第一篇:高考数学专题复习讲练测——专题六 复数 专题复习讲练 2 复数的应用
§2 复数的应用
一、复习要点
复数的三角形式、复数及其运算的几何意义是数形结合的桥梁,是应用复数知识解题的主要结合点.在系统复习的基础上,本轮复习应把握以下几点:
1.《考试说明》对复数的应用没有提出特别要求,复习时只介绍一些简单应用,切忌随意拔高.
2.使学生在思想上明确:
(1)应用复数可以证明三角恒等式,求反三角函数的和;
(2)应用复数可以证明不等式;
(3)应用复数可以解决解析几何问题;
(4)应用复数可以证明平面几何问题.
3.熟练掌握并应用复平面内的:
(1)两点间的距离公式;
(2)过原点的射线、直线方程;
(3)线段垂直平分线的方程;
(4)圆的方程;
(5)椭圆的方程.
4.本节复习的重点应放在复数运算的几何意义及复数与三角、复数与几何的简单综合问题上.
二、例题讲解
例1(1)已知复数z1=3-i,|z2|=2,则|z1+z2|的最大值是().A.
B.
5C.2+
D.2+2-
2(2)已知复数z满足|z-1|=|z-3|且arg(z-i)=π/4,则z等于________.讲解:(1)本题的条件容易使我们联想到复数及运算的几何意义,首选数形结合的方法来解答.在复平面中,方程|z2|=2的图形是以原点为圆心、半径为2的圆,而|z1+z2|=|z2-(-z1)|表示z2与-z1所对应的两点P2与P1间的距离,即线段P1P2的长,如图6-1所示.显然当P1P2经过原点时,线段P1P2最长,其值为2+.∴ 选C.
图6-
1本题亦可选用代数方法解答,把z2用三角式表示后,则关于复数模的条件最值问题便转化为三角函数的无条件最值问题.运用三角恒等变形方法和弦函数的值域性质即得结论.简解如下:
设z2=2(cosθ+isinθ)(0≤θ<2π),则
|z1+z2|=|2cosθ+3+i(2sinθ+1)|22
=(2cosθ+3)+(2sinθ+1)
=14+
4≤14+4sin(θ+φ)=(1+).222
当sin(θ+φ)=1时,等号成立.
∴ |z1+z2|的最大值为2+,选C.
图6-
2(2)显然用数形结合方法解答最为适宜.方程|z-1|=|z-3|的图形是复平面中以实数1和3所对应的点为端点的线段的垂直平分线;而方程arg(z-i)=(π/4)的图形,是复平面中以复数i所对应的点为端点,倾斜角为(π/4)的射线,如图6-2所示.故射线与垂直平分线的交点所对应的复数即为所求,即z=2+3i.
例2已知复数z1=cosα+isinα,z2=k(cosβ+isinβ),z3=(2-k)(cosγ+isinγ),且满足z1+z2+z3=0.问k为何值时,cos(β-γ)分别取最大值、最小值(0<k<2).
讲解:本例是复数与三角关系的问题,利用虚实转化思想,由z1+z2+z3=0,应用复数相等的充要条件,可转化为三角条件最值问题.则有
解法1.由z1+z2+z3=0,得
cosα+kcosβ+(2-k)cosγ=0,sinα+ksinβ+(2-k)sinγ=
kcosβ+(2-k)cosγ=-cosα,ksinβ+(2-k)sinγ=-sinα.
①+②,得
cos(β-γ)=(2k-4k+3/2k(k-2))=1+[3/2k(k-2)].
若注意到复数的性质,可以考虑利用整体思想求解,则有
解法2.由z1+z2+z3=0,得
|z2+z3|=|z1|,两边平方,得|z2+z3|=|z1|,∴(z2+z3)(2222222① ② +3)=1,3即|z2|+|z3|+z2
注意到z2
232+2z3=1. +22z3=2|z2|·|z3|cos(β-γ),则k+(2-k)+2k(2-k)cos(β-γ)=1.
∴ cos(β-γ)=(2k-4k+3)/(2k-4k).
若注意到复数及其运算的几何意义,则可以考虑利用数形结合的思想求解,从而有
解法3.∵ |z2-z3|=2(|z2|+|z3|)-|z2+z3|=2(|z2|+|z3|)-|z1|, 而且注意到复平面内的余弦定理:
cos(β-γ)=(|z2|+|z3|-|z2-z3|/2|z2|·|z3|), ∴ cos(β-γ)=(2k-4k+3)/(2k-4k).
