每隔几。。”
如:every few days(每隔几天)
【语法难点精析之alive、live、living和lively的用法】
⑴ lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思,可以指人或物,可作定语或标语;但它没有“活着的”意思,而其他三个都有。如:
Young children are usually lively.小孩子们通常是活泼的。He told a very lively story.他讲了一个生动的故事。
⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思,与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语,且一般用于动物;alive、living不仅可作定语(alive只能置于名词后;living一般置于名词前,也可置于名词后),也可以作表语。如:
This is a live(=living)fish.(=This is a fish alive.)这是一条活鱼。(指动物,且作定语时,三者均可用)Who's the greatest man alive(=living man)? 谁是当今最伟大的人物?(指人,不能用live)The fish is still alive(=living)那条鱼还活着。(指动物作表语时不能用live)。
无忧考网www.51Test.net ⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的,而alive指本来有死的可能,但仍活着的。而且,作主语补足语或宾语补足语时,只能用alive;作比喻义(如“活像。。”、“活生生的”等)解时,要用living。如:
The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主语补足语,不用living)那位敌方军官被活捉了。
We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语,不用living)He is the living image of his father.(比喻义,不用alive)他活象他父亲。
第二篇:高中英语语法难点总结
定语从句
关系词先行词从句成分例句
Who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
Whom人宾语The man(whom)she loved came back safe and sound.提拉米苏 Whose人,物定语I like those books whose topics are about action老外 That人,物主语,宾语a cup is a cookie that can eat
She is an elegant women(that)I want to see
Which物主语,宾语the book(which)I gave you was worth 10yuan
The picture which was about the landscape is fantastic As人,物主语,宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us
This is the same purse as I lost yesterday
The garden where followers are in full bloom makes us encounter
The reason why he is attractive is his humor
Tomorrow when he will come to my party is my honor
Where=at, in whichwhy=for whichwhen= at,in,on which
Jack studied in a village school,____ is named after his grandfather
I walked in the garden,______ Tom and Tim were trying a big sign onto one of the trees 从句完成选关副,主干缺失关代补
状语从句
时间,条件,方式,让步,原因,目的,结果,比较
时间状从
When从句短暂、延续动词都可 as, while 只延续
When I lived in xin zhuang, I had a cozy life
When we looked at her, she gave us a bright smile
When 主从句动作可同时发生,也可先后发生as, while只能同时
When I eat up my apple, I will buy some.When I arrived at the market, all the apples have been sold out
主从句动作同时发生,从句为延续v,三者都可
When, as, while I was dreaming that I win lottery in five million, the alarm rang
Although不倒 though 倒不倒都可 As倒
Child as he is, he knows a lot
原因状从
语气 because since as 渐弱
Since everybody is here, let’s begin our class 既然
As it was getting dark, we soon turned back
名词性从句
that的用法
主,表,同位that不省去 宾从一般可以省
That we have a new chairman is known to us all
Whether和if
主,表,同位都只用whether,在引导宾从的时候可以互换,但做介词的宾语只能用whether It all depends on whether we can insist on it
疑问词+ever(名从,让步状从都可)no matter+疑问词只能让步状从
Whoever breaks the law must be punished
Whoever breaks the law, he must be punished可用no matter who
同位从和定从的区别
They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again同位从不做成分
The hope(that)she expressed is that they would come to visit china again
常见句式的固定时态
No sooner…than,hardly scarcely rarely…when刚。。就
No sooner had I left school than it began to rain
It is was has been+一段时间+since自从。以来有多长时间了is has,did ;was,had done It is has been 10years since we met last
It will be+一段时间+before从句dodoes 表将来要过多久才
It will be three weeks before we have the concert
主句+by the time+从句had done,didwill have done,do
By the time we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off
To do 有副词名词形容词作用,可做主、宾、定、表、状、宾补
Doing 有副词形容词作用,可做定、表、宾补、状
动名词 相当于名词,可做主、宾、定、表
to do 和动名词 作主语
smoking is prohibited here.抽象的泛指的to read the Bible everyday makes her mind full of peace
to do 和分词作定语
the man named jack is in favor of the flowers growing on his yard
to do(目的)和分词作状语
not knowing what to do, he sat there hopelessly(泰囧)
faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan
To do(具体的将来的),动名词(抽象泛指), 分词(感到。)作表语 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future
Our work is serving the people heart and soul
Encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged 感到鼓舞的To do 分词作宾补 to do/doing 主动 done被动
I saw him(to)fall off his bike and break his leg(动作的过程)
I saw him falling off his bike(进行)
I find the bike repaired
情态动词和虚拟语气
Shall用于一三人称表示征求对方意见,二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁 Shall I dance with you, beauty?
No, you shall not.Can/could/may/might have done对过去进行推测
Must have done一定、确定
Should have done 本应该做却没做need have done 本必要做却没做 If条件句的虚拟
If there were no music,the world would be very dull
错综虚拟句 if you’d taken my advice, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.倒装 were I you, I would marry a girl like me
Had it not been for the free ticket, I wouldn’t have gone to see the film so often Should it rain, the crops would be saved.宾从中
Demand, suggest, order, insist 后接(should)do
He suggested that we not change our mind
Wish did(现)had done(过)should/would do(将)
I wish I could be a pop singer
倒装
完全倒装
Here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away 等副词开头的句子表示强调 Out rushed the children
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首时
Under the tree lied a handsome guy
部分倒装
Never/hardly/scarcely/seldom/little/not until 等否定意义的副词放在句首 Hardly did I know what had happened(地震)
Only和修饰的状语放于句首时
Only then did he realized the importance of English(学生出国)
Not only…but also 前倒后不倒
Not only did I knew Japanese, but also I’m expert at it
So that, such that 中so 和such 及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday recently
独立主格结构
Everything taken into consideration your work is well done
名代+to do(将来)
Lots of work to be done, I have to work extra hours
名代+现在分词(主动)
They run up to me, their hair flying in the wind
名代+过去分词(被动)
He stood there, his hands raised(电影举起手来)
With+复合宾语
With many goals we need to achieve, we should spare no effortHe soon fell asleep with the light still burning
He sat there with his eyes fixed upon the ceiling
第三篇:英语语法疑点难点总结
英语语法疑点难点总结
(七年级上半期)
一、have和has的区别及用法:
都表示“有”
用于主语是非第三人称单数,如: we/ they/ you / I 等如: I have a pen; have前面一般是第一、二人称或者是复数,例如:We,I,You,Mary and John,Parents,Books;
用在主语是第三人称单数时, 如 she/ he / it如;My mother has been to the Great Wall three times;has则是相反的,一般是第三人称或者单数,例如:A monkey,The girl~~这是最基础的不同点~~
二、their和they them的区别及用法 是所有格(物主代词)意思是:他们的 通常作为主语 意思是: 他们是宾语 跟在动词后面 意思是:他们
三、可数名词的单复数规则
可数名词都有单数和复数之分。
A: 规则的可数名词的复数变化规则:
1.一般情况加 s : book--books mouth---mouths house---houses girl---girls
2.以 s、sh、ch、x结尾的加 es : class---classes box----boxes match----matches
3.辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 i加es: city---cities
country----countries party----parties factory----factories
4.以 o 结尾的词 +es的只有以下词 :heroes Negroes tomatoes potatoes zeroes/zeros以 o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母 +s radios, zoos, bamboos ,(pianos ,kilos photos)5.以f,fe 结尾的 变f或fe为v +es :thief wife life knife wolf half leaf shelfThe thief’s wife killed three wolves with some leaves and knives in half of her life.四、可数名词与不可数名词
普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体,如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物,如people, family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质,如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。
二、关于可数名词
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:
1.一般的名词词尾直接加-s。如:
book → books room → rooms
house → houses day → days
2.以s, ss, ch, sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es。如:bus → buses glass → glasses
watch → watches
dish → dishes box → boxes
3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如:city → cities body → bodies
factory → factories等等。
4.以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如:half → halves leaf → leaves
knife → knives wife → wives
5.特例 [悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。]
① child → children
② man → men woman → women
policeman → policemen
(规律:man → men)
③ tomato → tomatoes
potato → potatoes
[悄悄话: 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,其余的当然加-s喽!如:photo → photos ]
④ foot → feet tooth → teeth
[悄悄话: oo变成ee。]
⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形 [悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。]
⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数; people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。
三、关于不可数名词
1.不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
如:The food is very fresh.食品很新鲜。
2.有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义往往发生变化。
如:water(水)→ waters(水域)
orange(橘汁)→ oranges(橘子)
3.很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数,表示种类时就可数,但意义大多不发生变化。
如:fruit → fruits food → foods
fish → fishes hair → hairs
四、名词可数不可数“六注意”
1、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如:desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:some bread,a little milk等。
2、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an),表示特
指时,前面要用定冠词the;而不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰,表示特指时,前面一定要用定冠词the。如:
He is a factory worker.他是一名工人。
No one can see air.没有人能看见空气。
3、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰,表示“一些,许多”。如:
There are some oranges on the desk.桌子上有一些桔子。There is a lot of water in the bottle.瓶里有许多水。
4、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:two apples, four books等。不可数名词前通常用“单位词+of”来表示数量。如: a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。
5、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如:
This picture is very beautiful.这幅画很美。
不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数“单位词”时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
There are two cups of tea on the table.桌上有两杯茶。
6、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many;对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。如:
How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果?How much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水?
注意:对不可数名词前的“单位词”的修饰语提问时,疑问词用how
many。如:
How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包?
