谈科技英语的文体翻译和语言特点论文

第一篇：谈科技英语的文体翻译和语言特点论文

摘要: 随着现代科学技术的飞速发展，全球经济一体化逐步深入，科技英语将越来越引起科学界和语言界的高度重视和关注。科技英语越来越表现出其独特性，已成为一门独立的文体。本文从科技英语的语言特点出发，举例阐述了科技英语的翻译技巧和方法。

关键词: 科技英语；语言特点；翻译

在科技英语文献中，科技词汇包括纯科技词汇和普通科技词汇，其使用率高达60 %，足见其数量之多。随着现代科学技术的飞速发展，全球经济一体化逐步深入，科技英语将越来越引起科学界和语言界的高度重视和关注。著名科学家钱三强早就指出：“科技英语在许多国家已经成为现代英语的一个专门的新领域。”现在世界上许多国家设立了科技英语研究中心，大学里也设立科技英语专业或科技英语系，专门从事科技英语语言的研究、教学和科技英语人才的培养。

在我国，科技英语的研究和学习方兴未艾，科技英语系（专业)、研究中心和翻译机构在各大中城市、高等院校如雨后春笋。这充分说明我国科技的快速发展，经济的良性循环以及对世界政治、经济、科技等活动越来越需要科技英语。尽管科技英语和普通英语(如文学英语)外表上看一样，都是由语音、词汇和语法构成。但随着其运用范围扩大，科技领域的进一步规范，科技英语越来越表现出其独特性，已成为一门独立的文体，并逐步奠定科技英语作为一门学科的基础。

一、科技英语的语言特点

科技英语的特点表现在词汇、句法和修辞三个方面。

（一）词汇方面

科技词汇在科技英语里大量使用，主要包括以下几类：．纯科技词汇，即那些只用于某个专业或学科的专门词汇或术语，如hydroxide(氢氧化物)、diode(二级管)、isotope(同位素)等。随着科技的发展，新学科、新专业的产生，这样的词汇层出不穷，其词义精确而狭窄，针对性极强。阅读专业性强的文献，就要了解该领域的专门词汇和术语。．通用科技词汇，即不同专业都要经常使用的那些词汇，数量较大。这类词的使用范围比纯科技词汇要广，出现频率也高，但在不同的专业里有较为稳定的词义。如p o w e r 一词在机械力学中的词义为“力”、“电”、“电力”、“动力”、“电源”、“功率”等，在数学中的词义为“乘方”、“次方”、“幂”；又如f e e d 一词的意义也很丰富：“馈电”、“供水”、“输送”、“进刀”等。．派生词汇，指通过合成、转化和派生构词手段而构成的词汇。这种词汇在科技英语文献中占有很大的比重。例如，由前缀hydro-，hyper-，hypo-和inter-构成的词条在科技英语中就有二干多条；以表示学科的后缀-logy，-ics 和表示行为、性质、状态等的后缀-tion，-sion，-ance，-ence，-ment 等结尾构成的词汇在科技英语文献中俯拾即是。

此外，缩写词也是科技英语词汇的重要组成部分，具有经济、简便的优点。

（二）句法方面．被动语态。

翻开任何一页科技文献，都可找到一定数量的被动语态，这正是科技英语的显著特征的表现：客观、真实，拒绝主观和臆断。．非谓语动词结构。

在科技英语中使用非谓语动词结构可以更好、更准确地描述各个事物之间的关系，事物的位置和状态的变化。．名词化结构。

用名词词组或短语(主要是用具有动作意义的名词+ of + 修饰语)来表示一个句子的意思，就是名词化结构。这一结构在科技英语中大量使用，主要因为它有简洁、确切、严密、客观、信息量大等特点。．长句。

根据上海交通大学l07万词的计算机语料统计，科技英语句的平均长度为21.4 个词，7 个以下(包括7 个词)的短句仅占8.77％，超过40 个的长句占6.3％(方梦之，l989：97)。科技英语中使用长句用来描写复杂多变的客观世界。

（三）修辞方面．句型和时态的使用。科技英语文体用来客观陈述事实和问题，描写过程和状态，说明特性和功能，所论情理多为一般性、频繁性和特征性。因此，在这样的文体中，大量使用陈述句型，谓语动词主要以一般时为主，如一般现在时、过去时和将来时等。．语气的使用。科技作者在说明事

理、提出设想、探讨问题和推导公式时，常常涉及各种前提、条件和场合。为了避免武断，总是从假定、猜测、建议和怀疑的角度出发，这就往往需要采用虚拟语气；另一方面，有不少作者为了表示自己的谦逊，为了谨慎和留有余地，也乐于采用虚拟语气而使口吻变得委婉和圆滑。．祈使旬的使用。在使用说明书、操作规程、作业指导、注意事项等科技文章中，更多使用祈使句以告诫、建议、劝告和命令用户或操作者的行动，以达到基本目的。．其他特点。由于科技文章本身的客观性、信息性，所以在句子结构和其他语言特点上就表现出一些明显的特点如分隔结构、非言词符号、倒装、省略等的使用。科技英语是用来传递客观真理、客观事实，拒绝主观性和臆断性，消除歧义，表达上力求简明、扼要、规范，逻辑严密。以上语言特点是应科技英语本身的要求而形成的。

二、科技文体的翻译

在英语学习的基础阶段，学生接触了一些英语翻译的练习，但大部分为文学方面的，较少翻译科技方面的文章。然而，他们工作时接触的大多都是科技方面的文献，且科技文体有其独特性。如不系统学习，将直接影响翻译效果。

（一）科技术语和专有词汇的翻译一般来说，可采用以下几种方法：

（1）意译法

意译法就是根据原词的实际含义译成对应的汉语术语。这种译法广泛运用于科技术语的翻译，具有概念明确、易懂易记的优点。例如：guided missile 导弹； automobile汽车；software 软件；barometer 气压计；input 输入；hard-wired modem 硬线调制解调器；insulation resistance test 绝缘电阻测定；等等都是采用意译的方法来翻译的。

（2）音译法

音译法就是按原词的英语发音译成相对应的汉语。这种译法适用于计量单位名称、人名、地名、公司名、首字母缩略语以及一些还未完全了解的新术语。如：gallon 加仑； clone 克隆； pound 磅；Coco cola 可口可乐；watt 瓦特；Franklin富兰克林；Mercerdes-Benz 奔驰（汽车）；AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)艾滋病（获得性免疫力缺乏综合症）；TOEFL(test of English as a foreign language)托福（作为一门外语的英语测试）等，这种方法是不得已而为之，无法揭示词汇的真正意义。随着新术语的认识，对不少词已用意译来代替，如：engine（引擎）发动机；vitamin(维他命)维生素；microphone(麦克风)话筒等。

（3）半音半意法

这是音译与意译的结合。

如：Einstein equation 爱因斯坦方程；Noble prizes 诺贝尔奖金；beer 啤酒；card卡片等。

（二）句子的翻译

科技英语是用来陈述自然界、科技界所发生或出现的事情，描述其规律、特点、过程等的语言，表达客观准确、逻辑性强、结构严谨，这样才能更好地记录自然界和科技界的动态。用来记录的语言当然不会很简单：句子偏长、结构复杂。否则，很难表达这些领域的内容或现象。这样的句子也是难句，给读者和译者带来不少的麻烦。从句法的角度来分析，造成长句难的主要原因是：修饰、限定及附加成分多，从而造成分隔结构(修饰与被修饰成分相隔很远)。对长难句的处理，首先理顺语法结构；然后根据句子特点采取不同的手段，如分译法、顺序法或变序法等。

例如：These things are notorious;Sir William Scott, in his speech of 1802, in favor of the non-residence of the Clergy,expressly said, that they and their families ought to appear at Watering places,and that this was amongst the means of making them respected by their flocks!

