初一英语语法全面讲解(共17页)资料

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第一篇:初一英语语法全面讲解(共17页)资料

初一英语语法讲解--冠词的用法

冠词是一种虚词,用在名词或名词词组的前面,表示名词是特指还是泛指。冠词可分为不定冠词和定冠词两种形式。不定冠词有 a, an。定冠词有 the.其中, a 用在发音以辅音开头的名词之前, 而 an 则 用在发音以元 音开头的名词之前。不定冠词的用法:

1)表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用,表示一个。

I gave him a book yesterday.我昨天给了他一本书。

I have got a ticket.我有一张票。

There is a tree in front of my house.我的屋前有一棵树。

2)表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以其中的一个代表一类。

A horse is useful to mankind.马对人类有用。

A bird can fly.鸟会飞。

3)不定冠词用在事物的“单位”前,如时间, 速度, 价格等意义的名词之前,表示 “每一”。

We often go to school two times a day.我们常常一天两次去学校。

I went to the library once a week at least.我一星期至少去一次图书馆。

4)不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。

A boy came to see you a moment ago.刚才有一个小孩来找你。

I got this tool in a shop.我在商店买的这件工具。

We need a car now.我们现在需要一辆车。

5)不定冠词用于某些词组。

a few 几个 a little 有点

She has a few friends in this city.她在这个城市中有几个朋友。

There is a little milk in the bottle.瓶子里有点牛奶。

定冠词的用法。

1)定冠词特指某(些)人或某(些)事物, 以区别于同类中其他的人或事物。

The bag in the desk is mine.桌子里的书包是我的。

Is this the book you are looking for?

这是你要找的书吗?

Do you know the man in back?

你知道穿黑色衣服的人是谁吗?

2)定冠词用来指上文中已提到过的人或事物。

I bought a book from Xinhua book-shop.The book costs 15 yuan.我从新华书店买了一本书.这本书值十五元。

I saw a film yesterday.The film was ended at eight o'clock.我昨天看了一场电影。电影八点钟结束的。

3)定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前。

the sun the moon the earth

the sky the world the winter night

The sun is bigger than the moon.太阳比月亮大。

I can see a bird in the sky.我能看到天空中有一只小鸟。

4)定冠词与单数名词连用,表示这一类人或物。

The dog is not too danger.狗不太危险。

The cat is an animal.猫是一种动物。

5)定冠词与某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化, 表示某一类人。

the poor, the rich, the wounded, the sick, the deaf.The wounded were brought to the hospital.受伤者被送到了医院。

He always helps the poor.他经常帮助穷人。

The deaf can go to this special school.耳聋者可以进这所特殊学校上学。

6)用在序数词, 形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前。

This is the biggest city in China I have ever visited.这是我在中国参观的最大的城市。

I saw a plane coming from the east.我看见一架飞机从东方飞来。

He is the last one to help me.他不会来帮助我的。

7)定冠词用在演奏乐器的名称和文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。

The little girl likes to play the violin.小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。

They are going to the cinema tonight.他们今晚要去影院看电影。

The theater was on fire last week.剧院昨天着火了。

8)定冠词用在报刊,杂志的名称的名词之前。

I am reading the China Daily now.我现在正读中国日报。

Have you got the Evening Paper yet?

你拿到晚报了吗?

The Times is a foreign newspaper.泰晤士报是一家外国报纸。

The Peking Review is on the desk.北京周报在桌子上放着。

9)定冠词用在江河,海洋,山脉,群岛的名称之前。

We live near the Yellow River.我们住在黄河边上。

The Changjiang River is the biggest one in China.长江是中国最大的河。

The Himalayas is located in Tibet.喜马拉雅山位于西藏。

10)定冠词用在姓名复数之前,表示一家人。

The Greens is very kind to us.格林一家人待我们很好。

The Whites like the classic music.怀特一家喜欢古典音乐。

不用冠词的场合。

1)专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词之前一般不用冠词。

China is a largest country in the world.中国是世界上最大的国家。

I think water is a kind of food, too.我认为水也是一种食物。

Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来柔软。

2)表示日常餐食名词之前不用冠词,但如果指具体的饮食时用定冠词 the。

It's time for breakfast.该吃早饭了。

What do you have for lunch?

你午饭吃点什么?

The dinner I had at that restaurant was expensive.我在那家饭店吃的饭很贵。

3)在季节,月份,星期,节日。球类运动,棋类游戏的名词之前不用冠词。

Summer is hot and winter is cold here.这儿夏天热冬天冷。

New Year's Day is coming.新年就要到啦。

Today is the first day of May.今天是五月的第一天。

We are going to play basketball this afternoon.今天下午我们要去打篮球。

We don't like bridge very much.我们不太喜欢桥牌。

4)语言的名称前不用冠词。

Can you speak English?

你会讲英语吗?