第四篇:2013考研英语语法指导
中学英语语法网络图 一.名词 I.名词的种类: 专有名词 普通名词
国名.地名.人名,团体.机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词
个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II.名词的数:
1.规则名词的复数形式:
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 例词 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2.不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下: 规则 例词 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III.名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成:
单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法:
1 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 目录: 第01章 名词性从句
第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第03章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 第04章 主谓一致 第05章
动词不定式 第06章
倒装结构
第07章
定语从句 第08章
被动语态 第09章 祈使句 第10章 感叹句 第11章 疑问句 第12章 名词
第一章 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一. 主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如:
a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。
c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型)
d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型)
2.用it 作形式主语的结构(1)It is + 名词 + 从句
It is a fact that „
事实是„
It is an honor that
„非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that
„是常识(2)It is + 形容词 + 从句
It is natural that„
很自然„
It is strange that„
奇怪的是„(3)It is + 不及物动词 + 从句
It seems that„
似乎„
It happened that„
碰巧„
It appears that„
似乎„(4)It + 过去分词 + 从句
It is reported that„
据报道„
It has been proved that„
已证实„
It is said that„
据说„
3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况:
(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2)It is said /reported„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.错误表达:That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(3)It happens/occurs„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.错误表达:That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether „结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.错误表达:Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达:Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如:
a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation
二.宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。
1.作动词的宾语
(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如:
I heard that be joined the army.我听说他参军了。
(2)由what, whether(if)引导的宾语从句,例如:
a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道发生了什么。
b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。
(3)动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如:
She told me that she would accept my invitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。
2.作介词的宾语,例如:
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。
3.作形容词的宾语,例如:
I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意:that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4.it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如:
We heard it that she would get married next month.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。
5.后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如:
正确表达:I admire their winning the match.错误表达:I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如:
正确表达:He impressed the manager as an honest man.错误表达:He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:
I don’t think this dress fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
三.表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有the reason is that„ 和It is because 等结构。例如: 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1.同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:
1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。
(2)定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如: 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)
高一英语名词性从句专项练习
1.____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____
A.did the quarrel came about
B.the quarrel had come about
C.had the quarrel come about
D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything
D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there
B.in which
C.where
D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone
B.where did he go C.which place has he gone
D.where has he gone
7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that
B.which
C.of which
D.of that
8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave
B.that;should leave
C./;must leave
D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that
B.It;that
C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that
B.which
C.whether
D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?
A.that B.what C.why
D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If
D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while
B.if
C.that D.for
14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether
B.This
C.who
D.If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That
C.Whether
D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That
C.Who
D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that
C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What
B.It
C.All that
D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed
B.think
C.say
D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What
B.That
C.How
D.Where
Keys:
1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA
第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解
“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配,是高中英语语法的重点、难点,又是近几年高考的热点,因此应给予充分的重视,现将it用法归纳如下:
一、It用作实词
表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物,前文中的this, that;替代前文中的内容;指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人;指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事;指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象„„
二、It用作形式主语
替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词,而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式主语的常见句型:
1.代作主语的动词不定式,其句型为
(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词:easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…
例
It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词:kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例
It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型
It's no good/use doing…
It's(well)worth doing…
It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…
It's(well)worth while doing/ to do
例
It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型
(1)It is + noun +从句
例
It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause
It's surprising that„(should)„„„竟然„„
It's a pity/shame that„(should)„„„竟然„„
例
It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)
(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause
It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze
/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…
例
It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)
(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do
(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)
例
It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)
(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do
(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know)
例
It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)
(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…
(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend
例
It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主语的句型
1.It takes sb.„ to do„(=sb takes„to do„)某人用多长时间做某事
例
It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)
2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do„(不)像某人做某事的风格
例
It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that„ should /v-ed„是该做某事的时候了
例
It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)„ have v-ed„第几次做某事了
例
It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been„ since „continuous v-ed(延续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了
例
It's 10 years that he lived here
6.It was(not)„ before„过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了
例
It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式宾语
用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词,而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式宾语的常见句型:
1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…
verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…
(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)
例
The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…
owe it to sb.that„把„归功于„
leave it to sb that„把„留给某人去做
take it for granted that „想当然
keep it in mind that…
例
Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面,尤其是表示好恶的动词后,enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后
例
I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面,宾语从句紧跟it之后(except that例外)
例
I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、强调句型
It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)„ 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点:
1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句
例
When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity?
2.在强调原因状语从句时,只能强调由because所引导的从句
例
It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在强调not „ until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上
例
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别
例
It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(强调句型)
It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)
六、It 常用的固定搭配
1.make it
(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示:成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达
例
It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”
例
—Shall we meet next week?
—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is
(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上,实际情况是„„”
例
We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相当于方式状语从句,表示“照原样”
例
Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说,可以说,换句话说”
例
He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for„/if it hadn't been for„用来引导虚拟语气,相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是„„,要不是„„”
例
If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it
(1).相当于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此为止,没有别的了”
例
You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”
例
— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That's it.6.catch it 在口语中,相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做错事而挨骂,受责备,受批评,受惩罚”
例
We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it
(1).相当于say, insist表示“说,主张,表明,硬说”
例
Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解,知道,获悉”
例
I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口语中,相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”
例
You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做,不放弃”
例
My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞
12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)
13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)
14.As it happened, „ 在口语中,相当于it's a pity that„, 表示“真不凑巧,真遗憾”
例
As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,„在口语中,相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”
例
As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口语中,相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例
You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相当于Don't worry or don't hurry.用来劝告别人,表示“不要慌,别担心,存住气”
例
Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口语中,相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话,我敢担保”
例
You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth„在口语中,相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何”
例
Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口语中,相当于useful, 表示“有好处,值得做”
例
Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例
Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放弃
例
That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口语中,相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况,还没有定下来”
例
—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?
—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口语中,相当于it's decided by sb.表示“由„„决定,由„„负责,取决于„„”
例
—Shall we go out for dinner?
—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练
1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that
B.while
C.in which
D.then(88)
2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this
B.that
C.it
D.he(89)
3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this
B.that
C.its
D.it(91)
4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that
B.until , that
C.until , that
D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that
B.this
C.one
D.it(93)
7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while
B.which
C.that
D.since(94)
8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There
B.This
C.That
D.It(95)
9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until
B.that
C.then
D.so(97)
10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it
B.that
C.these
D.them(98)
11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one
B.that
C.what
D.it(2000)
12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this
B.that C.it
D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?
—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全国卷)A.this B.These
C.That
D.it
14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全国卷)A.it
B.One
C.Himself
D.another
15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)
A.This is B.There is C.That is
D.It is
16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)
A.It
B.As
C.That
D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea
B.It depends
C.As usual
D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out
B.turn out
C.go on
D.come up
19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends
B.It's up to you
C.All right
D.Glad to hear that
20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went
D.until midnight when he didn't go
KEYS:
1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA
11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC
第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象
在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下:
一、并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如:
a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。
d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主从复合句中的省略
1.状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句;由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句;由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句;由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则:
1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:(1)连词(as, as if , once)+ 名词;(2)连词(though, whether , when)+形容词;(3)连词(whether, as if ,while)+介词短语;(4)连词(when , while , though)+ 现在分词;(5)连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 过去分词;(6)连词(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如:
a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.庞龙曾经是个工 人,现在变成一位著名的歌手。
b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。
c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时,感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。
f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。注意:
1)当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略,如: Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
2)当从句的主语是 it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如:
Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。
2.定语从句中的省略
1)一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略;如:
Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?(2002上海春季)
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较:
Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。
2)在口语和非正式用语中,关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替,甚至还可省略。如:
a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。
b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?
3)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时,从句不能用 how 来引导,应该用that 或 in which,或将它们全部省略。如:
I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。
3.宾语从句中的省略
1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that 一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略。如:
a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。
b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过,而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。2)由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略。如:
a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。
4.在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”,should可以省略。如:
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。
5.主句省略多用于句首。如:
(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
6.在答语中,主句可全部省略。如: —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你为什么没有上学? —因为我妈妈病了。
三、简单句中的省略
1.省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如:
(You)Open the door, please.请开一下门。
2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如:
a)(I)Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。
b)(It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。
2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如:
a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽烟
b)(Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ?
c)(You come)This way please.请这边走。
d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ?
3.省略宾语 如:
—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你认识李先生吗?— I don’t know(him.)我不认识他 4.省略表语 如:
—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗? Yes , I am(thirsty).是的,我是。5.同时省略几个成分 如:
a)—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ?—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。
b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好运/祝你顺利。
四、动词不定式省略,只保留to 的场合1.不定式作某些动词的宾语时,这些动词常见的有:love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如:
a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做,但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。(2000上海春)
b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做,你可以这么做。
2.不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,这些动词常见的有:ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 :
a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车,但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)
b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想来,可是她父母不让。
3.不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见的形容词有:happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如:
— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?
— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差,你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?—没关系,我很愿意。
4.不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如:
He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼,但过去喜欢。
五、动词不定式to 的省略
1.主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时,作表语的不定式通常省去to。如:
The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
2.作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语,前面又有实意动词 do时,不定式通常省去to.如:
He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外,什么也没有做。
3.主语部分暗含to do,表语中的不定式通常省去to。如:
All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要(做)的就是上学,努力学习。
4.当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可以省略,但有对比关系时不可省略。如:
It is easier to say than to do.说起来容易,做起来难。
5.在would rather„than„ 等结构中,不定式符号常常要省略.如:
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
6.在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;why(not)do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。如:
a)I saw her enter the room.我看见她进入了房间
b)Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?
六.其他一些省略结构
1.名词所有格修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:
We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。
2.What和 how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如:
a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀!
b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
第四章 主谓一致
主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement),指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.(一)语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项: 1.单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.如: Air as well as water is matter.空气和水都是物质.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。
2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数.如:
The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
3.不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.如: Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
4.用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。
5.each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如: Each of us has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说。
6.若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数.如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late.不只一个学生迟到
More persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。
7.none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如: None of us are(is)perfect.人无完人。
None of this worries me.这事一点不使我着急。
8.名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数.如: His clothes are good.但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。
9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics;国名如: the United States;报纸名如: the New Times;书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>;以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
10.“a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数.如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.参观了一两个地点。
(二)内容一致原则:
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行车,今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2.不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3.加减乘除用单数.如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15减去5等于10。
4.表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一个相当的距离。
5.(1)通常作复数的集体名词.包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:
The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委员会决定解雇他。
6.the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原则
1.由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中,(有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢? 2.用连词or, either....or, neither„.nor, not only„.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如:
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如: Mary is one of those people who keep pets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。
The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词应为单数。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。
主谓一致练习
1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is
B.are/are
C.is/are
D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years
B.are/year old
C.is/years old
D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play
B.are playing
C.plays
D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are
B.has
C.have
D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are
B.is
C.were
D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is
B.are
C.was
D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking
B.is speaking
C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his
B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's
D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are
B.is stayed
C.is
D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left
D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands
B.standing
C.which stands
D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will
B.was
C.is
D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are
B.I am
C.as I am
D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are
B.is
C.were
D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?
