第一篇：2010高考二轮复习英语教案——专题六 动词时态和语态
2010高考二轮复习英语教案
专题六 动词时态和语态
【专题要点】动词时态和语态要点概述如下：
1.一般现在时表示习惯性、个人能力、普遍真理；表示“已经列入日程表”时常用一般现在时表示将来；
2.表示说话人始料的事，常用一般过去时；
3.进行时与某些频度副词连用时，常带有赞赏、厌烦等感情色彩； 4.时间状语从句或条件状语从句中常用一般时表将来； 5.will/be going to do/be about to do的用法区别； 6．固定句式中的时态搭配；
7.用主动形式表示被动意义常见的几种情况；
8.was/were going to do以及had intended/hoped/expected/thought等可表示本打算干某事，实际上未干成；
9.固定句式中的时态：
1）It/This is/was+the+序数词+time+that-----;It/This is/was+the+形容词最高级+名词+-----2）hardly/scarcely----when,no sooner---than结构中when,than前的主句必须用过去完成时时than,when所在的从句用一般过去时；
3）It is(high)time that-----(早)该----结构中，从句谓语动词必须用过去时，是虚拟语气的一种； 4）It will be+一段时间+before+从句（从句谓语动词一般用现在时）It was+一段时间+before+从句（从句谓语动词一般用过去时）5）It is/has been+一段时间+since从句（从句用一般过去时）It was/had been+一段时间+since从句（从句用一般过去完成时）
【考纲要求】时态与语态一直是热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具备较强的语言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态；熟练掌握常见的8种时态，弄清16种时态，同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。
【教法指引】高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大，不易把握。大部分时态题答案的选择取决于题干语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分常见时态用法特殊。综观近年来的高考单项填空题,动词成为考查的热点,在15个单项选择中，考查动词时态的题一般不少于2道，动词的时态常和语态、主谓一致结合在一起进行考查。教师在指导学生复习备考、答题中，要遵循如下思路： ① 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干句中可参照的时间信息有那些？
② 这个动作处于什么时态，是进行中，还是已经结束（完成）？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？
③ 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？
只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题的答案，试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。【知识网络】
动词时态与语态
一、动词时态
（一）一般现在时
一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，应用动词的单数第三人称形式。一般现在时主要有以下几种用法：
1、一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态，常与usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。
He always sleeps with the windows open.他总是开着窗子睡觉。
2、一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。He works hard.他工作很努力
3、一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
4、在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作
在由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引导的状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时，但应注意，主句的谓语动词必须用一般将来时。The volleyball match will be put off if it rains.如果下雨，排球赛将推迟
5、表示安排或计划好的将来动作，通常限于表示“运动”的动词，如：go, come, leave, start等。The train starts at 10 o' clock in the morning.火车在上午10点发车
（二）一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间连用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用
1、表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态，常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
2、表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作常与often，usually，seldom等表示频度的副词连用。When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里，经常去拜访那里的朋友。
3、在条件、时间状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息，就通知我们。
4、表示虚拟语气
这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型，表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。If only I had a better memory.要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。
If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨，比赛就会延期举行。
（三）一般将来时
1、一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。
2、一般将来时的其他表达法（1）“be going to+动词原形”表将来
①这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。They are going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面。
②还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。I think I'm going to die.我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危)
Look at the cloud.It's going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。(乌云密布，使我断定天要下雨)
③这种结构表示“肯定、预测，注定会”。在这种情况下可以和“think, hope, want, belive, like”等表示静态的动词连用。
He failed in the exam;he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他没考及格，他一看试卷就知道考不及格。The voters aren't going to like him.选民们不会喜欢他的。“be about to+动词原形”表将来
（2）“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。
（3）“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
There's to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻灯。You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.到10点你得交上试卷。（4）用现在进行时来表示将来
现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。
When are you going back to your factory? 你什么时候回工厂？（5）一般现在时表示将来
用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。The plane starts at 8 o'clock in the morning.飞机上午8点起飞。When does the show begin?展览什么时候开始？
（四）现在进行时
现在进行时由“助动词be（is/am/are）+ v-ing”构成。它的用法如下：
1、表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，它不涉及该动作的发生和结果，译成汉语“正在”，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。
2、表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用，如these days , this week等。
3、表示将来的动作,表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用，以区别此刻正在进行的动作。He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。
4、表达褒贬等感情色彩
和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。He is constantly leaving his things about.他时常乱丢东西。（表责怪）She is always changing her clothes.她老是换衣服。（表责怪）He is always working hard.他总是学习很用功。（表赞赏）They're forever quarrelling about something.他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)
5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气 I'm wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚来一会儿。
（五）过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。构成过去进行时常由“助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词”构成。用法如下：
1、表示过去某一时刻正在或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。
注意：在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。
When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我进屋的时候，她正坐在书桌前面。The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。
2、用来描写故事发生的背景
在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。
It was a dark night.The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily.A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一个漆黑的夜晚，狂风大作，大雨倾盆，一位年轻的妇女突然出现在河岸上。
3、代替过去将来时
用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她问我他是否第二天就走
4、表达褒贬等感情色彩
过去进行时也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等连用，表示说话人的主观感情，如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。
He was always trying out new ideas.他总是试验一些新的设想 He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那
5、wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气---Excuse me, sir.Would you do me a favor?--打扰了,先生。你能帮我个忙吗？
---Of course.What is it?--当然。什么事？
---I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form.--我一直在想你是否能告诉我怎样填这张表
（六）现在完成时
现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。现在完成时的用法如下：
1、表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，通常使用不具有延续意义的动词，arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。
I have already posted the photos.我已经把照片寄出了
2、表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语，如for, since等
They have lived in Beijing since 2002.他们自从2002年以来就住在北京。
注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has come to our school for 2 years.3、表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用 He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班
4、用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。
5、用在“It(This)is(will be)the first/second/third…time+ that从句”中
在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等;这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代
This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。
6、“It(This)is the best(worst, most interesting等)+ 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时
This is the best film I've ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影 This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。
7、现在完成时可以表示反问的语气（与when连用）或感情色彩-Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利?库珀是谁呀？
-Haven't you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.你还没见过他？我看见你和他在开会时握手了。Now you've done it.你这下可闯祸了。When have I been treated like this?我什么时候吃这一套？
8、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）
I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）
He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。（不涉及到现在是否还住在这里）
9、使用现在完成时应注意的几点
（1）现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用，但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用，如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等
She has already come.她已经来了。I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。
（2）现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如today，this year，these days，this morning等
