两性言语交际中礼貌原则的应用

第一篇：两性言语交际中礼貌原则的应用

摘要: 本文根据Leech所提出的礼貌原则对男女两性言语交际行为进行了分析, 旨在提高人们对性别言语差异的认识, 使两性能得体地进行交际。关键词: 礼貌原则;男女两性;言语交际

礼貌是人类社会生活中一项具有道德和伦理意义的行为准则, 是人类文明的标志。因此,自古以来一直极受推崇。在语言活动中, 遵循礼貌原则是实行合作性会话的重要方面, 它对于人与人之间能否实现沟通起着重要的作用。男女两性在社会中扮演不同的角色, 不论是哪一个国家,哪一种文化, 人们对男女的社会期望(social expectation)是不同的, 因此男女在言语交际中的表现也有很大的差异。

一、有关礼貌原则的研究

礼貌作为一种社会现象一直受到人们的关注。很早以前, 人们就从社会学、心理学、伦理学和文化学等诸多方面进行了深入研究, 但关于礼貌的语言问题研究却始于20世纪50年代美国学者戈夫曼(E.Goffman)的面子行为理论(the theory of facework)。接着英国学者布郎(P.B rown)和莱文森(S.Levison)在1987年发表了一篇题为语言应用的普遍现象: 礼貌现象(Unversals in Language U sage: Politeness Phenomena)的文章, 第一次对礼貌、面子等问题作了系统的探讨。他们认为: 礼貌就是

典型人(Mode l Person)为满足面子需求所采取的各种理性行为。人的言语行为本质上都是一些所谓威胁面子的行为(face threaten ing acts), 讲究礼貌就是要减轻某些交际行为给面子带来的威胁。人一般有积极面子需求和消极面子需求。80年代, 英国语言学家利奇(G.Leech)从语用学和人际修辞的角度对交际活动中的礼貌原则进行了新的归纳和分类。Leech的礼貌原则通过说话人和听话人之间损益的动态变化来体现两者之间的礼貌互动格局, 主要由六条策略准则组成, 分别是得体准则(Tact Maxim)、宽宏准则(Generosity Maxim)、表扬准则(Approbation Maxim)、谦虚准则(Modesty Maxim)、求同准则(Agreement Maxim)和同情准则(Sympathy Maxim)。Leech的礼貌原则在整个语言界引起了很大的反响。我国语言学学者如刘润清(1987)、顾曰国(1992)、徐盛恒(1992)、何恒幸(1994)等, 也对礼貌问题作了适合于中国文化的理论研究, 他们对利奇的礼貌原则提出了改进意见, 各自有了一些新颖的提法, 其中较有影响的是顾曰国提出的贬已尊人准则和称呼原则。本文正是在Leech所提出的六条准则的基础上对两性言语行为加以讨论的。

二、两性言语行为中礼貌原则的遵守与违反

(一)得体准则和宽宏准则(Tact Maxim &Generosity Maxim)得体准则指的是尽量减少对他人的损失, 尽量增大对他人的利益;而宽宏准则是指尽量减少 对自己的利益, 尽量增大自己的损失。得体准则和宽宏准则是言语交际中概括性很高的会话原则, 也是语用学的重要准则, 它要求双方言语交际必须尽量多为他人着想。体现在言语里, 就是必须真实、恰如其分, 不言过其实, 从而使交际能顺利进行并获得最佳效果。得体准则和宽宏准则受交际对象、交际者的语言修养、交际的具体情境、社会文化规范等因素的制约。女性在交谈中语气委婉、客气, 如在建议别人做某事时她们不用生硬的祈使句, 而用情态动词、一般疑问句和反意疑问句等来使语气变得柔和。例如她们常常使用

Would you mind taking the heavy bag for me? Open the door for me, could you? 等语句。男性正好相反, 更多使用祈使句表示命令的语气, 如Lie down!Don’t move!Sit right here!等多出于男性之口。这样的例子在文学作品中也很常见, 例如在Jane Eyre的第十三章中就有这样一个例子: “Ah!That pricks pride.Well, fetch me your portfolio, if you can vouch for its contents being original;but don t' pass your word un less you are certain: I can recognize patchwork。” “Then I will say nothing, and you shall judge for yourself, sir.” I brought the portfolio from the library.“Approach the table” said he;and I wheeled it to h is couch.Adle and Mrs.Fair fax drew near to see the picture.“No crowding,” said M r.Rochester: “ take the drawing from my hand as I finish with them;but don’t push your faces up to me.”(Bront?.C, 1999: 115)在这段文字中Mr.Rochester向Jane询问她的受教育情况, 并且想看她的画, 他完全违反了得体和宽宏准则采用了命令的语气。而Jane为了维持对话则尽可能地表现出含蓄与委婉。当然在这个例子中男女主人公的不同表现除了与他们的性别有关外, 还与他们所处的阶级地位有关。综上所述, 男性在很多情况下违背得体准则和宽宏准则;女性则尽可能地遵守它们。(二)表扬准则(Approbation Maxim)表扬准则指的是尽量减少对他人的贬低, 尽量增大对他人的赞誉。两性比较而言, 女性喜欢使用恭维语。在日常语交际中, 女性善于较频繁地使用恭维语来表达对他人的积极评价、羡慕、鼓励、欣赏和感激等, 以满足对方正面面子的需求,同时也较多地受到别人的恭维, 特别是在服饰, 外貌方面。男性受到的恭维较少, 而且受到的恭维多来自工作方面。如我们在生活中能发现以下的例子: 一群妇女在餐馆吃饭, 有一位陌生的男士走到桌边对其中一个女士说:

我一直在注意你, 你的微笑太美了, 使整间餐馆都为之生辉。说完这些话, 这位男士离开了餐馆, 消失了。那位受恭维的女士会很乐于接受;反过来如果是一位女士走向陌生的男士恭维他的笑容, 却是完全令人无法想象和接受的。Homles(1988)分析了484 件恭维的个案, 发现其中51% 的女人互相恭维, 9% 是男人互相恭维, 23.1%是男人恭维女人, 16.5% 是女人恭维男人。由此可见, 女人比男人更遵守表扬准则。(三)谦虚准则(Modesty Maxim)谦虚准则指的是尽量减少对自己的赞誉, 尽量增大对自己的贬低。女性比男性更遵守谦虚准则。这一点可在汉语的降格称呼的使用上找到例证。降格称呼是指新婚夫妇一旦有了孩子, 在称呼上就要降格, 即降到孩子的角度去称呼他人, 如称呼自己的父母往往用爷爷、奶奶(这在江浙一带很普遍), 称呼自己的兄弟姐妹用伯伯、舅舅、姑姑等;称呼同事用叔叔、阿姨(在孩子在场的情况下)。这种降格称呼是顾曰国教授总结的贬已尊人准则和称呼原则的体现(顾曰国, 1992), 更多见于女性的称呼语中。实际上, 以贬已达到尊人的礼貌目的, 是汉文 化礼貌中最突出的特点。由于历史、社会、宗教、心理等方方面面的原因, 女性的社会地位仍低于男性, 降格称呼法和古时候女子的自谦语诸如奴婢、臣妾等一样无不体现了女性用贬已来达到表示礼貌的目的。在英语中男女交际活动也能看到应用谦虚准则的例子。我们还是以Jane Eyre 中的一段材料为例, “Have you read much? ” “Only such books as came in my way;and they have no t been numerous or very learned.”(115)(Bron?t C., 1999: 115)在这个例子中Rochester问Jane是否读过很多书, Jane回答既不“ numerous”也不“ very learned”。实际上, Jane 是通过尽量减少对自己的赞誉, 尽量增大对自己的贬低来表达对顾主的尊敬和礼貌。

(四)求同准则(AgreementMax im)求同准则指的是尽量减少与他人的不同意见, 尽量增大与他人的相同意见。女性在交谈中常表现出温柔、耐心, 喜他人之喜, 忧他人之忧, 避免矛盾和敌意, 以求交际双方的心理平衡。相反,男性常表现出对立、自信、有竞争力。因此, 女性总是倾向于遵守求同准则, 而男性则更倾向于违背求同准则。具体表现在以下两个方面;

1、谈话角色转换规则的遵守。女性在交谈中表现得比较合作, 通常是大家轮流讲, 人人都有说话的机会,很少发生个别人长时间占据发言权的情况。开始讲话时, 女性倾向于明确提及前面别人已经说过的, 并尽量将自己要说的与之相联系, 比较注意保持交谈的连贯与顺畅。因此, 她们往往会围绕同一个话题谈上较长时间, 话题转换较为缓慢。说话过程中女性比较注意听者的反应与参与, 交谈中的女性会很自然地找到生活中各种各样的共聚点;与此相反, 男性不断转换自己感兴趣的话 题、打断他人的话题、控制话题, 这些行为表现出男性希望自己的言行能引起别人的注意和重视,以表明自己的权威。