--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you
B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you
D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed
B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed
D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is
B.they are
C.this
D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting
B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting
D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were
B.were eaten/was
C.were eaten/were
D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her
B.is hers
C.are hers
D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have
B.are said to have
C.is said to be
D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves
B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf
D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows
B.cows cattle C.cattle cows
D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree
B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes
D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive
B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher
B.fathers are teachers
C.father are teachers
D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred
B.are occurred
C.occurs
D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or
B.The offices and
C.Both the office and
D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is
B.was
C.are
D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of
B.A great many
C.A large number of
D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out
B.are sold out
C.was sold out
D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has
B.have
C.is
D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is
B.are, are
C.are is
D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is
B.was
C.are
D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying
B.have studied
C.studies
D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are
B.is
C.will
D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been
C.All has
D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are
B.is C.has
D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching
B.were searching for
C.are searching
D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it
B.are it
C.are them
D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years
B.are years
C.is year
D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are
B.have
C.has
D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book
A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are
C.Two yuans is
D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen
B.is seen
C.see
D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting
B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted
D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room
B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room
D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is
B.are
C.have
D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something
B.has something
C.had something
D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is
B.are
C.are going
D.have
53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has
B.are have
C.is have
D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish
B.wishes
C.hope
D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work
B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles
D.Three quarter of the business
答案:
1-5 BDDDB
6-10 ABACD
11-15 ACDAB
16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA
26-30CBACA
31-35 CCADC
36-40CBCAD
41-45 BBCBD
46-50 DBDDB
51-55 BAABB
第五章
动词不定式不定式作宾语 1)动词+ 不定式
afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake
The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3)动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意
疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。如:The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2.不定式作补语
1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn
a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例题
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead.A.lying
B.lie
C.lay
D.laying
答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing
C.to have invented
D.having invented
答案:A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。3)to be +形容词
seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4)there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意
有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
3.不定式作主语
1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做这事太容易了。
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
2)It's very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们,他真好。
kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
注意
1)其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型 2)不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is„ to„的句型(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等:
It's very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It's very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法
用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)
4.不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如: My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如: I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作状语 1)目的状语
To„ only to(仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)„ as to„(如此„„以便„„)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因
I'm glad to see you.典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit
B.sit on
C.be seat
D.be sat on 答案:B.如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。
用作介词的to to 有两种用法:一为不定式+动词原形; 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种,即to+ 名词/动名词:admit to承认,confess to承认,be accustomed to习惯于,be used to习惯于,stick to 坚持,turn to开始,着手于,devote oneself to 献身于,be devoted to 致力于,look forward to 盼望,pay attention to
注意 省to 的动词不定式
1)情态动词(除ought 外,ought to): 2)使役动词 let, have, make:
3)感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。
注意
在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather,had better: 5)Why„ / why not„:
6)help 可带to,也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth:
7)but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去: 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be:He is supposed(to be)nice.他应该是个好人。举例:He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比较:He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例题
1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A.to try going
B.trying to go
C.to try and go
D.try going
答案:D.why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn
B.to learn
C.learned
D.learning
答案:B.make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。
动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window„
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
典型例题
1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not
B.not to shut
C.to not shut
D.not shut
答案:B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see
B.not seeing
C.to not see
D.having not seen
答案:A。pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive
B.to never driver C.never driving
D.never drive
答案:A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth.此处用的是否定词never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____.A.not to
B.not to do
C.not do it
D.do not to
答案:A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等,否则不对,因此B,D不对。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no
B.eating not
C.not to eat D.not eating 答案:C。warn一词要求后用不定式,此处为不定式的被动,否定形式为be warned not to do。
不定式的特殊句型too„to„ 1)too„to
太„以至于„
He is too excited to speak.他太激动了,说不出话来。----Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为“不太”。
It's never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。
3)当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常„ 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。
不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。
不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:“为什么不„„?” “干吗不„„?” 例如:Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
不定式的时态和语态
时态语态
主动
被动
一般式
to do to be done
进行式
to be doing
完成式
to have done to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
1)现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再见到你。2)完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)进行时: 表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成进行时:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.动名词与不定式
1)动名词与不定式的区别:
动名词表达的是: 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的 不定式表达的是: 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的 2)接不定式或动名词,意义相同。
3)动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组:
stop to do stop doing
forget to do forget doing
remember to do remember doing
cease to do cease doing
try to do try doing
go on to do go on doing
afraid to do
afraid doing
interested to do interested doing
mean to do mean doing
regret to do regret doing
begin/start to do begin/start doing
特殊词精讲 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来,抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting
C.to rest D.rest 答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择“stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stop doing sth.不正确。stop doing/to do
forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。
(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)
典型例题
----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off
B.turn it off
C.to turn it off
D.having turned it off 答案:C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了,而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事
(未做)remember doing 记得做过某事
(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
regret doing/to do regret to do
对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing
对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do
B.to be doing
C.to have done
D.having done 答案:D。regret having done sth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔,因此选D。
cease doing/to do cease to do
长时间,甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing
短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。
try doing/to do try to do
努力,企图做某事。try doing
试验,试着做某事。
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。
go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。go on doing
继续做原来做的事。
After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.做完数学后,他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习
be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为“怕”;
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的,意为“生怕,恐怕”。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着,而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
be interested doing/to do interested to do
对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事。
interested in doing
对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?
(一种想法)
mean to doing/to do mean to do
打算、想 mean doing 意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴? 2)begin, start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我开始生起气来。
3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时,常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我开始明白真相。4)物作主语时 It began to melt.感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do
表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow
B.grew
C.was growing
D.to grow 答案:A.因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing
B.to be playing
C.play
D.to play 答案:A.本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用see sb.doing sth句型。
第六章 倒装结构
一 全部倒装
全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:
1.here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如:
1)There goes the bell.铃声渐渐消失了。
2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就来了
3)Here is your letter.这是你的信。
2.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。例如:
1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。
2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如:
1)Here he comes.他来了。
2)Away they went.他们走了。
二 部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until„ 等。例如:
1)Never have I seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。
2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。
3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
注意:当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如:
1)I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。
2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
2.带有否定意义的词放在句首,语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有: not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly „ when , no sooner „than „等。例如:
1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不仅拒收了礼品,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。
3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她刚要走时一个学生来看她。
注意:只有当Not only„ but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only„ but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。例如:
Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜欢音乐。
3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首时,句子作部分倒装。例如:
1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能说法语,我也能。
2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去,我也不去。
注意: 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。例如:
1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom让我去踢足球,我去了。
2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的确很大。
4.only放在句首,强调状语(副词,介词短语或状语从句等),全句语序要部分倒装。例如:
Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被请了三次才来开会。
注意:如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。
三 as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。此时应注意:1)句首名词不能带任何冠词;2)句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如:
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作,但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。
注意: 让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
四 其他部分倒装
1.so„ that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。例如:
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得动都不敢动。
2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中,例如:
May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。
3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。例如:
Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你,我就再试一次。
第七章 定语从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词有:when, where, why, how。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。、关系代词引导的定语从句
1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2)whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:
Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作宾语)
关系代词that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法区别:
不用that的情况:
a)在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行词为those, people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时,后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时,只用that。He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。
The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行词既有人,又有物时。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时,用that 以避免重复。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)关系代词在从句中做表语
He is not the man that he used to be.、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?
I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意:
①在非限制性定语从句中,“介词+ which”结构不能代替关系副词。
如:They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开,介词仍放在动词后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?
3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法区别:
(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same„ as;such„as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和„„一样„„。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定语从句语法专项练习习题精选
用适当的关系词填空:
1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________
we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(认出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:
1.when
2.when 3.which
4.that/which
5.that 6.where
7.that/which 8.where 9.which
10.where 11.where
12.which 13.when
14.that
15.that
16.that
17.(that)
18.which
19.(that/in which)
20.that 21.that that
23.whose
24.of which
25.whose 26.whom
27.when
28.that
29.that
30.where
第八章 被动语态
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。例如:
English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式,是词法概念;而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构,从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如:
He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)
The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时:am/is/are+taught
一般过去时:was/were+taught
一般将来时:will/shall be+taught
现在进行时:am/is/are being+taught
过去进行时:have/has been+taught
现在完成时:have/has been+taught
记忆歌诀:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。
注意:区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构
be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态,有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态,be是助动词,be后面的过去分词是主要动词,动作的对象是主语;当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构,be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词。其区分办法如下: 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否则为系表结构。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构)The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被动语态)如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态。如:The magazine is published in Shanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。(被动语态)The door is locked.门锁着。(系表结构)The door has already/just been locked.门已经/刚刚被锁上。(被动语态)The shop is opened.这家商店开门了。(系表结构)The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。(被动语态)被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,还可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
三、被动语态的用法 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如:
1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
2)This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。例如:
1)This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。
记忆歌诀:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词),根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主
动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如:
1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.记忆歌诀:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
记忆歌诀:情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”,原来带to要保留。例如:
1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once
第9讲祈使句
一.祈使句的句式特征
祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此,祈使句中一般没有主语,但根据其句意,实际上是省略了主语you。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号,朗读时,常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时,在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please,以使句, 子的语气更加缓和, 或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化,也不能与情态动词连用。例如:
Keep off the grass!勿踩草地!
Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。
二.祈使句的肯定句式
祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型: 1.行为动词原形+其他成分。例如:
Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。
2.Be动词+其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。例如:
Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。
3.Let, +宾语+动词原, 形+, 其他, 成分,。例如:
Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧。
三.祈使句的否定句式
祈使句的否定句式,通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never,一般分为以下四种类型:
1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t,构成“Don’t+行为动词原形+其他成分”。例如:
Don’t say that again!别再那样说了!