这句话的语法结构复杂，要注意两个and连接的分句的语法功能。第一个and连接的与主句并列，第二个连接的则是said带的两个宾语从句。

参考译文为：这等丑事，尽人皆知。然而威廉·司各特爵士在1 8 0 2 年演讲，明白主张牧师不必定居教区，而应携眷到温泉游览，据说这样反而能得到他的教区子民的尊敬云云。

再如：The reason why air makes fire burn more intensely was learned only about two hundred years ago, when several scientists finally proved that oxygen, one of the gases air contains, can combine with certain other elements li)ke carbon to release much heat.参考译文：空气为什么能使火燃烧得更旺？直到大约2 0 0 年前才弄清其原因。当时某些科学家终于证明，空气中有一种气体叫氧，它能够与其它一些元素（如碳）化合，从而释放出大量的热。

（三）被动语态的翻译

英语中，尤其在科技英语文体中，被动语态使用范围很广。这种语态能更客观、准确地描述事物的发展和变化。在汉语中，被动语态的使用范围有限，更多使用主动语态。在英译汉时，一般说来，大部分英语被动语态要译成汉语主动句、无主句、判断句，有时也译成被动语态，尤其是原文表示强调时。

如：

A detailed examination was made of energy partition in an impacted solid propellant.参考译文为：对于固体推进剂受撞击后的内部能量分布情况，已经进行了详尽的研究。

（四）数词的翻译

在科技文献中，数词的使用十分频繁，表达方法多种多样，还有英、美表达上的差异，这些给翻译带来不少的困难。在工作中如对数词翻译不当，后果将不堪设想。因此，要掌握如何翻译倍数、倍数的增加、倍数的减少等数词，还要了解英国和美国英语在这方面不同的表达方式。

如：

（1）On the moon you could lift weights which are six times heavier than the heaviest weight you can lift on the earth．(一个人在月球上所能举起的重物要比他

在地球上所能举起的最重的物体重5 倍。)

（2）When the voltage is stepped-up by 10 times，the strength of the current is stepped-down by 10 times，so that the power remains the same．(当电压升高到l0 倍时，电流强度则降低到1 ／ 10，因此功率保持不变。)

总之，在翻译科技文体的文章时，要根据科技英语的语言特点，确保译文忠实于原文，表达通顺流畅，并掌握英汉基础知识和一定的翻译理论知识，拓宽知识面，养成严谨的工作态度，这样才能较准确地译好科技文体。

参考文献：

[1]王泉水.科技英语翻译技巧：天津：天津科技出版社，1991

[2]方梦之.英语汉译实践与技巧：天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，1994

[3]刘宓庆.文体与翻译： 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998

[4]穆 雷.中国翻译教学研究：上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999

[5][7]中国科技翻译.北京：中国科学院科技翻译工作者协会主办

第二篇：英语科技论文翻译

3G TECHNOLOGY Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the 3G TECHNOLOGY of representative technologies this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study.Therefore, control this technology and then seem to be more to deliver the importance.Now I mainly introduce some knowledge of the 3G TECHNOLOGY.Keywords GPRS, TD-SCDMA，WCDMA , EDGE ,CDMA2000 , WAP , SYMBIAN G, the third Generation, known as the Chinese meaning is refers to the third Generation of digital communication.The growth of the global 3G was rapidly in recent years.From 2002 to 2008, the 3 G operators have been gradually from the original is pale and management to the accelerated development.By June 2008, global 3 G users accumulative total up to 709 million, the total 84 countries and regions issued 3 G licenses, including effective certificate for 249 copies.Our country of 3 G development is relatively later than the advanced countries.In 2009, China was officially forward 3 G time.In the economic crisis of the downturn state，China's ministry of information industry issued three third generation mobile communication(3 G)license for China mobile, China telecom and China Unicom.China Mobile use our country with independent intellectual property rights of the 3 G standard TD-SCDMA , China Telecom get CDMA2000 license and China Unicom WCDMA license.2009 as China 3 G formal first commercial.Although the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine.Just imagine having a combined camera, video-camera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone.Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network.Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once.3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet.What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001, and Europe and North America will follow soon after.3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment.The step towards IP is vital.IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be “on line” at all times, but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data.The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster: file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s.Compared with today's mobile networks, 3G will significantly boost network capacityAt home 3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways.The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information, simplify tasks such as grocery shopping, make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use.Operators will be able to develop myriad new service opportunities to attract and retain new customers.Here are some examples:

· You're sitting on a train and use this “dead” time to log on to your bank account, check your balance and pay a few billsAt work

3G will not just support the needs of businesspeople who travel a lot, but will also help new, flexible working practices, such as home-working and remote access to corporate networks outside traditional working hours.Businesspeople are often high-volume airtime users, so they represent a big opportunity for mobile operators.Here are some examples:

·

At work you receive a message from your “smart” refrigerator at home.The message tells you that certain items need restocking and an order has already been prepared for the local grocery store, which you can approve, so that your groceries are ready to collect on the way home.·

You are on the road, and urgently need to discuss a draft presentation with a number of colleagues back in the office.Pulling into a service station, you use your 3G device to hold a telephone conference with your colleagues and, at the same time, you can all view the draft presentation and make changes on line.·

A maintenance engineer is repairing some equipment on a client's premises and hits a problem.Using his 3G device, he contacts his department and downloads a demonstration video that guides him through the repair process.TECHNOLOGY 3G brings together two powerful forces: wideband radio communications and IP-based services.Together, these lay the groundwork for advanced Mobile Internet services, including personalized portals, “infotainment”, mobile commerce and unified messaging-encompassing high-speed data, superior quality voice and video and location-based services.Making 3G a reality depends on technology developments in different areas.These include

amendments to the radio interface to support wideband communications and in the core network.Supporting technologies, such as WAP and Bluetooth, also have an important role to play.This section provides a brief overview of some of the main technologies and developments involved.Ericsson supports all of these technologies and has played an active role in their development.·GPRS General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)is an enhancement to existing GSM and TDMA networks that introduces packet data transmission, enabling “always on” mobility.This means that users can choose to be permanently logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services unless sending or receiving information.When EDGE is added to GPRS, these data rates will increase up to 384kbit/s.GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node.The gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the Internet and intranets.Benefits:

·Faster data speeds and “always on” mobility ·Almost instantaneous connection set-up

·Connection to an abundance of data sources around the world, through support for multiple protocols, including IP