2、表明自己不同观点的方式。当自己的观点与他人不同时, 女性倾向于迂回地表明自己的不同看法甚至委屈自己迁就他人, 而男性往往直截了当提出不同想法。如在下面的一段对话中: Mary: H ere is a nice sofa.Tom: Yes, it is.But it is too expensive, too.Its' $ 489.99.That’s almost 500 dollars.Mary: I know.Bu t I guess good furniture is always expensive.Tom: No, not very much.Mary: I don 't either.Oh, Tom, how do you like this chair? Tom: Yes, but that’s too expensive.Mary: Do you like this one? It s' on sale.It s' only $ 199.99.Tom: How much is it? Mary: Never mind the price.Do you like it? Tom: But 很显然这对男女在买沙发的问题上有不同的看法。Mary喜欢漂亮的沙发, 而Tom更喜欢便宜的沙发。每一次Mary做出选择时, Tom 都表示不同意, 而无论Tom 说什么Mary都表示同意。这一对话充分表现出男女对求同准则的遵守和违反倾向。(五)同情准则(Sympathy Maxim)同情准则是指减少双方反感, 尽量增加双方同情。男女双方在对这一准则的遵守与违反上也表现出极大的差异。我们以禁忌语为例, 在一般情况下禁忌语和诅咒语的使用会引起他人反感。男性常常违背同情准则使用damn, fuck, bull shit,这样的禁忌语。女性通常本能地回避污秽的语言, 喜欢用精炼、含蓄、间接语言来表达, 如oh,dear, goodness等。下面的话语发生在家庭里:A1: Oh, dear, you v'e put the peanu t butter in the refrigerator.A2: Shit, you v'e put the peanut butter in there frigerator.显然, A1是出自妻子之口, 她在抱怨犯错误的丈夫;而A2则是丈夫抱怨妻子的。汉语中也是

如此。女性在抱怨自己运气不好的时候常常会说

天啦!我怎么这倒霉!, 男性则会说

他妈的!老子真倒霉!。同情准则下的男女差异还表现在对他人的话语产生反应方面。女性一般耐心倾听他人说话,常与说话者产生共鸣, 对他人遇到的困难或麻烦产生同情并能给予安慰。而男性却很少表现出同情, 他们往往以困难的解决者的身份自居, 向对方指手画脚。如: A: 我昨天自行车丢了。B1: 真的呀!你是怎么丢的? B2: 是吗? 你应该把它锁好的。

B3、哎哟, 真的吗? 太可惜了, 我上个星期也丢了自行车, 当时我也很烦。B4: 真的啊!不过别太难过了, 旧的不去, 新的不来。

B1和B2多半出于男性之口, B3和B4 回答则更可能来自于女性。

三、结语

总之, 会话是最常见的交际行为, 礼貌保证了言语交际的顺利进行。了解男女对礼貌规则运用中的性别差异, 能够帮助交际者针对不同的交际对象, 把握好交际中礼貌的度, 使男女两性都能得体地进行人际交往。参考文献: [1] Bronte.C.Jane Eyre.北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1999.[2] Brow n, P& S.Levinson, Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.[3] Holmes, J.Paying comments: A Sex – preferred Positive.Politeness strategy [J].Journal of Pragmatics.1988,(12).[4] Leech.G.Principle of Pragmatics [M].New York: Longman Inc, 1983.[5]顾曰国.礼貌、语用与文化[J].外语教学与研究, 1992,(4): 11-17.[6]何兆熊.新编语用学概要[M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2000.[7]冉永平& 何自然.语用与认知[M].北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2001.[8]熊学亮& 刘国辉.也谈礼貌原则[J].四川外语学院学报, 2002,(3): 60-62.

第二篇：礼貌原则在口译中的应用

Introduction

Along with the trend of economic globalization and cultural diversification, communication among people from different countries and different cultures is more frequent and important.Interpreters are enjoying a constantly improved position in international communication, acting as the bridge which make people of different languages and backgrounds connected.Gradually, more elements should be considered in interpretation, especially keeping the communications smooth by using polite expression.In this case, the study of application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation will bring enlightenment to the future work.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of hard and complex job.Politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it also can be applied into interpretation which can be seen as a special conversation.However, interpretation is a study with a short history, which needs more help from other fields.Nowadays, the study of interpretation is concentrated on language training, interpreting skills, exams and so on.Few people pay attention to the application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Thus, politeness communicative principle in interpretation is so important and deserves more attention.Except for the introduction and conclusion, this thesis is composed of three parts.Part one gives a view of related theories;Part two is main part of the paper, which includes preconditions for using politeness communicative principle and feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle;Part three is the enlightenment to interpretation after the research, including strategies for applying politeness 1

communicative principle in interpretation.2

1.Literature review of interpretation and politeness communicative principle In 1978, English scholars Brown & Levinson wrote an article “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena”.Soon after that, Leech delivered his six criteria of politeness in 1983.Since then, there are some researches about the two fields of politeness communicative principle and interpretation respectively.1.1 General review of interpretation In order to identify the relationship between interpretation and politeness communicative principle, it is necessary to review related interpretation theory at home and abroad.1.1.1 Definition of interpretation Interpretation is a form of translation, converting one language to anther so that the target language could convey the intended message in source language.Interpretation essentially is “an oral translation of oral discourse”(Gile, 1995: 1)and “ an extempore oral reproduction, in one language of what is said in another language ”(Zhong, 1999: 1).Interpretation is a form of translation in which a first and final rendition in another language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a source language(Pochhacker 2004: 11).Compared to translation which is used when the immediate result of the work is a written text, interpretation has its outstanding characteristics as being used when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than that spoken by the original speaker.That is to say, interpretation is a communicative process which faithfully and orally transfer the information from one language to another.3

1.1.2 Type and development of interpretation Interpretation consists of consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation and whispering interpretation, among which consecutive interpretation is the most popular and widely used.In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter listens to a speech segment and then delivers the whole segment in the target language.While in simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter conveys the meaning to the listeners while listening.In whispering interpretation, the interpreter is for speeches with one to two foreign listeners or as accompanying interpreter for your international guests outside the actual event programme.Lacking of historical record makes it difficult to find the exact date when interpretation got into shape.And interpretation came into being and developed gradually when people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other.In the past, there were middlemen, who helped people speaking different languages communicate with each other.They were usually immigrants who knew two or more languages and also called dragoman, but these people were not trained professionally.When people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other more frequently, quick and effective interpretation was in urgent.Interpreter becomes an international profession in the First World War.It is in the Paris Peace Conference interpreters who have been trained professionally to meet the requirements of the conference.After that, interpretation has become a popular profession in the world.4

1.2 An overview of politeness communicative principle theories Politeness as a social phenomenon can be observed in all languages and cultures, and it has long been an important object of study in linguistics.As a common social phenomenon, politeness is not only an universal virtue but also a popular way to realize effective communication.1.2.1 A general view of politeness communicative principle Politeness is an universal phenomenon in society.However, different linguists and scholars give different explanations of politeness.In western countries, Leech says that there exists a set of maxims that guide and constrain the conversation between people, he suggests that cooperative principle should be expanded because Gricean’s cooperative principle can not sufficiently explain why people so often convey meaning indirectly.It is for this reason that politeness principle can be seen not just as another principle to be added to cooperative principle, but as its necessary complement.Leech introduces the politeness principle which runs as follows: Minimize the expression of impolite beliefs, Maximize the expression of polite belief.1.2.2 Politeness theories at home and abroad

Many scholars have made great contribution to the study of politeness theories.Among them, Leech and Gu Yueguo play a significant role, which serves as the foundation of the politeness research for other scholars.Politeness communicative principle is proposed to explain how politeness operates in conversational exchange, which has a series of maxims.Leech defines politeness as forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity.That is the ability of participants in a social interaction 5

to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony.Leech specifies degree of politeness principle which are the means required in a certain situation.(1)The Tact Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other, maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.(2)The Approbation Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other;Maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.(3)The Generosity Maxim

Minimize the expression of benefit to itself;Maximize the expression of cost to itself.(4)The Modesty Maxim

Minimize the expression of praise of self;Maximize the expression of dispraise of self.(5)The Agreement Maxim

Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other;Maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.(Leech, 1999:20-21)While in China, the real study of politeness principle only began in the 1980s when pragmatics was introduced into China.The most influential figure in this area is Gu Yueguo.He puts forward his own set of politeness maxims in two thesis “Politeness Pragmatics and Culture” and “Politeness phenomena in modern China”.His theory has distinctive characteristics of Chinese culture.He proposed four basic 6

notions: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement.According to Gu, politeness principle includes five maxims:“Self-denigration and Respecting Maxim, Addressing Maxim, Elegancy Maxim, Conforming Maxim, Virtue, Words and Behavior Maxim.”(Gu, 2005: 10)

1.3 The relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation

Interpretation is understood as the mental process and communicative act of reproducing orally in a target language what a speaker is expressing in a source language.(Zhong, 1999: 1)