It has been hot this summer.今年夏天一直很热。(说话时仍是夏天)I have written two letters this morning.今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)（3）表示短暂意义的动词，如open，go，come，die，leave，arrive，begin，return，stop等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达“他离开这儿已经3年了”这一意思时，不能说“ He has left here for three years.”而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达: He has been away from here for three years.He left here three years ago.It is three years since he left here.（4）have/has been to表示到过某个地方，而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)
（七）过去完成时
过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。用法如下：
1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。
2、表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
3、用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就会问你这件事了。
Had I known that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书，我会送来的。
4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。
5、用在 “It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years.这是39年里他们第一次见面。It was the first time we had spoken together.这是我们第一次在一起说话。
6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。
7、过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。
（八）过去将来时
过去将来时一般由 ”助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形“构成。不论什么人称，美国英语皆可用would。用法如下：
1、表示对过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。I thought they would come to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。
2、表示过去的某种习惯行为
He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。
3、过去将来时的其它表达法（1）was/were going to ①表示过去的打算和意图
He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。（打算）②表示没有实现的打算和意图
He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来，但下雨了。(没实现)I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。（结果不是）（2）was/were to+动词原形
这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。
At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.(注定要发生的事情)那时他不知道辞职将会成为他生活的转折点。She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他说他打算上任。
She said she was to have taken up the position.(计划但未能实现)他说他本打算上任。（3）was/were about to＋动词原形
was/were about to＋动词原形，表示过去即将发生的事。
The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。
（4）表示位置转移的动词(如go，come，leave，start等)的过去进行时，表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。
I didn't know you were coming.我不知道你会来。
（九）其他时态
1、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由”助动词have/has been+-ing形式“构成。用法如下：
（1）现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
They have been living here for 10 years.他们住在这里十年了。（2）表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。
I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大约一个小时了。(说话时”等“的动作刚结束)（3）表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停）
We've been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论那件事。（4）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
A.现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成，或者在过去曾经发生过的动作；现在完成时往往表示仍将继续下去的动作。
I have written an article.我写了一篇文章。（已完成）
I have been writing an article.我一直在写一篇文章。（还在写）
B.当现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束时，现在完成时强调动作的结果，现在完成进行时则强调动作在不久以前持续进行的情景，并带有感色彩。
Now we have cleaned the room;we can move the things in.现在房子打扫好了，我们可以往里搬东西了。（强调打扫完了的结果）
-You look so tired.What have you been doing?你看起来很累，你干什么了？-I've been playing football.我踢足球了。（强调不久前踢球的情景）
2、将来进行时
将来进行时由”助动词shall/will+be+v-ing“构成，用法如下:（1）表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作，常与this time tomorrow, at 4 o'clock tomorrow afternoon等时间状语连用。
I'll be visiting professor Li at 2 this afternoon.今天下午2点我将拜访李教授。
At this time tomorrow we'll be flying over the Atlantic.明天此时我们正在飞越大西洋的上空。（2）表示一种已经决定或肯定的动作或情况，或表示某动作将在按计划发生而未完成。
We shall be having a meeting in a minute.我们一会儿就要开会。Will you be seeing Mr.Wang this evening? 今晚你会见王先生吗？
3、将来完成时
将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。将来完成时由”shall /will +have +v-ed“构成。用法如下：
（1）将来完成时表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作，通常与before或by连用。
By the end of this month , we'll have studied 10 units.到这月末，我们将学完10单元。（2）表示持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态,这动作或状态也可能将继续进行下去。When they move here next month, we'll have lived in the city for 5 years.下月他们搬到这里时，我们已住在该市五年了。
（3）表示对现在或将来可能完成动作的推测
It is seven.He will have got up.现在7点，他可能已经起床了
4、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由”助动词had+ been+ v-ing“构成。
（1）过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这一时间。这一动作可能己经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她己经学习法语5年了。（仍继续）
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她己经等我一个钟头了。（不再继续）
（2）表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况
You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。（感激）
I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗。（我还没懂）
二、动词的语态
（一）被动语态构成
被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为”be+及物动词的过去分词“。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由”情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to（be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式”构成。
（二）被动语态的适用范围
1、当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。
This jacket is made of cotton.这件上衣是棉料的。
2、为了强调动作的承受者时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.要求参观者不可触摸展品。
3、出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者 You are said to be active recently.据说你最近很活跃。常用于如下短语：
It's not known that… ……不得而知
It's said that… 据说…… It's reported that… 据报道……
It's not decided that…尚未决定 It's believed that… 据认为……
It's announced that…据宣布……
（三）主动语态变为被动语态
主动语态变为被动语态要遵循以下原则：主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语（如果是人称代词，宾格变为主格）；把主动句中的谓语变为被动结构；主动句中的主语变为by介词短语（如果是人称代，主格变为宾格），有时介词短语可省去。
1、含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句
在一般情况下，将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为by的宾语，但是短语可以不要。
Everyone likes the book.(active voice)大家都喜欢这本书。→The book is liked by everyone.(passive voice)这本书受大家喜欢。
2、含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句
有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动，这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing和V-ed等。
（1）行为动词
They advised her to take the medicine.(active voice)他们劝她吃这种药。→She was advised to take the medicine.(passive voice)她被劝告吃这种药。（2）感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时
在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词（see, watch, hear等）和使役动词（make ,have）的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号to。但改为被动结构后，要把省略了to再加上。They made him go there alone.他们让他自己去那里。
→He was made to go there alone.他被迫自己去那里。注意：动词是let时，其被动结构中不定式仍不带to。
They let John go.他们让约翰走。→John was let go.约翰不得不走。
3、含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句 ①直接宾语是名词、代词时
有些动词（give, tell, buy等）在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词to（有时可以省去）或for。She gave me the book.(active voice)她给了我这本书。→I was given the book.(passive voice)有人送给我一本书 →The book was given to me.(passive voice)。这本书是别人送的。注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词to不可省略。This apple is given to me, not to you.这个苹果是给我的，不是给你的。②直接宾语是从句时
如果直接宾语是从句时，一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。
Someone told me where the accident had happened.（passive voice）有人告诉我事故是在何处发生的。
→I was told where the accident had happened.(passive voice)我被告知事故在何处发生。
4、带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句
（1）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，通常用it作为被动结构的形式主语。We believed that he was ill.我们相信他病了。→It was believed that he was ill.都相信他病了。
（2）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，可以改为不定式结构
He said the play was very interesting.他说这台戏剧很有趣。
→The play was said to be very interesting.据说这台戏剧很有趣。
5、带有情态动词或be going to的主动句换为被动句
如果主动句带有情态动词或be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to)等，在变为被动句时，情态动词或be going to等不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。He is going to give me a book.他打算给我一本书。→I am going to be given a book.有人打算给我一本书。
We must take measures to stop pollution.我们必须采取措施制止污染。→Measures must be taken to stop pollution.必须采取措施制止污染。
（三）被动结构的时态
被动语态的时态是由be的不同时态+及物动词的-ed形式来构成的
1、一般现在时
一般现在时的被动结构是由“be的一般现在时（am/is/are）+及物动词的-ed形式”构成。Football is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球。
2、一般过去式
一般过去式的被动结构是由“be的一般过去式（was/were）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。The building was built in 1559.这座建筑是1559年建成的。
3、一般将来时
一般将来时的被动结构是由“be的一般将来时（shall/will be）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
More factories will be built in my hometown.我们家乡会建更多的工厂。
4、现在进行时