2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t,构成“Don’t be+其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)”。例如:Don’t be careless.不要粗心。
注意:在这种句型中be不能省略;否定副词not不可置于be之后。
3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种:(1)Let开头的祈使句,如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格,可在Let前加Don’t,也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加not。(2)如果以Let’s开头的祈使句,必须在Let’s后加not。例如:
Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.=Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。
Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.无论什么时候我们碰到她,都不要告诉她真相。
4.在公共场合的提示语中,否定祈使句常用“No+名词/V-ing形式”结构,表示“禁止做某事”。例如:
NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照!
四.祈使句的反意问句 祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种形式:
1.祈使句为肯定句式,其反意疑问句表示请求时,通常用will you;表示邀请、劝说时,用won’t you。例如:
Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要给我们写信,好吗?
Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?
今晚来和我们一起吃饭,好吗?
2.祈使句为否定句式,其反意疑问句通常只用will you。例如:
Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?
不要在会议室抽烟,好吗?
3.Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时,除Let’s用shall we外,其他均用will you。例如:
Let the boy go first, will you?让个那男孩先走,好吗?
Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?
晚饭后我们去散步,好吗?
五.祈使句的回答
祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作,所以回答祈使句时,一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时,要注意两点:一是“形式一致”,即Yes与will保持一致;No与won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”,即Yes是“不”的意思;No是“是”的意思。在回答时,要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。例如:
---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。
----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行,我得去机场接我弟弟。
六.祈使句与陈述句的并列使用
祈使句后接陈述句时,须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时,要用并列连词and来连接;如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时,要用并列连词or来连接。例如:
Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留给我吧,我想想有没有办法。
Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快点,否则我们要迟到了。
七.祈使句与条件状语从句的连用
祈使句与条件状语从句连用时,条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如:
Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天来这儿的话,叫他给我来个电话。
八.祈使句的强调形式
祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do(Do在句中无意义)。例如:
Do shut up!快住口!
九.特殊形式的祈使句
在英语中,有些祈使句不是以动词原形来引起一个祈使句,而是以一个名词短语来充当,且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上,这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如:
More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.=If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你给那些小树多浇点水,他们就不会死了。
十.运用祈使句的误区
祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。在平时的练习或测试中,如果稍不留神,就会出错。因此,要认真审题,认真分析句子结构,并根据上下文语境,作出正确判断。例如:
___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check
C.If you checkD.To check
析:如果空白处选填B(Check)项,则视为祈使句,但后一分句前没有并列连接词and连接;如选A或D项(分词或不定式),句中逻辑主语some spelling mistakes又不能执行这个动作,故均不符合句子结构。因此,只有C项(条件状语从句)符合句子结构及句意。
第十章感叹句。
感叹句:一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用“what”和“how”引导,“what”和“how”与所修饰的词置于句首,其它部分用陈述句语序。
感叹词 修饰对象 感叹部分 主语 谓语+其他!
How(副词)修饰形容词 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!
修饰副词 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修饰动词 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!
What(形容词)修饰单数可数名词 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!
修饰复数可数名词 What nice girls They Were!修饰不可数名词 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!
感叹句的特殊形式
感叹句还可由陈述句、疑问句、祈使句,甚至一个词组及单词构成。例如: There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!
The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!
第十一章疑问句
疑问句(Interrogative Sentence):
定义:表达疑问(亦即发问)或请求的句子叫做疑问句。例:
Is he a friend of your brother's?
(他是你哥哥的朋友吗?——发问)
Can you do this for me?
(你能替我做这件事吗?——请求)
疑问句的句末必须使用问号(Question mark)“?”来标示问句的结束。
疑问句:可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和否定疑问句。
种类 特征 语调 举例 回答
一般疑问句 系+主+表+?
助动词+主+动+? 升调 Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答
特殊疑问句 疑问词+系+表+? 疑问词+助+主+动+? 降调 How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答,不用yes或no 选择疑问句 一般问句:系+主+表+„or„?
助+主+动+„or„? Or前升调。Or后降调 Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答问句中一个,不用yes, no 特殊问句:疑问词+系+主+„or„? 第一部分用降调,第二部分or 前升调,or后降调 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 选一个答案,不用yes, no 反意疑问句 陈述部分肯定:陈述,助(系)+not+主? 陈述部分用降调,一问部分用升调 It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定时用yes,否定时用no
陈述部分否定:否定陈述句,助(系)+主+? 如对陈述肯定,可用降调 It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑问句 系+not+主+表?
助+not+主+动+? 表示惊异用升调。赞叹、责难用降调 Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?
第十二章 名词
在英语中,名词用以表示人或事物的名称,是各级各类考试的热点之一,主要测试考生辨析近义词和近形词的能力。名词不但有单复数的变化,而且有普通名词和专有名词之分,还有用法独待的所有格形式。
1.名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法
读音 例词
一般情况
加-s
1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词
加-es 读 /iz/
bus-buses
watch-watches 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读 /iz/
license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词
变y 为i 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
2.名词复数的不规则变化
1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。
如: two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys
holiday---holidays
比较: 层楼:storey---storeys
story---stories
2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a.加s,如: photo---photos
piano---pianos
radio---radios
zoo---zoos;
b.加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c.均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes
3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a.加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes
gulf---gulfs;
b.去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c.均可,如: handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
3.不可数名词数的表示方法 1)物质名词
a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)
b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。
This factory produces steel.(不可数)
We need various steels.(可数)
c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数。
Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。
我国因茶叶而闻名。
2)抽象名词有时也可数。
four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如: a glass of water 一杯水
a piece of advice 一条建议
4.定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有例外。
1)用复数作定语。如:
sports meeting 运动会
students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌
the foreign languages school外语学校
2)man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如:men workers
women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。
如:goods train(货车)
arms produce 武器生产 4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如:two-dozen eggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan.一个五年计划
5.不同国家的人的单复数
名称 总称(谓语用复数)一个人
两个人
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 瑞士人 the Swiss
a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians
an
Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian
two Italians
希腊人
the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人
the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人
the Japanese a Japanese
two Japanese
美国人
the Americans an American two Americans
加拿大人
the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 印度人
the Indians an Indian two Indians
英国人
the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人
the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德国人
the Germans a Germans two Germans
6.名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加“'s”来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1)单数名词词尾加“'s”,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加“'s”,如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加“'”,如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3)凡不能加“'s”的名词,都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the 二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法: 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于every,one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法: 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法: 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.三.代词:
I.代词可以分为以下七大类: 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
第五篇:考研政治历年真题精析
考研政治历年真题精析(2003~2011)
2009年08月13日 11:46 来源:人民网教育 2011年全国研究生考试思想政治理论试题
一、单项选择题:1~16小题,每小题1分,共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1.我国数学家华罗庚在一次报告中以“一支粉笔多长为好”为例来讲解他所倡导的优选法。对此,他解释道:“每只粉笔都要丢掉一段一定短的粉笔头,但就这一点来说,愈长愈好。但太长了,使用起来很不方便,而且容易折断。每断一次,必然浪费一个粉笔头,反而不合适。因而就出现了粉笔多长合适的问题—这就是一个优选问题。”所谓优选问题,从辩证法的角度看。就是要
A. 注重量的积累
B. 保持事物质的稳定性 C. 坚持适度原则
D. 全面考虑事物属性的多样性
2.社会存在是指社会的物质生活条件,它有多方面的内容,其中最能集中体现人类社会物质性的是 A. 社会形态 B. 地理环境 C. 人口因素 D. 生产方式
3.马克思把商品转换成货币称为“商品的惊险的跳跃”,这个跳跃如果不成功,摔坏的不是商品,但一定是商品的占有者。这是因为只有商品变为货币
A. 货币才能转化为资本
B. 价值才能转化为使用价值
C. 抽象劳动才能转化为具体劳动
D. 私人劳动才能转化为社会劳动
4.邓小平指出:“社会主义究竟是个什么样子,苏联高了很多年,也并没有完全搞清楚。可能列宁的思路比较好,搞了个新经济政策,但是后来苏联的模式僵化了。”列宁新经济政策关于社会主义的思维之所以“比较好”是因为
A. 提出了比较系统的社会主义建设纲领
B. 根据俄国的实际情况来探索社会主义建设的道路
C. 为俄国找到了一种比较成熟的社会发展模式
D. 按照马克思主义关于未来社会主义的设想来建设社会主义
5.1927年大革命失败后,党的工作重心开始转向农村,在农村建立革命根据地。农村革命根据地能够在中国长期存在和发展的根本原因是
A. 中国是一个政治、经济、文化发展极不平衡的半殖民地半封建的大国。
B. 良好的群众基础和革命形势的继续向前发展
C. 相当力量正式红军的存在
D. 党的领导及正确的政策
6.社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度,既包括公有制经济,也包括非公有制经济。把非公有制经济纳入社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度中,是因为非公有制经济
A. 是社会主义性质的经济成分
B. 是社会主义经济的重要组成部分
C. 是为社会主义服务的经济成分
D. 在社会主义初级阶段不占主体地位
7.党的十七大通过的党章把“和谐”与“富强、民主、文明”一起作为社会主义现代化建设的目标写入社会主义初级阶段的基本路线。其原因在于社会和谐是
A. 中国特色社会主义的本质属性
B. 中国传统文化的价值取向
C. 社会建设的内在要求
D. 解决收入分配差距的重要途径
8.深化文化体制改革,要坚持公益性文化事业和经营性文化产业协调发展。发展经营性文化产业的根本任务是
A. 繁荣文化市场,满足人民群众多方面、多层次、多样化的文化需求
B. 保障人民群众基本的文化权益
C. 构建覆盖全社会的比较完备的公共文化服务体系
D. 加快文化产业基地和区域性特色文化产业群建设
9.从1840年至1919年的80年间,中国人民对外来侵略进行了英勇顽强的反抗。但历史的反侵略战争,都是以中国失败、中国政府被迫签订丧权辱国的条约而告结束的。从中国内部因素来分析,其根本原因是
A. 军事战略错误
B. 社会制度腐败
C. 经济技术落后
D. 思想观念保守
10.1953年9月,彭德怀在一份报告中说,抗美援朝战争的胜利雄辩地证明:“西方侵略者几百年来只要在东方一个海岸上架起几尊大炮就可霸占一个国家的时代一去不复返了。”这场战争的胜利
A. 结束了西方列强霸权主义的历史
B. 打破了美国军队不可战胜的神话
C. 奠定了民族独立人民解放的基础
D. 赢得了近代以来中华民族反抗对敌入侵的第一次完全胜利
11.社会主义法律在国家和社会生活中的权威和尊严是建设社会主义法治国家的前提条件。法律权威是旧国家和社会管理过程中法律的地位和作用而言的,是指
A. 法的强制性
B. 法的不可违抗性
C. 法的合理性
D. 法的规范性
12.法律的指引作用主要是通过授权性规范、禁止性规范和义务性规范三种形式来实现的。其中义务性规范是告诉人们?
