第一篇：研究生英语教程《法律英语》译文2
在11世纪末,博洛尼亚大学开始教授罗马法,尤其是《法律大全》。这在一开始是一项单纯的学术活动，因为罗马法在西欧任何一个地方不再是法律。这标志着之后被认为三罗马法渊源的开端。之后其他西欧大学紧跟博洛尼亚的领导，几世纪后由于一些复杂的原因这里就不再赘述，罗马法在欧洲大陆几乎任何一个地方都被接受。它成为欧洲大陆的“普通法”。
罗马法事实上被接受限于我们所称的“私法”（所有权，侵权，合同等）。那是为什么民法学家把我们所说的私法简单的称为“民法”。（公民权，物权和债权）。
尽管现在大部分民法国家都有一部民法典，但事实上法典化是近期的一种现象。第一部民法典仅仅可以追溯到1804年，而第一部日耳曼民法典可以追溯到1896年。
法国和日耳曼法典是两个主要的民法类型。拿破仑把他的法典带到了他和他的军队所到达的任何一寸土地。法国民法典类型在拉丁语国家包括欧洲和美洲都有深远影响。在苏维埃政权（苏联）占领之前，它也深深影响了前欧洲国家。日耳曼法已被日本接纳。
2，法律方法——比较
你一定了解民法法律方法教程和你所学的会完全不一样。在你法律职业生涯的开端，你意识到在不同的社会形态和文化形态中法律会扮演着不同的角色，这点相当重要。在美国，你将学习的不是应然法而是实然法。下面是关于民法与普通法的一些区别。
首先，在普通法国家，判例通常被认为是主要的法律渊源。法律方法教程是以判例教学为起点的。在罗马法国家，判例至少在理论上不会被简单的看作是一种法律的渊源。现实更可能是这样的：在普通法国家立法变得更加重要，在罗马法国家判例变得越来越重要。但是，罗马法学家和普通法学家对立法和判例的态度却截然不同。
罗马法学家倾向于把民法典看作为一部包罗万象的文书。他们愿意对其进行大量的解释，使为了让其达到调节整个司法的目的。该部法典适用于这种解释是因为它的条款通常被制定的相当笼统抽象。
相对而言，在普通法管辖区立法更倾向于被认为是判例法的一种例外。因而法院倾向于更严格的解释法律。结果，法院和立法者为了解决相当特殊的问题，就要倾向于用特殊条文来阐述法律规则。一般情况下，判例和立法不应该运用抽象条款或者阐述一般原则。
民法学生将研习“法律学说”而不是案例。“法律学说”是法学教授对法律是什么和应该是什么的文章的汇集。在民法中，“法律学说”被认为是法源的一种并享有很高的赞誉。你应该记得的是：是高等学府，而不是法院，将民法再次引入了欧洲大陆。因而后不意外的是法学专家在给法律下定义的时候仍扮演着重要的角色。普通法专家一般在他们自己管辖区内没有同等的地位，法官享有最高声望。
每个国家的法学教育不尽相同，但可以很直接的说，美国法学教育很新颖并且在很多方面是独一无二的。案例法或问答法对于美国是很独特的。你一定很清楚的是，在民法国家“判和例”不被予以考虑。在那些国家（正如英国的案例中）法律就是学士学位。法学教育比在美国更悠久。教育方式具有权威性——教授讲法律知识传授给他或者她的那些做笔记并且不干扰课堂的学生。
第二篇：研究生新阶英语阅读教程+(1-4)参考译文范文
研究生新阶英语阅读教程（unit 1-4）参考译文
unit one Text A 如何变‚末流‛为‚一流‛： 哈佛对捐赠大户的回报 初春的一个夜晚，暖意融融。一群公司执行官、律师、石油巨子、理财经纪人、身价不菲的咨询师以及巨额财产继承人，悄然走出查尔斯宾馆和哈佛饭店的套房。这些商界显要，男的个个头发花白，身着灰色西装──有的拄着手杖，有的则由于长期在哈佛运动队或网球队锻炼，一副运动员身材，充满活力、脸色红润；女的戴着丝巾，身穿苗条的黑色长裤，但其中几乎没有一张黑人和拉美人的面孔，他们穿过一道普通的门，走进安尼博格餐厅。此次聚会，校内没有通报，媒体也不得报道。