It's difficult to learn Chinese well.要学好中文很难。

Tom knows English but he doesn't know French.汤姆懂英语但不懂法语。

5)某些固定词组不用冠词。

by air, on foot, at night, after school, at home, go to class, in fact, from morning till night.I'm going to Chicago by air next week.下周我要乘飞机去芝加哥。

I go to school on foot.我步行去学校上学。

In fact, I don't know him at all.实际上,我一点也不认识他。

He is at home today.他今天在家。

初一英语语法之词法

来源:网络资源 作者: 时间:2008-10-16 点击:

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一、词法

1、名词 A)、名词的数

我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:

一)在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is(I’s), Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二)特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen B)名词的格

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下: 一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s

二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’;Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节

三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

2、代词

3、动词

A)第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下: 一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes 三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes 五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has B)现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:

一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing 二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

4、形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下: 一)一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer-nicest, larger-largest 二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)good/wellmore most bad/ill – worse worst little-less least old-older/elder oldest/eldest far-farther/further farthest/furthest

5、数词(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。)first, second, third;fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth;seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth;twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth

初一英语知识要点回顾之重点句型.Could you … ?(你 / 你们……好吗?)句型多用来表示请求,这里的 could 比 can 语气更加委婉、客气和有礼貌,肯定回答多为:OK / All right!/ Certainly!/ Of course.否定回答常是:

Sorry , I /

we can’t.(不用couldn’t)。如:

—Could you lend me your dictionary ?

—Of course.2.one 不仅可用作基数词表“一”之意,也能用作代词替代前面所提可数名词中的“一个”或代指“任何人”。例:

1)One and two is three.一加二等于三。)I don’t have pens.Please give one to me.我没有钢笔,请给我一支。

3)One must love one’s country.任何人都必须爱国。.You’re welcome.用来回答对方的感谢时,相当于That’s OK./ that’s all right./ Not at all.。如:

—Thank you very much.— You’re welcome..too 这个副词作“太”讲时通常修饰形容词或副词(放在其前);作“也”讲时多位于句尾(其前用逗号隔开)。例:

1)Your bag is too big.你的包太大。

2)Your bag is big , too.你的包也大。.当名词前有定冠词、指示代词和物主代词修饰时,all习惯上放在这些限定词之前。例:all my books(我所有的书)。.the other 通常表示两者(部分)中的“另外那个(些)”,而不带定冠词的 other 多用来泛指“另一些”。试比较:

1)The twins are English.One is Lucy , the other is Lily.这对双胞胎是英国人,一个叫露西,另一个叫莉莉。

2)I have many friends.Some are teachers , others are police men.我有很多朋友,一些是教师,另一些是警察。.socks , shoes , trousers , glasses(眼镜)等表示两部分构成的整体东西的名词习惯上用复数形式,如果指“一双(副)”,应用a pair of 短语修饰。例:

a pair of socks(一双短袜),a pair of glasses(一副眼镜)等。

A pair of shoes is under the bed.8.当询问“某人(物)怎么啦?”时,句型常用 What’s wrong with … ? 这里的疑问词 what 不可受汉语的影响误用 how。例:

—What’s wrong with your kite ? 你的风筝怎么啦?

—It’s broken.它坏了。.worry 作及物动词用时其后习惯上只接人作宾语,意为“使……担心”;worry 用作不及物动词其后能接人或物作宾语,但必须用介词 about,意为“担心……”。例:

1)These apples worry me.这些苹果使我担心。

2)Don’t worry about my lessons.别担心我的功课。.tea , milk , bread , water , meat , rice 等物质名词均为不可数名词,此类名词无复数形式,其前不可用不定冠词、基数词、指示代词等直接修饰,若表示它们的数量,其前必须加“计量名词 + of ”短

语。例:a bottle of orange(一瓶桔汁),two cups of tea(两杯茶)。

但是常可以用:two cups of tea = two teas 两杯茶.It’s time … 句型后接名词或代词时要用 for(介词),后接动词必须用 to(不定式符号),这里的主语 it 不可换用另的代词,且 time 前习惯上不用冠词。例:

1)It’s time for class.该上课了。)It’s time to play games.是做游戏的时候了。

注意:It is time for sb to do 该某人干…….something to eat(drink)意为“吃(喝)的东西”,to eat(drink)为不定式作后置定语修饰不定代词 something。例:

We have something to eat now.现在我们有东西吃

初一英语知识要点回顾之语法透视

不可数名词用法举要

不可以用数目来计算的名词称为不可数名词。学习不可数名词时,应注意以下几点: 不可数名词没有复数形式。如:some meat , some bread , 不可说 some meats , some breads。

不可数名词不能不定冠词 a , an 及数词修饰,但可用 some , any , much(许多),a lot of(许多),a little(一点)等直接修饰。如:我们不可以说a tea , two milk , 但可以说 some tea , much meat 不可数名词前通常用量词来表示具体的数。如:a glass of water , two cups of tea , five pieces of bread。需要注意的是:类似短语中的介词 of 不能省去,当数词大于“一”时,量词需要用复数形式。

不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如: These is some water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。Is there any rice in the bag ? 袋子里有米吗?