A. 不得或者不准做什么
B. 可以或者有权做什么
C. 应当或者必须做什么
D. 能够或者不能做什么
13.道德的功能是指道德作为社会意识的特殊形式对于社会发展所具有的功效与能力。其中最突出的也是重要的社会功能是
A. 辩护功能
B. 沟通功能
C. 调节功能
D. 激励功能
14.理想作为一种精神现象,是人类社会实践的产物。理想源于现实,又超越现实,在现实中有多种类型。从层次上划分,理想有
A. 个人理想和社会理想
B. 道德理想和政治理想
C. 生活理想和职业理想
D. 崇高理想和一般理想
15.2010年10月1日,“嫦娥二号”卫星在西昌卫星发射中心发射升空并成功“奔月”,实现了我国
A. 深空探测“零的突破”
B. 首次月球软着陆和自动巡视勘测
C. 首次月球样品自动取样返回探测
D. 运载火箭直接将卫星发射至地月转移轨道等多项技术突破
16.2003年3月,美国率其盟友发动了长达7年之久的对伊拉克战争,给伊拉克人民造成了深重灾难。2010年8月19日,美军最后一批作战部队从伊拉克撤离。这表明,美国在多重压力下
A. 调整军事部署
B. 改变先发制人战略
C. 转向本土反恐为主
D. 放弃单边名义
二、多项选择题:17~33题,每小题2分,共34分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,至少有两个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。多选或少选均不得分。
17. 1971年,迪斯尼乐园的路径设计获得了“世界最佳设计”奖,设计师格罗培斯却说,“其实那不是我的设计”。原因是在迪斯尼乐园主体工程完工后,格罗培斯暂停修筑乐园里的道路,并在空地上撒上草种。五个月后,乐园里绿草茵茵,草地上被游客踏出了不少宽窄不一的小路。格罗培斯根据这些行人踏出来的小路铺设了人行道,成了“优雅自然、简捷便利、个性突出”的优秀设计。格罗培斯的设计智慧对我们认识和实践活动的启示是
A. 要从生活实践中获取灵感
B. 要尊重群众的实际需求
C. 不要对自然事物做任何改变
D. 要对事物本来面目做直观反映
18.在资本主义社会里,银行垄断资本和工业垄断资本密切地融合在一起,产生了一种新型的垄断资本,即金融资本。在金融资本形成的基础上,产生了金融寡头。金融寡头操作、控制社会的主要方式有
A. 通过“参与制”实现其在经济领域中的统治
B. 通过同政府的 “个人联合”实现其对国家机器的控制
C. 通过政策咨询机构影响和左右内外政策
D. 通过新闻媒体实现国民思想意识的一元化
19. 2008年由美国次贷危机引发了全球性的经济危机,很多西方人感叹这一次经济危机从根本上仍未超出一百多年前马克思在《资本论》中对资本主义经济危机的理论判断和精辟分析。马克思对资本主义经济危机科学分析的深刻性主要表现为
A. 指明经济危机的实质是生产过剩
B. 揭示造成相对过剩的制度原因是生产资料的资本主义私有制
C. 指出经济危机的深层根源是人性的贪婪
D. 强调政府对经济的干预是摆脱经济危机的根本出路
20. 19世纪中叶,马克思恩格斯把社会主义由空想变为科学,奠定这一飞跃的理论基石是
A. 阶级斗争学说
B. 劳动价值论
C. 唯物史观
D. 剩余价值理论
21.在马克思主义中国化的过程中,产生了毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系,这两大理论成果的一脉相承性主要体现在,二者具有共同的
A. 马克思主义的理论基础
B. 革命和建设的根本任务
C. 实事求是的理论精髓
D. 和平与发展的时代背景
22.社会主义市场经济体制是社会主义基本制度与市场经济的结合。这一结合既体现社会主义的制度特征,又具有市场经济的一般特征。社会主义市场经济体制体现社会主义制度特征的方面主要表现在 A. 在所有制结构上,以公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展
B. 在分配制度上,以按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存
C. 在宏观调控上,以实现最广大劳动人民利益为出发点和归宿
D. 在资源配置上,以市场为手段,发挥市场的基础性作用
23.毛泽东指出:“国家的统一,人民的团结,国内各民族的团结,这是我们的事业必定要胜利的基本保证。”这一思想对于我们在新的历史条件下处理民族关系的现实意义有
A. 民族关系始终是我们这个多民族国家至关重要的政治和社会关系
B. 民族问题始终是建设中国特色社会主义必须认真解决的一个重大问题
C. 巩固和发展各民族的团结关系到国家的统一和边疆巩固
D. 加强和巩固各民族的团结是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必然要求
24.改革、发展、稳定好比现代化建设棋盘上的三着紧密关联的战略性棋子,每一着棋都下好了,相互促进,就会全局皆活;如果有一着下不好,其他两着也会陷入困境,就可能全局受挫。改革开放以来,党在处理改革、发展、稳定关系方面积累的经验和主要原则包括
A. 保持改革、发展、稳定在动态中的相互协调和相互促进
B. 把实现社会稳定作为促进改革、发展的根本出发点
C. 把改革的力度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统一起来
D. 把不断改善人民生活作为处理改革、发展、稳定关系的重要结合点
25.做大分好社会财富这个“蛋糕”始终是我国政府面临的重大任务。做大“蛋糕”是政府的责任,分好“蛋糕”是政府的良知。合理调整收入分配关系,分好社会财富这个“蛋糕”是
A. 实现社会公平的重要体现
B. 解决当前收入分配领域突出问题的需要
C. 实现共同富裕的内在要求
D. 为了使人民共享改革发展的成果
26.辛亥革命是我国近代史上一次比较完全意义上的资产阶级民主革命。这是因为辛亥革命
A. 提出了平均地权,耕者有其田的重要原则
B. 建立了中国近代史上第一个资产阶级政党
C. 制定了比较完整的资产阶级民主革命纲领
D. 结束了封建君主专制制度,建立了资产阶级共和国
27.第二次世界大战期间,明确规定将台湾、澎湖列岛归还中国的有关国际条约是:
A.《德黑兰宣言》
B. 《开罗宣言》
C. 《雅尔塔协定》
D. 《波茨坦公告》
28.延安整风运动是一场非常伟大的思想解放运动。这一运动最主要的任务是反对主观主义。主观主义的主要表现形式为:
A. 教条主义
B. 形式主义
C. 经验主义
D. 宗派主义
29.中国共产党根据马克思列宁主义关于农业社会主义改造的思想,从我国的实际出发,开创了一条有中国特点的农业合作化道路,成功地实现了对个体农业的社会主义改造。其历史经验主要有
A. 国家用先进的技术和装备发展农业经济
B. 遵循自愿互利、典型示范和国家帮助的原则 C. 在土地改革后不失时机地引导个体农民走互助合作道路
D. 采取从互助组到初级社再到高级社的逐步过渡形式
30.刑法的基本原则是指刑法特有的在刑法的立法、解释和适用过程中所必须普遍遵循的具有全局性、根本性的准则。我国刑法明文规定的基本原则有
A.罪刑法定原则
B.疑罪从无原则
C.罪刑相当原则
D.适用刑法一律平等原则
31.有位法学家曾经说过:“法律必须被信仰,否则等于形同虚设。”这句话表明,一个人只有从内心深处真正认同、信任和信仰法律,才会自觉维护法律的权威。由此可见
A.法律的内在说服力是法律权威的内在基础 B.法律权威不可能完全建立在外在强制力的基础之上
C.法律信仰与宗教信仰没有本质的区别
D.法律信仰是法律制定和执行的根本依据
32.2010年10月15日至18日,中国共产党第十七届中央委员会第五次全体会议在北京举行。全会审议通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议》强调,在当代中国,坚持发展是硬道理的本质要求,就是坚持科学发展,更加注重
A.以人为本
B.全面协调可持续发展
C.统筹兼顾
D.保障和改善民生,促进社会公平正义
33.2010年4月13日,胡锦涛主席在核安全峰会上发表题为《携手应对核安全挑战,共同促进和平与发展》的讲话,强调中国本着负责任的态度,高度重视核安全,坚决反对核扩散和核恐怖主义,为此作出了一系列积极努力。其中包括
A.全面加强核安全能力
B.严格履行核安全国际义务
C.重视并积极参与国际核安全合作
D.积极向发展中国家提供核安全援助
三、分析题:34~38小题,每小题10分,共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料并回答问题。将答案写在答题纸指定位置上。
34.结合材料回答问题:
人类每天都在产生垃圾,垃圾总量一天比一天多,由此带来的问题非常棘手。不产生垃圾是不可能的。既然如此,那就退而求其次,倡导大家减少垃圾。然而,减到多少才是少?这里并没有一个标准。而且从总体上看,生产和消费必然产生垃圾,减少垃圾很可能抑制生产和消费。接着往后退,把垃圾收集起来填埋或者焚烧。但填埋只是把垃圾从地上转移到地下,既与人争地,也有再次污染土壤和水源的隐患。焚烧不过是把污染从地上移到空中,产生二恶英等有害物质。
于是,人们进一步追问:还有没有比填埋、焚烧更好的出路?这时候,一句“垃圾是放错地方的资源”让人茅塞顿开,垃圾可以回收利用,乃再生资源。但变废为“宝”前提是垃圾的分类投放——别把垃圾放错了地方。何谓放错?到处乱扔是放错,收集时搅混在一起也是放错。不同的垃圾只有往不同的地方放,才能实现资源的价值。即使还免不了要填埋、焚烧那些没有利用价值的垃圾,也得把它们分出来。