·A step towards full 3G services.·TD-SCDMA All called Time Division-Synchronous CDMA , this standard is formulated by mainland China alone the 3 G standard.On June 29, 1999, the China telecom science and technology and telecommunications research institute(Datang Telecom)to the ITU, but technical invention father put forward in Siemens AG.TD-SCDMA has the characteristics of low radiation, known as the green 3 G.This standard will intelligent wireless, synchronous CDMA and software radio today the international leading technology into which, in spectrum use efficiency, the business support for flexibility, frequency flexibility and cost, and other aspects of the unique advantages.In addition, because of the huge market in China, the standard by the major telecommunications equipment manufacturer to the attention of the world, more than half of the equipment factory now announced that can support TD-SCDMA standards.This standard is made after 2.5 of the intermediate links, and the generation of directly to the 3 G transition, so it is suitable to GSM system to 3 G to upgrade.Military communication network is the core of TD-SCDMA task.·WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA)is a wideband radio technique that provides far higher data rates than other radio techniques available today, up to 2Mbit/s, and highly efficient use of radio spectrum.The higher bandwidth that WCDMA provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example，WCDMA allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.WCDMA is fully compliant with IMT-2000 and is the air interface technology for standards in the 2GHz bandwidth(the IMT-2000 core band), known as UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)in Europe and ARIB(Association of Radio Industry Businesses)in Japan.Ericsson has been at the forefront of WCDMA development.The company delivered an experimental WCDMA system to NTT DoCoMo in Japan back in 1998.Ericsson has also set up WCDMA test systems around the world.At 2000, Ericsson announced its first family of WCDMA base stations.·EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution(EDGE)enables GSM and TDMA operators to offer 3G services using existing network frequencies.By making changes and additions to standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·CDMA2000 CDMA2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and high capacity voice services.The evolution of the cdma2000 standard will enable mobile systems to offer data throughputs of 2 Mbit/sec and beyond.The higher bandwidth that cdma2000 provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example, cdma2000 also allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.CDMA2000 is fully compliant with IMT-2000 requirements for 3G.CDMA2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of CMDA and TDMA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.Ericsson is a leader in cdma2000 development, and a key driver in the standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·Bluetooth

Bluetooth is an open standard for two-way, short-wave radio communications between different devices.It marks the end of cables and cords between mobile phones, palmtops, portable PCs and printers, for example.Furthermore, Bluetooth enables information between such devices to be synchronized.Diary information held on a PDA can be updated automatically when within range of a Bluetooth-enabled PC.Bluetooth is also going to be important for machine-to-machine communicationshundreds of companies are members of the worldwide WAP Forum。The latest version of the WAP standard, WAP 1.2.1, has recently been launched.Our dedicated WAP consutants are ready to assist operators and service providers sharpen their competitive edge.They help today's businesses adapt to the new economy and create cost-effective, innovative ways to communicate with customers.What will 3G give us

People will enjoy the 3G time what services it provide, the image of that, 3G is video conference on that plane;3G is patients receive timely assistance of medical experts;3G is fans will not miss the NBA basketball game;3G is to share with friends your beautiful vacation in Hawaii.· more and more 3G video phone

All along, we use QQ, MSN chat with friends remotely.As the mobile data transfer rate, image processing, transmission, mainly the acceptance of such display devices makes mobile video chat stranded.3G time to rely on high-speed 3G data transmission network, which 3G mobile phone users can “face to face” conversation.Through mobile video, As far away from the mother via cell phone together, were falling through the mobile phone lovers can meet again.·3G Push into the mobile phone shopping blowout Use the mobile internet shopping is a new way to shop, mobile shopping not only will be able to let consumer buy goods but also makes the satisfaction convenient for consumers to pick and choose goods compared with the constant.With the improvement of China's 3G network , more and more users will choose to phone shopping patterns.China's mobile phone shop will grow rapidly in a period.Online businesses not only include clothing, books, cell phones, toys, audio-visual products and other daily goods put on the network shelf, cars, laptop computers, jewelry and other luxury goods are also options for the list.One need only log out of 3G mobile phone shopping website of product information, we can buy our favorite items.Online shopping is not only cheaper than the mall , better able to send home delivery.If not satisfied can return on schedule, on-line business integrity committed to ensuring that the consumer's shopping safety.·Broadband Internet access to mobile phones to be a “small computer” Although China has just begun the road to 3G, broadband internet access business has been a bright spot, we can send and receive voice messages on the phone, write a blog, chat, search, download and so on, as well as top-notch services such as online games, mobile navigation, online chat and so on.·the key to the Mobile Office-OA system Although compared with traditional office, automation system greatly improves the working efficiency.However, the limitations of the region's OA system is limited to local area network applications, this office brings to enterprises a lot of inconvenience.Mobile office can keep in touch with units and complete work in anytime and at anywhere.3G mobile phones can download and install office, java and other office software, office software and hardware will be the traditional “compression” in the palm of a large mobile phone.·LCD TVs will be included in Mobile TV Mobile TV is to use with the operating system and streaming video-enabled smart phones to watch TV business.It is a multimedia that use CMMB technology, whether it is GPRS mobile phone or CD-MA1X phone, need to be equipped with mobile terminal operating system to install the appropriate player software.TV programs from the corresponding mobile communication company or by the corresponding SP to organize and deliver.Despite the development of a thriving scene 3G, but because mobile streaming media software, smooth video images and other technical aspects of picture quality there are some problems, Mobile TV strides also takes some time.3G技术

摘要：

21世纪是信息经济的时代，作为这个时代的代表技术，3G技术将在非常快的速度发展很快，不断创造性地将进入人们的工作，学习和生活中深。因此，控制这种技术，然后似乎更有重要性。现在，我主要介绍一些3G技术的知识。

关键字：探地雷达，TD-SCDMA，WCDMA，边缘，CDMA2000，桅索制动器，操作系统使用的手机设备

3G，全称为3rd Generation，中文含义就是指第三代数字通信。全球3G近年来快速成长，从2002年到2008年，全球3G运营商已经逐步从最初的惨淡经营转为现在的加速发展，截止2008年6月，全球3G用户累计已达到7.09亿，全球共有84个国家和地区发放了3G许可证，其中有效证为249张。

我国3G发展相对先进国家比较晚，2009年我国才正式迈进3G时代，在经济危机低迷的状态下，2009年1月7日，中国工业和信息化部为中国移动、中国电信和中国联通发放3张第三代移动通信（3G）牌照。中国移动使用我国具有自主知识产权的3G标准TD-SCDMA，中国电信获得CDMA2000牌照，中国联通获得WCDMA牌照。2009年成为中国3G正式商用年。

虽然在 3 G 后面的技术可能很复杂, 但是3 G 将会在我们生活中产生的影响是我们可以想象的。仅仅想像在你的行动电话中加入照相机、摄像机、计算机、音响以及收音机功能。这样，无论何时何地你都将能够通过无线网络获得大量的媒体信息和娱乐。

移动通信正在由单一的语音通信向多媒体方向发展,通过此途径来加深我们对外界的感觉。

但不是这全部都将立刻发生。至今为止没有一个人能够完全掌握3G的发展的进程。我们唯一确信的是2001年多媒体移动通信将冲击日本市场，而且欧洲和北美也将很快发展多媒体通信市场。

3G在带来高速的语音通路之外还集以IP为基础的服务为一身,有强大的发展环境。向IP方向发展是至关重要的。IP技术是以简单的数据包传输为基础的, 可以使用户同时上网，但是不必花钱除了我们发送或接收数据。IP 的自然无连接性可以大大提高存取速率: 文件下载只需要很短的时间，而且只需轻轻一点就能和网络连接上。

3G采用多频率通信技术,并且达到 2 Mbit/s 的通路速度。与现在的移动网络相比较,3G将会极大的提高网络容量-因此将能够支持更多的使用者, 同时能够提供更多复杂的服务。3 GSynchronous CDMA(时分同步CDMA)，该标准是由中国大陆独自制定的3G标准，1999年6月29日，中国原邮电部电信科学技术研究院（大唐电信）向ITU提出，但技术发明始祖于西门子公司，TD-SCDMA具有辐射低的特点，被誉为绿色3G。该标准将智能无线、同步CDMA和软件无线电等当今国际领先技术融于其中，在频谱利用率、对业务支持具有灵活性、频率灵活性及成本等方面的独特优势。另外，由于中国内的庞大的市场，该标准受到各大主要电信设备厂商的重视，全球一半以上的设备厂商都宣布可以支持TD—SCDMA标准。该标准提出不经过2.5代的中间环节，直接向3G过渡，非常适用于GSM系统向3G升级。军用通信网也是TD-SCDMA的核心任务。· WCDMA