上面三种不同的解法是在三种不同的基本思想启迪下得到的.这正是灵活运用基本数学思想的具体体现,应予足够重视.
下面完成此题的解答.
令 y=f(k)=1+(3/2k(k-2))=1-(3/2k(2-k))(0<k<2)≤1-(3/2·((k+2-k/2)))=-(1/2).
∵ |cos(β-γ)|≤1,∴ -1≤y≤-(1/2).
由ymax=-(1/2),得
1+(3/2k(k-2))=-(1/2)k=1;
由ymin=-1,得1+(3/2k(k-2))=-1k=(1/2)或(3/2).
所以当k=1时,cos(β-γ)取最大值-(1/2);
当k=(1/2)或(3/2)时,cos(β-γ)取最小值-1.
此题实际上只是以复数作为载体,求给条件的余弦函数的最值,进而又转化为求条件分式函数的最值.运用了均值不等式,也可利用判别式法求上述分式函数的最值.(留给读者自己完成)
例3 设复平面内两点A、B对应的复数分别为α、β,且|α-2|=1,β+(1+i)α=0,O为原点.试求△AOB面积的最大值和最小值,并且求相应的复数α、β.
讲解:由三角形面积公式S=(1/2)|OA|·|OB|·sin∠AOB知,只要求得|OA|、|OB|及∠AOB的值就行了.由复数的几何意义知,|OA|=|α|,|OB|=|β|;由复数乘法的几何意义可求得∠AOB的值.于是有如下解法:
由β+(1+i)α=0,得β=-(1+i)α.
∴ |β|=
β=|α|,222222222222222(cos(5π/4)+isin(5π/4))α.
由乘法的几何意义及三角形内角的范围知
∠AOB=(3π/4),∴ S△AOB=(1/2)|α|·|β|sin(3π/4)=(1/2)|α|.
又∵ |α-2|=1, ∴ 可设α=2+cosφ+isinφ, 则|α|=
∴ S△AOB=(1/2)(5+4cosφ).
当cosφ=-1,即α=1,β=-1-i时,Smin=(1/2);当cosφ=1,即α=3,β=-3-3i时,Smax=(9/2).
若明确|α-2|=1是以(2,0)为圆心,1为半径的圆的复数方程时,可画出图形,由图形的直观性可立即得出结果.
①在由|z-a|=r(a∈R)求|z|的最值时,可作出z=a+r(cosα+isinα)的巧妙变换,即可将求复数模的最值转化为求三角函数式的最值,然后利用三角函数的有界性求解;,2
②若能注意到复平面内一些特殊曲线的方程,画出图形后就可简化求解过程.
三、专题训练
1.在复平面中设复数-3+3i对应的点是P,以原点为极点,实轴正半轴为极轴,建立极坐标系.那么点P的极坐标是().
A.(B.(-
3,(3π/4)),(5π/4))
C.(3,(5π/4))
D.(-3,(3π/4))
2.设z1=-1,z2=(1/2)+(/2)i,则z1、z2、、所对应的点:①在单位圆12
上;②它们是正方形的顶点;③它们关于y轴对称;④它们可构成正三角形.以上说法中,正确的只有().
A.①
B.③
C.①③
D.①④
3.设复数z=sin(π/6)+icos(π/6),若zn=
A.
3B.
4C.
5D.6
4.已知等边三角形ABC的面积等于
虚轴正半轴上,则向量,若把三角形放到复平面中,使A点重合于原点,AB边落在,则自然数n的最小值是(). 所对应的复数是().
A.1+
B.1-
C.
D.±i i+i +i
25.设复数z=cosθ+(2-sinθ)i,当θ∈(-(π/2),(π/2))时,复数z在复平面内对应点的轨迹的方程是________.
6.设复数z在复平面内对应的点为Z,将点Z绕坐标原点按逆时针方向旋转(π/4),再沿实轴正方向平移1个单位,向上平移1个单位,得到点z1.若点z1与点Z重合,则复数z的值等于________.
7.已知辐角分别为θ1、θ2的复数z1、z2满足z1+z2=5i,|z1·z2|=14,则cos(θ1-θ2)的最大值是________.
8.设O为复平面的原点,A、B为单位圆上两点,A、B所对应的复数分别为z1、z2,z1、z2的辐角主值分别为α、β.若△AOB的重心G对应的复数为(1/3)+(1/15)i,求tg(α+β).