垃圾分类举手之劳换出绿色,好处多多不言而喻,但如何让人们乐而为之?2009年5月起,上海开始普遍推广新的垃圾分类概念,开展以“换出更绿色的上海”为名义的“绿色帐户”活动。何为绿色帐户?就是居民对垃圾进行分类回收,积分换取环保小礼品:再生纸笔记本、绿色小植物、环保手电筒……上海推出“绿色帐户”的实践说明,办法是可以想出来的,关键是愿不愿意琢磨。中国的垃圾问题不比哪个国家小,我们只能“没有退路就多想出路”。摘编自《人民日报》
(1)从实践是人和自然关系的基础的角度说明为什么“垃圾是放错地方的资源”?(5分)
(2)运用矛盾分析方法说明“没有退路就多想出路”。(5分)
35.结合材料回答问题
材料1
成思危,著名经济学家,原民建中央主席,九届、十届全国人大常委会副委员长。谈到我国政党制度,他深有体会地说:“西方的政党制度是”打橄榄球,一定要把对方压倒。我们的政党制度是“唱大合唱”,民主党派和中国共产党的合作共事是为了一个共同的目标,为了保持社会的和谐。要大合唱,就要有指挥,这个指挥无论从历史还是现实来看,都只有中国共产党才能胜任。”海外有评论说中国的民主党派人士在政府任职多是“坐虚位”、“无实权”,成思危说,这不符合实际情况,中国的民主党派不是“政治花瓶”。“在担任化工部副部长的时候,我对自己负责范围内的工作是完全有权作出决策的。作为全国人大常会副委员长,我负责证券法、农村金融的执法检查。我和中共党籍的副委员长一样,也是独当一面的。”
材料2
第十一届全国人大一次会议以来,全国共有18.7万民主党派、无党派人士当选各级人大代表。其中,全国人大常委员副委员长6人,省级人大常委会副主任35人。2人分别担任国务院科技部、卫生部部长。2007年有18人担任最高人民法院、最高人民检察院和中央国家机关部委领导职务副职。
20世纪90年代以来,中共中央加强同各民主党派的协商,内容不断充实,程序逐步规范。据统计,1990年至2009年6月,中共中央、国务院直接召开或委托有关部门召开的协商会、座谈会、情况通报会就有287次,其中,中共中央总书记主持召开或出席的就有85次。各民主党派中央、无党派代表人士向中共中央、国务院及有关方面提出建议260多项,各民主党派地方组织提出各项建议9万多项。如关于三峡工程、耕地保护、两岸“三通”、西部大开发、中部崛起、东北地区等老工业基地振兴、建设社会主义新农村、青藏铁路沿线发展、国家级综合配套改革实验区、实施可持续发展战略、制定和实施“十一五”规划等方面提出的建议,得到了中共中央、国务院的高度重视和采纳。
材料
1、材料2摘编自《光明日报》
(1)从“打橄榄球”和“唱大合唱”的形象比较中,说明我国政党制度的特点和优点。(5分)
(2)我国各民主党派在社会主义建设中如何发挥参政议政的作用?(5分)
36.结合材料回答问题:
材料1
2011年是中国共产党成立90周年。在这90年里,党走过了不平凡的历程。
中华人民共和国成立前夕,毛泽东在一篇文章中指出:“一九一七年的俄国革命唤醒了中国人,中国人学得了一样新的东西,这就是马克思列宁主义。中国产生了共产党,这是开天辟地的大事变。”
摘自《毛泽东选集》
材料2
最近,有一本名为《苦难辉煌》的党史专著,颇受广大读者欢迎。
在这部著作中,作者一再追问:
为什么中国共产党从最初的几十个人,仅仅经过20多年的发展,就打败了强大的对手,取得了辉煌的胜利,建立了新中国?
历史给国民党很多机会,却只给共产党很少机会,但是共产党抓住了这仅有的机会,实现了中国革命的胜利。这又是为什么?
中国共产党从几十人的小党发展到今天7000多万人的大党,中国人民解放军从南昌起义后剩下不到800人到今天的威武雄狮,党和军队为何由小到大,由弱到强,筚路蓝缕,披荆斩棘?中国共产党的力量来自哪里?中国人民解放军的力量来自哪里?
作者回答:我们拥有一批顶天立地的真人。他们不为钱,不为官,不怕苦,不怕死,只为胸中的主义和心中的信仰。
摘编自 《人民日报》、《光明日报》
(1)为什么说中国共产党的成立“是开天辟地的大事变?(4分)
(2)结合中国共产党成立以来中国社会变革的历程,说明“主义”和“信仰”是怎样成为“力量”的?(6分)
37.结合材料回答问题:
郭明义,鞍山钢铁集团矿山公司齐大山铁矿采场公路管理员。几十年来,他照着雷锋那样去做,“把雷锋的道路作为自己的人生选择,把雷锋的境界作为自己的人生追求”,连续15年每天提前2小时上班,相当于多奉献了5年的工作量;连续20年先后55次无偿献血、捐献血小板,累计近6万毫升;连续16年为希望工程、工友、灾区群众捐款12万元,资助180多名特困生。可是,他一家至今还是住在一间不过40平米的旧楼房里。
有人曾不解地问郭明义,你这么做究竟值不值得?“如果发出一点光,放出一点热,能够换来孩子幸福的笑脸,换来他人生命之花的绽放,换来人与人之间的温暖和谐,这样的人生,我无怨无悔!“给人温暖就是给自己幸福””。他是这样说的,也是这样做的。
30年来,郭明义就像一支火把燃烧着自己,也燃旺着志愿者和社会上更多人的爱心。他8次发起捐献造血干细胞的倡议,得到1700多人的响应;他7次发起献血的建议,600多人无偿献出15万毫升热血;他发起成立遗体(器官)捐献志愿者俱乐部,汇聚了200多名志愿者;他发起成立“郭明义爱心联队”,从12人已经发展到2800多人,捐款40余万元、资助特困生1000多名。
郭明义的精神是一块磁石,在鞍钢、在辽宁、在全国吸引汇集越来越多的人加入爱心行动,为他人奉献、为社会分忧、为国家尽责,凝聚成巨大的道德力量,推进着当代中国社会稳定和谐发展。郭明义的先进事迹体现了“简单中的伟大”。
摘编自《人民日报》
(1)如何理解“给人温暖就是给自己幸福”?(6分)
(2)为什么说郭明义的先进事迹是“简单中的伟大”?(4分)
38.阅读下列材料
金融危机发生后,某些西方国家的政要、媒体经常发表关于中国的言论,有“独秀”或“救世”之说、也有“责任”之论……林林总总,用词翻新。人们可看到一白一红“两张脸”:唱红脸者夸大中国的经济表现,动辄将一切不符合实际加诸中国,仿佛中国真的是世界经济的救世主。唱白脸者却将国际金融危机,全球失衡等责任归到中国头上,无论是明“捧”实“压”,还是借“批”卸“责”,万变不离其宗的都是鼓噪“中国责任论”。这既暴露出他们所谓“中国责任”的用心,也反映出其对“真实中国”的误解。
针对材料所反映的西方某些人士对中国的“捧”与“批”,谈谈什么是“真实的中国”以及中国的“责任”是什么。(10分)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治真题
一、单项选择题:1~16小题,每小题1分,共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1.1984年1月3日,意大利人卡内帕给恩格斯写信,请求他为即将在日内瓦出版的饿《新纪元》周刊的创刊号题词,而且要求尽量用简短的字句来表述未来的社会主义纪元的基本思想,以区别于伟大诗人但丁的对旧纪元所作的“一些人统治,另一些人受苦难”的界定。恩格斯回答说,这就是:“代替那存在着阶级和阶级对立的资产阶级旧社会的,将是这样一个联合体,在那里,每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件。”这段话表明,马克思主义追求的根本价值目标是()
A.实现人的自由而全面的发展
B.实现人类永恒不变的普适价值
C.建立一个四海之内皆兄弟的大同世界
D.建立一个自由,平等,博爱的理性王国
2.有一则箴言:“在溪水和岩石的斗争中,胜利的总是溪水,不是因为力量,而是因为坚持。“坚”持就是胜利”的哲理在于()
A.必然性通过偶然性开辟道路 B.肯定中包含着否定的因素
C.量变必然引起质变
D.有其因必有其果
3.右边这张照片反映出由于气候变暖,北极冰盖融化,致使北极熊无处可去的场景,颇具震撼力。它给我们地球上的人类发出的警示是()
A.人与自然的关系成为人与人之间一切社会关系的核心
B.生态失衡已成为自然界自身周期演化不可逆转的趋势
C.自然地理环境已成为人类社会发展的根本决定力量
D.生态环境已日益成为人类反思自身活动的重要前提
4.劳动力成为商品是货币转化为资本的前提条件,这是因为()
A.资本家购买的是劳动力的价值
B.劳动力商品具有价值和使用价值
C.货币所有者购买的劳动力能够带来剩余价值
D.劳动力自身的价值能够在消费过程中转移到新的商品中去
5.1981年党的十一届六中全会通过《关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的建议》对我国社会主要矛盾作了规范的表述:“社会主义改造完成以后,我国所要解决的主要矛盾,是人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾。”我国社会主要矛盾的主要方面将长期是()
A.生产力落后
B.生产力不断发展的要求
C.经济文化发展不平衡
D.人民日益增长的物质文化需要
6.“发展才是硬道理”、“发展是党执政兴国的第一要务”、“发展是解决中国一切问题的总钥匙”,这是对社会主义建设历史经验的深刻总结。中国解决所有问题的关键是要靠自己的发展,而发展的根本目的是()A.增强综合国力
B.体现社会主义优越性
C.消灭剥削,消除两极分化