若不可数名词前有复数数量词修饰时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: There are three bottles of orange on the table.桌上有三瓶桔汁。试比较:There is some orange on the table.对不可数名词前的修饰语提问,疑问词用 how much。例如: They want two cups of tea.→How much tea do they want ? There is some milk in the glass.→How much milk is there is the glass ? 对不可数名词前量词部分的修饰语提问题,疑问词用 how many。例如: They want two cups of tea.→How many cups of tea do they want ? 不可数名词表示特指时可用定冠词 the 修饰。例如:

The bread on the table is Li Lei’s.桌上的面包是李磊的。

有些名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但意思却大不相同。如:glass 作可数名词,意思是“玻璃杯”,作为不可数名词,意思是“玻璃”;room 作可数名词,意思是“房间”,作不可数名词,意思是“空间”。

I have many friends bread meat milk fish(面包)(肉)(牛奶)(鱼)难词解码

some 与 any之区别

some 和 any 都有“一些”的意思,都可作形容词、代词,可修饰或代替可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词,但两者用法不同。

一、some 一般用于肯定句中。例如: I can see some flowers.我能直到一些花。

There is some milk in the glass.杯子里有一些牛奶。

二、any 一般用于否定句和疑问句中。例如:

— Can you see any bread on the table ? 你看到桌子上有面包吗? —Yes , I can see some.是的,我看到一些。—Can you see any girls in the picture ? 你能看到图画上的女孩吗? —No , I can’t see any.不,我一个也看不到。

三、some 可用于表示请求、邀请、希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中。例如: — Can you give me some bread ? 你能给我一些面包吗? — Certainly.Here you are.当然可以,给你。Would you like some bread ? 你想要些面包吗? 同学们,请看,Polly 给我们编出了一句顺口溜:

some 用于肯定句,疑问句、否定用 any,请求、邀请与期待,仍用 some 代 any。do you like 与 would you like Do you like … ? 意为“你喜欢……吗?”“你爱……吗?”等,是提问者问对方习惯上喜爱什么,并不指目前一时爱好。其后常跟或 doing 结构作宾语。例: Do you like meat ? 你喜欢吃肉吗?

Do you like playing basketball ? 你喜欢打篮球吗? 其肯定回答为 Yes , I do.;否定回答为 No.I don’t.。

Would you like … ? 意为 “你想要……吗?”“你愿意……吗?”,指说话人委婉地向对方提出请求或建议,是指目前的情况,其后常跟名词或 to do 结构作宾语。例: Would you like some apples ? 你卢吃一些苹果吗? Would you like to have a cup of tea ?你想喝杯茶吗?

其肯定回答是 Yes , please.或 Yes , I’d like / love to.;否定回答是 No , thanks./ thank you.或 Yes , I’d like to , but … 等。例: A : Would you like a bottle of orange ? B : Yes , please./ No , thanks.would like 还可缩写为 ’d like。例: I’d like to have a cup of tea.幽默趣赏

1.Tom’s Answer

Tom : Dad , black hens are more clever than white hens , aren‘t they ? Dad : How do you know it , Tom ? Tom : Well , black hens can lay white eggs , but white hens can’t lay black eggs.汤姆的回答

汤姆:爸爸,黑母鸡比白母鸡聪明,不是吗 ? 爸爸:你是怎么知道的,汤姆 ? 汤姆:喏,黑母鸡能下白色的蛋,而白母鸡不能下黑色的蛋。2.The Red Ink Bob : Mum , I‘m making a picture of my father.Where is the red ink ? Mum : What do you want to do with the red ink ? Bob : I’ll colour his nose red.红墨水

鲍勃:妈妈,我正在画一张爸爸的像,红墨水在哪里 ? 妈妈:你用红墨水干什么 ? 鲍勃:我要把他的鼻子着成红色。3.A dishonest cat 一只不诚实的猫

There lives a cat in the country.It likes telling lies , so that it glosses over its mistakes.在乡下,有一只猫,它喜欢说谎,以便掩盖自己的过失。

When it catches a rat , the rat gets away.It says , “ You are too thin.I won’t catch you until you become fat.”

它捉老鼠时,老鼠逃跑了。它说:“你太瘦了,等你肥了我再捉你。”

It climbs up a tree to catch birds , the birds flies away , and it falls off the tree.It says again: “ You are too small.I won’t catch you until you become big.”

它爬树去捉鸟,鸟儿飞走了。它从树上下来又说:“你太小了,等你长大了我再抓你。”

初一英语知识要点回顾之典型例题解析

交际能力与测试指要

(1)根据所设情景选择最佳答案。如: 1.— ______ ? — It’s eight thirty.A.How old is your sister B.What class are you in C.What’s the time , please D.What number is your car 2.当你有事想问别人,应先说声:______.A.Excuse me B.I’m sorry C.Hello D.OK(2)根据对话情景,补全对话。如: Kate : Hi , Jim.(1)? Jim : Fine , thank you.And you ? Kate : I’m fine , too.(2)? Jim : Very well , thanks Kate :(3)? Jim : Class Four.Kate :(4)? Jim : Room Five.Kate : Oh , I see.A.Which is here classroom B.How is your sister C.How are you today D.What class is she in 解答“情景交际”题首先要清楚所设的情景是哪一类交际项目;其次要清楚在哪种情景下该说什么话,该如何表达自己的思想;还要清楚上下文情景的关系。

具体题还要具体对待。上面题型(1)中的第2小题,直接选A就行了。而第1小题就必须先辨别A、B、C、D四个选项各是什么意思,然后看答句的表达形式,才能依据交际常识判断是C。第(2)小题的一组对话设计了四个问句,这样的题则要根据上下文的内容和交际习惯,与对话一一对应。

选完后一定要默默读上两遍,细心体会一下语感,认真检查一下有无疏漏,最后确定。如果试题有图片,要善于利用图片上的信息,帮助答题,要善于从情景中悟出“天机”。交际英语讲练