9.如图6-3,B是半圆O上的动点,OB=1,OA=2,△ABC是等腰直角三角形,BC为斜边,建立适当的坐
标系,利用复数求点B对应何复数时,O、C两点距离最大,并求此最大值.
图6-
310.在平行四边形OABC中,各顶点对应的复数zO、zA、zB、zC依次是0、2+(a/2)i、-2a+3i、-b+ai(a,b∈R),求平行四边形OABC的面积.
第二篇:2014届高考英语 复习讲练测完形填空10
2014届高考英语复习讲练测:完形填空10
In the clinic, I asked if Michael could be retested, so the specialist tested him again.To my __36__, it was the same score.Later that evening, I _37_ told Frank what I had learned that day.After talking it over, we agree that we knew our _38_ much better than an IQ(智商)test.We _39_ that Michael’s score must have been a __40___ and we should treat him ___41___ as usual.We moved to Indiana in 1962, and Michael studied at Concordia High School in the same year.He got _42 _ grades in the school, especially _43_ biology and chemistry, which was a great comfort.Michael _44_ Indiana University in 1965 as a pre-medical student, soon afterwards, his teachers permitted him to take more courses than _45_.In 1968, he was accepted by the School of Medicine, Yale University.On graduation day in 1972, Frank and I _46_ the ceremony(典礼)at Yale.After the ceremony, we told Michael about the _47_ IQ score he got when he was six.Since that day, Michael sometimes would look at us and say _48_, “My dear mom and dad never told me that I couldn’t be a doctor, not until after I graduated from medical school!” It is his special way of thanking us for the _49_ we had in him.Interestingly, Michael then _50_ another IQ test.We went to the same clinic where he had _51_ the test eighteen years before.This time Michael scored 126, an increase of 36 points.A result like that was supposed to be _52_.Children often do as _53_ as what adults, particularly parents and teachers, _54_ of them.That is, tell a child he is “ _55_”, and he may play the role of a foolish child.36.A.joyB.surprise
B.fearfully
B.sonC.dislikeD.disappointmentD.hopefully 37.A.tearfully 38.A.student
39.A.argued
40.A.jokeC.cheerfullyC.friendC.decidedD.doctor B.realizedD.understood B.mistakeC.warningD wonder.41.A.specially 42.A.poor43.A.in
B.strictly
C.naturally
D.carefully
B.good
C.average
D.standard
D.for
D.entered
B.about B.chose
C.of
44.A.visited45.A.allowed46.A.missed47.A.high
C.passedC.required
B.described B.held
D.offered
C.delayed
D.attended
B.sameC.lowD.different
D.jokingly D.delight
D.prepared for
48.A.curiously 49.A.faith
B.eagerlyB.interest
C.calmlyC.pride
50.A.looked for B.asked for 51.A.received B.accepted52.A.imperfect
C.waited for
C.organized D.discussed
D.unsatisfactory
B.impossible
C.uncertain
53.A.honestly B.much54.A.hear55.A.wise
C.well
D.bravely
D.speak
B.learn
C.expect
B.rudeC.shyD.stupid
答案36.D37.A38.B39.C40.B41.C42.B43.A44.D45.C46.D47.C48.D49.A50.B51.A52.B53.C54.C55.D
It's fourteen years since I left the Philippines to live with my family in the USA.A month ago, while on summer vacation back in my motherland, I learned a lesson from mosquito(蚊子)bites.Right before36Kennedy Airport in New York, my grandma37me of the behavior of the native mosquitoes around the38like me.She said, “There's an old saying—the39you stay away from the motherland, the sweeter your blood40to the mosquitoes.” Not41it, I replied, “Grandmaaaa, that's just an old wives' tale!”