D.使人民共享发展成果,实现共同富裕
7.党的十七大报告指出,坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策,关系人民群众切身利益和中华民族的生存发展,必须把建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会放在工业化,现代人文发展战略的突出位置。建设资源节约型社会的核心是
A.节约使用资源和提高能源资源利用效率
B.加强减排和生态保护工作
C.限制能源开发和利用
D.发展循环经济
8.随着经济的快速发展和物质生活水平的提高。人们的精神文化需求日益增长,迫切要求通过深化体制改革激发文化发展的活力,为人民群众提供更多更好的文化产品和文化服务,保障人民的基本文化权益。保障人民基本文化权益的途径是
A.繁荣社会主义文化,提高文化软实力
B.协调发展公益性文化事业,经营性文化产业
C.发展公益性事业,建立政府主导的公共文化体系
D.调动社会力量
9.“十月革命一声炮响给中国送来了马克思列宁主义”,五四运动后,马克思列宁主义得到广泛传播。在中国最早讴歌十月革命、比较系统的介绍马克思主义的是()
A.陈独秀
B.李大钊
C.毛泽东
D.瞿秋白
10.1956年4-5月,毛泽东先后在中共中央政治局扩大会议和最高国务会议上作的《论十大关系》 报告中指出“最近苏联方面暴露了他们在建设社会主义过程中的一些缺点和错误,他们走过的弯路你还想走?过去,我们就是鉴于他们的经验教训,少走了一些弯路,现在当然更要引以为戒”,这表明以毛泽东为主要代表的中共党员()
A.实现了马克思主义同中国实际的第二次结合
B.开始探索自己的社会主义建设道路
C.开始找到自己的一条适合中国的路线
D.已经突破社会主义苏联模式的束缚
11.爱因斯坦曾经说过“大多数人都以为是才智成就了科学家,他们错了,是品格”下列名言与这段话含义一致的是()
A.道虽迩,不行不至;事虽小,不为不成
B.才者,德之资也;德者,才之帅也
C.不学礼,无以立
D.是非之心,智也
12.中华民族精神源远流长,包含着丰富的内容,其中,夸父追日、大禹治水、愚公移山、精卫填海等动人的传说,其中体现的是中华民族精神的()
A.勤劳勇敢
B.团结统一
C.自强不息
D.爱好和平
13.2001年中共中央印发的《公民道德建设实施纲要》中规定了公民基本道德规范的主要内容。公民道德建设的重点是:
A.爱国守法
B.诚实守信
C.勤奋自强
D.团结友善
14.我国宪法明确规定,实行依法治国建设社会主义法治国家。依法治国的根本要求是()
A.有法可依 有法必依 执法必严 违法必究
B.保障公民的知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权
C.立法公开、执法公开、司法公开
D.社会生活的法制化、规范化、民主化
15.2009年3月28日西藏自治区各族各界万余人身着节日盛装在拉萨布达拉宫广场隆重集会。热烈庆祝:()
A.西藏自治区和平解放58周年
B.西藏自治区成立44周年
C.西藏自治区九届人大二次会议召开
D.首个西藏百万农奴解放纪念日 16.胡锦涛主席在2009年9月二十国领导人比斯堡峰会上发表了题为“全力促进增长,推动平衡发展”的讲话中指出:当前国际社会十分关注全球经济失衡问题,失衡的表现为部分国家储蓄消费失衡,贸易收支失衡更表现为世界财富分配失衡,资源拥有和消费失衡,国际货币体系失衡。导致失衡的原因是复杂的多方面的。从根本上看失衡原因是
A.经济全球化深入发展,国际产业分工转移,国际资源流动
B.现行国际经济体系主要经济体宏观经济政策
C.各国消费文化主要生活方式
D.南北发展严重不平衡
二、多项选择题:17~33题,每小题2分,共34分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,至少有两个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。多选或少选均不得分。
17.从上世纪70年代至今,商务印书馆先后出版了多个版本的《新华字典》,除了一些旧的词条,增加了一些新的词条,并对若干词条的词义给了修改。例如1971年版对“科举这个词的解释是:”从隋唐到清代的封建王朝为了维护其反动统治而设立分科考生文武官吏后备人员的制度”,1992年版删去“反动“二字,1998版又删去“为了维护其统治而设”直到2008年版删去了这句话。一本小字典记载着词语的发展变化也记录了时代前进的印证,字典词条释义的变化表明人们的意识()A.是客观世界的能动反映
B.取决于词语含义的改变
C.随着社会生活变化而变化
D.需要借助语言这一物质外壳表达出来
18.历史经验表明经济危机往往孕育着新的科技革命,1857年世界经济危机引发了电气革命,推动人类社会从蒸汽时代进入电气时代。1929年的世界经济危机,引发了电子革命推动人类社会从电气时代进入电子时代,由此证明()
A.科技革命是摆脱社会危机的根本出路
B.科学技术是社会形态更替的根本标志
C.社会实践的需要是科技发展的强大动力
D.科技创新能够推动社会经济跨越式发展
19.有一则寓言讲到:狐狸把鱼汤盛在平底的盘子里,请仙鹤来和它一起“平等”的喝鱼汤,结果仙鹤一点也没喝到,全被狐狸喝去了。这个寓言给人们的启示是,尽管资产阶级宣布“法律面前人人平等”,但是()
A.法律名义上的平等掩盖着事实上的不平等
B.这种形式上的平等既是资本主义的本质
C.它的实质是将劳资之间经济利益的不平等合法化
D.这种平等的权利是建立在财产不平等基础之上的权利
20.1989年,时任美国国务院顾问的弗朗西斯□福山抛出了所谓的“历史终结论”,认为西方实行的自由民主制度是“人类社会形态进步的终点”和“人类最后一种的统治形式”。然而,20年来的历史告诉我们,终结的不是历史,而是西方的优越感。就在柏林墙倒塌20年后的2009年11月9日,BBC公布了一份对27国民众的调查。结果半数以上的受访者不满资本主义制度,此次调查的主办方之一的“全球扫描”公司主席米勒对媒体表示,这说明随着1989年柏林墙的倒塌资本主义并没有取得看上去的压倒性胜利,这一点在这次金融危机中表现的尤其明显,“历史终结论”的破产说明:()
A.社会规律和自然规律一样都是作为一种盲目的无意识力量起作用
B.人类历史的发展的曲折性不会改变历史发展的前进性 C.一些国家社会发展的特殊形式不能否定历史发展的普遍规律
D.人们对社会发展某个阶段的认识不能代替社会发展的整个过程
21.中国革命建设和改革的实践证明,要运用马克思主义指导实践,必须实现 马克思主义中国化,马克思之所以能够中国化的原因在于:
A.马克思主义理论的内在要求
B.马克思主义与中华民族优秀文化具有相融性
C.中国革命建设和改革的实践需要马克思主义指导
D.马克思主义为中国革命建设和改革提供了现实发展模式
22.1952年党中央在酝酿过渡时期总路线时,毛泽东把实现向社会主义转变的设想,由建国之初的“先搞工业化建设”再一举过渡,改变为“建设和改造同时并举,逐步过渡”,这一改变原因和条件是:
A.我国社会主义经济因素的不断增长和对资本主义经济的限制
B.为了确定我国工业化建设的社会主义方向
C.我国工业化建设取得了重大成就
D.民主革命的遗留任务已经完成
23.1954年9月,第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议在北京召开,标志着人民代表大会制度在全国范围内建立起来,人民代表大会制度是中国人民当家作主的根本政治制度,这一制度是()
A.中国共产党把马克思主义与中国实际相结合的伟大创造
B.中国共产党带领全国人民长期奋斗的重要成果
C.全国各族人民的共同利益和共同愿望的反映
D.近代以来中国社会发展的必然选择
24.我国是一个多民族国家,在社会主义时期处理民族问题的基本原则是()
A.实行民族区域自治
B.维护祖国统一
C.反对民族分裂
D.坚持民族平等,民族团结,多民族共同繁荣
25.改革开放以来,中国成功走上了一条与本国国情和时代特征相适应的和平发展道路。坚持走和平发展道路,符合中国历史文化传统,这是因为()
A.中华民族是热爱和平的民族
B.和平与发展成为时代发展的潮流
C.中国人民在对外交流中始终强调“亲仁善邻,和而不同”
D.中华文化是一种和平的文化,渴望和平始终是中国人民的精神特征
26.十九世纪下半叶,以自强求富为目标的洋务运动历时30年,最终失败的重要原因,A.指导思想的封建性
B.对外具有依赖性 C.民主阶级的荒谬性
D.民族资产阶级的腐朽性
27.邓小平指出:“马克思、列宁从来没有说过农村包围城市,这个原理在当时世界上还是没有的。但是毛泽东同志根据中国的具体条件指明了革命的具体道路”。毛泽东找到农村包围城市、武装夺取政权这条道路的根据是()
A.中国内务民主制度,外无民族独立
B.农民占人口绝大多数,是民主革命的主力军
C.中国革命的敌人长期占据着中心城市,农村是其统治的薄弱环节
D.中国经济政治发展的不平衡
28.1941年1月,震惊中外的皖南事变爆发后,《新华日报》刊出周恩来的题词手迹:“为江南死国难者致哀。”“千古奇冤,江南一叶,同室操戈,相煎何急?”大敌当前,中国共产党以民族利益为重,坚持正确的方针和原则,避免了抗日民族统一战线的破裂,这些方针和原则有()
A.既联合又斗争
B.有理,有利,有节
C.针锋相对,寸土必争
D.发展进步势力,中间势力,孤立顽固势力
