第一篇：天津学位英语历年试题知识点分析总结
天津学位英语历年试题知识点分析总结
宾语从句
1、宾语从句用陈述句的语序
（1）Can you tell me _____ about the city that makes people love it so much?
A.it is what
B.what it is
C.what is it
D.is it what
（答案：B。宾语从句用陈述句的语序。）（1999年47题）
（2）No one doubts _____ it is true.A.whether
B.if
C.that
d.what（答案：C。I doubt whether/if…我怀疑。I don’t doubt that …我毫不怀疑。又如：I doubt whether he can speak English.我怀疑他是否会说英语。）（1997年38题）
2、介词后面的宾语从句
（1）The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware _____ she had gone.A.where that
B.of where
C.of the place
D.the place
（答案: B。where 引导的从句做介词的宾语。）（1998年48题）
（2）He was a man of fine character in all points _____ he was rather timid.A.in that
B.except that
C.for that
D.except for
（答案：B）（1997年53题）
3、suggest，insist，order，demand等动词后作宾语时，表示欲望、建议、命令等时，用虚拟语气。
①His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.A.put on
B.puts on
C.to put
D.putting on
（答案：A）（1999年58题）
②The doctor advised that Mr.Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.A.had
B.would have
C.have
D.was going to have
（答案：C）（1998年28题）
4、在下列情况下不能用if , 而用whether。
后跟不定式：He didn’t tell me whether to go or stay.他没有告诉我是走还是留下。
前面有介词：He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.他提出我们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。
引导主语从句：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.他们胜利也好，失败也好，对我来说都是一样的。
后面直接跟or not：I wonder whether I’ll catch the last bus or not.我不知道我能否赶上末班车。
时间状语从句
考试重点：常用的连词有：when，whenever（无论什么时候），since，as，until，hardly…when，no sooner…than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the minute（一…就…）
1、No sooner had they got the goods covered up _____ it started raining hard.A.when
B.than
C.then
D.after
（答案：B。no sooner…than 引导的时间状语从句。）（2002年57题）
2、She has wanted to become a nurse _____ since she was a young girl.A.long
B.often
C.always
D.ever
（答案：D。时间状语从句，ever since表示从…以后一直。）（1997年56题）
情态动词
考试重点：情态动词+完成时
情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。
一、must +现在完成时
表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。
1、Mr.Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A.must have received
B.must have failed to receive
C.must receive
D.must fail to receive
（答案：B）（1998年44题）
2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A.would have had
B.could have had
C.should have had
D.must have had
（答案为D）（2001年58题）
二、should（ought to）+完成时
表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。
1、They have done things they ought _____.A.not to do
B.not to be done
C.not to have done
D.not having done
（答案为C）（1999年59题）
2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.A.had a telephone
B.have phoned
C.should have phoned
D.should be phoned
（答案为C）（2000年26题）
三、could +完成时
表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。
1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。
2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.我本来能及格的，但是没有努力学习。
主语从句
考试重点：主语从句常用的连词的用法；it is desirable that引导的主语从句的用法。
在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。
连词：that，whether
连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever等。
连接副词：when，where，how，why
1、由连词that，whether引导的主语从句。
连词that，whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不
担任成分，不能省略，且由它们引导的主语从句，多用it做形式主语。
（1）_____ was unimportant.A.Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not
B.No matter how he enjoyed our dinner
C.If he enjoyed our dinner
D.What he enjoyed our dinner
（答案：A）（2000年40题）
（2）That the earth is round is true.（It is true that the earth is round.）
地球是圆的，是个事实。
2、由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句
它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语it引导。
（1）Who let out the news remained unknown.（It remained unknown who let out the news.）
谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。
（2）When we’ll start is not clear.（It is not clear when we’ll start.）
我们何时出发还不清楚。
3、以关系代词what, whatever, whoever…引导的主语从句。
What有时可以用来表示the thing which这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西或一件事情。Who，whom，which，what，可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成份，不能省略，语序为陈述句的语序。
（1）_____ I saw was two men crossing the street.A.What
B.Whom
C.Who
D.That
（答案：A）（2001年38题）
4、句型It is desirable（suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent）+that+主语+should（可省略）+V（动词原形）。
（1）It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.A.will be arranged
B.must be arranged
C.be arranged
D.would be arranged
（答案：C）（2003年45题）
定语从句
（一）关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that引导的定语从句
1、The company official _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.A.whom
B.whoever
C.who
D.of whom
（答案：A。关系代词whom在定语从句中做宾语，修饰先行词official）（1998年40题）
2、The investigation , _____ will soon be published, was made by John.A.at which the results
B.the results on which
C.whose results
D.at whose results
（答案：C。关系代词whose 在定语从句中做定语。）（1998年58题）
（二）关系副词 when ,where, why, 引导的定语从句
1、The time will come _____ man can fly to outer space freely.A.that
B.when
C.in that
D.which
（答案：B。when在定语从句中做状语。）（1996年35题）
2、I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village.A.when
B.during which
C.which
D.in which
（答案：A）（2001年54题）
（三）关系代词前带介词的定语从句
1、Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, _____ she belonged.A.which
B.to where
C.to which
D.at which
（答案：C。关系代词which和whom 还可以做“动词词组”后面的前置宾语。这里的动词词组是belong to。）（1998年56题）
2、The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water.A.them
B.that
C.which
D.those
（答案：C）（2003年23题）
（四）非限定定语从句对被修饰的名词起附加说明，或进一步描述或补充。
这种从句有一定的独立性，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整，只是内容相对
地不够具体。与主句之间常用逗号分开，所用的关系代词与限定性定语从句基本相同，但不能用关系代词that 引导。
（1）An Old friend from abroad, _____I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport.A.that
B.whom
C.who
D.which
（答案：B）（2000年31题）
（2）His brother had become a teacher, _____he wanted to be.A.who
B.what
C.which
D.that
（答案：C。which引导的非限定性定语从句，在从句中做宾语，修饰先行词a teacher）（1997年39题）
（3）He has made another wonderful discovery, _____of great importance to science.A.which I think it is
B.of which I think it is
C.I think which is
D.which I think is
（答案：D。which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。）（1995年50题）
（五）“名词（代词）+介词+关系代词”引出，一般是非限定性定语从句。
We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, _____is completely water proof.A.no of which