Well, less than a week42my arrival in Manila, I was already carpeted with a43of mosquito bites.I took many measures to keep myself from being44, but they all proved useless.Late one45in my cousin's home, I couldn't bear the46of the bites.Hoping to find some comfort, I47my cousin, who was sleeping peacefully in the bed next to mine.Unhappy for being48she said, “There is nothing you can do.Go back to sleep.”With a few turns, she slept again.Enviously(妒嫉地)49her sleep, I hoped a big mosquito would50on her face.However, the mosquitoes would just lightly dance around her forehead and fly away quickly, never biting her.Amazed(惊奇的), I ran to others'51, only to find they were all sleeping52as the same thing occurred again and again.From those bites, I came to53my grandma's silly tale.From then on, I've always tried to keep a(n)54mind about those strange old wives' tales55they do have some truth to them.36.A.leavingB.passingfinding
37.A.persuaded
B.remindedC.warnedD.informed
D.C.visitingD.38.A.studentsB.foreignersC.passengersvisitors
39.A.earlier40.A.growsremains
B.longerC.soonerD.later B.goes
C.flowsD.41.A.expectingB.understandingC.recognizingD.believing 42.A.afterB.before
C.whenD.as
D.43.A.shadeB.pileC.cloudblanket
44.A.touchedB.bittenC.defeatedD.discovered 45.A.morningB.afternoon46.A.noiseB.hiteffect
47.A.woke upB.shouted atC.looked fordropped on
48.A.blamedB.interruptedC.movedfrightened
49.A.having
C.eveningD.night C.pain
D.D.D.B.watchingC.makingD.helping
50.A.landB.fly
C.fall
D.wait
51.A.housesB.flatsC.roomsD.homes 52.A.joyfullyB.anxiouslyworriedly
53.A.tellB.knowC.remember
D.accept
C.soundlesslyD.54.A.openB.activeC.clear55.A.andB.so
C.because答案36.A37.C38.D39.B40.A41.D42.A43.D44.B45.D46.C47.A48.B49.B50.A51.C52.C53.D54.A55.C
D.honest D.until
第三篇:2014届高考英语 复习讲练测教案5
2014届高考英语复习讲练测:教案5 1.persuade vt.说服,劝服,使相信
persuade sb.to do sth.=persuade sb.into doing sth.说服某人做某事 persuade sb.not to do sth.=persuade sb.out of doing sth.说服某人不做某事 persuade sb.of sth.说服某人信服某事 persuade sb.+thatclause 使某人相信„„
He persuaded me to study hard.=He persuaded me into studying hard.他说服我努力学习。易混辨析persuade与advise persuade sb.to do sth.表示成功地说服某人去做某事;其中try to persuade sb.to do sth.表示试图说服某人做某事,含有没有成功的意思。
advise sb.to do sth.表示建议某人做某事,对方是否采纳则不一定。①Jack finally persuaded his father to give up smoking.杰克终于说服他父亲戒了烟。
②We tried to persuade her to go out with us,but she refused.我们试图说服她和我们一起出去,但被她拒绝了。
③I advised them to start early so that they could arrive there before dark.我建议他们早一点动身,以便能天黑前赶到那儿。
反馈1.1The boy was ______ to follow his friends' idea and was pleased to see it worked better than expected.A.advised
B.allowed C.forbidden D.persuaded 反馈1.2 I ______ her to kick the habit of smoking,but she wouldn't listen.A.tried to persuade B.persuaded C.suggested D.expected 反馈1.3I ______ him not to smoke,but he didn't follow my advice.A.persuaded B.suggested C.advised D.hoped 反馈1.4(2012·浙江宁波十校联考)One of us ______ us all taking shelter under the tree.Unluckily,one boy bought it and was struck by lightning as a result.A.advised B.suggested C.persuaded D.urged
①All possible means ______ been tried.②Every possible means ______ been tried.反馈2.4______ the underemployed university graduates,the highttech project is expected to create 10,000 or so jobs in the fields of computer programming and testing.A.Meaning to benefit B.Meaning benefiting C.Meant benefiting D.Meant to benefit 反馈2.5For him ______ stage is just ______ means of making a living.A.a;a B.the;a C.the;the D.a;the 3.benefit vt.有利于,使„„受益 n.利益,福利,好处
benefit sb./sth.使某人/某物获益 benefit from...从„„中获益 have/get/receive the benefit of 得益于 for the benefit of...为了„„的利益 be of benefit to sb.对某人有益 beneficial adj.有益的,有利的
be beneficial to(=be of benefit to)对„„有益
①Do you really benefit from playing computer games every day? 你真的能从每天玩电脑游戏中获益吗?