２平常简朴的新生餐厅今天用连翘花和郁金香装点一新，客人们品尝着鸡尾酒、葡萄酒和牛柳、蟹黄蛋糕、芦笋尖等开胃小菜，享受着时任哈佛校长劳伦斯〃撒莫斯的殷勤。有几位客人谈论着海斯特布丁俱乐部最近的那场演出，这个俱乐部是一个学生戏剧协会，每年春天都要上演一场音乐滑稽戏，由哈佛的男生男扮女装参加表演。
３ 过了一会儿，布臵在二楼阳台的哈佛乐队开始演奏‚万名哈佛人‛，客人们各自入席，烛光晚宴开始。酒足饭饱之后，客人们兴高采烈，对撒莫斯校长的餐后致词报以阵阵掌声。唯一例外的是，撒莫斯校长简要介绍学校计划扩大低收入家庭子女的招生，为年收入低于四万美元家庭的子女上哈佛提供免费教育，此时，校长似乎在等待在场贵宾们赞许的掌声，但竟然没有掌声。我分析，这种令人尴尬的沉默传递了一个信号，甚至可称为威胁：你要是扩大招收低收入家庭的子女而将我们这些人的孩子拒之门外，我们就会停止数以百万计的捐款。
４ 4月8日的这顿晚宴，拉开了哈佛大学学校资源委员会（COUR）2005年年会的序幕。该委员会或许是高等学校里一个最具财力的顾问团，但鲜为人知，媒体亦少有提及。实际上COUR不是一般意义上的委员会──它并不正式制定学校政策或发表正式意见──但撒莫斯同其他任何一任哈佛校长一样，离不开COUR的支持。该委员会成员均为哈佛最大的捐赠人，他们捐赠的资金构成哈佛2005财政255亿捐款的主要部分，使得哈佛成为美国高校中收到捐款最多的学校，比位居第二的耶鲁大学高出100亿美元。在过去15年中，COUR委员会成员增加了两倍，原因是哈佛启动了史无前例的26亿美元筹资计划，该计划从1994年至1999年，主要依靠能够出资数百万的捐赠大户。COUR主席小罗伯特〃斯通于1991年在该委员会第一期新闻专刊中告诫其成员说，‚作为COUR的成员，你将被要求在此项筹资计划中发挥主导作用。‛截至2004年，由哈佛筹资者精心挑选的424名COUR成员中，有10名为福布斯杂志中的美国400最大富翁，为首的前三名为微软首席执行官史蒂夫〃巴尔默（2005年净资产140亿美元）、石油大王罗伯特〃巴斯（30亿美元）以及银行家大卫〃洛克菲勒（25亿美元）。COUR成员大多为哈佛本科或研究生校友，但并不全是。比如巴斯，就是先上的耶鲁，它是哈佛的主要对手，后毕业于斯坦福大学商学院。尽管也有少数捐资者主要依靠其向校友和商会筹资的能力而进入COUR，但一般地说，成为该委员会成员，捐赠人须向哈佛捐资或者承诺捐资至少100万美元。由73名成员组成的COUR核心层，即执行委员会成员，一般须捐赠或筹资至少500万美元，有时甚至远高于此数。免费晚宴和新闻专刊并不是哈佛对COUR成员表示感激的唯一形式。学校经常会安排其顶尖名师在COUR年会上专题介绍纳米科学、老年科学等；同时学校经常会以捐赠者名字命名其体育场馆、研究中心、教授教席、奖学金以及助学金等。8 而最大的回报在于哈佛会大大降低录取标准，招收捐赠大户的子女入学。哈佛招收他们的子女，在选招中没有利益冲突原则，一味向这些富翁及有过硬社交关系的人士倾斜，所以他们的子女在入学时畅通无阻。尽管哈佛对于将部分招生名额标价出售的任何暗示表示愤怒，但我发现了大量实例，即某子女入学往往紧随其父母的大笔捐赠，或者是在父母大笔捐赠之前。这至少给人一报还一报的感觉。最引人注目的是，有政治背景而同哈佛无任何关系的一个新泽西州房地产大王在其大儿子获准录取前仅几个月，向哈佛捐赠了250万美元，而他的儿子并没有达到哈佛的录取标准。哈佛本科生录取率不到十分之一，SAT满分的考生中，有一半以上被拒之门外。十分之九新生的学业成绩在其高中班级中排名位于前10％。哈佛研究生院以及专科学院，录取标准大抵相当。比如，哈佛法学院的录取率只有11％。而捐赠大户的录取机会要大得多。我在查阅了名人录、哈佛校友录和其他资料以后发现，424名COUR成员中有218名成员（占一半以上）至少有一个孩子在哈佛上过学。许多捐资人有多名子女进入哈佛，这样，近年被哈佛录取的COUR成员子女总数至少达到336名，其中近300名就读本科，其余大都就读于哈佛法学院和商学院，为他们走上美国权力之廊打开了大门。