B.none of which
C.some of which
D.neither of which
（答案：B。“名词（代词）+of+which（whom）”引起的定语从句常表示部分与整体的关系。）（1995年36题）
表语从句
考试重点：表语从句的基本用法；含有suggestion，proposal等词的表语从句的用法。
1、在从句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于主句中的系动词之后，常用的关联词和主语从句相同。
（1）This is what he wants.这就是他想要的东西。
（2）The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.问题是我们明天上午能否完成任务。
2、用suggestion等词表示愿望、建议、命令等情绪时，用虚拟语气，从句中用should（可省略）+动词原形。
（1）The general’s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important tasks.A.would leave B.leave C.left D.have left
（答案：B）（2002年48题）
（2）His proposal is that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition.他提议他们和别的组挑战进行一场友谊竞赛。
含蓄条件句
含蓄条件句
有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。
1、Without your help, we _____ so much.A.didn’t achieve
B.would not have achieved
C.will not achieve
D.don’t achieve
（答案：B。这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语without your help中，因此要用虚拟语气。）（1996年33题）
2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday.A.should have
B.would have had
C.would have
D.will have had
（答案：B。2003年28题）
第二篇：天津美术学院历年试题汇总03
天津美术学院历年试题汇总03-09 天津美术学院2003年考题试题
一、色彩： 任意组合 时间3个小时
2个胡萝卜、2个桔子、2个苹果、1个盛着桔子汁的高脚杯、啤酒一瓶、不锈钢勺子一把、衬布为油画用亚麻布一块。
二、素描： 青年男子头像 3小时
三、速写：
共3张： 站 30分钟、坐和蹲各15分钟
天津美术学院2004年考题试题
素描
写生：男青年（军人）色彩
写生：灰黄布、棕色酒瓶子、两堆葡萄、一个餐刀、一支高脚杯、两个油菜、一个白盘、两个苹果（红、黄），两个桔子 速写
一站两坐三人组合
天津美术学院2005年专业考试试题 素描 ： 男青年头像写生，8开 3小时
色彩 ： 写生白布衬布 盘子 4 个水果 3 个辣椒 8 开 3 小时 2006年天津美术学院考题
色彩写生：醋瓶子，大葱两个，洋葱两个，西红柿一个，小西红柿若干，高脚杯一个，土豆两个，白盘
子一个，亚麻色衬布一块 素描：男青年
速写：横构图坐、蹲、站
天津美术学院考题-----07年沈阳考点 设计专业色彩：
一个大的矿泉水瓶，一个蓝色衬布，一个白色水杯，一本书扣着，一个铅笔放在书上，方形水粉纸。
素质测试（不计入总分）：
１、为什么报天美？２、你对你的专业喜欢吗？３、讲讲你最感动的一件事。４、你从什么时间开始学画画？５、你画画受谁的影响？６、你的理想是什么？（任选三题笔答）
设计专业素描: 男青年半身手托腮胸像,８开纸,３小时。速写：站姿，半小时；坐姿、蹲姿各十五分钟。
2007年天津美术学院四川考点考题 素描 是 素描纸8K 胸像带手
色彩 是一个红帽子 一个农夫山泉瓶子 一个白盘子 四块面包 一个白色纸杯 一块白色衬布和一块用 肉色熟褐调出的比较浅的衬布
速写 是 站30分钟 坐蹲各15分钟 2008年天津美术学院考题 素描:男(女)青年.写生.8开纸
水粉:男(女)青年水粉.写生(男青年头上包一块白色头巾,女青年头上包一块粉色头巾).6开纸
速写:男(女)青年站 坐 蹲 的动态各一个.写生.三个都画在一张8开纸上.2009年天津美术学院专业试题
素描：右手拖腮的男青年。
速写：三个动作，站，坐，蹲三个动作都是看 手里拿报纸 色彩：写生男青年
第三篇：20学位英语考题分析
2011年11月北京地区成人本科学士学位英语考试真题及答案
PartⅠReading Comprehension（30%）
Directions: There are three passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: The reflective towers of New York City, which is on the Atlantic migrating（迁徙的）route , can be deadly for birds.“We live in an age of glass,” said Ms.Laurel, an architect.（76）“It can be a perfect mirror in certain lights, and the larger the glass, the more dangerous it is.” About 90,000 birds are killed by flying into building in the city each year.Often, they strike the lower levels of glass towers after searching for food in nearby parks.Such crashes are the second-leading cause of death for migrating birds, after habitat（栖息地）loss, with an estimated number of death ranging up to a billion a year.（77）As glass office and apartment towers have increased in the last decade, so, too, have calls to make them less deadly to birds.San Francisco adopted bird-safety standard for new building in July.The United States Green Building Council, a nonprofit industry group that encourages the creation of environmentally conscious buildings, will introduce a bird-safety credit this as part of its environmental certification process.There are no easy fixes, however.A few researchers are exploring glass designs that use ultraviolet（紫外线的）signals, but they are still in their infancy.Covers, dot patterns, shades and net are the main options available.Often, only one section of a building needs to be changed.“You don't necessarily have to treat every window,” Ms.Laurel said.“It would be too expensive to do the whole building.” The Jacob Convention Center, which has been undergoing alterations, is the most recent building to voluntarily correct the problem of bird crashes.The architects used less reflective glass and dot patterns.1.What is the main idea of the passage? A.New York is a city of glass towers.B.Glass tower are dangerous for migrating birds.C.New York adopted new safety standards for buildings.D.Glass towers are a new trend in the United States.2.What is the number one cause of death for migrating birds? A.Climate change B.Habitat loss C.Lack of food D.Crashing into buildings.3.What does the word “fixes” in the third paragraph probably mean? A.Choices B.Explanations C.Solutions D.Developments 4._____are used in the alteration of the Jacob K.Javits Convention Center.A.Dot patterns B.Shades C.Nets D.Covers 5.Which of the fowling statements is TRUE according to the passage? A.In many cases, the whole building needs to be altered to prevent bird crashes.B.The Jacob K.Javits Convention Center is the first building to deal with the problem of bird crashes.C.About 90,000 birds are killed due to habitat loss in New York City each year.D.Unfortunately, glass designs that use ultraviolet signals are still in their early stages.Passage 2 Question 6 to 10 are based on the fowling passage: Today's students have grown up hearing more about Bill Gates than F.D.R., and they live in a world where amazing innovations（革新）are common.The current 18-year-olds, after all, were 8 when Google was founded by two students at Stanford;Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in 2004 while he was Harvard and they were entering high school.Having grown up digital（数字的），they are impatient to get on with life.The easiest way to find kids like these is to check in on entrepreneurship（企业家才能）education, in which colleges and universities try to prepare their students to recognize opportunities and seize them.A report published last year by the Kauffman Foundation, which finances programs to promote innovation on campuses, noted that more than 50,000 entrepreneurship programs are offered on two-and four-year campuses—up from just 250 courses in 1985.Lesa Mitchell , a Kauffman vice president, says that the foundation is extending the reach of its academic influence, which used to be found only in business schools.Now, the concept of entre preneurship is blooming in engineering programs and medical school, and even in the liberal arts.“Our interest is the programs,” she says.“We need to spread out from the business school.”