②This project is of great benefit to everyone.这项工程对每个人都大有好处。
易混辨析benefit,interest,profit与advantage benefit为普通用词,指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。它的复数形式benefits表示“救济金”;
interest作“利益”讲时,多用复数形式,既可指集团、群体的利益,又可指个人的利益。interest作不可数名词时,意为“利息”;
profit着重收益,尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益;
advantage指因某方面占优势或利用某机会以及对方弱点而获得利益与好处。
①The interests of the individual must be subordinated to the interests of the collective.个人利益必须服从集体利益。
②All his wealth did not profit him.他所有的财富并没有使他受益。
她建议坐地铁去公园。
⑤I wouldn't recommend you to give up halfway.我不会劝你半途而废。
⑥Our English teacher often recommends that we(should)practise speaking English in and out of class.我们的英语老师经常劝告我们无论课堂内外都要练习说英语。
⑦The doctor suggested that he(should)try his best to lose weight from now on.医生建议他从现在开始尽力减肥。
⑧The bodyguards insisted that the president(should)keep away from the crowd for the sake of safety.出于安全考虑,警卫人员坚决要求总统远离人群。
⑨We suggest that students be sent abroad and stay there for two or three years.我们建议学生被送到国外并在那儿待上两三年。
特别提醒当suggest,insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事,而表示“暗示、表明”或“坚持认为”时,则用陈述语气。
She insisted that she was right.她坚持认为她是对的。
反馈4.1He's very wellconnected,so there's surely somebody to ______ him for a good job when he graduates.A.refer B.advise C.recommend D.insist 反馈4.2 It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.A.were not played B.not be played C.not to play D.did not play 反馈4.3The doctor recommended I ______ here ______ the sunshine before I started for home.A.came;to B.come;for C.would come;with D.will come;in 反馈4.4The young man insisted that he ______ nothing wrong and ______ free.A.did;set
D.determined;went;hoping 反馈5.2 A ______ and strongwilled man is what it takes to achieve the task.A.determining B.determined C.deciding D.decided 反馈5.3She was full of ______ to achieve her goals.A.idea B.determination C.patience D.responsibility 6.appeal vi.恳求,呼吁;有吸引力;上诉 n.呼吁;恳求 appeal to sb.for sth./to do sth.呼吁/ 要求/恳求某人做某事 appeal to sb.=attract sb.吸引/引起某人的兴趣 appeal against 为„„上诉;诉诸 appeal to the law 诉诸法律
appeal to the higher court 向高级法院提出上诉 appeal n.呼吁;恳求
make/launch an appeal to sb.向某人发出紧急呼吁 appealing adj.动人心弦的,有魅力的,有感染力的
①Martin Luther King appealed to the blacks to appeal to the highest court against racial discrimination,which raised great concern all over the world.马丁·路德·金呼吁黑人向最高法院提出上诉反对种族歧视,这引起了全世界极大的关注。
②Our English teacher's sense of humor appeals to every student in our class.我们英语老师的幽默感吸引了班里的每一位学生。③He appealed against the judge's decision.他不服法官判决而上诉。
④The teacher listened to his appeal.老师倾听了他的要求。⑤She appealed to us to go with her.她恳求我们和她同行。
反馈6.1The idea of working abroad,together with your proposals,never ______to me.A.attracts B.attract C.appeal D.appeals 反馈6.2 The Republican candidate ______ to the young people to vote for him and make a difference to the country.A.called B.requested C.asked D.appealed
⑤Even though/Though/Although I felt sorry for him,I was secretly pleased that he was having difficulties.虽然我为他感到惋惜,但对他的困难却暗自高兴。
⑥We thoroughly understand each other,even if/even though we don't always agree.我们彼此非常了解,虽然有时候也有一些分歧。