现在进行时的被动结构是由“be的现在进行时（am/is/are being）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
The life of the milu is being studied at present.目前人们正在研究麋鹿的生活习惯。
5、现在完成时
现在完成时的被动语态是由“be的现在进行时（has/have been）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
All the preparations for the task have been completed and we're ready to start.任务的准备工作业已完成，我么们准备开始。
6、过去进行时
过去进行时的被动语态是由“be的过去进行时（was/were being）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
When I got there a new road was being built by them.我到那里时，他们正在建一条新路。
7、过去完成时
过去完成时的被动语态是由“be的过去完成时（had been）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。
He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year.他问我到那年我学了多少英语单词。
8、含有情态动词或be going to 的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词或be going to(be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。This bike can be mended in two hours.两个小时内可修好该自行车。They have to be given a lot of money.必须给他们很多钱。
9、短语动词的被动语态
通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有被动语态，但短语动词是一个不可分隔的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。
Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去请医生了吗? →Has the doctor been sent for?派人去请医生了吗? 注意：主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。
Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill.必须仔细照料这些孩子，尤其是在他们生病时。
You should pay more attention to your pronunciation.你应当注意你的发音。→More attention should be paid to your pronunciation.注意你的发音。
（四）Get型被动语态
被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
1、get+及物动词的过去分词
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指“最后终于，突然发生”等意义。
He got wounded in the battle.他在战斗中受伤了。
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.男孩在回家的路上受伤了。
2、get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。
The old man was offered a large sum of money.（正）有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。The old man got offered a large sum of money.(误)
3、get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩
He got taught a lesson.他被教训了一顿。（有“活该”之意）
How did the window get closed.窗户怎么关上了？（有“不该关上’之意）
4、get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。
She got tired.她感到累了。（有开始感到疲劳的含义）She was tired.(只表示”她累了”)
（五）主动形式表示被动意义
1、既是及物又是不及物的动词
一些既是及物又是不及物的动词。如read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, play, pack, strike, split, act, draw, iron, dry, eat heat, clean等；此类动词常接副词作状语（有些可以不加）。
Books of this kind sell well.这本书很畅销 The door won't shut.门关不上
2、系动词
系动词look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear等。此类动词常接形容词作表语。
-Do you like the material?你喜欢这块面料吗？-Yes, it feels very soft.喜欢，手感不错。
The dish tastes good.这菜味道不错。
3、need等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式
need, want, require，stand, take, won't bear, repay, deserve等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式，表示被动意义。在这种情况下，句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。Your hair needs cutting.你的头发需要理。
The room wants cleaning everyday.这个房间需要每天打扫。
The point deserves mentioning.这一点值得提。
The rules take some learning.这规则需要下点功夫学。That won't bear thinking of.那不堪想象。
4、某些表语的形容词后，用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作表语形容词（如形容词easy, difficult, hard等）的状语，又与句子的主语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。This question is difficult to answer.这个问题很那回答。The room is comfortable to live in.这屋子住起来很舒服。
5、某些作宾补的形容词后，用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作宾补形容词（如形容词easy, difficult, hard等）的状语，又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
We find the man hard to get along with.我们发现这个人很难相处。I think English easy to learn.我发现英语很好学。
6、不定式作定语
不定式作定语与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of work to do this week.本周我有很多工作要做。
7、be worth doing结构
在be worth doing结构中，-ing分词形式表示被动含义。句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。
The film is worth seeing.这部电影值得看。
（六）不宜用被动语态的动词
英语中并非所有动宾结构的句子都能改为被动语态。现将不宜改为被动语态的句子类型举例说明如下：
1、当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时 Our village has twenty tractors.我们村有20台拖拉机。The hall can hold 2000 people.这个大厅能盛2000人 The war lasted four years.这场战争持续了4年
2、当某些及物动词（如leave, enter, join,等）的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时 The students entered the classroom one by one.学生门陆续地进了教室。My brother joined the Party two years ago.我哥哥2年前入了党。My father left his hometown five years ago.我父亲5年前离开了家乡。
3、当主动句中有表示数量、长度、大小或程度等的词或词组作宾语，但此宾语在意义上相当于状语时
Each stone weighs as much as two and a half tons.每块石头重达两吨半 He ran ten miles without rest.他一气跑了10英里路
4、当表示行为、方式的宾语在意义上相当于状语时
He spoke that way his father had spoken just now.他学着他父亲刚才的样子讲话
5、当句子的宾语和谓语是一个不可分割的整体时 We Chinese always keep words.我们中国人说话是算数的
6、当句子的宾语是反身代词时
He can dress himself.他能自己穿衣服。
Help yourself to the dishes.随便吃菜
7、当句子的宾语为相互代词时
We learned from and helped each other.我们互相学习互相帮助
For years the three sisters looked after one another.多年来仨姐妹互相照顾
8、当句子的宾语是同源宾语时
The Browns live a happy life.布朗一家过着幸福的生活。
9、当句子的宾语为行为者（主语）身体上某一部分时。
I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence.他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。
10、某些动词+介词的惯用词组也不能变为被动句 The book belongs to me.这本书是我的。
11、当句子的宾语是动名词或动名词短语时。He likes studying English.他喜欢学习英语
12、当句子的宾语是动词不定式或动词不定式短语时 I wish to go there myself.我想亲自去那里一趟
注意：少数以不定式（短语）做宾语的动词（如agree, feel, decide, think等）可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式（短语）直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it为先行主语，将不定式（短语）置于谓语动词之后
He has decided to go and study abroad.→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad.他已决定出国留学。
第二篇：动词时态和语态教案专题
动词时态和语态教案
徐红平2012-9动词时态和语态
目标：1.掌握英语的八种基本时态和几种常考时态
2.了解并熟练掌握高考的几种热点时态
3.区分并正确运用几种易混时态
一、英语的常见时态：
一般
进行
完成完成进行
现在
一般现在时
现在进行时
现在完成时
现在完成进行时
过去
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去完成进行时
将来
一般将来时
将来进行时
将来完成时 /
过去将来
过去将来时
/ / /
练兵场——稳操胜券
1.Look at the timetable.Hurry up!Flight 4026 ______ off at 18∶20.A.takes
B.took
C.will be taken
D.has taken 答案 A 解析: 飞机、火车等按时刻表运行，表达时用一般现在时表将来。
2.The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous.She_before.A.hasn’t flown
B.didn’t fly
C.hadn’t flown
D.wasn’t flying
答案 C 解析: hadn’t flown动作发生在was nervous之前。
3.My cousin went to Canada two years ago.He ______ there for a few months and then went to America.A.worked
B.would work
C.would be working
D.has been working 答案 A 解析: 考查一般过去时的基本用法。句中并列连词and连接两个发生在过去的顺承的动作，时态应该一致。
4.--Your job ______ open for your return.--Thanks.A.will be kept
B.will keep
C.had kept
D.had been kept 答案 A 解析: keep the job/the position open使工作、职位等处于空缺状态，由句意“随时欢迎你回来工作”可知用将来时。
5.--______ you ______ him around the museum yet?--Yes.We had a great time there.A.Have;shown
B.Do;show C.Had;shown
D.Did;show 答案 A 解析: 此处表示说话者询问对方“有没有带领他参观博物馆”的结果，故用现在完成时。6.--I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.--Impossible.She ______ TV with me in my home then.A.watched
B.had watched
C.would watch
D.was watching 答案 D 解析: 考查动词时态。句意为：“我昨晚8点钟在公园看见简和她男朋友了！”“不可能。她当时正在我家和我一起看电视。”此处时间状语为then，指的是at eight yesterday evening，指过去某一时间点正在进行的动作，故应用过去进行时态。7.The flowers were so lovely that they ______ in no time.A.sold
B.had been sold
C.were sold
D.would sell 答案 C 解析: 由“were so...”可知此处用一般过去时态；flowers应该是“被卖光”，故用被动形式。8.--What’s that noise?
--Oh, I forgot to tell you.The new machine ______.A.was tested
B.will be tested C.is being tested
D.has been tested 答案 C 解析: 根据一对一的问答可知，“机器正在被检测”，故选C项。
9.In a room above the store，where a party ______, some workers were busily setting the table.A.was to be held
B.has been held C.will be held
D.is being held 答案 A 解析: 考查动词的时态与语态。根据“some workers were busily setting the table”判断，聚会还没举行，应用将来时态，且整个句子用了过去时，故用过去将来时态。10.--I have got a headache.--No wonder.You ______ in front of that computer too long.A.work
B.are working
C.have been working
D.worked 答案 C 解析: 考查动词的时态。由“I have got a headache”可知，空处应用现在完成进行时表示动作“从过去开始持续至今且还会进行下去”，体现过去开始的动作对现在的影响及结果。
二、热点时态: 一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，过去进行时 1.I ______ you not to move my dictionary--now I cannot find it.A.asked
B.ask
C.was asking
D.had asked 2.--The window is dirty.--I know.It ____ for weeks.A.hasn’t cleaned B.didn’t clear C.wasn’t cleaned D.hasn’t been cleaned 3.She was surprised to find the fridge empty;the child _____ everything!A.had been eating
B.had eaten
C.have eaten
D.have been eating 4.--Has Sam finished his homework today?
--I have no idea.He ______ it this morning.A.did
B.has done
C.was doing
D.had done 5.--Have you decided already?