Either as class projects or on their own, students in a variety of majors are coming up with ideas, writing business plans and seeing them through to prototype and, often, market.In their spare time, students in agricultural economics at Purdue invent new uses for bean;industria l design majors at Syracuse, in a special laboratory, create wearable technologies.（78）The entrepreneurship movement has its critics, especially among those who see college as a time for extensive academic exploration.“I just don't think that entrepreneurship ranks so high
in terms of national need,” says Daniel S.Greenberg, author of Science for sale: The perils, Rewards and Delusions of Campus Capitalism.Leonard A.Schlesinger, Babson College's president, says that the question of whether innovation can really be taught is “an age-old argument”.6.When Google and Facebook were established, the founders were still_____.A.in high school B.in the army C.in primary school D.at college 7.According to the passage, what is the main purpose of entrepreneurship education? A.To prepare students for future academic life B.To prepare students to find opportunities and seize them.C.To prepare students for overseas career.D.To prepare student to develop interpersonal skills.8.The word “prototype” in the fourth paragraph is most likely to mean_____.A.model B.strategy C.method D.stage 9.What does Daniel S.Grennberg think of entrepreneurship education? A.Entrepreneurship, or at least certain elements of it, can be taught.B.An entrepreneurship program can help students find what they really like and entrepreneurship isn't all about business.C.Entrepreneurship should be spread across different fields.D.Colleges shouldn't put too much emphasis on entrepreneurship programs.10.What is the main idea of the passage? A.Entrepreneurship courses in business schools.B.Qualities of an entrepreneur.C.Entrepreneurship education in colleges.D.Kids in the information age.Passage 3 Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage：
Regret is as common an emotion as love or fear, and it can be nearly as powerful.So, in a new paper, two researchers set about trying to find out what the typical American regrets most.In telephone surveys, Neal Rose, a psychologist and professor of marketing at the School of Management at Northwestern University, and Mike Morrison, a doctoral candidate in psychology at University of Illinois, asked 370 Americans, aged 19 to 103,to talk about their most notable regret.Participants were asked what the regret was, when it happened, whether it was a result of something they did or didn't do, and whether it was something that could still be fixed.The most commonly mentioned regret involved romance（浪漫的事）（18%）——lost loves or unfulfilled relationships.Family regrets came in second（16%），whit people still feeling badly about being unkind to their brothers or sisters in childhood.Other frequently reported regrets involved career(13%),education(12%)，money（10%）and parenting（9^%）.Rose and Morrison's study, which is to be published in Social Psychological and Personality Science, is significant in that it surveyed a wide range of the American public, including people of all ages and socio-economic and educational backgrounds.Previous studies on regret have focused largely on college students, who predictably tend to have education-focused regrets, like wishing they had studied harder or a different major.The new survey shows that in the larger population, a person's “life circumstances—accomplishments, shortcomings, situation in life—inject considerable fuel into the fires of regret,” the authors write.（79）People with less education, for instance were more likely to report education regret.People with higher levels of education had the most career regrets.And those with no romantic partner tended to hold regrets regarding love.Broken down（分解、细分）by sex, more women（44%）than men（19%）had regrets about love and family—not surprising, since women “value social relationships more than men,” the authors write.In contrast ,men（34%）were more likely than women（27%）to mention work-related regrets, wishing they'd chosen a different career path, for instance ,or followed their passion.（80）Many participants also reported wishing they had worked less to spend more time with their children.There was an even split between regrets about inaction（not doing something）and action（do something you wish you didn't）.But, like previous studies, the current research found that some regrets are more likely than others to persist over time: people tend to hang on longer to the regret of inaction;meanwhile, regrets of action tend to be more recent.11.In the second paragraph, the author shows ______.A.the researchers' findings B.the importance of family C.the importance of money D.the importance of career 12.According to the passage, college student participants mainly had regrets about their ______.A.family and childhood B.study and major C.career and job D.romance and fear 13.The word “notable” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.A.common B.capable C.wonderful D.remarkable 14.Which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The less education he or she has, the more regrets she or he would have.B.The more B.education he or she has, the less regrets she or he would have.C.More women than men had regrets about love and family.D.The regret of action seems to last longer than that C.of inaction.15.What is the main idea of this passage? A.How regret is understood D.by a typical American.B.Common regrets is more important than love and hate.E.C.Why regret is more important than love and hate.D.How regret has shaped Americans.PartⅡ Vocabulary and Structure（30%）