反馈8.1Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice,______ they knew it to be valuable.A.as if B.now that C.even though D.so that 反馈8.2 ______ when everybody else objects to his suggestion,he won't feel upset.A.Even if B.Although C.As if D.Even 反馈8.3______ you disagree with her,her idea is still worth considering.A.If only B.Even if C.Instead of D.Despite of 9.figure out 计算出,想出,理解,弄清楚
①Even the repairman couldn't figure out what had gone wrong with the washer.连修理工也弄不明白这洗衣机出了什么毛病。
②I can't figure why they ridicule this constructive suggestion.我弄不懂他们为什么嘲笑这一建设性建议。
③Let's figure the expense first.我们先来算算费用吧。
反馈9The present situation is very complex,so I think it will take me some time to ______ its reality.A.make up B.figure out C.look through D.put off 10.get...across 讲清楚;渡过 用法拓展含有get的短语
get ahead of...领先
get along 进展,过活,相处 get away 逃掉 get away from...避免,摆脱,离开 get back 回来 get...back 收回,找回 get behind 落后 get down 记下来 get down to 认真做
get to know/love 逐渐地了解/爱上 get in 进来
反馈10.5 In China,nobody is to ______ with killing someone.A.get across B.get through C.get away D.get over
考点归纳拓展 【思路点拨】
1.1 D 根据was pleased to see it worked better可知这个男孩被劝服听朋友的话,故答案为D项。
1.2 A 句意:我试图说服她戒掉抽烟的习惯,但是她不听。try to persuade sb.to do sth.表示试图说服某人做某事,含有未能成功的意思,符合语境。
1.3 C 句意:我建议他不要抽烟,但是他没有听从我的建议。A项表示说服了他不抽烟,与后半句矛盾;advise sb.to do sth.建议某人做某事,符合语境,故C项正确。
1.4 B suggest sb.doing是唯一正确的搭配,意为“建议某人做某事”。
2.1 D 句意:如果你认为对女人好就意味着凡事都向她请示,那你恐怕就错了。mean to do sth.意为“打算做某事”;mean doing sth.意为“意味着做某事”,故选D项。
2.2 A 句意:她本意是想帮他,却反而让情况变糟了。mean to do意为“意欲做某事”。2.3 ①have ②has means意为“方式;方法”,单复数同形。当means由every修饰时,显然是单数,谓语用单数形式。如果means由all修饰则为复数,谓语用复数形式。
2.4 D 句意:旨在让那些低端就业的大学生获益,这个高科技项目有望创造1万个左右计算机编程和测试领域的就业岗位。the project和mean是被动关系,故应为meant;be meant to do是固定用法,为目的含义,故答案为D项。
2.5 B 句意:对于他来说,从艺是一种谋生手段。根据句意,stage 表示从艺,是一个抽象概念,其前不可以加不定冠词;means为单复数同形的名词,此处表示“一种方式”,用 a means of 表达。
3.1 A 句意:新的《劳动法》将使更多的人受益,特别是工人将从中受益。benefit sb.“使某人受益”;benefit from“从„„中受益”,故A项正确。
3.2 D 句意:跟上亚洲形势的发展会有帮助。beneficial “有益的”,符合题意。fortunate “幸运的”;dangerous “危险的”;safe“安全的”。
3.3 ①benefit ②advantage
3.4(1)for the benefit of(2)is beneficial to 4.1 C 句意:他很有关系,所以到毕业时肯定有人推荐他做一份好工作。recommend sb.for sth.为固定用法,意为“推荐某人某事物”,符合题意。
4.2 B 全句意思是:旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机。句中的谓语动词request(请求)所引导的从句应当用虚拟语气,即动词原形或“should+动词原形”。本句的主语从句中,谓语应当用被动语态。所以,答案应为not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气,所以A项不正确。not to play是动词带to的不定式,不能在句中作谓语。did not play也是动词play的过去时形式,同样不能在本句中作为
法还是值得考虑的。B make up“组成;化妆;编造”;figure out“理解;弄清楚”;look through“浏览”;put off“推迟”。句意:目前的形势非常复杂,因此我认为要花费我一些时间来弄清楚它的真实性。
10.1 A 此题考查以get为中心词的短语用法。get down to表示“开始认真对待”“开始认真考虑”。由题意可知应为“我们该认真对待我们的学习了”,故答案为A项。
10.2 A 句意:那座火山剧烈的喷发而山脚下的那个村庄竟然安然渡过危险。此处用come through表示“(安然渡过)危机,疾病等”。
10.3 A 考查动词短语的用法。get along“(勉强)生活;进展”;come on “开始”或用于祈使句表鼓励、催促等;watch out“当心,注意”;set off “动身;出发”。根据句意可知A项正确。
10.4 B A项意为“偶遇”;B项意为“克服(困难等)”;C项意为“来访”;D项意为“下车”。句意:如果我们能克服目前的困难,那么一切都会好起来的。
10.5 C 句意:在中国,没有人在杀了人的情况下能逃脱惩罚。get away with(doing)sth.意为“在犯了某罪的情况下逃脱惩罚”。
第四篇:高考数学专题复习讲练测——专题五 数列、数学归纳法 专题方法总结
专题方法总结
本专题由数列和数学归纳法两部分主要内容组成,它融代数、三角、几何于一体,性质多、技巧性强、方法灵活、应用广泛、综合能力要求高.等差、等比数列的运算和性质是本专题复习的重点,以等差、等比数列为载体的代数推理问题,数列的实际应用问题及数学归纳法的应用是难点,它们都是高考命题的热点;方程观点、等价转换、消元法、待定系数法是贯穿于本专题的重要数学思想和方法;运算能力、逻辑思维能力、分析问题和解决问题的能力是复习好本专题的基本要求.