--Yes, I______ at once.--Yes, I______ already.A.have decided
B.decided
C.will decide
D.had decided
三、易混时态辨析: 1.一般现在时和现在进行时
1).Listen to the two girls by the window.What language ____ they _______(speak)? 2).I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.A.will play
B.have played
C.played
D.play 一般现在时指经常性，习惯性的动作；而现在进行时则表示此刻或近一段时间正在进行的动作。
2.一般过去时和过去进行时
1).He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.A.wrote;has finished
B.was writing;has finished C.was writing;had finished
D.wrote;will finish
过去进行时表当时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态。2).As she _______ the newspaper, Granny _______ asleep.A.read;was falling
B.was reading;fell
C.was reading;was falling
D.read;fell
长动作在进行时,被一个短动作打断,长动作用进行体,短动作用一般体。一般过去时表示一个已经完成的动作或过去习惯性的动作，过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作，具有持续和未完成的含义。3.一般过去时与现在完成时
1).I _______(live)there for six years when I was a kid.2).He ________ abroad for ten years and now he is used to the life in Beijing.A.has lived
B.had lived
C.lived
D.was living 3).When I was at college I _______ three foreign languages but I ________ all except a few words of each.A.spoke;had forgotten
B.spoke;have forgotten
C.had spoken;had forgotten
D.had spoken;have forgotten 二者所表示动作均发生在过去。一般过去时仅指动作在过去发生了，对现在没有影响；现在完成时的动作虽发生在过去，但影响到现在仍然存在。
四、挑战高考——信心满满
1.Ladies and gentlemen，please fasten your seat belts.The plane ______.A.takes off
B.is taking off
C.has taken off
D.took off 答案 B 解析: 考查动词的时态。动词go，come，leave及词组take off等用现在进行时表示将要发生的动作。
2.John，a friend of mine，who got married only last week，spent $ 3，000 more than he ______ for the wedding.A.will plan
B.has planned
C.would plan
D.had planned 答案 D 解析: plan表示的动作发生在spend这一过去动作之前，故应该用过去完成时。句意为：我的朋友约翰上周结婚了，婚礼花去了3 000美元，超过了原计划。3.--Did you see a man in black pass by just now?--No, sir.I ______ a newspaper.A.read
B.was reading C.would read
D.am reading 答案 B 解析: 由just now判断应用过去时态，又由语境“穿黑衣服的人路过时，我正在看报，所以没看见他”知空处要用过去进行时。
4.I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ______ there several years ago.A.are going
B.had been
C.went
D.have been 答案 C 解析: 句中several years ago是一般过去时的标志。5.--Have you got any job offers?--No.I ______.A.waited
B.had been waiting
C.have waited
D.am waiting 答案 D 解析: 句意为：“有人给你提供工作了吗？”“没有，我正在等着。”用现在进行时态表示正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
6.When you are home, give a call to let me know you ______ safely.A.are arriving
B.have arrived
C.had arrived
D.will arrive 答案 B 句意: 当你到家的时候，打电话给我让我知道你已经到家了。
解答：根据选项此题考察时态。此题可以根据句意也可以使用排除法。句意为“当你到家的时候，打电话给我让我知道你已经到家了”B选项使用现在完成时表示将来完成，译为“已经„„”。同时也可以使用排除法，arrive既可以使用现在进行时表示将来也可以用will + do表示将来，因此A和D同时排除，C为过去完成时，使用过去完成时时句中一定要有一般过去时，过去完成时是过去的过去，因此C也排除，选择B.7.--Tommy is planning to buy a car.--I know.By next month, he _______ enough for a used one.A.saves
B.saved
C.will save
D.will have saved 答案 D 解析: 考查动词的时态。句意为“——Tommy将计划买车。——我知道，到下个月为止，他积攒的钱足够买一辆旧车了。”by next month是将来完成时的标志，全句表示在将来next month之前完成“积攒足够钱”的动作，对将来的时间next month产生影响，能买一辆旧车。故选D。
8.--That must have been a long trip.--Yeah, it ______ us a whole week to get there.A.takes
B.has taken
C.took
D.was taking 答案 C 解析: 考查动词的时态。句意为“——那一定是长途旅行。——是的，我们花了整整一周时间才赶到那儿。”题干中must have done是对过去的肯定推测，提示时间在过去，描述过去的情况，排除A和B，D项was taking进行时态表将来，但事实上事情已发生，这与题意不符，因此选C。
9.When Alice came to, she did not know how long she ______ there.A.had been lying
B.has been lying
C.was lying
D.has lain 答案 A 解析: 考查动词的时态。句意为“当Alice苏醒过来时，她不知道她在那儿躺了多久了。”过去完成进行时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。came to苏醒过来是过去时，苏醒前的情况是过去的过去，强调过去的过去里发生的事，故选A。
10.Planning so far ahead _ no sense--so many things will have changed by next year.A.made
B.is making
C.makes
D.has made 答案 C 解析: 考查动词的时态。句意为“计划这么超前毫无意义—到明年许多事情会发生变化的。”前句表示现在的情况make no sense，后句表示到将来会产生的后果will have changed。一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态。is making和has made表示具体的动作过程，故不选。因此选C。
第三篇：高三英语语法复习教案-动词时态语态
高三英语语法复习教案-动词时态语态 【时态的基本概念】
时态是表示谓语动作时间概念的动词形式。英语中的时态专指谓语动词而言，不同时间概念的谓语动作有不同的时态，每一个时态又有各自不同的动词形式。高中阶段要求学生熟练掌握八种时态，此外现在完成进行时在高中教材中反复出现，也应列入“应知应会”的范围。
1.一般现在时：经常发生的动作或规律性的动作。
Each person needs water and a diet of healthy food.(P.2, Senior Book1B)The moon travels round the earth once every month.(P.8, Senior Book2B)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的概念。引起时间状语从句的连词有：when, after, before, until, as soon as；引起条件状语从句的连词有：if, unless;so(as)long as。
I will not stop my fight against slavery until all slaves are free.(P.52, Senior Book1A)2.一般过去时：过去发生过了的动作，这个动作的全过程已经结束。诸如yesterday, last… …ago都是典型的一般过去时的时间状语。
Fortunately, I was in time for the interview.(P.34, Senior Book2B)The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as honestly as I could.(P.34, Senior Book2B)3.一般将来时：将要发生的动作。----It's a bit windy today, isn't it?----Yes, it is.Hopefully tomorrow will turn out fine.(P.43, senior Book2B)Besides, you will not find coral near the mouths of rivers either because the river water has too much soil in it or because it is polluted.(P.20, Senior Book2B)Do you think our manager is going to have a new factory built?(P.24, Senior Book2B)4.现在进行时：说话时正在发生的动作。
I'm doing a word puzzle in this newspaper.I'm trying to find the name of a famous person.Can you help me?(P.1, Senior Book2B)现在进行时同always配合使用时，带有厌恶、批评，不喜欢等感情色彩。
They also have bad teeth, because of the sugar which they are always eating.(P.3, Senior Book1B)5.过去进行时:过去某一时间或某段时间正在进行的动作。
He bought a coffee and as the train was traveling fast and moving from side to side , he decided to drink it there and not to carry it back to his seat.(P.32, Senior Book2B)Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor.(P.6, Senior Book1B)6.现在完成时：与现在有联系的过去的动作。
Mr.Ball has just called on Mrs.Zhu to give her a message.(P.13, Senior Book2B)同现在的联系是：“刚刚探访了朱夫人，给她带了口信”，这件事距现在时间很近，没有多长时间。
We shall have to make a decision about Ms King, whose story I have just told you.(P.19, Senior Book1B)同现在的联系是：现在你们已经知道有关她的经历，不会影响做出决定。
7.过去完成时：比过去的一个参照动作或时间更早的动作，作为参照的过去的动作或时间有时在句子中直接表述出来，有时通过上下文暗示。Her parents were dead and had left her a lot of money.(P.14, Senior Book2B)本句中had left her a lot of money 发生在her parents were dead之前，比较容易看出“过去的过去”，应该不会产生理解上的困难。
Einstein had always been fond of music and had learnt music as a young boy.(P.3, Senior Book2B)课文一直在叙述爱因斯坦的经历、成就，使用的都是一般过去时。或者我们可以说一般过去时是课文的基础时态。课文的最后又倒叙爱因斯坦少年时代的事情，这是比基础时态一般过去时更早的动作，因此两个并列的谓语动词都用过去完成时。在这类句子中，作为参照的动作或时间需要我们通过对文章的整体理解才能体会出来。
8.过去将来时：以过去某一时间为参照，将要发生的动作。在宾语从句中由于时态呼应的要求，经常会用到过去将来时。
I thought it was going to be fun.(P.54, Senior Book1A)针对 I thought 这个过去的动作而言的将来。
9.现在完成进行时： 由过去开始，延续到现在并且可能继续进行的动作。现在完成进行时在句子中一般可以翻译成“一直┉”。
People have been talking of it a lot recently.(P.25, Senior Book2B)最近人们一直在大量地谈论这件事。
Pippa's parents have been waiting for them.(P.61, Senior Book2A)Pippa的父母一直在等他们。
For years we have been dreaming better housing and jobs.(P.37, Senior Book2B)多年来我们一直梦想着更好的住房和工作。【相关知识及运用】
1.一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时的区别。