宽带码分多址接入技术(WCDMA)提供的数据传送速率远远大于现在我们采用的通信方式,提供高达2Mbit/s的传输速率, 大大提高了光纤对语音信号的传输率。3G提供更宽的带宽是3G中存在的巨 大的潜能。例如，WCDMA能够使语音信号、视频信号和数据同时进行传输。

WCDMA完全遵照了IMT-2000提出的2GHz带宽标准(IMT-2000中心带宽),就像是在欧洲采用的UMTS(全球的移动传输系统)和日本采用的ARIB(语音信号工业标准联盟)。

爱立信在WCDMA的研发方面走在了前列。公司早在1988年就在日本为移动通信网络开始了WCDMA的实验活动。爱立信已经在全球建立了WCDMA的测试系统。在2000年，爱立信

宣布了他建立了WCDMA的基站。·EDGE 全球革命性的提高传输速率将是原来的GSM和TSMA运营商利用现有的设备提供3G服务。通过制定新的通信附加标准来对无线通信和网络中枢进化标准化,同时改革所有的IP业务和多媒体网络。· cdma2000 cdma2000对于提高宽带传输速率和递送高质量的语音服务无疑是3G标准最有效率的。cdma2000标准的发展将会使移动通信系统能够提供2Mbit/sec的数据传输率甚至超过这个标准。cdma2000提供的带宽向我们展示了3G的潜能。举例来说，cdma2000允许同时的传输多组声音图像数据。

cdma2000完全融合了IMT-2000标准，并且满足了3G的标准。cdma2000可以通过现有的CMDA和TDMA在800到1900 MHz的频段上实现,就像日本在2GHz的光谱中实现。

爱立信是cdma2000研发的先行者,它制定了对无线通信和网络中枢进行改革的新标准,同时也提出了对IP和多媒体网络进行改革的意见。· 蓝牙

蓝牙是在不同的装置之间进行双通道短波传输的公开标准。举例来说,它的出现标志着通过电缆进行移动通信连接掌上电脑或笔记本电脑的时代已经过去。此外，蓝牙能够说数据传输同步化。存储在智能数字助理上的日程表可以在个人计算机中蓝牙能够达到范围里面自动更新。蓝牙将成为通信领域中用于不同设备之间传输数据最重要的手段，同时它也将成为发展最快的发展领域。

蓝牙技术是终端和其他设备使用移动通信网络的关键。蓝牙即可应用到现在的2G网络也可以支持3G系统,它将会在未来的移动通信中占据越来越重要的地位。爱立信已经研制出了蓝牙装置,包括T36蓝牙手机和蓝牙掌上设备。

蓝牙是由爱立信公司首先研制的,但现在蓝牙主要是由一个特殊的世界组织来主管。此技术已在所有电信器械生产商、计算机制造商以及芯片制造商中普及。· Symbian Symbian是一个被包括爱立信，诺基亚，摩托罗拉和 Psion公司共同投资的项目。Symbian的目标是通过以下两种方式提高其在移动通信市场的份额: · 第一, 通过发展软件的核心，优化系统结构，进一步的研发手机通信设备工具(例如个人数传助手，小巧的手机和通信器材)。

· 第二,制定移动设备传输信息的标准。Symbian的EPOC操作系统已经研制成功，而且爱立信已经在R380中使用了EPOC操作系统。· 无线传输通讯协定

无线传输通讯协定(无线传输通讯协定)是一个全球性的协议，是通过移动设备访问英特网的公开标准。它可以使用户通过移动设备例如手机和便携设备访问整个移动网络和受据库服务商,不用用不同的设备完成这些任务。

无线传输通讯协定允许统过建立“无线传输通讯协定微型浏览器”组织电话信息的方向, 同样地网络浏览器经由英特网-个人计算机提供在线服务。典型地，无线传输通讯协定监控屏将会显示各种不同的服务或数据入口的若干超链接。

和采用无线传输通讯协定的手机一样,爱立信也已经宣布研制出一种无线传输通讯协定来服务开发者的装备(WapIDE)和无线传输通讯协定出入口/代理,用移动的网络在英特网和局域网络环境中来桥接无线传输通讯协定申请和服务。除此之外，爱立信提供应用专利, 像是爱立信本土化了英特网(ELI)给本地服务 , 提供时间和发展环境给无线传输通讯协定申请的无线传输通讯协定应用服务商。

爱立信是无线传输通讯协定论坛的四个最初成员之一。自从 1997 以后，当它成立的时候, 无线传输通讯协定论坛已经得到广泛的工业厂商的支持，他们大部分都是是世界无线传输通讯协定论坛的成员。最新版的无线传输通讯协定标准，无线传输通讯协定 1.2.1,刚刚被开发出来。

我们将尽全力来推进无线传输通讯协定，准备协助运营商和服务提供商在竞争中处与更有利的地位。这有助于我们调整现今的业务来适应新经济的发展，更有效的利用资源，用创新的方法与客户沟通。

3G能给我们带来什么

3G时代人们将会享受到他为我们提供的哪些服务呢，形象的说，3G就是飞机上的视频会议；3G就是病人接受及时救助的医学专家；3G就是篮球迷不会错过的NBA比赛；3G就是与朋友共享你在夏威夷的美好假期。· 视频手机因3G勃兴而扬帆启航

一直以来，我们通过QQ、MSN等视频聊天功能，与亲朋好友进行远程视频聊天。由于手机数据传输速率、图像处理传输、接受显示设备等达不到要求使得手机视频聊天搁浅。3G时代依靠3G网络的数据高速传输，从而3G手机用户可以“面对面”交谈。通过手机视频，相距万水千山的母子能够通过手机相聚，分别日久的恋人能够通过手机重逢。· ３Ｇ推动手机购物进入井喷期

用手机上网购物是一种新的购物方式，手机购物不仅让消费者足不出户就能买到满意商品 更使得消费者能够方便快捷的对商品进行挑选比较，随着我国3G网络的不断完善，越来越多的用户将会选择手机购物模式。我国的手机购物将会迎来一个高速增长期。

网上商家不仅将服装、图书、手机、玩具、音像制品等日常商品摆上网络货架，汽车、笔记本电脑、珠宝等高档商品也在备选之列。人们只要拿出３Ｇ手机登陆购物网站查询商品信息，就能够买到心仪的物品。网上购物价格不仅比商场便宜，更能够送货到家，如果不满意可以按期退货，网上商家诚信承诺保证了消费者的购物安全。· 宽带上网使手机成为“小电脑”

虽然中国的3G之路刚刚开始，宽带上网已是亮点业务，我们能在手机上收发语音邮件、写博客、聊天、搜索、下载等，还有拔尖业务，如网络游戏、手机导航、网上聊天等。· 手机办公—OA系统桎梏开启的钥匙

传统自动化办公系统虽然较之从前大大提高了办公效率，然而区域的局限使的 OA系统仅限于应用局域网，这给企事业单位办公带来了很多的不方便。手机办公可以随时随地与单位的信息系统保持联系，完成办公功能越来越受到人们的青睐。３Ｇ手机可以下载安装office、java等办公软件，将传统办公软硬件“压缩”在手掌大的手机上。· 手机电视将液晶电视收入囊中