From the above explanation, it is easy to find that interpretation is a kind of special conversation.The success of this conversation needs a media of interpreter.During interpretation, interpreters need to cooperate both with the speakers and the listeners, and they also need to control the atmosphere of this conversation and keep the conversation polite.Besides, politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it can be applied into interpretation.So far, there have been some studies related to relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation, especially in recent years.For instance, Guo Yingzhen has published the issue of “Politeness Principle and Interpreting” by analyzing politeness principle and nine types of politeness in interpretation.She says, “ Based on the politeness principle and the experience of the author’s practice during past years, the honorific expressions in the process of interpreting can be divided into and applied to in nine different situations, namely, greetings, request, inquiry, 7

complaint and regret, advice, apology, imperative, and agreement”(Guo, 2004: 15).She tries to encourage readers to use honorific expressions in interpretation so that his or her own interpreting ability could be reflected.Wang Xiaowen discusses the complementarily and contradiction between cooperative principle and politeness principle, she mentions about the importance of politeness communicative principle in interpretation, “As two important theories in the field of pragmatics, Grice’s cooperative principle and Leech’s politeness principle both have great insights on interpreting with latter complimentary to the former.The approbation of the two principles to interpreting can effectively promote the successful cooperation between the two parties of communication.”(Wang, 2006: 18)1.4 Previous studies on interpreter’s subjectivity

With the increasing attention paid on the role of interpreters, the subjectivity of which arouse interest of scholars.Qiu Jixin observes the translator’s subjectivity and its restrictions by introducing thought of foreign scholars and analysis of translation.He says, “As a subject, translators can carry out their subjectivity during the translating process.Yet, the subjectivity must be restricted by certain factors.The two are combined closely with each other.”(Qiu, 2004: 12)Later, Hon Linping and Jiang Siping write complete conclusion on the study of the issue, on the subjectivity studies over the past ten years.They talk about the root, developing stages, some limitations and problems of all the previous researches.In general, just as what they state in the review,“the concept of interpreter’s subjectivity has gained more and more attention in China’s translation 8

study over the last decades.Analyzing the studies of the translator’s subjectivity in China from 1996 to 2005, the scholars explore the positive roles and limitations that the new trend could play in translation, the authors maintain that the translator’s turn will prevail in the 21 century.”(Hon & Jiang, 2006)These people do some research on the interpreter’s subjectivity and leave some evidence for others.Lv Binghua, from the perspective of subjectivity, proposed three norms, self-restriction on expressions and arrangement of message.It is a generalization of the forms of interpreter’s subjectivity from a rather macro perspective.Few scholars concern about the subjectivity of interpreters although the issue of interpreter’s subjectivity has been studied for years.That’s the greatest regret in the study of the issue.2.Feasibility and strategies for interpreters to apply politeness communicative principle in interpreting

From the above analysis of the research conducted by many linguists and interpretation theorists, it is easy to find that politeness communicative principle plays an important role in interpretation.No matter whether politeness communicative principle in western countries or in China, the essence is similar only with different emphasis.This chapter, which is based on the analysis of politeness communicative principle, explains the feasibility for interpreters and explores the instructive function of the politeness communicative principle in interpretation.2.1 Possible steps to deal with subjectivity

When politeness communicative principle is used in interpretation, at least two 9

things should be noticed.Firstly, it is possible to deal with subjectivity when interpret.Secondly, it is possible to apply politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Actually the process of interpreting can be divided into two parts: preparation before real interpretation and the actual interpretation process.“Translation procedure involves far more than step-by-step procedures for producing a translation from a source text.”(Nida, 2004: 131)In the following part, the author will discuss when and how interpreters can manipulate with subjectivity.2.1.1 Preparation before interpreting

It is well-known that enough preparation work is a key factor of a successful interpretation.Many things can be done before interpretation and will be later used.Generally speaking, prepared knowledge includes the glossary items, background knowledge of a certain field, understanding of the speaker’s culture and so on.In order to specify the above statement and make it clear and easy to be understood, the author sets an example in the following part.For example, There is going to be an English speaker talking about technology in clone.Preparation work will be done differently.Interpreter A may know well about clone, he masters all the background information and latest researches in the field.But he has no idea about the speaker except that the speaker is from England.In this situation, interpreter A may prepare in following steps.Firstly, since he knows well about the issue, the preparation of background knowledge may be very simple.Secondly, since the speaker comes from England, which needs to know more 10

about clone in England.Therefore, A should review the clone in England.Thirdly, given that A knows nothing about the speaker, he should seek a way to get familiar with culture and courtesy in England.Last but not least, A should know more about the situation whether in a conference or casual dialogue.Imagine another quite different situation: If interpreter B knows the English speaker very well.However, he knows little about clone, let alone clone in England.In this case, B would seek for different methods to deal with, which is quite different from A.Instead of paying much attention to the background of the speaker, B has to spend much time learning about clone, especially in England.Therefore, he had better read some scientific books and surf the Internet to gain more information about clone.Above all, it is easy to find that different interpreters choose different ways to prepare based on their own conditions though given the same situation.That leads to the possibility of choosing for interpreters in this process.2.1.2 Understanding of original speech Understanding of Original Speech is a vital process during the interpretation.If one can’t grasp the original meaning, he may mislead the intention of the speaker, even worse, spoil the whole conversation.Basil Hatim and Ian Mason once wrote in their book Discourse and the Translator, “The less evaluative the text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more scope there may be for modification.The less culture-bound a text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more 11

space there may be for modification.”(Hatim & Mason,1999: 3)In China, Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s understandings and opinions are always influenced by times, nation, language, history, custom, culture and so on.Thus, the subjectivity of translators is strongly needed because of the differences in these factors in source text, the disparity between source and target language, and the strong demonstration of times, national feature and culture capital in the source text”.(Qi, 2003)In the following, the author would show that interpreters may have different understandings towards the same original sentence.For example, It’s my great honor to be invited as your friend.Interpreter1: 作为朋友收到邀请，我十分荣幸。Interpreter2: 我十分荣幸以朋友的身份收到邀请。

In this case, the emphasis of the interpreter is different.Interpreter 1 strengthens the meaning of “great honor to be invited” with thanks.While interpreter 2 highlights the words “as your friend” to focus on the true friendship.Therefore, the hidden meaning of the sentence is “The friendship between us is precious to me and I really appreciate it”.Both of the understandings are right if the speaker expresses the sentence without the paragraph.Still, differences between two interpreters don’t influence the quality of interpretation.It can be concluded from the above example that one sentence may lead to different understandings and the interpreters can choose their own understanding according to the atmosphere of situation, the context or the relevant information.This clearly proves that interpreters are able to manipulate during the understanding 12

process and sometimes the subjective choosing may even be of great significance.2.1.3 Production of the interpreted version

As Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s subjectivity can be reflected not only from the comprehension of the source language, but also from the choosing ways of expressions.If we put it in another way, production of the translators gradually form their own translation styles, characteristics and features.There is a close relation between them.In a certain period and under certain historical and cultural background, translators form their own thoughts and senses of values, tastes and interests, as well as translation abilities, which are shown in his translation version.”(Qi, 2003)From the translation theory above, it is aware that translator’s subjectivity is what she talks about.It is the same with interpreters,too.Being an excellent interpreter requires abundant interpreting experiences, careful observation and daily practices.The author will give an example to illustrate this point.For example, Shenzhen today is quite different from what she looked like twenty years ago.Version1: 今日的深圳不同于20年前的深圳。

Version2: 今日的深圳比20年前不可同日而语。

When you talk about Shenzhen’s development and her achievement with a foreigner, such a sentence can be seen very often.In a real interpreting case, it is common that both of the translation versions are acceptable, with no mistake or misunderstanding between communicative parties.However, the two versions have obvious difference.Version 2 gives a more brief idea of difference in Shenzhen which 13

strikes the speaker most.While version 1 is close to literal meaning of the original sentence.The two versions have difference in ways of expression and the author believes that it can reflect the interpreter’s characteristics in some degree.Although the original sentence is a kind of praise of Shenzhen’s great development, the sentence itself does not show that Shenzhen becomes stronger or prosperous.It can be predicted that in terms of characteristics, version 2 is more direct than version 1 since he or she wishes to express the intended meaning in an obvious way.2.2 Feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle in interpretation Since it has been proved that politeness communicative principle is one of the principles that should be adopted in our daily conversation.Adopting politeness communicative principle in interpretation will help create harmonious atmosphere and enable the exchange of words and thoughts to be smooth and successful.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of exchanging and talking since two communicative parties cannot communicate directly because of language and culture differences.Thus, an interpreter is needed to exchange words between the two communicative parties, which is a very important job in such kind of indirect interaction.During interpreting, a sense of being polite is badly needed.In this part, the author will talk about the application of politeness communicative principle and set examples to prove the feasibility to interpretation.The process of application of politeness communicative principle can be divided into three different forms, namely choosing of words, choosing of sentences and choosing 14

ways of expressions.2.2.1 Choosing of words Interpreters may have different words that can be used during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose proper words from them.Therefore, interpreters can find the most polite words under the direction of politeness communicative principle.First of all, some words that can help the interpreters are discussed.Firstly, application of model verbs in politeness communicative principle will be discussed.When we choose proper language form to express politely, some appropriate model verbs can make the sentence like an euphemism.In our conversations or dialogues, these model verbs are easy to find here and there, such as “should, shall, would, could”.In order to express the meaning more clearly, the author will set two examples in the following.When we put the model verb “could” ahead in a question sentence, it is a euphemistic expression.For example, “could you tell me about the story?” The word “would” can be used in a euphemistic expression, especially in the request and suggested sentence.For instance,“I would be a shame to disturb your dialogue.” “would you like to pass the book to me ?”and “wouldn’t it be better to stop it right now?” All the sentences above are more polite than those do not use model verb.Secondly, tense of verb deserves our attention.In a sentence, past tense is another way to express request politely, while past continuous tense is more polite than past tense.For instance,“Sorry, I did it again”.This sentence means this is not the first time he made mistake, and the intended meaning of which is he or she really feels 15

regrettable about what he or she does.From above, it can be found that past tense can also express apologize.Thirdly, some words expressing possibility could also express politeness.when we talk something about suggestion, advice and criticism, we could use “maybe” “perhaps” and “possible”.”Possibly” mainly used in a request sentence, if it is used together with model verbs “can” and “could”, it would be more polite.When we give an invitation, suggestion, requirement and criticism, we can use the word “wonder”, because it is also a euphemism.Another example, the word “quite” can be used in the negative sentence to express politeness:“That’s not quite what I said, you know.” Some examples related to the three pairs of maxims will be discussed next.2.2.1.1 Tact maxim and generosity maxim