上述三个时态在使用中容易混淆是因为他们有相近的地方，这个相近之处就是“过去”。现在完成时和过去完成时的概念都同“过去”有关，彼此之间的混淆便由此产生。只有抓住他们的不同，才能熟练地将这三种时态区别开。①一般过去时只用以陈述过去发生过的事情。
In a poor district in Paris, in the year 1775, there was a wine shop, the owner of which was Monsieur Defarge.(P.56, Senior Book2B)向读者陈述1775年所发生的故事的地点、人物等有关信息。②现在完成时表达的动作虽然发生在过去，但说话时要强调的是这个过去的动作与现在有关系，语意的重心着眼于现在。这种过去的动作同现在的联系有两种情况： a)过去的动作对现在仍具有影响。
----Would you go to see the film with me this evening?----Sorry, I have seen it before.have seen the film的动作肯定发生在过去，对现在的影响是“我不想和你去看了”。b)过去的动作延续到现在。表示这种延续时经常会用到for、since一类时间状语。I have worked in Beijing since I graduated from the university.(从毕业一直延续到现在)We have lived in Beijing for about 20 years.(20年前发生的 “live”，一直延续到现在)③过去完成时必须有一个过去的动作作为参照点，由此发生了同一般过去时混淆的问题。过去完成时是一种相对的时态，它必须有一个过去的动作为参照，比这个过去的参照动作更早的动作才能用过去完成时。如果没有这个过去的参照的动作，就没有过去完成时，即使是一亿年前的动作也是一般过去时。
When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.got to the cinema是过去的动作，had begun则发生在got to the cinema 之前。进行时态的两种概念
现在进行时和过去进行时都具有两种不同的时间概念：瞬间概念和阶段概念。
①现在进行时的瞬间概念就是“说话的时候”。表示瞬间概念时，现在进行时的时态特点是，动作已经开始，正在过程中，但尚未结束。
基于这一特点，下列句子通常用现在进行时，以表达动作没有结束。Our country is getting stronger and stronger.I'm getting on well with my English.过去进行时的瞬间概念通常用表示“点时间”的时间状语表达出来。I was doing my homework this time yesterday.Mother was cooking when I came home.②阶段概念的时间状语是“段时间”，表示在一段时间内一直在做的动作，至于动作是否结束则不是说话者所关心的。
He is writing a new novel these days.这些天他一直在写一本新小说。（没有干其他的事情）The workers were building a bridge last year.这些工人们去年一直在修建一座桥。2.将来时的五种动词形式
1.will(shall)+动词原形，用以表示“预见”和“主观意图” Go through the gate and you will find the entrance to Bear Country on the other side.(P1, Senior Book2A)（表示“预见”）
Let's go together then.I will meet you at the theatre at six-thirty.(P.19, Senior Book2A)
(表示“主观意图)2.be going to + 动词原形，用以表示”打算做某事“或”已经有迹象将要发生的情况。I'm going to cut this tree down.(P.25, Senior Book1B)It is going to rain.(有迹象表明将要下雨)3.be to +动词原形，用以表示按照计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止。
The message is this: you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you.(P.33, Senior Book2B)4.will be doing，在当代英语中用以表示纯粹的将来。Who will be taking over her job? Everybody else will be wearing jewellery.(P.13, Senior Book1B)5.用进行时的动词形式表示将来的概念。这种用法通常仅限于瞬间动词，因为瞬间动词不可能有“进行”的概念，所以不会产生歧义。
How many of you are making the trip?(P.9, Senior Book1B)Is anybody seeing you off?(P.13 Senior Book1A)
【语态的基本概念】 语态是表示主语、谓语和宾语之间相互关系的动词形式。在英语中有主动语态和被动语态之分。
主动语态所表达的主、谓、宾之间的关系是：主语发出或执行谓语动作，谓语动作的对象或承受者为宾语。即主语同谓语具有语意上的逻辑关系，谓语同宾语具有语意上的逻辑关系。被动语态所表达的关系是：动作的承受者做句子的主语，这时句子的主语和谓语之间具有逻辑上的动宾关系。Satellites for broadcasting are used to send radio and TV programmes from one part of the world to another.(P.8, Senior Book2B)谓语动词use同主语satellites for broadcasting具有逻辑动宾关系，因此使用被动语态。我们可以将这个句子恢复成正常的主、谓、宾关系：
We use satellites for broadcasting to send radio and TV programmes from one part of the world to another.【相关知识及运用】
1.被动语态的动词形式问题： 在语言实践中，语态和时态总是结合在一起使用，每一个时态都有同它相对应的被动语态形式。
被动语态的基本形式：语态助动词be + 过去分词。
凡需进行时态变化时，只将be 变为与其相应的时态形式，过去分词永远不变。
动词do 的时态、语态形式变化对照表
主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 do(does)am(is, are)+ done 一般过去时 did was(were)+ done 一般将来时 will(shall)do will be + done 现在进行时 am(is are)doing am(is,are)being+done 过去进行时 was(were)doing was(were)being+done 现在完成时 have(has)done have(has)been+done 过去完成时 had done had been+done 过去将来时 would do would be + done 现在完成进行时 have(has)been doing 没有被动形式 过去完成进行时 Had been doing 没有被动形式
Many of them are well received, such as Follow Me;Follow Me to Science.(P.46, Senior Book1A)Ships and planes can be warned so that they can keep out of the path of the hurricane.(P.9, Senior Book2B)They are already being used in agriculture and industry.(P.26, Senior Book2B)Computer will be used more and more in transport.(P.26, Senior Book2B)A new government programme has been designed to help disabled people.(P.46, Senior Book2B)2.高考试题实例分析 直接考查时态、语态知识的试题主要体现在单项选择和改错两个题型中，而且几乎每年都会考到，因此必须将时态、语态问题作为复习的重点内容，务求达到深刻理解，熟练运用。近年来高考命题的特点是，在特定的语言环境中考查对时态、语态的理解。试题的意图往往隐蔽、迂回，迷惑项的设计技巧很高，容易干扰考生的思维。如果没有对时态概念的深刻理解，没有对语言应用环境的综合分析，便会对试题感到困惑。下列试题可以帮助我们领悟高考命题的趋势。例1：
Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ______ so rapidly.（2001年高考试题）
A.is changing
B.has changed
C.will have changed
D.will change 答案为A。试题没有把考查的意图定位于对时态概念的简单理解，考生必须对现在进行时的本质特征----动作尚未完成，仍在过程中----有深刻的理解，否则将思路仅仅局限在“正在变化”、“已经变化”或“将要变化”，难于得出正确的结论。例2：
I ______ ping-pong quite well, but haven't had time to play since the new year.（2001年高考试题）
A.will play
B.have played
C.played
D.play 答案为D。but 分句使用现在完成时，将谈话的时间概念限定在“当前”。如果选C，前一分句说“过去”，后一分句说“现在”，不合逻辑。本句的意思是说“乒乓球一向打得好，只是最近一段时间没有打”，“乒乓球打得好”是一种技能，选用一般现在时，是“经常发生的动作”这一概念的扩展和延伸。例3：
----You haven't said a word about my new coat, Brenda.Do you like it?---I'm sorry I ______ anything about it sooner.I certainly think it's pretty on you.（2002年高考试题）
A.wasn't saying
B.don't say
C.won't say
D.didn't say 答案为D。sorry的原因是早先没有说到这件事，因此必须用一般过去时。例4：
The price ______, but I doubt whether it will remain so.（1999年高考试题）
A.went down
B.will go down
C.has gone down
D.was going down 答案为 C。目前价格的状况已经低下来，至于“价格下降”始于何时同谈话的内容无关。试题意在考查对“过去的动作对现在的影响”的理解。
时态语态基础训练1 I.用所给动词的适当的过去时或将来时的形式填充。
1.Let's keep to the point or we ______ never_______(reach)any decisions.2.My mind wasn't on what he was saying, so I'm afraid I______(miss)half of it.3.I don't think Jim saw me;he _____ just ______(start)into space.4.I ____(ask)you not to move my dictionary--now I can't find it.5.Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people ______(begin)to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.6.--George and Lucy got married last week.Did you go to their wedding?
--No, I ______ ______ ______(invite).Did they have a big wedding?
7.Shirley _____(write)a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.8.John and I have been friends for eight years.We first got to know each other at a Christmas party.But we _____ ______(see)each other a couple of times before that.9.His wife _____ ______(hope)to catch the first train but she was too late.10.I _____ ______(catch)in the heavy rain on the way to the cinema.11.I found the sentence _____ ______(not read)smoothly.12.What he had said at the meeting _____(prove)true.13.---Did you see Tom at the party?
---No.He _____ _____(leave)by the time I arrived.14.---How time flies!It's already 10 o'clock.---Oh, I _____ _____(not realize)it at all.15.---I'm sorry that I shouldn't have been so rude to you.---You did_____(lose)your temper but that's OK.II.用所给动词的适当的过去时或将来时的形式确翻译下列各句 ：
1.The thief tried to break away from the policeman who _____ _____(一直抓着)him but failed.2.--What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
--I had just finished my work and ____ _____(正准备开始)to take a shower.3.--You were out when I dropped in at your house.--Oh, I_____ _____(在等候)for a friend from England at the airport.4.---Why haven't you asked her to come here?
---She ________(正在做工)an important experiment when I found her and she hasn't finished it.5.---What were you up to when she dropped in?