手机电视是利用具有操作系统和流媒体视频功能的智能手机观看电视的业务，它是利用CMMB技术推出的便携式的移动的多媒体，不管是 GPRS手机还是CD－

MA1X手机，都需要在装有操作系统的手机终端上安装相应的播放软件，而相应的电视节目则由移动通信公司或者通过相应的SP来组织和提供。尽管３Ｇ发展一片欣欣向荣的景象，然而由于手机流媒体软件，视频影像的流畅、画面质量等技术方面存有问题，手机电视大踏步前进还需要时日。

河南科技学院

信息工程082班

零三七八作品

第三篇：英语政治演讲的语言特点和翻译方法

N 学科分类号

050201

题 目

英语政治演讲的语言特点和翻译方法

二○一 年 月

DECLARATION

I, ?/??, the undersigned, hereby declare that this essay does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this essay does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the essay.Signed:

Dated:

CONTENTS

Abstract in English….....................……………………………………………….........................1 Abstract in Chinese....................................................................................................2Ⅰ.Introduction…...................................................................................................................3 1.1 Research Background………………………………………………………………..…....3 1.2 Research Purpose………………………………………………………………..…….…..3 1.3 Research Significance………………………………...…………………………………...3 Ⅱ.Theoretical Frameworks……………………………………………………………………...4

2.1 The Definition of Phatic Communion…………………………………………………….4

2.2 The Origin of Phatic Communion…………………………………………………..…… 4 Ⅲ.Differences between Chinese and English Phatic Communion……………………….………5 3.1 Different Backgrounds of Different Phatic Communion between Chinese and Western Cultures…………..………………………………………………………………..………5 3.2 Chinese and Western Thinking in Different Ways on the Different Causes by the Traditional Greetings……….…………………………………………………………..…7 3.3 Different Communicative Habits due to Differences in Greetings between China and America……………………………………………………………………….……..…....8 Ⅳ.Conclusion......………………......…………………..........……………..………….....…..…10 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….….......12

I 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

Abstract

In the 21st century, with the advance of human society and the progress of technology, the international communication between China and other countries has become more frequent than before.Owing to rapid development of information technology and globalization, people are not merely satisfied with knowing what happened in their own national political circle.Political speeches, especially English political speeches, as the major media to spread political thoughts and report political events, are capable of making people know more about international politics.Due to linguistic and cultural limitations, however, Chinese audiences or readers cannot understand political speeches in foreign language very well.Thus, the Chinese translation of English political speech is attached great significance.Under the current background of fast-paced lifestyle, the conciseness and the generality of English political speeches allow readers to acquire more political information within the precious time.The appropriate translated version of English political speech will determine whether the original political speeches can draw readers’ attention or not.Therefore, the translation of English political speeches is becoming especially important..Keywords: English political speech;linguistic features;comparison between English political speeches and Chinese political speeches;translation strategies 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

摘 要

进入21世纪以来，人类社会不断进步，科技发展日新月异，尤其是国际间的交流日益频繁。资讯科技和全球化的迅速发展使得人们不单单满足于了解本国政界所发生的事情。政治演讲，尤其是英语政治演讲，作为一种表达政治思想和报道政治事件的主要传播媒介，能使人们知道更多世界上的政治问题。

然而由于语言和文化的局限，中国观众或读者并不能很好地读懂外语政治演讲。因此，英语政治演讲的汉译在促进国际交流方面便起到了极为关键的作用。

在当今快节奏生活的大背景下，英语政治演讲的简练性和概括性能够让读者在宝贵时间内获得更多政治信息！对英语政治演讲进行适当的汉译也决定了能否吸引中国读者。所以英语政治演讲的翻译也就尤为重要。

关键词：英语政治演讲的语言特点;中文政治演讲与英语政治演讲的比较;翻译策略贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

Ⅰ.Introduction 1.1 Definitions of Political Speech Political speech is a crucial type of public speaking.It is specific for the manifestation of the standpoint and proposition in the field of domestic political affairs and diplomatic relationships.Namely, the speeches are made by politicians or delegates of some organizations or authorities who intend to convey some political propositions and viewpoints.The remarkable political speech like I have a dream, made by Martin Luther King.1.2 Characteristics of English Political Speech Generally speaking, there are totally three characteristics of political speech.It will be beneficial for us to comprehend political speech by mastering their characteristics.1.2.1 Political Topics

This type of speech refers to some vital politic issues which relate to nation, party, reform, peace and progress.Speakers should clearly express their political inclination, declare their political opinions, and try every effort to control the general direction of historical development.1.2.2 Motivational Contents

This type of speech has certain politic purpose that makes audience acquaint with the administrative program or politic standpoints.Then, the speaker could gain the understanding and support of audiences, which is the most basic purpose of speech.Therefore, this type of speech has the feature of motivational contents and emotional persuasion.1.2.3 Precise Logics The inspiring political speech needs to demonstrate the unimpeachable logicality in the process of raising, analyzing and solving the political problem.Only in the logical way can make the political speech more reasonable and acceptable to audiences.1.3 Functions and Use of Political Speech Firstly, politicians make a political speech to clarify their political ideas, policies as well as targets of their administration.Accordingly, they may gain the understanding and support of the voters and the populace.This kind of speech is usually conveyed to the public by media in political rallies, campaign sites on some special memorial days.Secondly, political speech must express certain standpoints so that it could catch people’s attention and increase the relevant party’s support rate.Finally, delivering political speech can make politicians’ views come true, increase their political awareness as well.贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

Ⅱ.The linguistic Features of English Political Speech

2.1 Rhetoric Features of English Political Speech Rhetoric is originated from the fourth century B.C, and it just referred to oral presentation skills at that time, which people used to say ―argumentation‖.In Rhetoric, Aristotle ever defined rhetoric as a function of persuasion that could be found in any question(Roberts,1924:281-286).At the end of 17th century, Jone Locke, an English philosopher called rhetoric as ―oratory‖, which is a kind of art that can express decency, grace and power(Huang, 1996:2).2.1.1 The Usage of Parallelism Parallelism is one rhetoric method that is the most useful linguistic form to achieve the purpose of emphasis.In other words, it is the most suitable rhetoric method for English political speech.This form may gather sentences or parts of speech such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.The usage of parallelism makes people feel more exciting through the strong sense of linguistic rhythm.What’s more, it also could make speech more concise and make sentence structures more balanced.For example, Marin Luther King used ―Now is the time to… ”four times in his speech to emphasize that it’s time for black people to wake up and conduct revolution, it’s time for American government to fulfill its promise, to abolish race segregation as well as to require equality and freedom.The paralleled sentences successfully enhance the momentum of language, stress things and create a strong sense of pictures.2.1.2 The Usage of Repetition Speakers use repetition with the purpose of emphasizing a certain meaning or highlighting a certain emotion, which could draw the readers’ or listeners’ attention by repeating key words and key concepts so that they could have a profound impression.For example, you could see the repetition of the topic sentence in Hillary Clinton’s campaign speech.The usage of repetition could make the whole speech more cohesive and coherent.What’s more, it is useful for listeners to remember the aim of the rally, speak out our common people’s desires: everyone has the right of democracy, freedom and equality.2.1.3 The Usage of Alliteration The major rhetoric in phonological speech is alliteration and sound symbolism.Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals in order to strengthen the rhythm of 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