From the brief introduction of maxim before, it is easy to know that these two maxims are intended to maxim of benefit to others and cost to oneself.The typical case is as followed.“This is a brief introduction brochure of our school”

Version1: 这是我校的宣传册。

Version2: 这是美国某大学的宣传册。

According to Tack and Generosity Maxim, it is polite to maximize the listener’s benefit even cost the speaker more.In this situation, since the interpreter is the direct speaker to the Chinese students attending an exhibition, the interpreter has to interpret the complete meaning while maximize benefit for the listener.Based on the given situation, version2 is more proper than version1, not only for 16

sake of better advertisement of the school, but also help the listener leave a deep impression of this school, which is different from other schools they heard before.From this point of view, the choosing of version “美国某大学” rather than “我校” realizes the minimization of other’s cost.2.2.1.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.The following is an example:

“我们产品的质量比你方更好。”

Version1: Our product’s quality is better than yours.Version2: It seems that our product’s quality is better than yours.In this case, version2 doesn’t maximize praise of listeners and dispraise of him or her.The speaker states the meaning of “better than you”, which is going to cause unhappy feelings to the listeners.2.2.1.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim demand maximization of agreement between oneself and others.An example is as followed:

你同意我的想法吗？

Not really.Version1: Do you agree with me?

我不同意。

Version2: Do you agree with me?

我们的想法可能有些出入。

This is a kind of “agree-or-not” sentence.Agreement should be given based on the Agreement and Sympathy Maxim.Therefore, when the interpreter chooses the expression “有些出入” instead of “不同意”.The atmosphere is more polite and harmonious.2.2.2 Choosing of sentences

Interpreters may have different sentences that come into mind during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose the most suitable one from them.As a result, interpreters can find the most polite one under the direction of politeness communicative principle.2.2.2.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim Two conclusions can be drawn from these maxims.Firstly, offering is more polite than request in an imperative sentence.Secondly, politeness communicative principle in language can be classified into various degrees because more indirect expressions give listeners more freedom to choose what they want.If a sentence is delivered in a more indirect way, it would be more polite.Example1, Answer the phone.I want you to answer the phone.Will you answer the phone?

Can you answer the phone?

Would you mind answering the phone?

Could you possibly answer the phone?

Example 2, Call a taxi for me.18

I want you to call a taxi for me.Will you call a taxi for me?

Would you mind calling a taxi for me? In each example, the last one is the most polite because it gives the listener more opportunity to refuse.It is successful to minimize the cost to others and maximize benefit to others.More examples can be found at the beginning of a press conference.In order to keep the meeting going quietly, the host would say to the reporter just as “请各位与会人员关闭手机”.Under this circumstance, interpreters have these choices:“Turn off the cell phone.” “Can you turn off the cell phone?” or “Can I probably ask you to turn off the cell phone?”.Among them, the degree of being polite is deeper and deeper, then the last one is the most polite.In order to show politeness, interpreters usually express ideas in a mild and roundabout way.For example, when disagreeing with somebody, one would say,“I don’t think you are right” rather than“you are wrong”.Another example“You don’t seem to understand” instead of “You don’t know” so directly.2.2.2.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.They contain two aspects and the first is “negative praise” which means saying something good to somebody instead of criticizing others.An example is followed,“Do you like my skirt?” “Well, yes.But it’s not my favorite.” Although B does not like A’s skirt, he expresses his feelings in a polite way.The second type is “exaggerated praise”, which is common in interpretation from Chinese to English

because English speakers like to exaggerate their feelings, while Chinese are more implicit in comparison.Here is an example: after a party, guests coming from China say to the host,“谢谢你的邀请，我们度过了一个愉快的夜晚。” Interpreter can express like this,“Thank you so much for inviting us, we had a wonderful night”.In this version “so much” is an exaggerated word.Another example is, when praising others, one usually addresses in this way, ”What a beautiful house!” or “What a cute boy”.Another example,“你觉得我们有机会合作这个项目么？”

Hopefully, let’s wait and see.Version1: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on the project?

希望可以，让我们边走边看。

Version2: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on this project?

希望能有这个合作机会，让我们边走边看。

Based on Approbation and Modesty Maxim, it is polite for the interpreter to maximize praise of the Chinese party.The Chinese party asks the question about the cooperation possibility in this situation.For some reasons, Without exact comment on the possibility, the foreigner gives an ambiguous answer to the question.Thus, the second version is recommended.2.2.2.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of agreement between oneself and 20

others.English speakers usually express disagreement in this way:“sorry”or“Excuse me”.For instance,A says,“I like these pictures, they are beautiful”.Then B says “Well, I don’t have any eye for beauty, I’m afraid”.From this example, it is easy to see that although B does not agree with A, he does not express that in a direct way, which not only decreases the conflict between them, but also increases the accordance with the speaker.That is to say, in order to make the listener happier, good details should be talked.For instance,“That was the great Oscar for John” and “That was the great news about John”.The first sentence brings more happiness to the listener.On the contrary, when we talk about some sad news, try to say some vague words instead of details.In western culture, the expression of “death” is a typical one.For example,“be asleep in the arms of God”“be taken to paradise and go to heaven”.Another example,“I was sorry to hear about your husband” is more polite than “I was sorry to hear about your husband’s death”.2.2.3 Choosing of expressions

Choosing of expressions means that during interpreting, an interpreter is likely to choose different ways to express the idea.Among these choices, he or she would find the most polite one according to politeness communicative principle, which includes the changing of sentence structure or custom of expression in different languages.The author would illustrate the point in following aspects.2.2.3.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim

Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.21

你看过那份计划了吗？

真不好意思，我昨天去看父母了。

Version1: Sorry, I went to visit my parents yesterday.Version2: Sorry, I haven’t seen it though, since I went to visit my parents yesterday.In this situation, the hidden meaning of Chinese speaker is that he hasn’t looked into the proposal yet.According to Chinese culture, the reason is given at first.However, person asks the question in order to know whether the proposal is seen though or not.Thus, in order to show respect to the leader, he or she had better choose the latter one to give the direct answer first and if time permits, giving reasons in a simple way.In this way, the modest attitude of speaker can be clearly reflected and thus gaining opinion of Chinese audience.2.2.3.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.That is all my speech, If you have any question concerning my speech, welcome.Version1: 我的演讲完毕，有问题可以问我。

Version2: 我的演讲完毕，如有问题，欢迎随时提问。

The original sentence is a traditional English way of expression with no offence.However, the translated version1 may seem a bit rude to the audience in China.Thus, although violating the literal meaning of the original words, interpreters maybe choose the latter one to show politeness and create a harmonious atmosphere.22

2.2.3.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim

Under the direction of these two maxims, the author will list an example:

Do you agree with our arrangement?

Yes, the transportation and accommodation are great.Version1: 是的，交通和住宿都不错。

Version2: 安排的很好，尤其是住宿和交通。

In order to be polite, version2 chooses the expression “安排的很好”，which is not heightened in the original words.The change of expression adds the degree of agreement and sounds more agreeable than just saying“是的”.Therefore, the listener will be glad to your interpretation.3 Strategies for applying politeness communicative principle in interpretation

Since a great many researches have been done on the strategies whenever concerning politeness or subjectivity, the author is going to mention three of them simply.There are substitution when the speaker does not mention, treason when the speaker does mention but not polite to the audience and omission to name just a few.3.1 Substitution Interpretation needs substitution sometimes.Since it has already been proved that interpreter is able to cope with subjectivity, substitution cannot be avoided because of different languages, backgrounds, styles and so on.When comes to politeness communicative principle, substitution can be utilized in following: The key point of Tack and Generosity maxims is to reduce the cost of others.In some cases, people are not willing to talk about death, disease, body part and so on.23