问候(Greetings).“How are you ? ”“______” A.How do you do ? B.How are you ? C.I‘m fine , thank you.D.What do you do ? 介绍(Introductions)2.— Li Ping , ______.— Nice to meet you , Zhang Hong.A.that’s my friend , Zhang Hong B.this is Zhang HongC.she is Zhang Hong D.I introduce Zhang Hong to you 3.“Nice to meet you.”“_______” A.Is that so ? B.I‘ve got a cough.C.Yes , do please.D.Nice to meet you , goo.打电话(Making telephone calls)4.“Hello , 5847552.”“Hi!_____” A.Are you Linda ? B.Who are you ? C.I am David.D.Is that Linda speaking ? 5.— This is John speaking.Who is that ? — _____

A.This is Bill.B.I am Bill.C.You are Bill.D.Where is bill ? 6.— Could I speak to headmaster ? — ______ please.A.Hold on for a moment B.Speak loudlyC.He is at work D.What’s wrong ?.A : Hello!Could I speak to Miss Grey , please ? B : ______

A.I‘m Miss Grey.B.Yes , you could.C.SPeaking.D.Who are you ? 答案与简析:.C。“How are you ? ”是熟人之间常用的客套招呼语,答语常用 “Fine , thank you.”或“Very well , thank you.”表示问候的用语还有“Good morning / afternoon / evening.Hello / Hi.”等,答语须重复原话。.B。介绍某人,常用句型“This is...”。自我介绍则用“My name is...”或“I’m...”。3.D。“Nice to meet you.”一般在两人初次见面被互相介绍后使用,其答语为“Nice to meet you , too.”。“How do you do ? ”和“Glad to meet you.”也属于介绍用语。.D。打电话时,欲问对方是谁,应说“Who is that(speaking)? ”。5.A。打电话时,欲说“我是……”,应说“This is...”。.A。接电话时,若想请对方别挂断或稍等,应说“Hold on(for a moment), please.”。.C。接电话时,若你正是对方要找的人,可说“请讲”(Speaking.);若对方要找的人不在,可说“He / She isn‘t here right now.Can I take a message for you ? ”。

第二篇:初一英语语法名词语法讲解及练习题

初一英语语法—名词语法讲解及练习题

专有名词与普通名词

名词按其意义可分为专有名词(proper noun)和普通名词(common noun)。

普通名词又可分为类名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。

1.专有名词:是个别人、地以及专门机构或团体的名称。如:New York纽约 Clinton克林顿

2.类名词:是一类人或物的个体的名称。

如:piano钢琴,doctor医生,ship舰船

3.集体名词:是一些人或物的总称,作主语时可用复形谓语动词。

如:family家庭,army军队

4.物质名词: 是无法分为个体的实物。

如:sugar糖,tea茶,air空气

5.抽象名词: 是动作、状态、品质等抽象概念的名称。如:work工作,honesty诚实,courage勇气

注:名词按其可数性分为可数名词(countable nouns)和不可数名词(uncountable nouns)。类名词皆可数,集体名词大都可数,专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词多不可数。

名词的复数形式

1.规则变化:

1)一般加-s

如:map------maps地图 field------fields田地

2)以s, x, sh, ch 结尾的名词后加-es

如:class---classes班,box---boxes盒子 dish---dishes盘子,match---matches比赛

3)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,变为-ves

如:leaf---leaves叶 thief---thieves贼(注:下列词例外 :roofs屋顶,gulfs海湾, belief信仰,信条)

4)以辅音字母 y 结尾,变y为i,再加-es

如:party---parties党 factory---factories工厂(注:元音字母 y 结尾直接加-s: boys男孩 rays光线)

5)以辅音字母 o 结尾,一般加-es

如:potato---potatoes 马铃薯 hero---heroes 英雄(注:某些外来词 以及以元音字母 o结尾的名词,直接加-s: pianos钢琴,photos照片,kilos公斤;radios收音机

2.不规则变化

1)变内部元音。

如: foot---feet脚 man---men 男人 tooth-teeth 牙齿 mouse---mice老鼠

2)词尾加-en

如: child---children小孩 ox---oxen公牛

3)形式不变(即单复数一致)

如: deer----deer 鹿 fish---fish 鱼 sheep---sheep羊复合名词的复数形式

由一个简单名词加一个或一个以上的词构成的名词叫复合名词(compound noun)。复合名词变复数时,有以下三种情况:

1.把最后一个构成部分变为复数形式,如: housewife → housewives家庭主妇 film-goer → film-goers爱看电影的人 gentleman → gentlemen先生 schoolroom → schoolrooms教室

2.将主要成分变为复数形式,如: looker-on → lookers-on旁观者 sister-in-law → sisters-in-law嫂子;弟媳 passer-by → passers-by过路人 bride-to-be → brides-to-be即将做新娘的人

3.将两个组成部分皆变为复数,这种复合名词第一个名词必须是man或woman,如: man doctor → men doctors男医生 woman teacher → women teachers女教师 man cook → men cooks男厨师 woman singer → women singers女歌手