speech.In fact, delivering a speech is equal to saying something, thus it’s necessary to place emphasis on rhyme so that the speech could be catchy.It is rhyme that endows the whole speech with strong tempos, sonorous tones and inspirations.For example, ―we should not demean our democracy with the politics of distraction, denial and despair.‖ This sentence is addressed by AL Gore, the vice president of the US, there are five words with the same letter ―d‖.These alliterated words strengthen the rhyme, mood as well as connotation of the sentence, which form phonetical alignment.2.1.4 The Application of Simile In order to achieve common sense, English political speeches have to pay attention to the structure of sentences.There are a variety of sentence structures and figures of speech.Among them, simile and metaphor are often used in English political speeches, politicians often use them to make the speech more lively and understandable.Therefore, the speech will be accepted more easily.For example, in order to show his negative judgments toward racial segregation and discrimination, Martin Luther King use ―a bad check‖ and ―insufficient funds‖ to symbolize the delay of keeping a promise, ― a lonely island‖ and ―dark and desolate valley‖ to symbolize racial segregation and discrimination, ―sweltering summer‖ to symbolize the speaker’s dissatisfaction and negative judgement of racial segregation and racial discrimination.On the other hand, the speaker compared racial justice to ―the sunlit path‖.He also compared equality to ―an invigorating autumn,‖ thus to show his strong longing for democracy, freedom and equality.To sum up, application of simile can connect abstract theories with concrete things that people are familiar with, and make common things become vivid and impressive to receivers.2.2 Religious Elements

There are many religious factors in English political speeches, which are foreign culture’s reflection in communication.Religion is an inseparable part of western culture.In their inauguration speeches, presidents often hope to make their speeches more attractive and persuasive with the help of God’s power.That is the reason why there are lots of religious elements in English political speeches.Barack Obama quoted directly from Bible many times in his inaugural speech to make his words more convincible.By arousing people’s sympathy with some religious beliefs, Obama’s speech may encourage people to gain confidence about the new government in the matter of tackling the crisis and reconstructing a bright future.For example, he says: ― We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

to set aside childish things.The God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.‖ 2.3 Sentence Structures

Different from dialogues, advertisements and news reports, the English political speeches have special requirements on the sentence structures.Rather than interrogative sentences, declarative sentences are often used in a political speech.Because a question will weaken the speech’s seriousness and firmness, thus making the whole speech less persuading.There are seldom interrogative sentences in Obama’s speech.Apart from declarative sentences, imperative sentences are also found in an English political speech.This kind of sentence structure is usually started by ― let us‖ whose function is to activate the listeners and to call on their actions according to the speaker’s will.For instance, ― Let us remember these timeless words.With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come,‖ which is selected from Clinton’s inaugural speech.Ⅲ.The comparison between English political speeches and Chinese political speeches

The classic examples of western governments’ political speeches are Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, Churchill’s Impromptu Speech in the United States for Christmas, Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream, Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address and so on.Chinese political speeches’ models are Premier Chou Enlai’s Toast at the Banquet in Honor President Nixon, Deng Xiaoping’s Policy Speech, Premier Wen Jiabao’s Speech at Copenhagen Climate Conference and so on.Chinese and Western rational political speeches have some specific differences in context.At the same time, each of them stresses on different aspects, which reflect on following two facets: On one hand, the first aspect is embodied in the speech content.Chinese speeches give priority to the ―meaning‖, while western speeches are accustomed to emphasizing on the ―scene‖.For instance, Chinese President Hu Jintao attended the 2008 Opening Ceremony of Boao Forum for Asia(BFA)Annual Conference and delivered a speech Adhere to Reform and Opening-up and Promote Win-win Cooperation.He first pointed out that ―Since the establishment of Boao Forum, it has played a significant part in promoting mutual 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

understanding and friendship among the people of the world in Asia and advancing the communication and cooperation between Asian countries and business community‖.(Hu, 2008)President Hu started his speech from the existing meaning of FBA, possessing the typical Chinese speech style.However, US President Barack Obama started his speech from the second sentence of the Inaugural Address with the real scene ―It is the answer that told by the voters who stretches around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours.This is the first time in life in vote for many of them, because they believed that time must be different, that their voices could make this time different as well‖.The inaugural address has a typical western speech style.These two distinctive speech styles are characterized by national history, traditional government speech and other factors.―Meaning first‖ manifests the dignity of our Chinese nation, and ―scene(case)first‖ shows the charm of speech.Each has its own merits.On the other hand, the second aspect occurs in the orator’s personal style.Chinese political speeches are specialized in ―teaching within words, while western speeches lie in ―lively and realistic expression‖.Chinese political speeches place value upon ―selflessness‖，while western celebration speeches attach importance to ―individualism‖.Chinese political speeches tend to have the profound implication of summary, with a little government officials’ individual language.It’s hard to find the shadow of ―me‖.However, western politicians deliver a speech with the thought of ―I ‖ everytime and everywhere.‖

Affected by the deep–rooted traditional thoughts, Chinese politicians highlight the overall achievement and developing direction when they deliver speeches, rarely mention individuality.On the

contrary，western

politicians

frequently

intersperse

with citizens’ individual scenes, life, opinion, attitudes, etc, striving to make the serious speech full of emotional or perceptual color.Ⅳ.Translation Methods of English Political Speech 4.1 Translation Introduction of English Political Speech English political speech translation is not only a conversation between two languages, but also a communication between cultures.4.2 Translation Standard of English Political Speech 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

At first, there are great differences between Chinese and English.English emphases on hypotaxis and pays more attention to the completeness of grammatical form, logical form and rigorous sentence structures.Chinese lays emphasis on parataxis and hightlights the symmetry of vocabulary and sentence pattern.Consequently, appropriate translation of English political speeches should cater to the expression of target language as conveying information.At the same time, English political speeches should convey speaker’s passion and wisdom to infect the target readers and listeners and make them accept contents easily.Sometimes, it is difficult for target readers to understand when original speech contents are directly translated into target language.Under such circumstances, communicative translation method is recommended, which can be easier to accept for readers and increase the readability of target text through adding notes or paraphrases to original language.4.3 Translation Methods and Application of English Political Speech 4.3.1 Paraphrase

Paraphrase is one of the proper translation methods that could make target readers comprehend an English political speech more directly and explicitly, namely, translators could use target language to explain the meaning of original text.Paraphrase is a kind of explanation translation method.It needs to precisely translate the original words with cultural background information and reflect its connotative significance in the target language, so that target readers may understand the target text better.(1)Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of red states and blue states.(Obama,2008)这些美国人像世界表明，我们从来都不仅仅是个体的集合，或是共和党与民主党的集合。

The ―red states‖ and ―blue States‖ refer to the number of vote distribution tendency of elections in the United States.The blue states represent the voters who tend to support the Democratic Party.While the red states represent the voters who support the Republican Party.Translating ―red‖ and ―blue‖ into the red color and the blue color directly is not easy for target readers to understand.Therefore, we translate then into the Republican Party and the Democratic Party by paraphrase method.(2)Let US remember that，if this financial crisis taught US anything，it’s that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.(Obama,2008)贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

让我们铭记。如果说这场金融危机有什么教训的话，那就是，当普通民众的生活受到重创，华尔街也不可能维持繁荣。

Here the original meaning of ―Main Street‖ refers to the avenue of American town, while it actually means the common people who believe in traditional American values.This example fully shows the usage of paraphrase in English political speech.4.3.2 Borrowing Borrowing is a translation method that the translated version should be in accordance with the foreign words’ morphological structure and word formation principle, namely, borrowing Chinese to elaborate words or expressions in original English text.For example, the translator may use Chinese four-character idioms and common sayings to translate original English language.You feel invisible when your medical insurance disappears and college is out of reach．