Instead, they would use indirect words replacing them.For instance, “big C” stands for “cancer” “mentally handicapped” replaces “retarded”, “psychiatric hospital” rather than “mental hospital”.Concerning about unemployment, they would use the words: “unwaged, between jobs”.It’s good for one to try hard to agree with others,if not that matters, and it is the key issue of Agreement and Sympathy maxims.When one agrees with the other but he or she omits the words like “yes” or “sure” and directly continue the topic.On such occasions, it is greater if the interpreter say like “of course” or “definitely” to emphasize the agreement.Substitution can be found quite often in opening and end of speeches, informal lectures and interviews, which allows to establish harmonious atmosphere without influencing the content or final result.3.2 Treason In some occasions, if we translate the sentences literary, it would cause misunderstanding due to different cultural backgrounds.As bridge of communication, it is interpreter’s responsibility to promote better interactions, even sometimes not being loyalty to the original words.In order to maximize praise of others and minimize praise to oneself, interpreters may sometimes behave modest on behalf of the speaker.Such kind of situation can be found when communicative parties come from different cultural backgrounds.For instance, the Westerners tend to be direct while Chinese are used to behave modest.It is the guest speaker’s or sometimes interpreter’s responsibility to use words or concept of the host speakers and that can also be regarded as a kind of agreement to 24

the host party and its custom for sake of offering more agreement to others.Situations exist when parties hold different opinions toward one issue or when slip of tongue occurs.Interpreters should be pay attention to this strategy, be loyalty to the original words and pass on the meaning to the listeners.3.3 Omission Facing with difficulties in interpretation, omission is one of the strategies most often applied.Omission concludes deletion of words, phrases, sentences or even a paragraph.Here is an example: Please turn to page 20, maybe 22.let me see, yes, 25.Version1:请翻到书的20页，也许是22页，让我看看，第25页。

Version2:请翻到书的第25页。

It costs a lot for the audience to hear page 20, 22and 25 getting themselves busy in turning to pages that are not certain.Thus, it is wise and polite for the interpreter to slip to the final page which is quite certain, or else it will cause a confusing situation.However, this strategy is not proper in all conditions.When comes to important content, no random omission is allowed.Conclusion

Through this paper, the author draws the conclusion that it is very important and feasible to use politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Therefore, when interpreters understand preconditions of the principle and adopt related interpretation strategies, the interpreted version would be better.Since interpreters are already aware of the importance to be polite and feasibility to subjectivity.Besides, some possible ways to deal with subjectivity, interpretation strategies under the direction of politeness communicative principle are are listed in the paper.It is conductive to the improvement of the quality of interpretation and the development of interpreters themselves.Since this paper is done with the aid of many reference books and some papers, there may exist weakness and limitations during the process.Besides, there are causes that actually lead to these limitations: Firstly, as a college student, it is unlikely for the author to get in touch with interpreters in everyday life;Secondly, not doing or observing enough interpreting practice, it is impossible for the author to collect a large number of materials and cover all the areas.Finally, the author has little experience in interpretation, which causes the big trouble to perfect the paper.As a result, based on the materials available and current condition, the author tries best to make the paper reliable.The author hopes that the future researches can spare more efforts in the following aspects.Firstly, researches may collect as much materials as they can through all possible channels in future.If time permits, such kind of collection may 26

produce a more reliable research than this one.Secondly, there is no space and time left for strategies and suggestions.The author just lists three of them to name just a few.It is the hope of the author that future researcher can lay more emphasis on the strategy part to make this research more complete and systematic.Bibliography Brown.P &Levinson, S.Universals in Language Usage [J].Shanghai: Shanghai

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自然观的演变——《自然》与《走出去思考》之对比分析 67 解读《喜福会》中吴夙愿与吴精美母女之间被误解的爱

Golding’s Perception of Human Nature Viewed from Lord of the Flies 69 英语歌曲名称汉译研究

《瓦尔登湖》与陶渊明作品中的自然观简析 71

透析《劝导》中的新女性形象

从生态女性主义视角解读《喜福会》

由福克纳短篇小说中的女性看南方身份没落 75

Differences Between English and Chinese Euphemisms and Influences on Cross-cultural Communication 77 谈品牌广告文体特点及其翻译

跨文化视角下动物寓意的对比及其习语的翻译策略

通过《喧哗与骚动》中三兄弟各自对于凯蒂的叙述分析三人各自性格特征 80 不伦，还是不朽？－－从柏拉图的哲学理论视角解读《洛丽塔》（开题报告+论）81 中西方婚姻观的差异

《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义

浅析艾米丽•迪金森诗歌的主题思想

从习语翻译看文化空缺

A Comparison between Chinese and Western Food Cultures 86 论爱伦•坡五本恐怖小说中恐怖效果的营造

用会话含义理论分析《傲慢与偏见》中的人物对白

The Pursuit and Disillusionment of the American Dream—On Martin Eden 89 从《少年派的奇幻漂流》看人性的两面性及自我斗争 90 谭恩美《喜福会》的文化冲突与融合

On Cultural Differences in English & Chinese Advertisement Translation 92 商业意识对美国电影片名翻译的影响 93 马克·吐温的短篇小说的文体分析 94 论国际商务中的跨文化有效沟通

种族沟通的桥梁——对《宠儿》中两个丹芙的人物分析 96 西方饮食文化给中国餐饮业经营者带来的若干启示 97 “工业小说”《玛丽•巴顿》的宗教解析

A Survey on Western Culture Learning among Non-English Majors 99 试析《推销员之死》中威利•洛曼的美国梦 100 生态批评视域中的《红字》 101 试论盖茨比对其梦想生活的追求

西奥多•德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》中的消费主义思想探索 103 论《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻选择的经济动因

简奥斯汀眼中的理想男人——试析《傲慢与偏见》的男主人翁 105 弗吉尼亚伍尔夫《墙上的斑点》的叙事技巧分析 106 英汉模糊语言对比研究及其翻译

从《艾玛》看简奥斯汀小说中的对话运用 108 试析《飘》中女主人公斯佳丽的传统意识 109 合作学习在初中英语口语教学中的应用 110 论不同语境下广告语中双关语的翻译原则 111 诸神形象折射中西方价值观不同 112 新闻英语的特征及其翻译

From Dormancy to Revival—A Feminist Study on Kate Chopin’s Awakening 114 广告英语的修辞特点

从跨文化的视角分析美国动画“辛普森一家”中的习语现象 116 新课标下初中英语教师角色转变的研究 117 《了不起的盖茨比》的叙事技巧分析 118 有关“生命”概念隐喻的英汉对比研究 119 论华兹华斯诗歌中的自然观

英汉动物习语文化内涵对比与翻译

从合作原则角度简要分析《老友记》中乔伊的性格特征 122 英汉动物习语对比研究 123 论《宠儿》中的象征意象

初中英语听力水平调查研究－－-以钢城十二中为例的个案调查 125 从《儿子与情人》谈家庭失和与失衡 126 华兹华斯诗歌的和谐观

解析斯嘉丽的性格及其对现代社会女性的借鉴意义

A Study of Beauty in Sound, Form and Meaning Displayed in Zhang Peiji’s Prose Translation 129 《格列佛游记》与《镜花缘》的比较 130 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的性格分析

A Feminist Narratological Analysis of the Tess of the D’Urbervilles 132 从王尔德的童话看其悲观主义爱情观 133 论《小妇人》中女性人物塑造的两重性 134 [政治学与行政学]行政忠诚：困境与重塑 135 论英语商务合同中状语从句的翻译

情感教学在初中英语课堂中的理论和实践 137 委婉语的适用性原则和策略

数字“三”的文化意蕴及其翻译方法

论《吉姆老爷》中的英雄主义（开题报告+论）140 中美脱口秀会话分析对比研究（开题报告+论）141 论希斯克利夫出走的必然性 142 图式在英语阅读中的作用

从数字的联想意义研究中西文化的差异 144 英汉“红色”与“黑色”词汇的对比研究 145 中西颜色中“红”与“白”的文化差异对比 146 从《傲慢与偏见》看简•奥斯丁的婚姻观

Domestication and Foreignization in the English-Chinese Translation－－A Case Study of Two Chinese Versions of OHenry’s The Cop and the Anthem 148 情感因素在英语教学中的作用 149 论汉文化负载词汇的翻译

解析《鲁滨逊漂流记》中主人公性格与命运的关系 151 《红字》中善与恶的不同结局 152 毛姆眼中的简奥斯丁

153 从精神分析角度解析《一位女士的画像》中伊莎贝尔•阿切尔的婚姻悲剧 154 对英语政治新闻的批评性话语分析 155 英语文学课外学习活动组织方式的探讨 156 从《死者》看都柏林人的精神瘫痪 157 浅谈美国职场上的性别歧视及其原因

158 从电影《碟中谍》系列探讨美国式个人英雄主义 159 新课程标准下初中英语课堂中师生互动的构建 160 英语介词的翻译

161 悖论式的唯美主义－－论王尔德的《道连•格雷的画像》 162 《紫色》中的隐喻语篇功能探索

163 多丽丝莱辛的《金色笔记》中安娜的政治困惑分析 164 浅析文化差异对中西商务谈判的影响 165 莎士比亚历史剧中的政治观 166 英语委婉语的内涵

167 从心理学角度探析爱米莉的爱情悲剧

168 Analysis on Paul Morel’s Life Passages from the Perspective of Lawrence’s Unconscious 169 《呼啸山庄》中女主人公人物分析 170 功能翻译理论关照下的英汉商标翻译