1.关于等差、等比数列
(1)等差、等比数列的判定:①利用定义判定;②an+an+2=2an+1
anan+2=an+1(an≠0)
22{an}是等差数列,{an}{an}是等差数{an}是等比数列;③an=an+b(a,b为常数)是等差数列,Sn=an+bn(a,b为常数,Sn是数列{an}的前n项和)
列.
(2)等差、等比数列性质的应用:注意脚码、奇偶项的特点等.
(3)数列是定义域为自然数集(或自然数集的子集)的函数,即an=f(n)(n∈N).因此我们可运用函数的思想方法去研究处理数列问题.如等差数列当公差d≠0时的通项公式为n的一次函数,前n项和为n的二次函数,有关前n项和的最大、最小问题可运用二次函数的性质来解决.
2.关于一般数列
(1)已知数列的前n项和,求通项公式,这类问题常利用
S1(n=1),an= Sn-Sn-1(n≥2)求解.
(2)用递推公式给出来的数列,常利用“归纳—猜想—证明”的方法求解.
3.关于数列的求和
(1)公式法:①等差、等比数列的前n项和公式;②自然数的方幂和公式.
(2)错位相减法.
(3)倒序相加法.
(4)裂(拆)项法.
4.关于数学归纳法
(1)数学归纳法的原理.
(2)数学归纳法的应用:①证明与自然数有关的恒等式;②用数学归纳法证明不等式;③用数学归纳法证明整除性问题.
(3)归纳—猜想—证明.
第五篇:2012年高考数学第一轮复习讲与练(59)
2010年高考数学第一轮复习讲与练(59)
直接证明与间接证明
知识要点 1.直接证明
(1)综合法:从题设的出发,运用一系列有关作为推理的依据,逐步推演而得到要证明的结论,这种证明方法叫做综合法.综合法的推理方向是由
到.(2)分析法:分析法的推理方向是由到,论证中步步寻求使其成立的,如此逐步归结到已知的条件和已经成立的事实,从而使命题得证,表现为,分析法的证题步骤用符号表示为.2.间接证明
(1)反证法的解题步骤:――推演过程中引出矛盾――。
(2)反证法的理论依据是:原命题为真,则它的为真,在直接证明有困难时,就可以转化为证明它的成立。
(3)一般情况下,有如下几种情况的证题常常采用反证法
第一,问题共有n种情况,现要证明其中的一种情况成立时,可以想到用反证法把其它的n-1种情况都排除,从而肯定这种情况成立; 第二,命题是以否定命题的形式叙述的; 第三,命题用“至少”、“至多”的字样叙述的;
第四,当命题成立非常明显,而要直接证明所用的理论太少,且不容易说明,而其逆命题又是非常容易证明的。典型例题
题型一:直接证明的应用
【1】在ABC中,已知(a2
b2)sin(AB)(a2
b2)sin(AB),求证:ABC为等腰三角形或直角三角形。
【2】已知数列{an}中sn是它的前n项和,并且sn14an2,a11(1)设bnan12an,求证{bn}是等差数列;(2)设cnan
n,求证{cn}是等比数列;(3)求{an}的通项公式及前n项和。
题型二:间接证明的应用 【3】(1)用反证法证明命题:“三角形的内角中至少有一个不大于60°”时,假设正确的是()
A、假设三内角都不大于60度;B、假设三内角都大于60度;
C、假设三内角至多有一个大于60度;D、假设三内角至多有两个大于60度。(2)已知:a,b,c(0,1),求证:(1a)b,(1b)c,(1c)a中至少有一个不大于
课后作业
1.否定“自然数a,b,c中恰有一个偶数”时正确的反设为
2.命题“△ABC中,若∠A>∠B,则a>b”的结论的否定是。3.若两平行直线a,b之一与平面M相交,则另一条也与平面M相交。
4.分别用综合法和分析法证明:已知a>0,b>0,求证:abb
a
ab
5.设数列{an}是公比为q的等比数列,Sn是它的前n项和.(1)求证:{Sn}不是等比数列;(2)数列{Sn}能是等差数列吗?