Directions: In this part there are 30 incomplete sentences.For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences.Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.16.Mr Smith is coming to visit us soon.We'd better get everything ready before he _______.A.arrives B.arrive C.will arrive D.arrived 17._______yesterday, you would have met Professor Jones.But now he has left for London.A.Did you come B.Had you come C.Should you come D.Were you to come 18.The man denied_____ into the neighbor's garden and ______his cow.A.going„„stealing B.going„stole C.went„stealing D.went„stole
19.Ted worked like a horse in his youth, ______contributed to his great success later as a businessman.A.that B.who C.what D.which 20.A few hours ago, a small suitcase with some important papers _______ stolen from the general manager's office.A.is B.are C.were D.was 21.______ on the New World, he felt like crying.A.land B.Landed C.To land D.Having landed 22.Visit our store.Nowhere else ______ such good bargains.A.you find B.find you C.do you find D.you do find 23.After______ seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to go into the doctor's office.A, this B.that C.which D.what 24.Ever since the Smiths moved to the lake area a year ago, they ______ better health.A.could have enjoyed B.had enjoyed C.have been enjoying D.are enjoying 25.The boss doesn't want to talk about the accident;now he is in no ______ to do so.A.feeling B.attitude C.emotion D.Mood 26.I can't understand why you regard it as music.It ______ me mad!A.puts B.sets C.drivers D.changes 27.Yesterday Mr Blake was caught in the rain and got wet through.______ he caught a bad cold.A.Consequently B.Finally C.Lately D.Strangely 28.William likes to eat out, but he is not ______ about what he eats.A.peculiar B.unusual C.particular D.special 29.Their house stands at a hilltop, _____ the Hudson River down below.A.seeing B.viewing C.looking at D.overlooking 30.I can't understand why my boss is always _____fault with my work.A.finding B.seeking C.looking D.making 31.This is the same knife _____ I lost yesterday.A.which B.what C.like D.as 32.—— When will you be back? —— I'll be back _____a couple of days.A.after B.for C.about D.in 33.We hear that they will _____ a new school here.A.set down B.set up C.set off D.set out 34.He will never forget the days _____ he spent in Japan.A.when B.after C.that D.how 35.Interestingly enough, the two brothers have noting in_______.A.ordinary B.common C.general D.particular 36.The scientists are trying to find out the facts to _______ their theory.A.support B.carry C.design D.raise 37.The performance of the English team was ________.They played much worse than expected.A.disappoint B.disappointing C.disappointed D.to disappoint 38.You are welcome to order the goods now.But payment should be made________.A.for advance B.from advance C.in advance D.to advance 39.Speak louder so that you can make yourself _______.A.heard B.to hear C.hearing D.have been heard 40.Now it won't be long before we meet again, ________? A.will it B.do we C.won't we D.does it 41.Americans eat______ vegetables per person today as they did in the 1960s.A.more than twice B.as twice many C.twice as many D.more than twice as many 42.I was so familiar with her that I recognized her voice ______ I picked up the phone.A.the moment B.since C.before D.while 43.The education of ________ young is always ______ hot and serious topic.A./, / B.the, a C./, the D.the, the 44.Dad wondered where I'd been, and I ________ a story about being at Grandma's A.made out B.made up C.looked out D.looked up 45.Your sister doesn't study as _______ as you do.A.hard B.hardly C.harder D.hardest PartⅢ Identification（10%）
Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D.Identify the one that is not correct.Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.46.No sooner had they entered the room when the telephone rang.A B C D 47.As a graduate from high school, Tom is faced with three choices: attending college, A B C finding a job or the army.D 48.Those freshmen hope to offer some part-time jobs to support themselves financially.A B C D 49.It was his nervousness in the interview what probably caused him to lose the job.A B C D 50.Lucy's parents give her everything she asks;what else does she need? A B C D 51.I must work hard, however I'll fail in the exam.A B C D 52.I am used to read the paper after lunch.That's one of the things I really enjoy.A B C D 53.He told us that John, as well as his brother, were coming to the party.A B C D 54.Ted has sat at the table and drank more beer than is good for his health.A B C D 55.With no one to turn over for help in such a frightening situation, she was in despair.A B C D Part IV Cloze（10%）