１１ 据我统计，COUR成员中，至少有80人膝下无子或者子女未到上大学的年龄，这样，其他约340名成员的适龄子女中，在哈佛上学的达到336人，捐资人和招收子女的比例几乎为1∶1，这一录取率令人吃惊。美国一对夫妇一般有一至两个孩子，女富翁的子女往往少于平均数量，而且许多COUR成员的子女根本就不报考哈佛，这样，按保守估算，哈佛大学招收最大捐资者子女的比例远远高于50％。
1２ 这些幸运儿轻松进入哈佛后，得到的不只是学业上的长进，同时，他们将拥有显赫的职业资格背景，结交名流朋友和未来佳偶，以巩固其家族在美国上流社会的地位。‚去年我的小女摩根同她的哈佛同班同学约翰〃斯塔福德喜结良缘，这可是我们第二次完成了‚帽子戏法啦。‛COUR成员、投资银行家拉尔夫〃海尔默德，也是大学资源委员会成员，在2002年举行的四十周年同学会上向自己当年的哈佛同学夸耀道，‚至此，我的三个女儿不仅从哈佛毕业了，而且都嫁给了哈佛男生。‛
１３ 毫无疑问，COUR委员会成员的子女中有些是十分优秀的考生，即使没有任何关系，也有可能被哈佛录取。但是，还有一些子女，特殊优惠的作用超出了他们低于哈佛录取标准的考分。这些幸运考生，个人资质平平，类似于许多依靠防止种族与性则歧视的政策而入学的少数民族及女性考生，他们经常陷于自我怀疑，不知道自己是否真的该获得在哈佛上学的资格。
１４ COUR委员会成员子女上哈佛，大多凭的是校友关系。对于这一群人，哈佛承认至少给予了一定的照顾。哈佛校友子女的录取率达三分之一，是其平均录取率的近四倍。因校友关系而入学的学生占到哈佛学生总数的13％。哈佛招生和资助办公室主任威廉〃费兹蒙斯曾在COUR会议上作客发言，他告诉我说，凡是校友子女的申请材料，他都要亲自审读，他说哈佛招收的校友子女SAT成绩同全校平均录取成绩相比只差一两分，在同等条件下，他会以校友关系来确定录取人选。当我请教他如何为这种并不源于成绩的做法辩护时，这位1967届哈佛毕业生说，校友们‚贡献了大量时间为母校招生、为母校学生捐资助学、参加当地哈佛俱乐部的各种活动，推动了母校的整体发展。‛他又补充道，‚校友们有对母校一种特别的忠诚和对生活的热情，对于母校营造一种特殊的气氛发挥了作用，……而且使母校更加美好。‛因而他说，‚校友子女报考我校，我们会非常关切地阅读申请材料，并在录取过程中给予相应的关照。‛
１5 除了忠诚和志愿服务等因素，哈佛对校友子女给予特殊青睐的最大原因还是资金。校友捐资增强了哈佛的经济实力，而毕业生向母校捐资的能力和意愿则影响着学校对其子女入学的优惠程度。本人调研发现，COUR委员会成员子女的录取率超过一半，这表明，校友捐赠大户子女的录取机会远远大于费兹蒙斯所说的同等择优关系标准。
Text B 引领学校教育走出20世纪
１ 对政府教育政策持异议的教育家中流传着这样一个黑色小笑话：瑞普〃凡〃温克尔沉睡一百年后一觉醒来，进入了21世纪，自然，他对所看到的景象一片茫然，不知其解：男男女女们一个个行色匆匆，对着塞在耳朵里的金属小玩意儿说话；年轻人坐在家里的沙发上，将微型运动员在电子屏幕上挪来挪去；老人们胸戴节拍器、身上安着金属或塑料制成的人造髋骨，同死神和残疾抗争……机场、医院、购物中心等等，每到一处，无不让他满脑子困惑。但温克尔老人最后来到一间教室时，却清楚地知道他到了什么地方，他说，‚这是学校，我们1906年时的学校就是这个样子，只是现在黑板改成绿色的了。‛
２ 美国的学校并非真正如此一成不变。但相对于生活中其他领域的变化节奏，我们的公立学校却令人感到是在倒退。现在的孩子们依然整天做着爷爷奶奶做过的事情：规规矩矩地坐成一排一排的、听着老师讲课，潦潦草草地手写笔记、读着在付印时就已过时的课本。一条宽宽的鸿沟（注意，是宽宽的）将学校生活同外面的世界隔绝开来。过去五年中，全国关于教育的讨论集中在阅读成绩、数学测试以及如何缩小不同社会阶层的‚成绩差距‛等方面。目前我们的教育目标设定过低。阅读能力和数学能力只是最起码的要求，同样科技能力完全需要，但远远不够。当今经济发展要求的不只是传统学术领域的高度能力，而且包括各种可称为21世纪的技能，例如：