171 金融英语的规范性及翻译策略研究 172 浅析英语新闻标题的语言特征

173 游戏教学法在初中英语课堂教学中的应用 174 对《红字》中完美人性的求索－－浅析海斯特与丁梅斯代尔的自我思想较量与精神升华 175 双关的不可译性探索

176 《尤利西斯》与《春之声》中意识流手法的不同 177 从《竞选州长》看马克•吐温的幽默艺术

178(英语系经贸英语)论苹果公司的撇脂定价策略 179 安妮•普鲁《断背山》：同性恋的存在与否定 180

181 交际法在初中英语教学中的运用

182 设计中国际主义风格与民族主义风格的平衡 183 An Analysis of Sexism in English Proverbs 184 The Translation of English Film Title 185 从生态批评论梭罗《瓦尔登湖》中对工业化的思考 186 浅析《茶花女》女主人公玛格丽特爱情追求的道德障碍 187 目的论与外国汽车商标的汉译

188 “It be Adj of sb to do sth”中形容词语义的构式语法研究 189 文类、历史与受众心态——论小说《红字》的电影改编 190 《雾都孤儿》中的善与恶

191 A Study on Problems and Solutions to JEFC Teaching under Multi-level Modes 192 从禁忌语看中西方文化异同 193 西方影视作品中的美国婚俗研究

194 A Comparative Study of Feminism in Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights 195 从意象看《喜福会》的主题 196 英汉绿色词对比研究

197 礼貌策略的英汉对比研究—以《傲慢与偏见》及其译本为例 198 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 199 Jude the Obscure and Hardy’s World View 200 礼貌原则在英汉语言文化差异中的应用

第四篇：跨文化交际中的礼貌问题

跨文化交际中的“谦逊”问题

摘要：在跨文化交流中 ,谦逊被看作为礼貌的表现。谦逊与民族文化有着密切联系 ,体现出不同民族文化的特色 ,遵循着不同的民族礼貌规范;不了解谦逊的含义及其背后的民族文化,就会导致跨文化交际失误。

关键词：跨文化交际;谦逊;文化特征;语用失误

礼貌是不同文化背景的人都必须遵守和维护的准则,讲究礼貌是人类社会的文明标志。但不同文化背景的社会具有不同的礼貌规范。在跨文化交际中 ,中国人的 “谦逊” 似乎是外国人和中国人议论的一个热门话题。因为跨文化交际中的由于中西礼貌原则的不同，有时会发生冲突。与中国人交往的西方人普遍反映:中国人在待人接物中“态度过于谦恭却不诚”。产生上述误解的症结就在于许多人不了解英汉文化“谦逊”的真正含义 ,对英汉民族的“谦逊”文化特性了解甚少。所以,要做到正确得体地对外交际,就必须明确“谦逊”的含义和正确对待“谦逊”的文化特性。为此 ,本文通过分析中西称呼问题、对感谢语及恭维语的回应问题,来深入剖析英汉文化中“谦逊”的含义和文化特征,总结中西交流需要遵循的礼貌原则，分析中西民族“谦逊”的文化差异及由此引起的社会语用失误 ,其目的是在跨文化交际中最大限度上避免由礼貌引起的语用失误。

一、称呼问题

称呼语(address form)是指用来称呼别人和自己的词语。言语交际中,称呼语是用得最广泛、最频繁的词语。它常是传递给对方的第一个信息。称呼语对人际关系有着敏锐的反应。它不仅有提醒对方开始交际的作用,更重要的是能摆正自己与交际对象的关系,便于展开交谈。

交际中人们往往选择不同的称呼语。如何选择称呼语是说话者社交能力的一个重要组成部分。因为称呼语的选择倾向首先反映出交际双方在交际中的角色、身份、社会地位和亲疏程度。

在中国,孩子一般不能直呼父母、长辈的大名;学生不可直接叫老师的名字,下属不能叫上司的名字等。否则就会被视作缺少家教,没礼貌,不懂规矩等。中国人不仅使用表示血亲关系的名词去称呼家人、亲属,而且喜欢用亲属称谓来称呼

非亲属的朋友乃至陌生人。比方说,把跟自己祖父母年龄相仿的男性叫爷爷,女性叫奶奶;将比自己父母年长的女性称为大妈或阿姨,男性称伯伯或叔叔;有时和辈分相同的人在一起,把比自己年长的男性称大哥,女姓称大姐。这种现象在西方可以说是罕见的。在正式场合,人们较喜欢使用职务称呼。比如中国的行政职务,上至国家主席,下至小小班组长,都可以用作称呼语。像李部长、高厅长、王主任、吴科长等。这一方面体现了对被称呼者的尊敬,另一方面也体现了对其身份、地位的重视。西方中则不尽然。汉语的称呼中,有尊老的传统和习惯。人们一般称呼年老的人为“老X”。像“老王”“老李”“老赵”等,这正是突出对方比自己年长,透出一种尊敬。特别是在学术界,对一些德高望重的老前辈,常常称作“某老”或“某老先生”,像在文学界,人们常常称呼巴金为巴老,称呼郭沫若为郭老等。再如,在介绍某人时,人们经常说“某某是一位老教师(老科学家、老工程师等等)。这里所说的“老”,丝毫没有贬义,而是含有尊敬和推崇的意思。但是如果将此称呼用在西方国家则是一种禁忌,毫无得体可言。

不难看出,汉语中“称呼”所涉及的人际关系可以用“上下长幼尊卑”几个字来概括。在西方社会,因为其文化取向、社会格局、人际关系与东方截然不同,所以对“称呼”语的使用和对其意义的解释也自然相差悬殊。具体地讲,主要差异表现在“称呼”时是直呼其名还是使用“头衔+ 姓”的方式。尤其是近年来,西方社会交往中的相互“称呼”似乎正在经历着一场革命,不论地位和职位高低,人们越来越愿意直呼其名—雇员、年轻人乃至一个家庭中的子女在称呼他们的上司、年长者、教授以及父母等都直接用他们的名字。这显然是一种试图消除社会地位差异的强烈愿望的表示,或者意味着人际之间的关系越来越趋于平等。即使在正式场合,名字前面的职称也不必过于繁琐。类似尊贵的夫人、尊敬的教授、博士、校长、阁下等等过时而又冗长的称呼不但疏远彼此关系,而且会令人生厌,产生适得其反的交际效果。

另外，在汉语中 ,为了表示谦恭 ,说话一方通常会使用大量的谦词来称呼自己 ,而用敬语表示对对方的尊敬,谦词和敬语是汉语谦逊的重要形式。例如 ,称对方的意见为 “高见”, 称自己的看法为 “管见”;称别人的著作为 “大作”,称自己的著作为 “拙作”;称别人的儿子、女儿为 “令郎”、“千金” ,称自己的儿子、女儿为“犬子”、“小女” 等等。而这在西方社会是绝对不

存在的现象。

二、有关恭维语问题

恭维语是人们日常交际中非常重要的一种言语行为，比较复杂却又非常必要，多出现在各种社交场合中。恭维语的交际行为主要体现在两个方面：一是恭维语的发出；二是恭维语的回应。恭维语的交际效果取决于恭维语的发出和回应是否遵循了人类使用恭维语的社会文化原则。尤其在不同的社会文化背景下，不仅恭维语的发出有很多不同，恭维语的回应同样存在着很多差异。科学认识这些差异对于提高恭维语及其回应的语用效果有着非常重要的意义。

中西方文化的不同导致恭维回应的不同。文化的不同概括起来分为三方面：一是个人主义与集体主义；二是不自我贬低与谦虚；三是人人平等与等级观念。具体来讲，个人主义在西方文化中处于轴心位置，其他的价值体系都是围绕它产生的。然而，在中国，个人是依附于组织与机构的。对于西方人来说，自我贬低意味着丢面子，因此，接受恭维的时候他们很少贬低自己。然而，谦虚是中华民族的优良传统，因此回应恭维的时候，他们通常会放低自己的位置。在西方，人人生而平等，而在中国，社会等级是很分明的，权威人物更受人们尊重。所以，英汉恭维语的回应存在差别，具体如下：

英语恭维语的回应模式主要有以下几种：（1）感谢标志。即听到恭维后表示谢意，同意恭维，它是典型的英语恭维语的回应模式；（2）赞扬升级。即被赞扬者夸大或强化赞扬的言语，这种回应多发生在熟人之间，常带有开玩笑的性质；（3）回敬恭维。即接受恭维的同时再将恭维回敬给对方；（4）转移恭维。即把话题转移到第三者或其他事情上；（5）质疑或否定。即被恭维者否认恭维或直接表示不接受恭维的语言。

汉语恭维语的回应模式主要有以下几种：（1）否定恭维；（2）不予表态。即由于恭维者不知如何回应或不愿回应或有意忽略恭维并引出新话题的应答方式；（3）转移恭维；（4）感谢但赞扬降级。即接受恭维但同时削弱恭维；（5）接受恭维。