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A , B , C , and D at the end of the passage.You should choose ONE answer that best fits into the passage.Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Experts suggest using a different password for every website you visit, and changing the password every few months.It takes trouble to keep them in mind, but it's well worth the 56.Be 57.with your passwords and make it difficult it is for someone to enter Your 58.The more 59 you make your password, the more difficult it is for someone else to figure it 60.Use privacy settings（设置）on social websites to 61 entry into your personal information and limit the 62 of private information you share.Even seemingly innocent information you expose about yourself could be used 63 you.I once read about a burglary（入室盗窃）.It 64 that the thieves selected that particular home 65 they discovered the owner was out of town by 66 a Facebook message.According to personal safety experts, it isn't a（n）67 experience.The information you post on websites can 68 criminal activity.You may not think 69 about posting the concert you are going to or your weekend away, but could be a（n）70 for trouble.Information on the Internet has made it easier for thieves to steal any information about you.Never 71 your full birth date.Never respond to e-mails 72 personal or financial information.Do not freely offer personal information to anyone 73 you are certain who you are dealing with.74 the necessary precautions（预防措施）is the best way to 75 you and your personal information stay protected.56.A.effect B.effort C.labor D.matter 57.A.proud B.true C.honest D.creative 58.A.accounts B.records C.directions D.collections 59.A.complex B.careful C.diligent D.elastic 60.A.away B.on C.out D.in 61.A.respond B.resign C.restrict D.resemble 62.A.number B.amount C.pile D.piece 63.A.with B.for C.about D.against 64.A.turned out B.turned in C.picked out D.picked up 65.A.which B.while C.because D.although 66.A.knowing B.reading C.inspecting D.realizing 67.A.impacted B.collected C.repaired D.isolated 68.A.lead to B.result from C.see off D.make up 69.A.out B.aloud C.once D.twice 70.A.resistance B.statement C.invitation D.struggle 71.A.reveal B.revise C.resemble D.require 72.A.threatening B.requesting C.worshipping D.delivering 73.A.since B.as C.when D.until 74.A.Replacing B.Liberating C.Taking D.Depending 75.A.ensure B.separate C.spread D.switch Part Ⅴ Translation（20%）
Section A Directions: In this part there are five sentences which you should translate into Chinese.These sentences are all taken from the 3 passages you have just read in Reading Comprehension.You can refer back to the passages to identify their meanings in the context.76.It can be a perfect mirror in certain lights, and the larger the glass, the more dangerous it is.77.As glass office and apartment towers have increased in the last decade, so, too, have calls to make them less deadly to birds.78.The entrepreneurship movement has its critics, especially among those who see college as a time for extensive academic exploration.79.People with less education, for instance were more likely to report education regrets.80.Many participants also reported wishing they had worked less to spend more time with their
children.Section B Directions: In this part there are five sentences in Chinese.You should translate them into English.Be sure to write clearly.81.他站在窗户旁边，思考着自己的学习计划。82.她设法按时完成了任务。
83.这本小说，我已经看了三遍，很感人。84.他一回来我就告诉他这个消息。85.思想是可以通过词语来表达的。答案：
一：阅读理解： 第一篇： 1-5 C B C A D 第二篇： 6-10 A B A D C 第三篇： 11-15 A B D C B
二：词汇语法题 16-20 A B A D D 21-25 D C B C D 26-30 C A A D A 31-35 D D B A B 36-40 A C C A A 41-45 C D C A A 三；挑错题 46-50 C D D C A 51-55 C C D C B 四：完形填空 56-60 B D A A C 61-65 CBCAB 66-70 BDAAA 71-75 ABDCA 五：英汉互译 76 在某些光线下，它可能成为一面极好的镜子，玻璃越大，危险越多
77.近几十年里，随着玻璃设置的办公室和公寓大楼的逐渐增加，也因此在建造房屋时使它们设计能减少鸟类的死亡。
78.企业家才能的活动也遭受了一些负面评论，特别是那些把学校视为扩展学术研究地方的人。
79.比方说，人的文化程度越低，对教育方面的遗憾就越强烈。
80.报道说，许多参与者希望减少工作量，能获得更多的时间陪伴自己的孩子。81.Standing by the window, he is thinking about his study programme。82.She tries every effort to finish the work on time。83.This novel,which I have read three times, is so moving.84.I will tell him the news as soon as he comes back。85 Thoughts can be expressed by words。
第四篇：管理案例分析历年试题
判断
按编写方式，案例可分为自编、翻译、缩删和改编等类型。(T)案例必须是实例，不是实例就不是案例。(T)案例教学法，是由美国西北大学在20世纪20年代借鉴法学“判例法”开创的。(F)案例教学具有启发式的教学特点，就是指改变学生和老师的地位，由学生成为学习主角，老师进行辅助指导。(T)案例内容的表述涉及很多方面，第一个就是写好案例的开头和结尾，即指案例的开头必须要和结尾相呼应。(F)案例写作原则的中立原则是指案例作者不能带有任何偏袒的观点和个人感情，要客观真实反映案例中的企业问题。(T)案例写作原则中的仿真原则是指案例作者根据企业实际，自己杜撰案例中的人物和内容，设计案例作者关心的问题。(F)案例写作原则中的前瞻原则是指案例作者根据企业实际发生的事件，推断未来可能产生的后果，启发人们思考。(F)案例与举例不同，是因为举例在内容和特征．上达不到案例的标准。(T)被迫决策型案例要求学生在内、外部环境条件约束和时间限制下，对某些棘手的问题进行分析，确定决策方案的案例类型。(T)从管理案例是一个故事这个角度来判断，好的管理案例应该达到如下要求：一是进人“角色”；二是进人“现场”；三是面临“问题”。(T)对管理案例的一个基本要求是:案例中应包含一个或数个管理问题，启发学生思考。(T)对于案例的结构安排通常可以遵循两种顺序:一是时间顺序，二是内容顺序。(F)范例是指在教学中介绍的，已发生的某种事件及前人处理某问题的经验教学，它多半是已解决的问题。(T)管理案例不用于习题，是因为案例不需要像习题那样带人解题公式或使用计算方法。(T)管理案例的核心有三点，即案例的真实性、案例的可读性和案例中的人物与故事情节。(F)管理案例教学的主要特征之一，就是没有唯一或固定的答案。(T)管理案例就是围绕着一定的管理问题而对某一真实的管理情景所作的文字描述。不包括声像等其他媒介采编撰写方式。(F)管理案例强调“归纳与演绎”原则，所谓演绎是指从个别到一般的思维运动，所谓归纳是指一般到个别的思维运动。(F)管理案例是由美国哈佛大学商学院首创的，主要是借鉴军事上的“战例”而来的。(F)好的管理案例应该达到如下要求:一是进入“角色”;二是进入“现场”;三是面临“问题”。(T)教学型案例的主要特征之一，就是没有唯一正确的答案。(T)教学型管理案例的核心有三点，即案例的真实性、案例的问题点和案例中的人物与故事情节。(F)拟定案例撰写提纲，主要是安排案例撰写的时间。(F)与其他文学创作不同的是，案例在主题内容和情节上可以虚构，名称与数据出于保密需要可加以掩饰。(F)在案例分析的过程中，有4 个具体的关键环节，即确认问题、提出方案、预测结果和作出决策。(F)
在案例分析过程的五个步骤中，第一步是确认问题，在此基础上才是分析形势、提出方案等。(F)
在案例学习中，讨论法自始自终贯穿着启发和诱导。(T)简答
按照教学用途分类，有哪几种案例类型？
根据案例在教学中的不同用途，可以将案例分为以下类型：(1）引导型案例。即在每章内容或每次讲课前为引出正文和主题，启发学生预习和思考的短小案例。
(2）实务操作型案例．即设计模仿工商企业的一些管理情景或事例，让学生按案例设定条件、情景和要求，来操作管理工作的某一方面实务，练习并掌握相应的技能和过程．通过案例分析，使学生学习掌握设计者要求的技能和方法。
(3）辩论型案例．案例按照正方和反方设置情景素材，提出相互矛盾的论点和论据，组织学生站在正方与反方相互对立的立场上进行分析论证；或者根据案例描述的情节，提出有争议、矛盾冲突的、值得辩论的问题，通过辩论来开阔学生视野，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力。
(4）角色扮演型案例。即描述一定的情景和人物角色，学生在阅读给定角色的背景材料后，在给定的管理情景下各自扮演指定的角色，通过模拟实际管理活动来体验管理过程和角色感受，获得相关管理的亲身经验与体会。
(5）考试型案例。即以案例作为考试内容，衡量考生的独立综合能力。
(6）综合分析型案例．综合分析案例的信息量较大，涉及多知识领域，场景也较为复杂，需要学生综合运用所学过的知识或者直接或者间接经验来分析问题，理清思路，并制定出合理的解决方案．
案例分析需注意的要点与问题包括哪些方面？ 案例分析需注意的要点主要有：(1)重视课前案例的阅读与思考(2)积极参与小组学习
(3)置身课堂讨论，提高表述水平(4）注意记录学习心得
学生在进行管理案例分析时，通常会遇到以下问题：(1)案例材料中深层次信息的发掘(2)围绕案例中心线索，切人主题(3)分析结论缺少依据支持
案例分析中的分析形势环节包括哪些层面的工作?