---I_____ _____(刚玩了一会儿)for a while and _____ _____ _____ _____(正打算看书)some reading.6.Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ______often_____(会看到)advertisement showing happy families.7.---What place is it?---Haven't you seen that we are back where we _____(回到了原地)? 8.---Tomorrow is my birthday.I'd like you and Jane to come.---I'm not sure if she _____ _____(将)free.9.The crazy fans ______ _____ ______(一直在等)patiently for two hours and they would wait till the movie star arrived.10.You_______ _______(要求你ask)not to move the desk--now it is broken.时态语态基础训练2 1.By the time I saw the angry expression in his face, I _____ exactly what I was having to face.But not for a moment _______ I should quit.A.had known;I thought
B.have known;had I thought
C.would know;I would think
D.knew;did I think 2.In such a fierce competition, a person h as to make every effort if he _____.A.has succeeded
B.is to succeed
C.should succeed
D.will succeed 3.The man opened his eyes and moved his lips, as if ______ that he had something to tell the doctor.A.saying
B.having said
C.to say
D.to have said 4.It should be 302.But I hear that it _____ till tomorrow.A.was put off
B.will put off
C.has been put off
D.is put off 5.The University of Tokyo is the oldest university in Japan and has always been in the lead when it comes to ____ new challenges.A.be faced
B.face
C.facing
D.faced 6.In fact, more and more people _____ to live a greener, healthier and more environmentally “green life”.A.chose
B.choose
C.are choosing
D.have chosen 7.Our car _____ at the present speed until it reaches Qingdao at about nine o'clock tonight.A.went
B.is going
C.goes
D.will be going 8.China is _____ to______ continued help to Iraq in its reconstruction.A.willingly;give
B.willing;giving
C.willing;offer
D.will;offering 9.I ________, but I can't leave until I finish typing all the letters.A.had planned to
B.planned to
C.am still planning to
D.was still planning to
10.Unfortunately, when we dropped in, Doctor Li _______ for Indonesia to rescue the injured there, so we only had time for a few words.A.has just left
B.was just leaving
C.had just left
D.just left 11.Has George returned from Japan yet? I'd like to meet him.Why do you look so upset?Usually at 13:15 but because of a small accident on the line, it
at 13:45.A．does;is going to start B．will;starts C．does;will start D．will;is to start 11.---How about my food? I __________ here for almost half an hour.---I'm sorry, sir.It must be ready by now.A.have been sitting
B.am sitting C.had been sitting
D.was sitting 12.---Remember the first time we met, Susan?---Of course I do.You _______ in the library.A.read
B.had read
C.were reading
D.would read 13.The number of people hurt in the traffic accident _______ to 95, the news agency reports.A.has increased
B.have increased
C.has been increased
D.have been increased 14.It seems that you _______ this report or you can see what I questioned just now.A.don't read B.didn't read C.haven't read D.hadn't read 15.-Hello, Jim.I
to see you today.Sonia said you
ill.-Oh I'm OK.A.didn't expect;were
B.don't expect;were C.haven't expected;are
D.are not expecting;are 16.We were very busy yesterday.Otherwise we _____ part in the discussion.A.would take
B.did take
C.had taken
D.would have taken 17.---My flight ______.I'd better be on my way.Goodbye.---Bye.Happy landing!A.was announced
B.is being announced
C.has announced
D.is announced 18Dear me!You
anything in the taxi!A.had never left
B.have never left
C.would never leave
D.never leave 19.This time next week, we _______astronauts from the Challenger trying to deal with the mechanical problems.A.will see B.will have seen C.will be seeing D.shall see 20.Hey, Lee.I ___________ you never took interest in anything like this.What a surprise!A.don't think
B.didn't think C.think
D.thought 21.George had thought of paying a visit to the zoo with his children last Sunday, but he just ________ he would have so little time to spare.A.hadn't known
B.wouldn't know
C.knew
D.didn't know 22.Those who were late for school this morning，down your names on the blackboard!A.write
B.wrote
C.are writing
D.will write
时态语态高考题 2007年高考
1.The flowers were so lovely that they __________ in no time.（全国卷I）
A.sold
B.had been sold
C.were sold
D.would sell 2.I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ________ there several years ago.（全国卷I）
A.are going
B.had been
C.went
D.have been 3.-Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.-Oh, nothing much.In fact, I ____ of my friends back home.（全国卷II）A.have just thought B.was just thinking C.would just think D.will just be thinking 4.-Tom, you didn't come to the party last night?
-I ____, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.（全国卷II）A.had to B.didn't C.was going to D.wouldn't 5.-Did you tidy your room?（上海卷）
-No, I was going to tidy my room but I ______ visitors.A.had B.have C.have had
D.will have 6.With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ______ in the past years.（上海卷）A.discovered B.have discovered C.had been discovered D.have been discovered 7.They_____ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they'd never have been able to afford to go.（山东卷）
A．had got
B．got
C．have got
D．get 8.-Did Peter fix the computer himself?-He ________, because he doesn't know much about computers.（安徽卷）A.has it fixed
B.had fixed it
C.had it fixed
D.fixed it 9.They became friends again that day.Until then, they _____ to each other for nearly two years.（安徽卷）
A.didn't speak
B.hadn't spoken
C.haven' t spoken D.haven' t been speaking 10.-How can I apply for an online course?
-Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you.（北京卷）A.see
B.are seeing
C.have seen
D.will see 11.I got caught in the rain and my suit____.（北京卷）
A.has ruined
B.had ruined
C.has been ruined
D.had been ruined 12.-It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.-Oh, don't mention it.I _____past your house anyway.（北京卷）
A.was coming
B.will come
C.had come
D.have come 13.-I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.（福建卷）-Impossible.She
TV with me in my home then.A.watched B.had watched C.would watch D.was watching 14.Danny
hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.（福建卷）A.works
B.is working
C.has worked
D.worked 15.As the years passed, many occasions-birthdays, awards, graduations-________ with Dad's flowers.（湖南卷）
A.are marked
B.were marked
C.have marked
D.had marked
16.Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _____ English for a year.（湖南卷）
A.studies
B.studied
C.is studying
D.has been studying 17.At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement ______.（江苏卷）A.has been reached B.had been reached
C.has reached
D.had reached 18.-______ you ______ him around the museum yet?（江苏卷）-Yes.We had a great time there.A.Have … shown
B.Do … show C.Had … shown
D.Did … show 19.-Ouch!You hurt me!
-I am sorry.But I
any harm.I
to drive a rat out.（江西卷）A.didn't mean;tried
B.don't mean;am trying C.haven't meant;tried
D.didn't mean;was trying 20.-I have got a headache.-No wonder.You
in front of that computer too long.（江西卷）
A.work
B.are working
C.have been working
D.worked 21.I
there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.（陕西卷）A.would be B.have been C.had been D.will be 22.The unemployment rate in this district
from 6% to 5% in the past two years.（上海春）A．has fallen B．had fallen
C．is fall in
D．was falling 23.John had to have his car repaired in a garage because it
seriously.（上海春）A．damaged B．was being damaged
C．had damaged D．had been damaged 24.When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what ________.（四川卷）A．have marked
B.have been marked
C．had marked
D．had been marked 25.-Did you see a man in black pass by just now?
-No, sir.I ________ a newspaper.（四川卷）
A.read
B.was reading
C.would read
D.am reading 26.If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what ____ in science and technology.（天津卷）
A.had discovered
B.had been discovered
C.has discovered
D.has been discovered 27.-Jack bought a new mobile phone the other day.（浙江卷）-________? That's his third one in just one month.A.Had he
B.Did he
C.Does he
D.Has he
28.Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where ____ yet.（浙江卷）
A.hasn't been decided
B.haven't decided
C.isn't being decided
D.aren't decided 29.The play had already been on for quite some time when we ____ at the New Theatre.（浙江卷）
A.have arrived
B.arrived
C.had arrived
D.arrive 30.-Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?-Yes, he did.He ________ his old friends for a long time.（重庆卷）
A.didn't see
B.wouldn't see
C.hasn't seen D.hadn't seen 31.Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)_______birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.（重庆卷）
A.is said to be buying
B.is said to have bought
C..had said to buy
D.has said to have bought 32.-Do you have any idea what Paul does all day?-As I know, he spends at least as much time playing as he _______.（重庆卷）A.writes B.does writing
C.is writing
D.does write 33.When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone.Where______?（重庆卷）A.did you go
B.have you gone
C.were you
D.had you been 34.-Have you handed in your schoolwork yet?