三、总结遵循的原则

根据英美等西方国家人们的言语习惯、会话文化的特点所提出的礼貌原则是有代表性的。它包含6条准则:(1)策略准则(Tact max-im):使他人受损最

小 , 受惠最大。(2)宽容准则(Genero sity maxim):使自身受惠最小 , 受损最大。(3)赞扬准则(App ro bation maxim):尽力缩小对他人的贬损 , 尽力夸大对他人的赞扬。(4)谦虚准则(Modesty maxim):尽力缩小对自身的赞扬 , 极力夸大对自身的贬损。(5)赞同准则(Agreement max-im):尽力缩小自身和他人之间的分歧 , 尽力夸大自身和他人之间的一致。(6)同情准则(Sympat hy):尽力缩小自身对他人的厌恶 , 尽力夸大自身对他人的同情。这6 条准则互相贯穿又各有侧重。总的说来 ,西方礼貌原则最根本的一条是策略原则 ,“策略” 是礼貌的根本 ,是建立在 “惠” 与 “损” 基础上的平衡策略。可简单概括为一条礼貌准则即: “使自身受惠最小 ,使他人受惠最大;使自身受损最大 , 使他人受损最小”。因此 ,谦逊的含义在英文化中就是 “减少对自己的表扬” , 而不是根本不要自我表扬。在谦逊准则所属的两条次准则(尽量少赞扬自己和尽量多贬低自己)中 , 重点在 “尽量少赞誉自己” 而不是 “尽量多贬低自己”。

大家一般认为现代礼貌在汉文化中有四个基本概念: 尊敬(respectf

ulness)、谦虚(modes-ty)、热情(at tit udinal warmt h)和文雅

(refinement),他以中国文化为背景归纳了 5 条礼貌准则:(1)贬己尊人准则。指称自己或与自己相关的人或事物时要 “贬”,要 “谦”。指称听者或与听者有关的人与事物时要 “抬”,要 “尊”。(2)称呼准则。即用适当称呼主动跟对方打招呼 ,在相互称呼时要遵循 “上下、贵贱、长幼” 有别的传统来体现人际交往中的社会关系。(3)文雅准则。选用雅言 ,禁用秽语 , 多用委婉 ,少用直言。避免直接提及使人不愉快或难堪的事物。(4)求同准则。说者、听者在诸多方面力求和谐一致 ,尽量满足对方的欲望。当发表不同意见时 ,往往是 “先褒后贬” , “先礼后宾”。(5)德、言、行准则。在行为动机上 ,尽量减少他人付出的代价 ,尽量增大对他人的益处;在言辞上 ,尽量夸大别人给自己的好处 ,尽量少说自己付出的代价。顾先生所提出的礼貌准则 , 揭示了具有中国文化特色的礼貌现象。

四、跨文化交际中 “谦逊”

引起的语用失误跨文化交际中的语用失误(pragmatic failure),指的是不同文化背景下出生的交际双方在交际过程中因未能恰当地把握话语中的文化含义 , 而造成对语言的理解和使用上的失误。跨文化交际中的语用失误属于社交

语用失误。这种语用失误是由于社会文化规则、社会距离、价值观不同引起的。语言语用失误一般只影响到交际是否达到目的,对感情伤害是轻微的,而社交语用失误不仅影响交际是否成功,而且造成的误解极其严重,以致感情的伤害程度很大,它更应引起重视。

综上所述 ,在跨文化交际中,谦逊是十分需要的。了解不同文化的谦逊对于促进文化交流、增进友谊有着不可忽视的作用。这就要求双方正确处理礼貌和诚实的关系。交际双方进行交际时,应当真心地以诚相待,不应一味讲究毫无诚意的虚假礼貌。否则,你的真诚会被误解为虚假情意,进而影响交际的顺利进行。因此,跨文化交际中的谦逊态度应表现为:态度实事求是,尊重国际惯例和国际交往的礼仪准则,了解和尊重各国的风俗习惯,不强加于人。既要谦虚谨慎,又要不卑不亢。盲目抬高别人,贬低自己,把别人说得天花乱坠,把自己说得一无是处,都只会既让人瞧不起自己,也损害了自己的形象。因此 ,在交际中应举止稳重,彬彬有礼,不卑不亢,落落大方。

[参考文献]

[1]毕继万.“礼貌”的文化特性研究[J].世界汉语教学,1996，(1).[2]顾曰国.礼貌、语用和文化[J].外语教学与研究,1992，(4).[3]刘绍忠, 钟国仕.语用语言失误与社交语用失误[J].外语教学与研究2001.[4]周洁.跨文化交际中“谦逊”的文化特征[J].广西民族大学学报,2006，(5)

第五篇：言语交际作业

言语交际结课作业

姓名：周永乐

学号：2013504059 来看职场中的不诚实现象 《杜拉拉升职记2》片段：

拉拉不好开罪暗含引而待发之意的董青，只好陪着假笑道：“我要有那等好身手搞定王伟，何必还在这里自己干得苦哈哈，早跟着她过好日子去了，你说是不是？”

杜拉拉这样一个托词明显空洞无力。

董青当下再接再厉道：“就是啊？拉拉，我也不相信----可是你猜怎么着？他们都在怀疑，那个和王伟一起的女的，明明就是你！他们说你现在是一味地假装，死不承认罢了！”

董青一副老电影里正义者义正言辞地对撒谎者说：”看着我的眼睛“的样子，同时又期待着杜拉拉明知无望又垂死挣扎辩解最后被当场戳穿出丑。董青的话满是讽刺，双方明明知晓内情，都不说破，都极尽所能使用高妙的语言，一方想保护自己，另一方欲刺痛别人，此时矛比较锋利一点。

拉拉耐着性子说：”哎，是在是高看我了。这事儿不是早有人再三核实过了嘛，我真没这好身手，至少还得再练两年。“

面对别人的怀疑还有逼问，杜拉拉明显显得被动，被动便不自然，不自然就证明她说谎。当然双方都清楚得很。如果一开始杜拉拉就主动还击，拿出女强人的气势而不是做贼心虚者苍白的掩饰之心。

董青知道杜拉拉言语暗藏杀意，却不愿意翻脸，便进一步挑战她的底线：“早有人来问过了啊？那你可得调整好自己的情绪，不要让这些人影响你。“ 董青是来问的人之一，杜拉拉的表现有些失态，这才董青这一句来讽刺杜拉拉心虚。

杜拉拉恼地牙痒痒，稳了稳血气，才回到道：”不好意思，我得开会去了，先走一步。“

我想对杜拉拉说：”你才这样回答啊？“明知董青不怀好意，早该这样拒绝与她谈话。董青笑微微地说：”好的啊，下次再找你聊！“

现实生活中心平气和，不露锋芒地讲话却能使你方寸大乱的人最可怕。听董青这话竟含着预约的意思，拉拉心说有完没完，下次还来怎么地？她到底年轻，一个没忍住，这时候也咧嘴坏笑道：“哎，董青，是不是做销售压力太大，想改行做娱记啦？我跟你说一个八卦娱记要成为一个名记，首先要明白一点，新闻本来无所谓对错，他不是用来维护真理和良知的，重点在于即使爆料，不断传播，只要不超出政府容忍的范围----丑闻若不为人知，如何算得上丑闻？又如何达到娱乐人心的目的呢？所以在这样的工作中，娱记不需要善良，也不必以为这种传播是多么的不善良，这只是一种职业的态度，要从技术的角度去理解。” 说出这种似是而非的骂人话，杜拉拉明显愤怒极了，同时也看出她很有才华。这段话中，她警告董青，不要超出她的忍耐底线，并且说董青八卦不死出于维护真理和良知的，是“不善良”的行为，是错的。她也很坦然：“丑闻若不为人知，如何suo得上丑闻？又如何达到娱乐人心的目的呢？”似乎有一种博君一笑的豁达胸襟，却总是让别人也包括身为读者的我们的怀疑。尽管如此，难掩其才华。，《国剧盛典》

2014人气男演员奖：李易峰

颁奖人钟汉良小跑到台前伸出屈拱着的胳膊，李易峰伸进钟汉良的胳膊弯，两人亲密地走到话筒边才放开。发表过获奖感言之后，支持人周群问李易峰：“跟那么多漂亮的女演员合作过，到底哪一个才是你心目中的女神呢？”明星通常不愿意在媒体上透露自己的感情问题。李易峰眼神一转，说：“其实从刚才上台领奖的那一幕，我就已经表达了，钟汉良。”全场惊叹，欢呼。李易峰又说：“他是我心目中的’太阳女神’。”主持人文涛说:”那汉良回应一下。“钟汉良从李易峰后面走过来说：”他可能将男闺蜜和女神混淆了吧。“李易峰回答说：”混了混了。“钟汉良巧设圈套：”那再给你一次选择的机会，到底谁是你的----男神。“钟汉良被李易峰说成女的，又设了个套让李易峰钻，让李自己承认自己也是女的。李易峰思考片刻，斩钉截铁地说：”钟汉良。“全场又一阵欢呼。结果一场尴尬的场景欢喜而散。无可否认，钟汉良和李易峰两人都很机智。相似的情景在2013年的国剧盛典也出现过：