进一步了解世界的技能；
打破常规、创新思维的技能；
善于掌握新的信息来源的技能； 发展良好的人际关系的技能。Google时代的真正知识 ‚记住南美所有河流的名称，‛这是学校给德波拉〃斯蒂派克的女儿玛丽蒂什布臵的作业。身为斯坦福大学教育学院院长的斯蒂派克对此颇不以为然。‚这种作业有点傻。‛ 她对女儿说，‚告诉你们的老师，如果要了解亚马逊河以外的河流，你满可以到Google上去搜。‛其他任何传统的作业，如记住南北战争中的各大战役、记住元素周期表等，现在看来，都显得有些荒谬。此类信息，如果不经常使用，很难记住；而要用时，键盘一按，即时可得。然而，人们不会提议美国儿童毋须学习有关南北战争的原因或者毋须理解元素周期表如何反应元素的原子结构和性质。教育批评家赫时在其《知识的缺失》一书中指出，孩子们要理解小学水平以上的阅读材料，需要足够的信息储备。不掌握关于数学、科学和历史等基本材料，就无法掌握复杂的概念。许多分析家认为，要在以上核心知识和教育家们所谓的‚可传递技能‛（如批评性思维、在各种观点之间建立联系、学会持续学习等等）两者之间寻求合适的平衡，美国的课程设臵应该向新加坡、比利时和瑞典等国家学习。这些国家的儿童在数学和科学测试中的表现优于美国学生，他们的课堂教学侧重于深入地、循序渐进地讲解重要概念，而不像美国的课堂，往往只是罗列一串记不住的细节。教材和测试同样有助于采用这一方法。斯坦福大学创新型学习中心主任罗伊〃琵指出，‚德国、新加坡等许多国家的教材极其短小精悍，侧重阐述那些最有辐射力和创造力的观点。‛这些观点包括数学中的关键定理、科学中的热力学原理或者经济学中的供求关系。与此相反，美国的教材篇幅臃肿，为了应付一大堆面面俱到的教育标准，往往快速通过一长串标题和小标题，使人头脑昏昏，不得其解。侧重知识深度而非广度以及跨学科能力的培养恰恰是亨利〃福特学院（密歇根州迪尔伯恩市的一所公立学校）教师们追求的目标。去年秋天，在查尔斯〃德石米尔的科学课上，十年级学生开展了一项活动，综合运用地球科学、化学、商业和设计学的一些概念。学生们首先通过阅读一组材料，了解耐克公司如何开发一种对环境更友好的运动鞋，然后选择一种消费品，分析并解释其对环境的影响，最后提出一个方案，重新设计产品，在不牺牲商业魅力的前提下降低产品的污染成本。查尔斯〃德石米尔说，‚这样的活动，无论对学生还是我自己都是一个挑战。‛
新型信息认知能力 全球教育大学预科学校在小电视屏幕上播放的一部名为Loose Change 有关9/11内容的纪录片，深深地吸引了比尔〃斯托德所教授的高中三年级学生。片中运用9/11的现场录像，并采访了建筑工程师和世贸中心恐怖袭击中的幸存者，以求表达一个尽管略带偏执、却依然具有说服力的观点，即在那个灾难性的日子里，是内部爆炸使世贸中心大厦轰然倒塌，而同飞机撞击无关。影片结束后，同学们（不同种族的纽约人各有自己对9/11的记忆）投入了一场有关真理不可捉摸性的讨论。罗亚〃哈里斯发现，电视纪录片比官方关于事件真相的报道更具说服力。而玛利莎〃瑞克尔则反对这一结论，‚你能用一个短片改变自己的想法吗？‛她质疑道。‚仅凭人们听到的爆炸声并不能说明真正发生了爆炸，你可以说你感觉房间在旋转，但其实它没有转。‛这种关于我们了解什么以及如何了解的讨论是知识理论课的典型做法，也是国际大学预科会考文凭的一个必要条件。斯托德在黑板上向学生提了这样一个问题：‚如果真相难以在历史中证实，是否表明所有说法都一样可以接受呢？