首先是收集信息，把所有主要信息都筛选出来，尽量做到完整详细，这是案例分析或者管理决策的基础。其次是梳理信息，就是对掌握的信息进行综合分类，去粗取精，使信息变得条理化。再次是评价信息，就是辨别信息的真伪、准误和轻重，通过信息价值的评价，去掉不真实、不准确和不重要的信息，并对缺少的必要信息进行补充。最后，根据信息提供的情况，了解决策主体所处的环境，并做下一步思考的准备。“ 案例使用说明包括哪些内容? 案例使用说明应该包括以下几个部分:(1)教学目的与用途;(2)启发性思考题;(3)分析思路;(4)理论依据;(5)背景信息;(6)关键要点;(7)建议课堂计划;(8)参考文献及其他教学支持。案例撰写的基本原则是什么？ 案例撰写的基本原则主要有：(1)仿真原则(2)中立原则(3)矛盾原则(4）前瞻原则” 案例撰写内容主要包括哪几个要点？ 案例撰写内容主要包括以下要点：
(1）案例撰写的准备。包括编制案例撰写计划、企业实地调研与搜集资料
(2）案例写作。包括撰写案例正文、撰写案例使用说明等。案例撰写时需要收集相关资料，主要采取哪三种方法? 案例撰写时收集相关资料主要有三种方法:(1)文献法。文献是指用文字、图形、符号、声频、视频等技术手段记录人类知识的一种载体。文献可作为案例资料收集的一个重要来源。
(2)访谈法。访谈法常被用作是收集初级资料常用的方法之一，这种方法在于通过被访问者的沟通交流来弄清案例的细节资料，或弄清一些有争议、差异性较大的问题。
(3)问卷调查法。问卷调查法是根据一定的调查目的，以严格设计的问卷为工具，向研究对象收集研究资料和数据的一种调查方法。
管理案例教学作用表现在哪些方面？ 管理案例教学作用表现在以下方面：
(1）帮助学生建立起知识体系，深化课堂理论教学；(2）增强学生对专业知识的认识，加速知识向技能的转化；(3）具有“启发式”教学特点，有助于提高教学质量；(4）培养学生分析和解决问题的能力，提高决策水平；(5）提高学生处理人际关系的能力，与人和谐相处；(6）开发学生的智能和创造性，增强学习兴趣。简述案例分析方法中的“角色扮演法”。
角色扮演法最初是被用来测评和培训管理者技能的一种方法，即角色扮演法既是要求被试者扮演一个特定的管理者角色来观察被试者的多种表现，了解其心理素质和潜在能力的一种测评方法，也是通过情景模拟，要求其扮演指定行为角色，并对其行为表现进行评价和反馈，以此来帮助其发展和提高行为技能最有效的一种培训方法。
简述案例分析方法中的“"讨论法”“。
讨论法是指学生在教师的指导下，为解决某个问题而进行探讨，进而相互启发、相互学习以获取知识的一种教学互动方法。其优点在于能更好地发挥学生的主动性、积极性，有利于培养学生独立思维能力、口头表达能力，促进学生灵活地运用知识。简述案例分析过程的五个基本环节。
(1）分析形势
分析形势是指对当前处境的了解和掌握。(2）确认问题
就是以一定的分析框架，找到决策主体需要解决的问题。(3）提出方案
找到问题所在，明确了问题的症结，下一步的工作就是“对症下药”，制定解决问题的方案。(4）预测结果
预测结果是一个逻辑推理的过程。(5）作出决策
这是解决问题的最后一个环节。根据决策目标和现实条件，对各种备选方案进行利弊权衡，进行正反两方面的比较，从中选择较优的方案，拍板决定。简述管理案例的含义。管理案例的含义:
(1)案例必须以事实为依据，体现出真实性。
(2)案例中应包含一个或数个管理问题，启发学生思考。(3)案例需要界定教学应用领域，使学生明确目的与意义。简述管理案例分析四个方面的基本原则。管理案例分析的基本原则主要包括以下四个方面：(1)理论和实际相结合。(2)创新性。(3)归纳与分析。(4)可操作性。”
简述管理案例教学的作用。管理案例教学作用表现在以下方面:
(1)帮助学生建立起知识体系，深化课堂理论教学;(2)增强学生对专业知识的理解，加速知识向技能的转化;(3)具有“"启发式”“教学特点，有助于提高教学质量;(4)培养学生分析和解决问题的能力，提高决策水平;(5)提高学生处理人际关系的能力，与人和谐相处;(6)开发学生的智能和创造性，增强学习兴趣。
简述谈判法在案例讨论中应用的时候要注意把握的三个要点。第一，谈判法是学生掌握谈判技能及其他管理技能的重要方法． 第二，谈判法是一种开放循环式的教学模式。
第三，为了增强谈判法的效果，激发学生参与的积极性，要注意合理的模拟设计；选择合适的谈判案例；做好仿真的谈判环境；给予恰当的谈判指导；及时总结模拟谈判问题。什么是案例学习中的“角色扮演法”?