第三篇:初一英语语法

初一的语法知识还是比较简单的。主要掌握几种时态 1,一般现在时 2,一般过去时 3,一般将来时 4,现在进行时 还有几种词 1,名词 2,代词 3,形容词 4,动词 5,冠词

初一英语语法总结--词法

(一)在学习初一英语语法时,要认真、细心,不要觉得一些地方不重要而得过且过。下面从几个方面,总结出了初一英语语法,如果要复习英语句法的同学,可以参考一下:

一、初一英语语法——词法

1、名词

A)、名词的数

我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:

一)在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas

二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes

三)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways

四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves

六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese

七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks

八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers

十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is(I’s), Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs

十二)特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen

B)名词的格

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:

一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s

二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是之s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’;Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节

三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

初一英语语法总结--词法

(二)2、代词

项目:人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词

人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性

第一人称

单数 I me my mine myself

复数 we us our ours ourselves

第二人称

单数 you you your yours yourself

复数 you you your yours yourselves

第三人称

单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself

复数 they them their theirs these those themselves

3、动词

A)第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:

一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes

三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys

四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes

五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has

B)现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:

一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing

二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having

三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning

四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

4、形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:

一)一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer-nicest, larger-largest

二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest

三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest

四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)

good/wellmore most bad/ill – worse worst

little-less least old-older/elder oldest/eldest far-farther/further farthest/furthest

5、数词(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。)first, second, third;fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth;seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth;twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth 初一英语语法总结--句式

1.陈述句

肯定陈述句

a)This is a book.(be动词)

b)He looks very young.(连系动词)

c)I want a sweat like this.(实义动词)

d)I can bring some things to school.(情态动词)

e)There’s a computer on my desk.(There be结构)

否定陈述句

a)These aren’t their books.b)They don’t look nice.c)Kate doesn’t go to No.4 Middle School.d)Kate can’t find her doll.e)There isn’t a cat here.(=There’s no cat here.)

2.祈使句

肯定祈使句

a)Please go and ask the man.b)Let’s learn English!

c)Come in, please.否定祈使句

a)Don’t be late.b)Don’t hurry.3.疑问句

1)一般疑问句

a)Is Jim a student?

(系动词is提前)

b)Can I help you?

(情态动词Can提前)

c)Does she like salad?(第三人称单数提问)(复数用Do,如d))d)Do they watch TV?(第三人称复数问句,单数用Does,如c))因watch看时及物动词,提问只能加DO。

e)Is she reading?她在读书吗?

Yes,she is.肯定回答:

a)Yes, he is.b)Yes, you can.c)Yes, she does.d)Yes, they do.e)Yes, she is.否定回答:

a)No, he isn’t.b)No, you can’t.c)No, she doesn’t.d)No, they don’t.e)No, she isn’t.2)选择疑问句

Is the table big or small?

回答 It’s big./ It’s small.3)特殊疑问句

① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.How old are you? I’m 14.② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you? My e-mail address is president@xueersi.com.⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?

⑥ 问时间 What’s the time?(=What time is it?)It’s a quarter to ten a.m..What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.What’s your favourite color? It’s black.⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.Who is the boy in blue? My brother.Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?

⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that(in English)? It’s a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名

What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.16 问谓语(动作)What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.17 问职业(身份)What do you do? I’m a teacher.What’s your father? He’s a doctor.初一英语语法总结--时态

1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:

Be 动词:

She’s a worker.Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.情态动词:

I can play the piano.Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.行为动词:

They want to eat some tomatoes.Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nice watch.Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.2、现在进行时

表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.I’m playing baseball.Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.Nancy is writing a letter.Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.They’re listening to the pop music.Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.帮助复习的重点: 一.短语: .be from = come from 来自于----2. live in 居住在---3. on weekends 在周末 .write to sb = write a letter to sb 给某人写信;写信给某人 5 .in the world 在世界上 in China 在中国

6.pen pal 笔友 14 years old 14岁 favorite subject 最喜欢的科目 7.the United States 美国 the United Kingdom 英国 New York 纽约 8.speak English 讲英语 like and dislike 爱憎 9.go to the movies 去看电影 play sports 做运动 二.重点句式: Where’s your pen pal from? = Where does your pen pal from/ 2 Where does he live?(他居住在哪儿)习惯性的。3 What language(s)does he speak? 4 I want a pen pal in China.5 I can speak English and a little French.6 Please write and tell me about yourself.7 Can you write to me soon? 8 I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports.三.本单元的国家,人民、语言对应。Canada----Canadian----English / French 2 France------French------French 3 Japan------Japanese----Japanese 4 Australia----Australian-----English 5 the United States------American----English 6 the United Kingdom---British-----Enghish

Unit 2 Where’s the post office? 一. Asking ways:(问路)1. Where is(the nearest)……?(最近的)……在哪里?