如果你的医疗保险人间蒸发，大学学费令你望而却步，你肯定会有被遗弃的感觉。

Translating ―disappear‖ and ―out of reach‖ into ―人间蒸发‖ and ―望而却步‖ can not only express the original meaning, but also meet the expression habit of target language.Borrowing four-character makes speech content clear and straightforward.(2)Yes，we must provide more ladders to success for young men who fall into lives of crime and despair．(Obama, 2008:3)的确，对于那些误入歧途、陷于绝望的失足青年，我们必须提供更多的帮助使他们走向成功。

The ―fall into lives of crime‖ and ―despair‖ are translated into “误入歧途” and “陷入绝望” in this sentence.Since Chinese expression and English statement are very similar in meaning, such translation method of borrowing makes the translation more authentic and achieves the effect of conveying information.4.3.3 Omission Omission refers to omit some conjunctions and prepositions to make translated versions sound smooth and succinct.First of all, English sentences connected by using conjunctions to express the logical relationship between sentences, while Chinese can show connections between sentences without using conjunctions.Therefore, parataxis-prominent Chinese may 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

omit the conjunctions as long as the meaning can be maintained obviously.Secondly, Chinese rarely use prepositions.Thus omission of the prepositions can make the target text meet the expression habit of Chinese.(1)This has always been your campaign and this is your victory，because your support has meant the difference between winning and losing．

这一直是属于你们的竞选，这也是属于你们的胜利，正是你们的支持决定了胜利。

―And‖ ―because‖ and ―between‖ can be omitted in this sentence, which makes the target text become natural rather than stiff and accord with the expression habit of target language.(2)But I can assure you，as I have said on many occasions that no matter what happens，I will work for the nominee of the Democratic Party，because we must win in November．

我已多次承诺，现在还要再次承诺，无论发生什么，我会继续奋斗，力争成为民主党总统候选人。我们必须赢得十一月大选。

Omitting the ―but‖, ―as‖ and ―because‖ is more suitable for the Chinese expression.The sentence can also be more reasonable and coherent.4.3.4 Amplification Amplification means supplying relevant information in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original text.There can be further supplements of the hidden information so that the translation text could elaborate the original meaning.And it is that promise that forty five years ago today，brought Americans from every corner of this land to stand together on a Mall in Washington，before Lincoln’s Memorial，and hear a young preacher from Georgla speak of his dream.（Martin Luther King ,2007:5）

正是因为这一承诺，在四十五年前的今天，从这片土地的各个角落，美国人走到一起，聚集在林肯纪念堂前，华盛顿的一个林荫大道上。聆听来自佐治亚州的一位年轻牧师(马丁·路德·金)讲述他的梦想。

Here, ―a young preacher from Georgia‖ refers to Martin Luther King.He delivered the speech ―I Have a Dream” on the steps of the Lincon Memorial 45 years ago.Adding comments makes the translated text more complete and understandable.1)Tomorrow，I will attend a gathering of the United Nations Development Fund for Women．(Liu Zhirong, 2010:12)贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

明天。我还会参加联合国发展基金会举办的关注妇女问题会议。

Here, the United Nations Development Fund for Women should add ―妇女问题会议‖in translation, which could let the meaning of sentence more intact.Only in this way can fully express the text’s original meaning.V.Conclusion After above analysis, the author will make a brief conclusion.Firstly, the thesis proposes a rough idea of linguistic features of English political speech.There are rhetoric features, religious features and sentence features in English political speech.Furthermore, by the differences and similarities of English political speeches and Chinese political speeches, we could use some translation methods such as interpretation, borrowing, omission and amplification in order to convey and understand the English political speech better.The discussion about the E-C translation of English political speech is not complete.It is only my own stance and there are still some points in this thesis that need to be further proved.At the very start, the materials collected in this thesis are far from abundant.Besides, because of the limitation of energy and time, this thesis only gives a general view on English political speech translation and has not specific explanation for each translation method.In brief, since great efforts have been contributed to this thesis, the author expect that this dissertation can catch more attention of researches and translators in this area.贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1]David.Public Speaking Strategies for Success [M].Boston: Ally&Bacom, 1999.[2]Newmark.Approaches to Translation [M].Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1991.[3]Roberts.Rhetoric [M].北京交通大学出版社，1924: 281-286.[4]魏芳.政治演讲语言的特点分析与翻译方法[J].北京：印刷学院大学英语部, 2005.[5]胡锦涛.坚持改革开放，推进合作共赢[J].新华网，2008:129-131.[6]勃朗特译.影响你一生的名人励志演讲[M].海豚出版社,2011:11.[7]马丁·路德著，刘植荣译.美国20世纪经典演讲100篇[M].江西人民出版社，07:12.[8]刘植荣.美国21世纪最震撼的声音[M].江西人民出版社，2010:23.[9]任宪宝.奥巴马演说—跨越族的声音[M].中国言实出版社，2014：7.贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of this essay would not have been possible without the encouragement, the guidance, and the support of many other people.First of all, I would extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Professor Yang Dingting who has given me valuable suggestions and insightful comments in the essay writing.She has also spent much time going through brainstorming with me, put my work on the right track, read in great details every draft of every section of this essay, and helped improve the appropriateness of English used.My gratitude to Miss Yang knows no bound.Special thanks also go to my family for their unfailing support and love throughout my university study.贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

补充说明：

1.论文使用英语撰写，不少于3000字。

2.页码：目录用罗马数字(Ⅰ、Ⅱ┄┄)单独编页码，页码位于页面底端居中。毕业论文（设计）主体部分与后置部分的页码从毕业论文（设计）的摘要开始，至附录结束，用阿拉伯数字连续编排，页码位于页面底端居中。页码为5号Times New Roman。

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页边距：上2cm，下2cm，左2.5 cm，右1.5 cm，装订线0.5cm，页眉1.2cm，页脚1.5cm。

5．页眉以小五号宋体字键入“贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计），居左。” “贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）” 从摘要页开始，下面应有一条横线。

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永不凋落的玫瑰—从女性主义分析《红字》中的海斯特 92 从读者接受理论看《达•芬奇密码》的成功 93 论例句在中学英语课堂中的应用

莎士比亚悲剧人物的海明威式英雄特征——以《哈姆雷特》与《奥赛罗》为例 95 商务英语书面语语言特色的语用分析

The Application and Value of Formative Assessment to English Teaching and Learning(ETL)in Middle Schools 97 试析《道连•格雷的画像》中的伦理冲突 98 从文化差异角度看中式菜单英译 99 浅析奥斯丁的女性意识

企业英文简介中的概念语法隐喻分析 101 论矛盾修辞法在英语广告中的语用功能 102 《收藏家》中空间与人物心理关系的解读 103 狄金森、席慕蓉爱情诗中隐喻现象对比研究 104 诀别武器之缘由——再读《永别了，武器》

An Analysis of Jude’s Pursuit of Love in Jude the Obscure 106 商务电子邮件中礼貌用语的运用 107 小说《面纱》中的中国形象分析 108 英汉植物文化词汇的差异及翻译研究 109 Naturalism in Sister Carrie 110 Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye 111 《爱玛》的婚姻观分析

中西文化差异在家庭教育中的体现

适者生存—解读《野性的呼唤》中的“生命的法则” 114 中英身份名词翻译中的不对等性 115 论英语称谓语中的性别歧视现象 116 《永别了，武器》的意象分析

浅析《汤姆索亚历险记》的艺术特色 118 从功能对等理论看汉语文化负载词的英译 119 从文化差异角度看谚语的英汉互译：动态对等 120 情态人际意义的跨文化研究