角色扮演法最初是被用来测评和培训管理者技能的一种方法，即角色扮演法既是要求被试者扮演一个特定的管理者角色来观察被试者的多种表现，了解其心理素质和潜在能力的一种测评方法，也是通过情景模拟，要求其扮演指定行为角色，并对其行为表现进行评价和反馈，以此来帮助其发展和提高行为技能最有效的一种培训方法。
讨论法在案例教学中的特点主要表现为哪几个方面? 讨论法在案例教学中的特点主要表现为以下四个方面:(1)启发诱导。(2)鼓励和激励。(3)目的性。(4)层次性。” 学生在学习案例时，要重视课前案例的阅读与思考，主要须注意哪几个方面？
学生在学习案例时，要重视课前案例的阅读与思考，主要应注意以下方面：
(l）确定案例分析的基本角度。(2）关键问题的确定。
(3）找出隐含的重要问题。真正把握案例的实质和要点。(4）明确分析的系统与主次。
在进行管理案例分析时，遇到的常见问题主要有哪些？ 学生在进行管理案例分析时，通常会遇到以下问题：(1）案例材料中的深层次信息发掘不够。(2）不能围绕案例的中心线索切人主题。(3）分析结论缺少客观依据。
在撰写案例时，需要筛选、加工案例素材资料，主要包括哪几个方面？
在撰写案例时，需从下面三个方面来考虑对素材资料进行筛选加工问题：
(1）本案例所要体现的管理主题及有关的关键问题是什么。(2)案例中的当事人（主要是决策者）必须掌握的情况有哪些。(3）案例分析者需要哪些必要的信息。案例
比特丽公司的分权管理 问题：
(1）你认为公司新的董事长的做法比他的前任更好吗，为什么？(2）德姆的增加参谋人员的举措能起到效果吗？你认为直线与参谋人员之间的关系本质是什么？
(1）新董事长的做法不是很有效，主要原因是需要分析原有问题成因。产品线较多，分公司管理失控，不一定转卖就更好。缺少核心支柱产业，那样公司规模会大幅度降低。核心需要激发分公司经理和主要业务人员积极性。奖金过少缺少有效激励，还是和业绩紧密联系，而且重奖。
(2）公司要增加参谋人员，前提是确保直线人员的权利和能力，参谋人员需要明确职责，否则会带来更多的管理矛盾。格兰仕的竞争战略
(1)格兰仕采用的是戚本领先战略，这种战略模式优点是降低替代品的威胁;形成进入障碍;具有讨价还价的能力和保持领先的竞争地位等。
(2)但格兰仕不能永久使用这一战略，特别是当竞争对手也有这种优势时，就需要改变战略发展模式，如多元化发展、实行差异化和密集市场战略。实际上近年来格兰仕已经向多元化战略演变。黄工程师为什么要走? 问题:(1)请分析黄工程师离职的原因。
(2)如果你是黄厂长，将采取什么激励措施来留住黄工程师?(1)黄工程师离职的主要原因是其待遇与厂领导的重视程度严重不符。领导是表面重
视，但实际上是使用，而且是缺乏激励的使用。这与管理激励理
论不符，员工需要精神激励，更需要物质激励。
(2)厂领导留住黄工程师的做法可以有很多形式，但必须谈如何使其有实际管理权限和与职位匹配的待遇。惠普公司的组织变革 问题：
(1）请根据组织理论，给约翰・A ・杨对于惠普公司组织模式的变革定义？
(2）你认为能实现这一变革最主要的原因是什么？
(1)惠普公司组织变革的定义就是由高耸的组织模式变革为扁平化的组织模式，这是组织变革发展的趋势和方向。
(2）要实现这种变革，一定是组织的主要领导明确目标，大力支持，并能采取有效措施推行。李开复“跳槽” 问题：
(1)请分析微软能否留住李开复？
(2)公司应该怎样做才能进一步激发以李开复为代表的知识型员工的积极性？
(l）回答微软公司能留住李开复或者不能留住都可以，但关键要写出留住与留不住的理由，这非常重要。
(2）回答这一问题一方面要结合相关激励理论，另一方面要写出知识型员工的特点，高学历、创造性、自我认知等，强调给员工自主性和创造性空间。两个完全不同风格的领导者 问题:
(1)张总经理与唐副总经理各自采用的领导方式是什么?各自的优劣势体现在哪些方面?
(2)结合领导方式理论分析为什么他们都能在工作中取得好成绩?
(1)两位领导分别采用了集权和民主式领导方式。两种领导风格在现实中都存在。
(2)领导风格有效主要取决于领导者个人魅力、被领导者的基本素质、组织特性及职权体 系状况。美泰玩具公司 问题:
(1)公司为什么要不断改变做生意的方式呢?这样做的根本目的是什么呢?
(2)公司要真正做到有效改变，需要有哪些资源和支持?(1)美泰采用的不断变化的交易方式，就是在竞争中争取主动。市场竞争有个规则是“"人无我有、人有我好、人好我巧，人巧我转”“。
(2)公司要实现这一战略变化需要资源主要是销售渠道成熟、产品创新性强和高素质公司员工。为什么员工失去了工作乐趣 问题:
(1)为什么管理流程”“科学化”"后，员工反而失去了工作乐趣?(2)请分析如何激励员工产生新的工作乐趣?