2. Can you tell me the way to ……? 你能告诉我去……的路吗? 3. How can I get to ……? 我怎样到达……呢?

4. Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood? 附近有……吗? 5. Which is the way to ……? 哪条是去……的路? 二.Showing the ways:(指路)

1.Go straight down / along this street.沿着这条街一直走。2.Turn left at the second turning.在第二个路口向左转。3.You will find it on your right.你会在你右手边发现它。

4.It is about one hundred metres from here.离这里大约一百米远。

5.You’d better take a bus.你最好坐公交车去。(You’d better+动词原形)三.词组

1.across from …… 在……的对面 across from the bank 在银行的对面 2.next to…… 紧靠…… next to the supermarket 紧靠超市 3.between……and…… 在……和……之间

between the park and the zoo 在公园和动物园之间 among 表示位于三者或三者以上之间

4.in front of…… 在……前面 There is a tree in front of the classroom.课室前面有棵树。

in the front of…… 在……(内)的前部 There is a desk in the front of the classroom.课室内的前部有张桌子。

5.behind…… 在……后面 behind my house 在我家后面 6.turn left/ right 向左/右拐

on the left/right of…… 在某物的左/右边 on the left of our school 在我们学校的左边

on one’s left/right 在某人的左/右边 on my left 在我左边 7.go straight 一直走

8.down /along…… 沿着……(街道)down/along Center Street 沿着中央街 9.in the neighborhood=near here 在附近10 welcome to…… 欢迎来到…… 11.take /have a walk 散步

12.the beginning of…… ……的开始,前端 at the beginning of…… 在……的开始,前端 in the beginning 起初,一开始

13.have fun=have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩得开心,过得愉快 我昨天玩得很开心。I had fun yesterday.I had a good time yesterday.I enjoyed myself yesterday.14.have a good trip 旅途愉快 15.take a taxi 坐出租车

16.到达:get to +地方 get here/ there/ home 到这/那/家 arrive in +大地方 I arrive in Beijing.arrive at +小地方 I arrive at the bank.reach +地方

17.go across 从物体表面横过 go across the street 横过马路 go through 从空间穿过 go through the forest 穿过树林 18.on + 街道的名称。Eg: on Center Street at + 具体门牌号+街道的名称 Eg: at 6 Center Street 三.重难点解析

1.enjoy doing sth 享受做某事的乐趣,喜爱做某事 I enjoy reading.我喜爱读书。

到目前为止,我们学了两个特殊的动词finish和enjoy,都是要带 doing.I finish cleaning the room.我扫完了这间屋子。

2.hope to do sth 希望做某事 I hope to pass this exam.我希望通过这次考试。hope +从句 I hope tomorrow will be fine.我希望明天将会晴朗。

(从句即是一个小句子,这个小句子又放在大句子中,从属于大句子,所以叫从句。如tomorrow will be fine是一个从句,它又放在I hope 的后面,形成句中有句。)

3.if 引导一个表示假设的句子。

If I have much money, I will go to the moon.如果我有许多钱,我就会去月球。If you are hungry, you can buy some food in the supermarket.如果你饿了的话,你可以在超市买一些食物。四.本单元的反义词、近义词配对

1new—old 2 quiet---busy 3 dirty---clean 4 big----small

Unit 3 Why do you like koala bears? 一.重点词组

eat grass eat leaves be quiet very shy very smart very cute play with her friends kind of South Africa other animals at night in the day every day during the day 二.交际用语

1.Why do you like pandas? Because they’re very clever.2.Why does he like koalas? Because they’re kind of interesting.3.Where are lions from? They are from South Africa.4.What other animals do you like? I like dogs, too.Why? Because they’re friendly and clever.5.Molly likes to play with her friends and eat grass.6.She’s very shy.7.He is from Australia.8.He sleeps during the day, but at night he gets up and eats leaves.9.He usually sleeps and relaxes 20 hours every day.10.Let’s see the pandas first.11.They’re kind of interesting.12.What other animals do you like? 13.Why do you want to see the lions?

三.重点难点释义

1、kind of 有点,稍微

Koala bears are kind of shy.考拉有点害羞。kind 还有“种类”的意思

如:各种各样的 all kinds of We have all kinds of beautiful flowers in our school.2、China n.中国 Africa n.非洲

China 和Africa都是专有名词,首字母都应该大写,而且和介词in连用。There are many kinds of tigers in China.There are many kinds of scary animals in Africa.3、friendly adj.友好的,和蔼可亲的

它是名词friend的形容词形式,常常和be动词连用, be friendly。The people in Chengdu are very friendly.4、with prep.跟,同,和…在一起 I usually play chess with my father.注意区别与and的用法,and通常用于连接主语或宾语,连接主语时,如果有I, I通常放在 and 之后,如:

My father and I usually play chess together.Play with “和…一起玩耍”“玩…” I often play with my pet dog.Don’t play with water!

5、day和night 是一对反义词,day 表示白天或一天,night表示夜或夜晚。通常说in the day, during the day, at night。

Koala bears often sleep during the day and eat leaves at night.6、leaf n.叶子

复数形式为:leaves, 类似的变化还有:wife—wives, wolf—wolves, knife—knives等。

7、hour n.小时;点钟

hour前边通常加上冠词an 表示“一个小时”,即:an hour。There are 24 hours in a day and 60minutes in an hour.8、be from 来自… be from = come from Pandas are from China.= Pandas come form China.9、meat n.(食用的)肉,为不可数名词,表示“许多”时,使用much来修 饰,即:much meat He eats much meat every day.10、grass n.草,为不可数名词,表示“许多”时,使用much来修饰,即:much grass。

There is much grass on the playground.四.语法知识

特殊疑问句通常以“what”、“who”、“which”、“when”、“where”、“how”、“how old”、“how many”等开头,对某一具体问题进行提问。特殊疑问句的基本构成有两种情况:

1.疑问句+一般疑问句结构。这是最常见的情况。例如:

What’s your grandfather’s telephone number? 你爷爷的电话号码是多少? Who is that boy with big eyes? 那个大眼睛的男孩是谁? Which season do you like best? 你最喜欢哪个季节? When is he going to play the piano? 他什么时候弹钢琴? Where does he live? 他住在哪儿? How are you? 你好吗?