论《弗兰肯斯坦》中怪物悲剧的必然性 122 谈电影片名汉译的不忠

《一位女士的画像》伊莎贝尔婚姻悲剧的原因分析 124 意象图式研究

浅析《蝇王》的人物及其象征意义 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考

功能文体学视角下的商务合同文体分析及翻译

The differences on advertising translations under the Chinese and Western cultures 128 论《海狼》中拉尔森船长本性的双重性 129 分析法律英语的特点

中英习语文化异同及其翻译

从目的论的角度谈商标翻译的原则及技巧 132 解析《喜福会》中的母女关系 133 《紫色》所体现的“黑人性”

On Children’s Psychological Needs from Harry Potter

爱情，悲剧和战争——《永别了武器》关键元素的分析 136 英汉动物习语内涵意义的文化差异

The Tragedy of Emma In Madame Bovary 138 商务谈判口译的语用失误的成因及负面影响对学习的启示 139 试析英语广告中双关语的翻译

由《红楼梦》中人名的英译看中西文化差异 141 汤姆索亚历险记中汤姆的成长

通过苔丝透析托马斯哈代的现代女性意识

解读艾丽斯沃克的《日常用品》中的黑人女性文化 144 从伊登和盖茨比之死探析美国梦破灭的必然性 145 从生态主义观解读《愤怒的葡萄》

从美国刑侦剧《犯罪现场调查》看讯问过程中合作原则的违反 147 论《远离尘嚣》中女主人公的悲剧原因 148 《布罗迪小姐的青春》中的人物冲突分析 149 《蝴蝶梦》中的女权主义

论小学英语教学中的词汇教学策略

151 比较《简•爱》中女性“陈规形象”与《飘》中女性“新形象” 152 萨克雷眼中的女性－－-文本分析名利场中的女性 153 汉译英语足球新闻中修辞手法的策略 154

155 探析《红字》中齐灵渥斯的恶中之善 156 从感观的角度看汉语外来词的翻译 157 高中英语阅读课教学策略

158 Translation of Tourism English in a Cross-Cultral Perspective 159 试析翻译中的“假朋友”

160 英语词汇学习存在的问题及对策研究 161 A Study of the Causes of Tess's Tragedy 162 《喜宴》中反映出的中西文化差异

163 哥特电影的黑暗之美-市场与文化的交接

164 从冲突到融合——从文化的角度看《喜福会》

165 简•奥斯汀《诺桑觉寺》中人物对爱情和婚姻的不同态度

166 中国英语与中式英语的对比研究——从英汉民族思维差异的角度 167 从精神分析学的角度论劳伦斯小说《查泰莱夫人的情人》

168 战争时期坠入凡间的天使——通过《永别了，武器》分析海明威眼中的理想女性 169 合作性学习在高中英语写作教学中的应用 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考

170 英文电影对英语专业学生词汇附带习得的影响

171 《爱玛》中女性主义的双重复写——论个人意识与阶级意识的冲突 172 英语专业听力课程教学效率的调查与分析 173 我看《了不起的盖茨比》中的美国梦

174 边缘人群的孤独与无奈——对《夜访吸血鬼》中路易斯的研究 175 设计中国际主义风格与民族主义风格的平衡

176 从女性主义视角浅析《纯真年代》中两位女主人公爱情观的不同 177 论旅游广告的显影性

178 商标的特征及其翻译的分析

179 A Brief Analysis of the Differences and Similarities of Chinese and British Wedding Culture 180 语码转换———从正式场合到非正式场合 181 从概念隐喻看寓言的语篇连贯 182 英语词汇学习策略

183 国际商务合同的用词特点及翻译 184 《无名的裘德》主人公人物形象浅析 185 浅析哈利波特中的女巫形象 186 职场女性的言语行为的礼貌原则

187 从叙事结构分析电影《撞车》中对种族歧视问题的诠释 188 初中英语口语教学的课堂管理 189 诗歌《飞鸟集》的意象评析

190 寂静的声音——《送菜升降机》中的沉默 191 杰克的悲剧与海明威的世界观 192 中西文化中婚礼的对比研究 193 文化差异对英语阅读的影响

194 《无名的裘德》主人公人物形象浅析

195 冲破人生的枷锁——试析毛姆《人生的枷锁》中的七个枷锁 196 中美大学生道歉策略对比研究

197 谈商务英语信函的语言特点及其翻译

198 An Analysis of Two Main Characters in Moby Dick 199 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的成长三部曲 200 沃尔玛策略研究

第五篇：科技英语阅读翻译

Before any evidence can be introduced in support of the topic at hand, the definition of invention must be established.Legally, an invention is a new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, or product.Maurice Fabre, author of A History of Land

Transportation(1963), offered an interesting take on the automobile and its inventor.“who, for that matter ,can say who invented the automobile? Was it Cugnot with his lumbering 'fardier' of 1769? Was it Trevithick with his steam carriage of 1801, or Benz or Daimler with their first successful internal combustion gasoline engine cars of 1886?It depends what you mean by an automobile.” in the year 2001, what do we consider the automobile to be ? I invite the reader to take a minute to look out the window.I see a street lined with cars.Many of these cars possess similar shapes and sizes.In fact, some of them are the same make and model, only different colors.What does this tell us about the modern automobile? The modern automobile is not a single vehicle;it is a collection of millions of cars designed for utilization by a mass market.In fact, we could argue that the modern automobile is a giant technological system that entails a way of life.Entire economies depend on this automobile.Engineers design the components, machinists manufacture the components, assemblers assemble the components into complete systems, truck drivers deliver the assembled product, and salesmen sell the product to the masses.This brief description does not even account for the office

workers who handle logistics and maintain financial accounts, or the separate companies that mine raw materials or design and manufacture the needed machine tools.What would the economy of the United States be like without the modern automobile?

Obviously, the modern automobile and self propelled vehicle are necessarily the same.翻译：在任何证据被介绍来支持这个主题以前，必须建立发明的定义。从法律意义上来说,一项发明是一个新的、有用的创造性工艺、机器、或产品。Maurice Fabre的《陆运的历史》(1963)提供了一个有趣的汽车和其发明者。“关于那件事,谁可以说是谁发明了汽车吗?是1769年笨拙的柯诺特吗? 这是1801年特里维西克他的蒸汽运输车,或奔驰或戴姆勒的首次成功或1886年克莱斯勒的内部燃烧汽油引擎的汽车吗?那要看你怎么说一辆汽车。“在2001年,我们认为什么是汽车呢?我请读者花一分钟的时间往窗外看。我看到了街两旁的汽车。这些汽车具有相似的形状和大小。事实上,他们中的一些是相同的厂牌和型号,只是不同的颜色。这个是在告诉我们什么是关于现代的汽车吗?现代汽车不是单独的车辆,它是一个收集数百万辆汽车设计利用的大规模市场。事实上,我们可以认为在我们的生活方式中现代汽车是一个巨大的技术系统,整个经济依赖这种汽车。工程师设计组件,机械师制造部件,组装成完整的系统组装元件,卡车司机提供产品的组装、销售人员卖产品到群众。这一简单的描述甚至占用不了上班族们处理物流和维护金融帐户或者单独的的矿业公司开采原材料或设计和制造所需的工具的时间。如果没有现代汽车美国的经济将会怎么样呢？显然，现代汽车和自行式车辆必须是一样的。