29.解放战争时期,在国民党统治区形成了以学生运动为先导的人民民主运动。成为配合人民解放战争的第二条战线。第二条战线形成的原因是()
A.国民党政府专制独裁、官员贪污腐败
B.国民党在军事上的失利
C.国民党顽固坚持内战政策
D.国统区爆发严重经济危机
30.1955年,钱学森冲破冲破重重阻力,回到魂牵梦绕的祖国。当有人问他为什么回国时,他说:“我为什么要走回归祖国这条道路?我认为道理很简单。--鸦片战争近百年来,国人强国梦不息,抗争不断。革命先烈为兴邦,为了炎黄子孙的强国梦,献出了宝贵的生命,血沃中华热土。我个人作为炎黄子孙的一员,只能追随先烈的足迹。在千万般艰险中,探索追求,不顾及其他,再看看共和国的缔造者和建设者们,在百废待兴的贫瘠土地上,盯住国内的贫穷,国外的封锁,经过多少个风风雨雨的春秋,让一个社会主义新中国屹立于世界东方。想到这些,还有什么个人利益不能丢弃呢?”钱学森发自肺腑的言语,对我们在新时期弘扬爱国主义精神的启示是()
A.科学没有国界,但科学有祖国
B.个人的理想要与国家的命运、民族命运相结合
C.爱国主义与爱社会主义具有深刻的内在一致性
D.爱国主义是爱国情感、爱国思想和爱国行为的高度统一
31.政治权利和自由是指公民作为国家政治生活主体依法享有的参加国家政治生活的权利和自由,是国家为公民直接参与政治活动提供的基本保障,这一基本权利具体包括()A.自由权
B.被选举权
C.宗教信仰自由 D.政治自由
32.2009年9月18日,中国共产党第十七届中央委员会第四次全体会议胜利闭幕,全会审议通过了《中共中央关于加强和改进新形势下党的建设若干重大问题的决议》,对当前和今后一个时期加强和改进党的建设做出了部署,其中除了强调要建设马克思主义学习型政党,坚持和健全民主集中制外,还要()
A弘扬党的优良作风
B深化干部人事制度改革
C做好抓基层,打基础工作
D加快推进惩治和预防腐败体系建设
33.第八次中国-东盟经贸部长会议于2009年8月15日在泰国首都曼谷召开,双方共同签署了中国-东盟自贸区《投资协议》,标志着中国与东盟历时7年之久的自贸区主要谈判任务已经完成,改协议的重要意义在于()
A.确保中国对外建立的第一个自贸区于2010年全面建成
B.将中国-东盟战略伙伴关系提升到更高水平
C.为地区和全球经济复苏与发展作出积极贡献
D.为东亚自由贸易区的建立提供法律保障
三、分析题:34~38小题,每小题10分,共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料并回答问题。将答案写在答题纸指定位置上。
34.阅读下列材料
早年,梅兰芳与人合演《断桥》,也就是《白蛇传》,剧情是白娘子和许仙两个人悲欢离合的爱情故事,梅兰芳在剧中饰演白娘子。剧中,白娘子有一个动作就是面对负心的丈夫许仙追赶、跪在地上哀求她的时候,她爱恨交加、五味杂陈,就用一根手指头去戳许仙的脑门儿,不想,梅兰芳用力过大,跪在那里扮演许仙的演员毫无防备地向后仰去。这是剧情里没有设计的动作,可能是梅兰芳入戏太深,把对许仙的恨全都聚集在了手指头上,才造成了这样的失误。眼见许仙就要倒地,怎么办?梅兰芳下意识地用双手去扶许仙。许仙是被扶住了,没有倒下。可梅兰芳马上意识到,我是白娘子,他是负心郎许仙,我去扶他不合常理,这戏不是演砸了吗?大师到底是大师,梅兰芳随机应变,在扶住他的同时,又轻轻地推了他一下。所以,剧情就由原来的一戳变成了一戳、一扶和一推,更淋漓尽致地表现出了白娘子对许仙爱恨交织的复杂心情。这个动作,把险些造成舞台事故的错误演得出神入化,得到了大家的认可。从此,在以后的演出中,梅兰芳就沿用了这个动作,而且,其他剧种也都移植采用了这个动作处理,这个动作成了经典之作。由此可见,不仅在舞台上,在各行各业,在各个岗位,在工作中,在生活中,无论是大师还是普通人,失误和错误是难免的,关键是出现失误和错误以后怎么去对待,怎么去处理。处理不当,会酿成事故,导致全盘失败;处理得当,能败中取胜,化腐朽为神奇。
(1)为什么“无论是大师还是普通人,失误和错误是难免的”?
(2)梅兰芳为什么能“把险些造成舞台事故的错误”变为成功的“经典之作”?
(3)当我们在认识和实践活动中出现错误或失败该怎样对待和处理?
35.阅读下列材料
阅读下列材料
材料一:新中国成立60年来,党和政府高度重视社会发展事业,着力保障和改善民生。改革开放以来,在社会建设方面取得显著成就。废除农业税,使延续几千年的“皇粮国税”成为历史。随着经济社会发展,人民生活水平显著改善,“吃穿住行用”水平显著提高。从1949年到2008年,城市人均住宅建筑面积和农村人均住房面积,已分别从6.7平方米和8平方米增加到30.0平方米和32.4平方米。2008年城乡居民你人民币储蓄存款余额达4.8万亿元,比新中国成立初期1952年增加32.5万倍。
我们在看到成绩的同时也要清醒认识到我国是世界上最大的发展中国家,人口众多,经济发展起点低,地区之间,城乡之间发展不平衡,造成社会保障体系建设与经济社会发展还有不适应之处,与人们的期望功能和需求还有一定差距。
摘编自《人民日报》,《理论热点面对面.2009》
材料二
2007年10月党的十七大对医药卫生事业的发展做出了整体规划。2009年四月,新医改《意见》和《实施方案》正式推出。新医改明确建立了覆盖城乡居民的基本医疗卫生制度的任务和工作。
国务院决定从2009年开始在10%的县(市、区)实行新型农村社会养老保险的试点,2020年前将覆盖全国农民。60岁后享有“普惠式养老金”,对广大农民来说,是一条振奋人心的利好消息。农民在“种地不交税、上学不付费、看病不太贵”之后,又向“养老不犯愁”的新梦想迈出了坚实的一步。(摘编自人民网 中国网)
①为什么在紧急发展的同时要加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设?
②如何推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设?
36.结合材料回答问题: 材料1
1949年10月1日.下午15时整,北京,天安门城楼.毛泽东向全世界庄严宣告:”中华人民共和国中央人民政府已于本日成立了!”
广场沸腾了!震天的欢呼直冲云霄,帽子、围巾甚至报纸在空中飞舞··
身着深色旗袍的宋庆龄站在城楼上,看着眼前涌动的人潮,看着广场上矗立的孙中山画像,不禁热泪盈眶。8天后,她这样向世人讲述在天安门城楼的那一刻--
“连年的伟大奋斗和艰苦的事迹,又在我眼前出现。但是另一个念头抓住我的心,我知道,这一次不会再回头了,不会再倒退了,这一次,孙中山的努力终于结了果实,而且这果实显得这样美丽·” ·
摘编自2009年9月6日《人民日报》
材料2
2009年10月1日 上午10时整,首都各界庆祝中华人民共和国成立60周年大会在北京天安门广场隆重举行,20晚军民以盛大的阅兵仪式和群众游行欢庆伟大祖国的这一盛大节日。
天安门城楼红墙正中悬挂着新中国缔造者毛泽东的巨幅彩色画像。人民英雄纪念碑前竖立着伟大的革命先行者孙中山先生的画像,纪念碑两侧超宽电子屏上“伟大的中华人民共和国万岁”、“伟大的中国共产党万岁”等标语格外醒目。广场东西两侧,56根绘有各族群众载歌载舞图案的民族团结柱,象征着56个民族共同擎起祖国繁荣富强的伟大基业。
胡锦涛发表重要讲话。他指出:“60年前的今天,中国人民经过近代以来100多年的浴血奋战终于夺取了中国革命的伟大胜利,毛泽东主席在这里向世界庄严宣告了中华人民共和国的成立。中国人民从此站起来了,具有5000多年文明历史的中华民族从此进入了发展进步的历史新纪元。”
摘编自2009年10月2日《人民日报》
(1)如何理解宋庆龄所说的“孙中山的努力终于结了果实”?
(2)为什么说中华人民共和国的成立标志着“中华民族从此进入了发展进步的历史新纪元” 37.材料
交通环境是由人、车、路构成的公共生活之一,目前,我国机动车拥有量已超过1.78亿辆,拥有驾照的公民已超过1.3亿人。由此带来一系列的交通安全问题,引发社会公众强烈反响。
下列是有关交通问题的一些调查数据:
《人民日报》关于不文明开车行为及其原因的调查
个人反感的不文明开车行为 斑马线不减速乱停车挡道 1687票
让行 2156票 夜间会车不关远光灯 2045票
“加塞儿”,并线不打灯 1928票
雨天不减速水溅路人 1902票
某市交管局一年中查处交通违章的数据统计
全年查处交通违章
207万起
比例:100% 抢黄灯 944票
因车多路堵无法文明驾驶 464票 司机出口成“脏” 1076票
行人不文明导致司机不文明 757票 胡乱鸣笛 1412票
跟风,随大流 1469票 司机素质普遍有待提高 2269票 不文明开车的原因 总数
其中:机动车违章 非机动车违章 行人违章
有专家指出,道路交通上普遍存在的交通不文明现象看似个人的私事,但却折射出某些公民在公共生活领域社会公德和法律意识的缺失。要构建文明出行风尚,既是道德呼唤,也是法律要求。
回答问题:
(1)为什么文明出行“既是道德呼唤,也是法律要求”?
(2)我们应如何从自身做起,构建文明的公共生活秩序?
38.材料一
从2009年11月23日起,一则时长30秒“以中国制造 世界合作”为主题的广告在美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)正式播出。该广告由中国商务部会同4家中国行业协会共同委托制作,被认为是中国政府的首个品牌宣传活动,接下来还计划在包括北美、欧洲等中国的主要贸易对象地区播出。
112.2万起 80.5万起 14.3万起
54.2% 38.9% 6.9%