How old are you? 你多大了?

How many brothers and sisters do you have? 你有几个兄弟姐妹? 2.疑问句+陈述句结构。这时疑问词作主语或修饰主语。例如: Who is on duty today? 今天谁值日?

Which man is your teacher? 哪位男士是你的老师?

我们学过的What/How about+名词/代词+其他?也是特殊疑问句,它是一种省略结构。例如:

I like English.What/How about you? 我喜欢英语。你呢? What about playing basketball? 打篮球怎么样?

Unit 4 I want to be an actor.一.短语: want to do sth 想要作某事 give sb sth = give sth to sb 给某人某物 / 把某物给某人 help sb do sth 帮助某人作某事 Eg: I want to help my mother do some housework at home.4 help sb with sth 帮助某人谋事 Eg: I want to help my mother with some housework at home 5 in the day 在白天 6 at night 在晚上 talk with/ to sb 和----谈话 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 Eg: He is busy listening to the teacher.9 in a hospital 在医院l 10 work/ study hard 努力工作 11 Evening Newspaper 晚报 二.重点句式及注意事项: 询问职业的特殊疑问词是what;有三种主要句式 ① What + is / are + sb? ② What + does/ do + sb + do? ③ What + is/ are + 名词所有格/ 形容词性物主代词 + job? 2 People give me their money or get their money from me.3 Sometimes I work in the day and sometimes at night.4 I like talking to people.5 I work late.I’m very busy when people go out to dinners.6 Where does your sister work? then we have a job for you as a waiter.8 Do you want to work for a magazine? Then come and work for us as a reporter.9 Do you like to work evenings and weekends? 10 We are an international school for children of 5-12.三. 本单元中的名词复数。policeman---policemen 2 woman doctor-----women doctors 3 thief-----thieves

第四篇:初一英语语法总结

初一英语语法虽然是从简单的一些日常用语出发的,但语法中常会有一些知识点看起来很细小,容易被忽视,但这些知识点掌握不熟练,往往会造成一些语法应用上的错误。因此在学习初一英语语法时,要认真、细心,不要觉得一些地方不重要而得过且过。下面从几个方面,总结出了初一英语语法,如果要复习英语句法的同学,可以参考一下,一、初一英语语法——词法

1、名词

A)、名词的数(   )

                                           

一)直接接s 如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二)x, sh, ch, s, 后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies,documentary-documentaries, story-stories 2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is(I’s),Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二)特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen B)名词的格(      

)

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成              如下:

一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s 二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’;Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day妇女节

由and连接两个词,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

2、代词(  )

人称代词      物主代词       指示代词

    反身代词

第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself 复数 they them their theirs these those themselves

3、动词( )A)第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数复数那样加s,如下:一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二)在x, sh, ch, s后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes 三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys B)现在分词      

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,                  ing 构成如下:

一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing 二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

二、初一英语语法——句式

1.陈述句( )肯定式( )

a)This is a book.(be动词)b)He looks very young.(连系动词)c)I want a sweat like this.(实义动词)d)I can bring some things to school.(情态动词)e)There’s a computer on my desk.(There be结构)否定式( )

b)a)These aren’t their books.b)They don’t look nice.c)Kate doesn’t go to No.4 Middle School.d)Kate can’t find her doll.e)There isn’t a cat here.(=There’s no cat here.)2.祈使句     肯定祈使句

a)Please go and ask the man.b)Let’s learn English!c)Come in, please.否定祈使句a)Don’t be late.b)Don’t hurry.3.疑问句

1)一般疑问句 a)Is Jim a student? b)Can I help you? c)Does she like salad? d)Do they watch TV? e)Is she reading? 肯定回答: a)Yes, he is.b)Yes, you can.c)Yes, she does.d)Yes,they do.e)Yes, she is.否定回答: a)No, he isn’t.b)No, you can’t.c)No, she doesn’t.d)No, they don’t.e)No, she isn’t.2)选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.3)特殊疑问句

① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? ⑥ 问时间 What’s the time?(=What time is it?)It’s a quarter to ten a.m..What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.What’s your favourite color? It’s black.⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.Who is the boy in blue? My brother.Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? ⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that(in English)? It’s a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.16 问谓语(动作)What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.17 问职业(身份)What do you do? I’m a teacher.What’s your father? He’s a doctor.三、初一英语语法——时态

1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:

Be 动词:She’s a worker.Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.情态动词:I can play the piano.Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.行为动词:They want to eat some tomatoes.Do they want to eat any

tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nice watch.Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.I’m playing baseball.Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.Nancy is writing a letter.Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.They’re listening to the pop music.Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.4、形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:

一)一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer-nicest, larger-largest 二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier

friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)good/wellmore most bad/ill – worse worst little-less least old-older/elder oldest/eldest far-farther/further farthest/furthest

5、数词(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。)first, second, third;fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth;seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth;twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth

第五篇:初一英语语法总结

初一英语语法总结

名词

A)、名词的数

我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:

一)在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 1)baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, 三)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

2)day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

action movie-action movies, pen 九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:pal-pen pals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is(I’s), Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二)特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen

B)名词的格

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下: 一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s 二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’;Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节

三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥

Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间Mike’s 有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:(共住一间),and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

代词

项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词

人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性 第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself

it it its its this that itself 复数 they them their theirs

these those themselves

动词

A)第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下: 一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes 三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes 五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has

B)现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:

spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, 一)一般在后加ing。如:

hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing 二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:

一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。greater-greatest, shorter 一)如:–shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer-nicest, larger-largest 二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)good/wellmore most bad/ill – worse worst little-less least old-older/elder oldest/eldest far-farther/further farthest/furthest

5、数词(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。)first, second, third;fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth;seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth;twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth

二、句式

1.陈述句

肯定陈述句 a)This is a book.(be动词)b)He looks very young.(连系动词)c)I want a sweat like this.(实义动词)d)I can bring some things to school.(情态动词)3

e)There’s a computer on my desk.(There be结构)否定陈述句

a)These aren’t their books.b)They don’t look nice.c)Kate doesn’t go to No.4 Middle School.d)Kate can’t find her doll.e)There isn’t a cat here.(=There’s no cat here.)2.祈使句

肯定祈使句 a)Please go and ask the man.b)Let’s learn English!

c)Come in, please.否定祈使句a)Don’t be late.b)Don’t hurry.3.疑问句

1)一般疑问句 a)Is Jim a student? b)Can I help you? c)Does she like salad? d)Do they watch TV? e)Is she reading? 肯定回答: a)Yes, he is.b)Yes, you can.c)Yes, she does.d)Yes, they do.e)Yes, she is.否定回答: a)No, he isn’t.b)No, you can’t.c)No, she doesn’t.d)No, they don’t.e)No, she isn’t.2)选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.3)特殊疑问句

① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? ⑥ 问时间 What’s the time?(=What time is it?)It’s a quarter to ten a.m..What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.What’s your favourite color? It’s black.⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.Who is the boy in blue? My brother.Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? ⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that(in English)? It’s a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.16 问谓语(动作)What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.17 问职业(身份)What do you do? I’m a teacher.What’s your father? He’s a doctor.三、时态

1.一般现在时

定义:表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或习惯性的动作。构成:肯定形式:主语+be动词(am/is/are)+其他

否定形式:主语+be动词(am/is/are)+not+其他

一般疑问句:把be动词置于句首

2.一般过去时

定义:过去某个特定时间发生,也可以表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去。

构成:肯定形式:主语+be动词(was/were)+其他

否定形式:主语+be动词(was/were)+not+其他

一般疑问句:把be动词置于句首,并还原行为动词

3.一般将来时

定义:表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。

构成:肯定形式:主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他

否定形式:主语+shall/will+not+动词原形+其他

一般疑问句:把助动词shall/will放在句首

4.现在进行时

定义:表示现在或当前一般时间正在进行的动作。可以表示有计划的未来。构成:肯定形式:主语+be动词(am/is/are)+动词的-ing形式+其他

否定形式:主语+be动词(am/is/are)+not+动词的-ing形式+其他

一般疑问句:把be动词置于句首

5.过去进行时

定义:示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。

构成:肯定形式:主语+be动词(was/were)+动词的-ing形式+其他

否定形式:主语+be动词(was/were)+not+动词的-ing形式+其他

一般疑问句:把was/were置于句首

6.现在完成时

定义:表示现在已经完成的动作或存在的状态,并对现在造成一定的影响和后果;另外,还表示从过去一直持续到现在,并且有可能继续下去。构成:肯定形式:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他

否定形式:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他

一般疑问句:把have/has置于句首

7.过去完成时

定义:表示到过去某个时间已经完成的动作或存在的状态,概括地说是表示“过去的过去”。

构成:肯定形式:主语+had+动词的过去分词+其他

否定形式:主语+had+not+动词的过去分词+其他

一般疑问句:把had置于句

The pretty girl sings songs on the stage every Sunday.()(5)English drives me mad.6

1主语就是发起动作的人或物,由名词,名词性短语或代词构成 2谓语就是动作,动词或动词短语

3宾语就是承受动作的人或物,由名词,名词性短语或代词构成 4定语就是修饰句中名词的成分,可以是形容词做定语,也可以是定语从句 5状语就是修饰谓语动词的,例如说明动作是说明时候发生的,就是时间状语;动作是怎样发生的就是方式状语,还有地点状语等,由副词构成,以及9种状语从句 6补语就是做补充说明成分的,补充说明主语的是主语补语,补充说明宾语的是宾语补语

介词

表方位的有:at ,in, on, to(大多数情况是做不定式后街动词原形,作介词时,意思是到……地方去),for,above, over, on,below, under,in front of, in the front of,beside,behind 表示时间的有:in , on,at,in, after,from, since,after, behind 表示运动方向的across, through

表示“在……之间”的between两者, among三者或三者以上 表示其他意义的on ,about 关于 by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具 except不包括, besides(包括)除了

介词后面跟动词时一定跟ing形式,介词后面也可以加名词或从句

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