林志颖、钟汉良和台湾的“偶像剧女王”陈乔恩一起出席。导演组工作人员透露，这是有意而为，之前调研时发现，陈乔恩在学生时代曾写“情书”给偶像林志颖，“寄到他的唱片公司去了，但他可能没收到……”国剧盛典导演组原想给陈乔恩补个告白的机会，但是陈乔恩却将“男神”选票投给钟汉良，说：“汉良哥是我心中永远的小太阳，原本我追求着小志，但现在我疯狂地爱着小小志。“ 很多明星都不太想把自己的隐私（公众最关心还是明星们的感情生活）分享给公众，很多媒体采访时都会遇到这样的问题，明星各有各的回答，我知道的我觉得最经典的采访就像李易峰和陈乔恩这样的。他们的回答无可厚非有谎言，对明星来说很尴尬的局面但他们的回答对我们来说却觉得很自然，这就是语言技巧——不诚实的魅力。

《今晚80后脱口秀》

支持人王自健说：“任何人从事一种职业，没有学历都很难，比如说小偷。前两天，武汉轻工业大学里，一个小偷去食堂偷东西，一个大学生就被这个小偷下手了，被这个大学生发现了，情急之下，这个大学生就以迅雷不及掩耳之势将他的饭盆盖在小偷的脸上，旁边同学一问究竟，一听是小偷，这一堆大学生又把小偷毒打了一顿，小偷无奈，束手就擒，扭送公安机关。这个故事告诉我们什么呢?就是没上过大学，你真的不行。小偷就属于典型的没上过大学的人。但凡上过大学的人都知道这样一个基本的原则：刚刚吃完食堂饭菜的大学生是最愤怒的大学生。”原本就是娱乐节目，支持人说段子一脸故作淡定的样子就更让观众们笑得肆无忌惮。他的很多这样的段子都是像这样有潜台词的，大多是跟现实生活中的一些社会问题的，经过王自健这样一张巧舌如簧的嘴，反而成了大众们的笑点，当然这其中王自健的表情和肢体动作的辅助也是必不可少的，要不然节目组也会给他一张桌子只露个头出来。

《职来职往》高校专场

彭巧玉 湖南大学国贸专业

她为了创业，大胆地执行了一个营销策略：假表白。为了推广自己，给熊晓鸽送了一封实名的情书。谭奕评价道：“有时候我们会为了达到一个目的而不择手段，但是我们要把握好这个度，超过了这个度，不管多少，都可能造成不可想象的后果。” 周昊问：“你的这些想法，很多人都有，但是不敢去做。你这么勇敢去做了，我就想问一下，做了之后有没有一些负面的影响，关于一些消极的评价你是怎么对待处理的？”彭说：“我是做市场营销的，无论做什么决策，我都会权衡一下利弊，分析一下会达到什么样的效果”陶亚东问：“做市场营销是要制造一些这样的噱头，但还要看这个市场营销人员做的噱头高不高级。你刚才上台时说要扑向响哥，你这样的营销是很功利性的，可能响哥心里不好受，但你却没有站在他的立场想一想。”雷明说：“你做事的过程有强人所难之处。那位熊先生可能有一定的社会阅历，是一个比较成功的人。我们做人要讲心讲术，就是心术，心是你要用他的影响力，术是你未经他同意，不管同不同意，也要扑上去用一用他的影响力。你这样突然给他一封情书，当着众人的面，他只好拿出一个长着的胸怀说：‘小玉，你很勇敢。’你没想过，也许他现在正在跟他老婆吵架呢，你这一封情书就是火上浇油，但是他不可能跟一个未出校门的姑娘计较。” 所以总结说我们在不择手段达到目的的时候，过程往往很关键。市场营销这个概念对我比较陌生，但我觉得一个成功的营销项目主要包括”生产””分配””交换””消费”四个环节,生产是起点，就是说在营销的过程中你的生产要创造有价值的，有需求的，质量好的产品，同时还有与生产者紧密相关的市场营销人员，优秀的营销人需要一些影响力，包括你的智慧，容貌，品德，照这个角度去说，明星就是最棒的营销人，这就是为什么商家需要明星代言的缘故；“分配”，就是通过什么最有效率的渠道将你的产品推广出去；”交换“就是对价格的定位，根据产品的详细情况，通过与相同产品的对比合理定位价格，既要考虑成本，又要考虑消费者的可接受程度，即从长远的眼光考虑利润因素；”消费“，就是消费者也即市场，市场的定位也很关键。比如辣椒，地域方面，南方向重庆四川市场是最优先的；比如槟榔，年轻人比较受欢迎，老年人就不爱吃。如果市场定位失误，或者不明确就会造成不必要的资金投入浪费。

虽然说商场如战场，没有永远的朋友只有永远的利益，但是一个好的口碑是一个人一个企业走上巅峰的过程中至关紧要的一个因素。

熊睿 汉语言应用专业

会书法，唱歌，钢琴，诗词，茶道，跳舞等，从事十五种兼职或实习熊睿的优势就是语言表达能力比较强，另外爱好广泛，在销售工作中可以和客户打成一片。

但是当现场的求职达人问她适合做那个公司的销售，她的回答明显说明她没有做好求职的准备，她是凭借自己的语言表达能力登上了这个舞台，而不是拿出自己的实际能力，就是说公司要的不只是会说话的人。她的回答是：”我不知道我适合做那种公司的销售，但是我觉得很多工作只有经历了才会知道适不适合。“实际上并不是这样的。我们应该在面试前了解一下这个公司的情况，这个公司的什么岗位适合自己。如果这些面试前基本的功课都没有做好，到了面试时或许就没有适合自己的职位。公司没有让你试试合不合适的时间，只有判断你合不合适的时间，总结就是我们不要让别人对我们还抱着怀疑的心态的时候劝他给我们试试的机会，而是要证明自己实力，让别人断定我们就是适合的，至于过程中语言表达肯定是重要的，但不能顾此失彼。

总结

职场中很多事都不是绝对的，所以需要我们左右逢源，化解针锋相对。拿诚实来说，有些时候并不需要你诚实，但你必要要具备。面试时要诚实多一点，我们介绍自己难免带一些浮夸，但总体上要展示真实的自己，要让对方相信自己的能力而不是随口编造的谎话，当然很多负责招聘的人有相当的经验来试探你的能力，说实话，你最好必须诚实。还有跟老板汇报工作情况的时候要诚实，报告项目进展情况也要诚实，否则如果因为你的蒙蔽视听可能会给公司造成难以想想的损失。诚实固然可贵，鲁莽的诚实就成了下下之策。很多时候我们信以为圭臬的诚实反而就遇到了瓶颈，比如：

1.你的老板或同事个性自恋，会因为你的坦白而受伤。

如果你说话过度坦率直白，很可能会让他们感到受伤、被威胁或是引起反弹。当然，你不需要恶意欺瞒，而是要想办法转化你的用语，站在他们的角度思考，用比较委婉温和的说法告诉他们。比如：当工作中，老板给的方案存在明显的漏洞，继续执行会导致资源的浪费，也有可能预算期望过高造成资金不足等情况，你作为你的老板直属下属，如何合理地解决这种情况，前提是你的老板个性自恋。如果是我，我觉得这样的老板不喜欢比自己精明的员工，在这种情况下，继续执行造成的后果会牵连到自己，所以必须指出方案中的错误。我可以假装糊涂的样子，请示老板，告诉老板出错的地方自己有些不明白。一般老板都比较精明，在解释的时候顺着这个思路就会发现自己在细节桑考虑得不周到。结果就是：我，还是比较笨的我，老板，还是精明的老板，方案，却是改进了的方案。2.当你的情绪气愤到极点时

当你在盛怒之下说出来的话即使百分之百正确、诚实，但也往往容易被人曲解为是非理智的情绪性发泄，而不被信任。这时候诚实不是重点，闭嘴才是上策。等情绪恢复后再沟通也不迟。

3.你觉得自己的价值被低估、薪水太低

有本事的人不愁薪水太低，没本事的人总觉得薪水太低。用事实证明自己的价值，具体说出你的工作贡献，累积到足够数据之后，用实际的证明去说服主管，而不要抱怨说「觉得」薪水太低。4.你或你的团队某个项目失败 在你诚实向老板报告失败的坏消息之前，应该先想清楚以下三件事：失败的可能原因；在这项目中你的角色与工作内容；可能的解决方案。别脑袋空空地便跑去向主管报告坏消息，重点是关于这项「坏消息」，你有没有做好应做的功课。时刻记住老板花高价雇你来，是要你替他分忧，帮助他解决问题，如果只是报告消息，谁都可以代替你。老板有必要清楚你带来的花消息，但你要有自己的解决方法，把问题和答案同时传达给老板，而不是仅仅把问题扔给老板。5.你极度厌恶之前的工作

不论先前的工作是多么不愉快地结束，当你日后谈起时，不妨站在旁观者的立场，客观地描述事实，不需要再将当时的不愉快情绪一五一十地重述一次。6.你不认为自己适合这份工作，但又非常需要有份工作

很多时候适不适合，只有实际去尝试才会知道，不妨将自己的感觉放一边，接受这份工作，很有可能意外发现自己对这份工作的喜爱，或者在公司内遇到其它适合的机会。

7.即将要离职，提供最后的建言

许多过去不想说或不能说的话，到了离职之际，或许可以摊开来一谈。但是也别诚实过了头，成了批斗大会。这时候更应该不带情绪，心平气和地提出自己的对于团队或组织的看法。至于过去工作时的种种不愉快或抱怨，也不需在此一一数落，才能留给所有人一个好印象。