-Yes, I have.I guess it ______ now.（辽宁卷）
A.has graded
B.is graded
C.is being graded
D.is grading 35.-Has your father returned from Africa yet?-Yes, but he _____ here for only three days before his company sent him to Australia.（辽宁卷）A.was
B.has been
C.will be
D.would be 2008年高考
1.-Have you known Dr.Jackson for a long time?（全国I卷）-Yes, since she ______ the Chinese Society.A.has joined B.joins
C.had joined
D.joined 2.The wet weather will continue tomorrow, when a cold front ______ to arrive.（全国I卷）A.is expected B.is expecting C.expects
D.will be expected 3.-----Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?（安徽卷）
-----Yes, I did.You know, my brother ________ in the match.A.is playing
B.was playing
C.has played
D.had played 4.I like these English songs and they ________many times on the radio.（安徽卷）A.taught
B.have taught
C.are taught
D.have been taught 5.So far this year we ______ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.（福建卷）A.saw
B.see
C.had seen
D.have seen 6.I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn't get through.Her brother _____ on the phone all the time!（湖南卷）
A.was talking
B.has been talking
C.has talked
D.talked 7.Well, I'm thinking about the salary….（湖南卷）
A.offer
B.will offer
C.are offered
D.will be offered 8.-I'm sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.-I think so.He ______ for it for months.（江苏卷）A.is preparing B.was preparing C.had been preparing D.has been preparing 9.By the time he realizes he ______ into a trap, it'll be too late for him to do anything about it.（山东卷）A.walks
B.walked C.has walked D.had walked 10.I ______it to you this morning!（浙江卷）
A.would lend
B.was lending
C.had lent
D.lent 20.-What's that noise?（浙江卷）
-Oh, I forgot to tell you.The new machine ______ A.was tested
B.will be tested
C.is being tested
D.has been tested 21.-Have you read book called Waiting for Anya?-Who _______ it?（北京卷）
A.writes
B.has written
C.wrote
D.had written 22.The hotel wasn't particularly good.But I ____ in many worse hotels（北京卷）.A.was staying
B, stayed
C.would stay
D.had stayed 23.No decision
about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.（北京卷）
A.will be made
B.is made
C.is being made
D.has been made 24.He _____ football regularly for many years when he was young.（天津卷）A.was playing
B.played
C.has played
D.had played 25.Judy is going to marry the sailor she __ in Rome last year.（重庆卷）A.meets
B.met
C.has met
D.would meet 26.He __ as a national hero for winning the first gold metal for his country in the Olympics.（重庆卷）
A.regarded
B.was regarded
C.has regarded
D.had been regarded 27.Teenagers __ their health because they play computer games too much.（重庆卷）A.have damaged
B.are damaging
C.damaged
D.will damage 28.Do you know if Terry will go camping this weekend?(上海卷)Terry? Never!She ___ tents and fresh air!A.has hated
B.hated
C.will hate
D.hates 29.In recent years many football clubs ___ as business to make a profit.(上海卷)A.have run
B.have been run C.had been run D.will run
参考答案
时态语态基础训练1 I.1.will never reach
2.missed
3.was;staring
4.asked
5.began
6.hadn't been invited
7.wrote
8.had seen
9.had hoped
10.was caught 11.didn't read
12.proved
13.had left
14.didn't realize
15.lose II.1.was holding
2.was starting
3.was waiting
4.was doing
5.had played;was going to do
6.will;see
7.were
8.will be
9.had been waiting
10.was asked 时态语态基础训练2 1-10 DBCCC CDCCB
11-20 AABCA DBCDC
时态语态强化训练
1-5 BCCDD
6-10 ABBDB
11-15 ACACA
16-21 DBBCD
21-22 DA
时态语态高考题 2007年高考
1-5 CCBCA 6-10 DBCBD 11-15 CADCB
16-20 DBADC 21-25CADBB 26-30 DBABD
31-35BBCCA 2008年高考题
1-5 DABDD
6-10 ACDCA
11-15 CDACA 26-29 BBDB
21-25CDABB 16-20 ABBDC
第四篇：中考英语二轮专项复习动词语态
动词语态练习
一、单项选择
1． —Our classroom is so clean.—It ___________ every day.A.cleaned B.was cleaned C.cleans D.is cleaned 2．Boys and girls , more attention should be paid to ____the word correctly A． pronouce B.be pronounced C． pronoucing D.pronouced 3．The word ________ five letters.A.is made up B.makes up of C.is made up of 4．The gifts by my friends yesterday.A.are bought B.is brought C.were bought D.was bought 5．— Mom, my classmates are playing outside.Can I join them? — Not until your homework.A.finishes B.is finished C.finished D.was finished 6． Oh, dear!The key ________ the door _________ in the room.A.with, forget B.to , is left C.by , forgot D.with, is left 7． More than 70,000,000 sharks ______ for their fins every year.It's really time for us to do something.A.kill B.killed C.are killed D.were killed 8．---I ______to make a decision for myself.What should I do ?----If I _____you , I ‘d talk with my parents A.don’t allow, am B.won’t allow，was C.am not allowed, were D.weren’t allowed ,be 9．Betty, why didn't you answer the phone last night? —Oh, sorry about that.My mobile phone ______ in the living room.A.left B.has left C.is left D.was left 10．This listening material, together with its CD-ROMs, ______ well.A.sells B.sell C.is sold D.are sold 11．— Ningbo _______a lot in the past10 years.— Yeah, you`re right.A.changes B.has changed C.has been changed D.will change 12．—Look at the sign on the right.—Oh, parking ______ here.A.doesn’t allow B.isn’t allowed C.didn’t allowed D.wasn’t allowed 13．—Have you moved into the new flat? —Not yet.The room _________.A.has been painted B.is painted C.is being painted D.was painted 14．— Do you know Lucy’s grandma? —Of course.She is a kind woman, but she has______
for about a month since she _____ in the accident.A.been dead;was killed
B.died;was killed C.been dead;killed D.died;killed 15．The Yellow River flood large areas, but now the waters of it are used to energy.A.was used to;producing B.used to;producing C.was used to;produce D.used to;produce 16．This kind of flower well these days.Would you like to have one? A.sell B.sells C.are sold D.is sold 17．Can 16-year-old students drive to school? No, they shouldn’t ______ to drive because they aren’t serious enough.A.allow B.be allowed C.allowed D.have allowed 18．--The film “Avatar”（阿凡达）_______ on the TV next month.--Really? I’m looking forward to it.A.will show B.is show C.will be shown D.is shown 19．---Guess what he will say when I ask him about it again.---Even if you him again, he will not tell you anything.A.ask B.are going to ask C.will ask D.asked 20．A new bridge in our city next year and it is over eight hundred meters long.A.builds B.will be built C.is built D.will build
二、补充句子
根据中文意思，完成下列句子，每空限填一词。（共5小题，计10分）21．最近的医院离此地也有大约十公里远。
The __________ hospital is about ten kilometers __________.22．嘲笑处于困境中的人是不礼貌的。
It’s not polite to __________ __________ those people in trouble.23．学校规定上课不许迟到。
The school rule says, “Don’t __________ __________ for class.” 24．熊猫在我国受到很好的照顾。
Pandas __________ __________ good care of in our country.25．我们觉得晚上出去是危险的。
We find __________ __________ to go out at night.参考答案
1．D 【解析】
试题分析：句意：我们的教室真干净。它每天被打扫。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。一般现在时的被动语态构成为am/is/are+动词的过去分词，结合句意，故选D。考点：考查被动语态的用法。2．C 【解析】
试题分析：句意：孩子们，要更加注意正确的发单词的音。pay attention to sth/doing,注意……，to是介词后加名词或动名词。虽然该句是被动结构，但是to仍然是介词，故选C。
考点：考查动名词的用法。3．C 【解析】
试题分析：句意：这个单词是由五个字母组成的。分析：被……组成: be made up of ,因此选择第三项。故选C 考点：考查固定词组的用法。4．C 【解析】
试题分析：句意：昨天，这些礼物被我的朋友买了。分析：考查被动语态的用法，通过时间状语yesterday，体现为一般过去式的被动语态，构成为was/were done（动词的过去分词），结合选项，第三项符合题意。故选 C 考点：考查被动语态的用法。5．B 【解析】
试题分析：句意：妈妈，我的同班同学在外面玩，我能加入他们吗？直到你的作业做完才能加入。动作的承受者作主语用被动语态。其结构是，主语+be+done。until引导的时间状语从句，从句用一般现在时表示将来时态，故选B。考点：考查一般现在时的被动语态。6．B 【解析】
试题分析：句意：亲爱的，门的钥匙忘在了房间里了。the key to the door 门的钥匙 the answer to the question等表示一一对应关系的名词经常用to表示所有的关系。forget忘记，后不加地点，leave sth(at,in…),把某物落在某地。如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。根据句意可知钥匙和忘记之间是被动关系，故选B。
考点：考查介词和被动语态的用法。7．C 【解析】 试题分析：句意：每年都有超过7千万头鲨鱼被杀以获得它们的鳍片。这是一个事实的描述，用一般现在时；该句应该是鲨鱼被杀害，因此是被动语态，所以选C 考点：考查动词时态。8．C 【解析】
试题分析：句意：--我不被允许自己做决定。我应该做什么？--如果我是你，我应该和我的父母谈一谈。分析：第一个空为被动语态，体现现在不能自己做决定，因此用现在完成时被动词态；第二个空考查虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。故选C 考点：考查被动语气和虚拟语气的用法。9．D 【解析】
试题分析：句意：贝蒂，昨天晚上为什么你不接电话？对不起，我的手机忘在卧室里了。动作的承受者作主语用被动语态。其结构是，主语+be+done.根据句意，可知动作发生在过去，故选D。
考点：考查被动语态的用法。10．A 【解析】
试题分析：句意：伴有光驱的这个听力材料卖得很好。表示事物性质或特点的，用主动形式表示被动语态。此处表示这个听力材料买的好，故用主动形式，主语是This listening material，故谓语用第三人称单数形式，故选A。考点：考查动词时态及语态。11．B 【解析】
试题分析：句意：宁波在过去的10年当中改变了很多。——是的，你说得对。结合语境可知本句描述的是从过去一直持续到现在的动作，故用现在完成时态。选B。考点：考查时态辨析 12．B 【解析】
试题分析：句意：看看右边的标语，啊，这里不允许停车。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受
者，即行为动作的对象。其结构是，主语+be+done。根据句意，可知停车是动作的承受者，故用被动结构，因为这是一个标语展示的内容，所以用一般现在时，故选B。考点：考查被动语态的用法。13．C 【解析】
试题分析：句意：--你已经搬入新的公寓了吗？--还没有。这个房间正在装修。分析：考查被动语态的用法，通过句意体现正在装修，因此运用现在进行时被动语态，构成方式为be being done（动词的过去分词）。故选C 考点：考查被动语态的用法。14．A 【解析】
试题分析：句意：—你认识露丝的奶奶吗？—当然，她是一个善良的女人，但她自从死于事故后已经死亡大约一个月了。根据题干分析since从句中“死于事故”应用被动语态，因有since状语从句，所以主句要用现在完成时态，故选A。考点：考查动词的时态和语态 15．D 【解析】 试题分析：句意:过去黄河水常常淹没大片的土地，但是现在黄河水被用来产生能源。be used to do sth.被用来做某事；be used to doing sth.习惯于某事；used to do sth.过去常常做某事。根据句意可知选D。考点：考查动词。16．B 【解析】
试题分析：句意：这些天这种花卖的很好，你愿意买一个吗？根据语境可知花卖得好不能用被动语态，This kind of flower看成单数故动词单三式；根据句意故选B 考点：考查动词的用法。17．B 【解析】
试题分析：句意：---16岁的孩子们能开车去上学吗？---不，他们不应当被允许开车，因为他们不是足够的认真。shouldn’t be be allowed to do表示不应当被允许做某事；根据句意故选B 考点：考查被动语态。18．C 【解析】
试题分析：句意：---这部电影Avatar将在下个月在电视上上映。根据题意可知用将来时的被动语态will be done;根据句意故选C.考点：考查动词时态。19．A 【解析】
试题分析：句意：—猜一下当我在问他这件事时他会怎么说。—即使你再问他，他也不会告诉你任何事情。第二空even if引导的是条件状语从句，根据“主将从现”原则，主句是一般将来时态，在时间和条件状语从句中要用一般现在时代替一般将来时态，从句主语是you，所以谓语动词用原形，故选A。考点：考查动词时态
20．B 【解析】
试题分析：句意：一座新桥明年在我们城市修建，它超过8百米长。根据题干分析bridge和build构成被动关系，因此用被动语态，其基本结构是“be+动词的过去分词”，根据时间状语next year（明年），所以用一般将来时态的被动语态，故选B。考点：考查被动语态的用法
21．nearest;away 22．laugh at 23．be late 24．are taken 25．it;dangerous 【解析】 试题分析：
21．要用最高级形式nearest;距离后用副词away。22．“嘲笑”用动词短语laugh at。
23．“迟到” 用动词短语be late放在Don’t后，构成祈使句的否定句。24．are taken是谓语动词，根据语境用一般现在时的被动语态形式。Pandas是复数，所以用are。
25．这里用it做形式宾语代替后面的不定式to go out at night;dangerous是形容词做宾语补足语
考点：单词填空。
第五篇：2010高考二轮复习英语教案
2010高考二轮复习英语教案
专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构