(1)管理流程科学化要包括两个方面，一是生产流程管理的科学和严谨，由于专业化极强，确实会带来员工作业环节联系紧密，工
作单调等问题，因此，管理流程科学化的另一方面还要有对于员工作为不同个体的人文关怀，以及能够激发其创造性和积极性的制度和措施。
(2)答题者提出的解决方案可以多样，只要能够自圆其说就可以。汶川太地震救助的组织管理模式 问题：
(1)抗震救灾工作组在组组结构上主善于何种类型的结棋?(2)温家宝总理担任总指挥对于抗震救灾工作组的高效运作具有何粹主意义?(1)是矩阵的组织模式。
(2）注重分析过程的条理和主要观点． 销售经理的辞职 问题：
(1)你认为李兴应该走吗?公司应该挽留李兴吗?(2)如果你是新任总经理，该如何解决这个问题?(1）如果运用公平理论分析，李兴是要走的，因为他心里感觉不平衡。如果从公司角度看，如果挽留李兴违反了公司制度规定，那还是不能够打破。但可以从亲情和其他方面挽留。
(2）强调此事一定要解决圆满，或者有比较有效的措施。因为销售员工是公司的核心员工，典型员工离职会给公司带来极大的负面影响。
第五篇：生存分析知识点总结
生存分析知识点总结
09统计（经济分析1班）周姗琪 32009121215
一、基本概念
1、生存分析：将事件的结果和出现此结果所经历的时间结合起来分析的统计分析方法。研究生存现象和响应时间数据及其统计规律的一门学科。对一个或多个非负随机变量（生存时间）进行统计分析研究。对生存时间进行分析和推断，研究生存时间和结局与众多影响因素间关系及其程度的统计分析方法。
2、生存时间：生存时间也叫寿命、存活时间、失效时间等等
3、研究目的：
①描述生存过程：估计不同时间的总体生存率，计算中位生存期，绘制生存函数曲线。统计方法包括K-M法、寿命表法。
②比较：比较不同处理组的生存率，如比较不同疗法治疗脑瘤的生存率，以了解哪种治疗方案较优。统计方法log-rank检验等。
③影响因素分析：研究某个或某些因素对生存率或生存时间的影响作用。如为改善脑瘤病人的预后，应了解影响病人预后的主要因素，包括病人的年龄、性别、病程、肿瘤分期、治疗方案等。统计方法Cox比例风险回归模型等。④预测：建立Cox回归预测模型。
4、研究内容：描述生存过程和对生存过程影响因素分析及结局预测。
5、主要分析方法：参数法方法、非参数方法、半参数方法。
二、生存分析数据类型
1、完全数据：每个个体确切的生产时间都是知道的。这样的数据称为完全数据。但在实际的生存分析中，数据在很多情况下是很难完全观察到的。
2、删失：在研究结束时，无法获得某些个体确切的生存时间。
①右删失：在进行观察或调查时，一个个体的确切生存时间不知道，而只知道其生存时间大于时间L，则称该个体的生存时间在L上是右删失的，并称L为右删失数据。
②左删失：研究对象在时刻Ct开始接受观察，而在此之前我们感兴趣的时间已经发生，这就是左删失。
③区间删失：若个体的确切生存时间不知道，只知道其生存时间在两个观察时间 L和R之间（L 3、截断:在研究或者观测中，淘汰了一些对象（样本），使得研究者“意识不到他们的存在”。 ①左截断:只有个体经历某种初始事件以后才能观察到其生存时间，称为左截断,此时获得的数据称为左截断数据.②右截断：只有经历了某种终止事件才能观察到生存时间（将要经历该事件的个体不包含在实验样本中），称为右截断，此时获得的数据称为右截断数据。 三、基本函数 1、生存函数：描述生存时间统计特征的基本函数,也叫生存率：设T 表示生存 S(t)P(Tt)1F(t),0t；时间，F(t)为T分布函数,生存函数定义为： 当T连续：S(t)P(Tt)1F(t)f(u)du，f(t)S(t)tdS(t)dt2、危险率函数：描述观察个体在某时刻存活条件下，在以后的单位时间内死亡的概率：(t)limh0P(TthTt)h； 当T连续：(t)f(t)/S(t)dln[S(t)]/dt； 当T离散，取值为a1a2且f(ai)P(Tai)，i1,2,则ai处的危险率：iP(TaiTai)f(ai)S(ai1)S(ai)S(ai)1,i1,2,S(ai1)S(ai1)S(ai1)aittS(t)S(ai)/S(ai1)(1i) ait3、累积危险率函数：(t)(u)du； 0t当T连续：S(t)exp[(t)]exp[(u)du]，(t)ln[S(t)]； 0当T 离散时，危险率函数有两种定义形式：(t)iaiti；(t)iaitln(1) i4、平均剩余寿命函数：r(t)E(TtTt) 5、中位寿命 (st)f(s)dstS(t)，r(0)为平均寿命 四、常用的参数模型 1、指数分布： （1）生存函数形式为：s(t)exp(t),0,t0（2）密度函数为：f(t)exp(t)（3）危险率函数为：(t) （4）指数分布的一个重要性质：无记忆性，即P(TthTt)P(Th) 2、威布尔分布： （1）生存函数形式为：s(t)exp[(t)],0,0（2）危险率函数为：(t)(t)1 3、伽马分布： t生存函数：s(t)1[u1exp(u)du]/(),0,0，0其中()u1exp(u)du称为伽马函数 04、对数罗吉斯蒂（logistic）分布 5、对数正太分布 五、生存分析的非参数方法 1、生存函数的估计 ˆ(t)生存时间t的个数（1）在无删失条件下：S个体总数ˆ(TtTt)Yidi,i1,2,，D（2）存在右删失下：PiiYid~（3）左截断右删失数据生存函数的估计：S(t)[1i] titYi（4）左删失数据生存函数估计：P(Xt)P(Xt)（5）同时存在左、右删失情况：P(RtR0)P(XtX) ˆ(t)Zˆ（6）生存函数点估计的置信区间：(S1/2s(t),S(t)Z1/2s(t)) 1,tt1ˆ(t)d2、乘积限估计：S (1i),tt1Yitit3、累积死亡率的估计 （1）无删失条件下危险率函数的估计： ˆ(t)在时间t开始的区间中死亡的个数 在时间t存活着的个体数区间宽度（2）有删失条件下累计死亡率估计： ①直接利用累积死亡率与生存函数的关系：(t)ln[S(t)] 0,tt1ˆ(t)②Nelson-Aalen估计：Hdi,tt，具有更好的小样本性质。 1Yttii（3）累积死亡力函数的置信区间 ˆ(t)Zˆ①线性置信区间：(1/2H(t),(t)Z1/2H(t)) ②其他变换形式的非线性置信区间：对数变换区间；反正弦平方根变化区间 4、生存时间均值的估计 ˆ(t)dt ˆS（1）平均生存时间估计式：0ˆ(t)dt]2ˆarˆ[S（2）方差：vi1tiDdi Yi(Yidi) 5、生命表中生存函数的估计 6、固定时间点生存率的比较： （1）两个生存率比较：2(S1S2)2/(V1V2)，df=1（2）两个以上生存率比较：2W1(S1S)2W2(S2S)2W3(S3S)2，df=3-1 7、生存曲线的比较：（1）Log rank 检验 （2）广义Wilcoxon检验 （3）Cox-Mantel检验 六、半参数模型 1、Cox相对风险模型： （1）相对风险回归模型：(t;x)0(t)exp[Z(t)]（2）Cox模型下生存时间分布函数： tS(t;x)P(Ttx)exp0(u)exp[Z(u)]du 0（3）密度函数：f(t;x)(t;x)F(t;x) 2、比例风险模型：(t;x)0(t)exp[Z]
点击咨询 