【专题要点】非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下：1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语；2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语；3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词； 4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意义不同的动词或短语；5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别；6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别； 7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别；8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语； 9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式；10.独立主格结构在句中作状语； 11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语。
【考纲要求】非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点, 考纲要求掌握：非谓语动词的时态和语态；他们在英语句子中的作用；非谓语动词的基本用法和含义，非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分，比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等；掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析；掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。对于独立主格结构考纲要求掌握独立主格结构的构成方式；在句子中的作用以及with复合结构。
【教法指引】非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词，是高中英语学习的难点，也是高考考查的重点。高中英语非谓语动词是一个重要考点，教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当，尤其是对以下要点的复习： 1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别；2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式；3.非谓语动词完成式的用法；4.非谓语动词用作伴随状语；5.非谓语动词用作目的状语；6.非谓语动词用作结果状语；7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语；8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题；9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题；10.“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构；11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。
对于独立主格结构的复习，教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系。【知识网络】 非谓语动词用法
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人„„的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到„„”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对„„感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有： interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 【口诀记忆】
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装，主动答应选计划 同意请求帮一帮，愿望似乎就没有，碰巧承担常努力。attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习vow起
contrive设法，图谋 incline有„倾向 propose提议 seek找，寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求 assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求
authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱 report报告
compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤 command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉 direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语 【口诀记忆】
考虑建议盼原谅，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡
acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好 favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨
finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险
involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受 loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 【口诀记忆】 想起忘记常后悔
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 6)mean to do打算，有意要„ mean doing意味着
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow．
10)need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1）不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如： ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动 ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求 campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望 courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因 decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光
determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿
5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。
6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。
7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要求不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点：
1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。
3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？ 5．不定式和分词作状语的区别
（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：
a：not/never too„to, too„not to , but/only too„ to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构（1)疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：
When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)I don't know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介词except和but作“只有„，只能„”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式 连用）。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不带to的不定式
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有： feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知 notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如： Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。(注)：
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如： He was seen to come．
The boy was made to go to bed early.②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。
（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如： It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
7．非谓语动词中的有关句型（1）动名词作主语的句型
1）Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。
3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。8.非谓语动词的特殊结构
有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语，用来表示说话人对说话内容所特的态度。1）现在分词的独立结构
judging from / by„, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的独立结构
to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)动词原形： Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作连词的分词considering（考虑到，就„而言），providing / provided „假如，supposing 假如 这些词用来表示条件的连词，后接that 从句。
独立主格结构
一、概念：
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二、功能：
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
三、形式：
独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。
四、举例：
1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词＋－ing;表原因）
2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）
3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词＋－ed;表状态）
4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词＋副词；表时间）
5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（借此结构；表伴随）
6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词＋不定式；表时间）
五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例：
⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.－→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend.如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。
⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。
2、还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例：
⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我们)种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）
六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：
1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有：generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from;supposing等等。例：
⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的来说，这个规则很容易懂。
⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl.根据他所说的，她一定很诚实。
2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest;to be sure;to tell you the truth;to cut a long story short;to be frank;to make the matter worse等等。例：
⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.说实话，我在会上说的并不是我的意见。
⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.更糟糕的是，他把钥匙锁在车里了
七、非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）
= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）
= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）
= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A．不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1．动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——sorry.So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really can't afford any time.）
The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）
Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）
1． 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）必背：
含有being的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3． 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）
C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
= As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months' leave.任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）比较：
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed.饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的
八、with、without 引导的独立主格结构
介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A． with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：
在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。B． with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C． with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D． with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.E． with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F． with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：
在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
九、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。A．作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。1．表示时间 Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。
（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。
（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2．表示原因
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。
（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）
There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。
(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3．表示条件
Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。
（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）
Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。
（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.下课了，学生都离开了教室。
【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。4．表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。
（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。
（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）B．作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road)= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.提示：
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不 是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构）
If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）
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