‛ 在整整一年时间里，该班学生将查阅报纸、网站、宣传品、历史书籍、博客、乃至流行歌曲，目的在于教孩子成为有辨别力的信息接受者，并学会研究、阐述和捍卫自己的观点，斯托德如是说。斯托德四年前建立了这所公立学校，并亲任校长。类似这种培养信息认知能力的关键内容的课程在公立教育体制中尚不多见，但越来越多的大学和用人单位指出，随着世界上越来越多地充斥着良莠并杂的各种信息，这种课程十分必要。为了回应高校需求，教育测试服务中心去年发布了一项基于计算机的新型测试，旨在考量应试者对信息和通讯技术的掌握程度，对参加该测试的6,200名高中三年级学生和大一新生的研究表明，只有一半学生能够准确判断网站的客观性。该测试开发团队负责人特里〃伊根指出，‚孩子们往往到Google去搜索一些资料，经过剪切和粘贴，就拼凑成一个研究报告。‛伊根说，‚我们原来多少以为这一代孩子技术十分娴熟，知道如何利用技术进行研究和深入思考，但实际并非如此，如果不教他们这些技能，他们不一定能够掌握它们。‛
接近真实世界教师们无需担心自己会被历史淘汰。但他们会感到压力越来越大，需要努力使自己的教学方法──以及课程设臵──符合现代社会运行的方式。这意味着，应进一步强调教育孩子学会团队协作、组成小组解决问题，并且将所学到的东西运用于真实世界。此外，研究还表明，同传统的粉笔讲课式教学相比，这种教学方法能使孩子学得更好。在密歇根州郊区的法明顿高级中学里，设有工程技术部，运作方式效仿工程公司。教师充当项目经理，福特汽车公司的一位工程师担任顾问，同学们结成团队工作。微积分、物理、化学和工程学的各种原理通过各种活动教给学生。活动过程中，敲钉子声、拉锯声、机器的哒哒声汇成一片，充满了整个门厅。结果是，孩子们学会了将各种科学原理应用到现实世界、学会了思考方法和解决问题的方法。这样的教学还使孩子们学会尊重他人、遵守时间、认真负责和良好协作。而21世纪技能联盟对400多名人力资源管理专业人员所作的一项调查表明，在最近聘用的高中毕业生中，这些技能十分贫乏。迈阿密-戴德教育督导鲁道夫〃克鲁指出:‚孩子们毕业时连如何握手都不知道。‛他说，孩子的举止风度过去在成绩报告单上是有体现的。一些有超前眼光的学校正在恢复这一做法，这恰恰是睡眼惺忪的老瑞普依然认识的21世纪教育的一部分。Text C 知识分子：自以为是的家伙
英国人往往以不喜欢知识分子为乐事。在英国人看来，‚知识分子‛有点太格格不入、自命不凡；实际上，有点太像法国人。
我在法国时恰逢《法国知识分子词典》出版，这个大部头著作载录了从A（Raymond Abellio）到Z（Emile Zola）的所有伟大的法兰西思想家。权威的左翼思想家思吉斯〃德布勒估计，此时此刻和以后的任何时代，法国拥有至少120,000知识分子，包括他自己。这部辞典厚达1,300页。
‚他不是知识分子，‛这对于法国人来说是一种侮辱，而在英国，这却更可能是一种褒扬，因为我们英国人更倾向于认为我们实际上根本没有知识分子、或者说不曾有过、或者说过去某个更有文化的传奇时代曾经有过，但不曾再有。在我国，知识分子究竟意味什么，困惑重重，而W.H.Auden的描述最能反映大众的一般态度：
寻常百姓观世事，目光敏锐悟真谛； 可是我要告诉你，‚知识分子‛有寓意： 女不忠夫男叛妻。
有才气的英国人尤其以奚落知识分子为乐。金斯勒〃埃米斯认为，知识分子很可能是‚可怕的女人，会跟你大谈以斯拉〃庞德、胸部扁平、也许还不太洗澡。‛乔治〃奥韦尔，上一世纪英国最伟大的知识分子，曾经指出，‚英国人不喜欢严肃思考，他们害怕抽象思维，他们感觉不到对哲学或系统‘世界观’的需要。‛
更有甚者，他尖刻地将萨特贬低为‚风袋儿（空谈家）‛。英国的伟大思想家们英雄所见略同：知识分子往往就像不讲卫生、婚姻不忠、胸部扁平的法国空谈家。
但是英国这种糟蹋知识分子的风气同法国人装腔作势、以知识分子自居的风气同样浅薄。知识分子历史研究专家、剑桥大学教授斯蒂芬〃柯里尼在其精彩新著《思想的贫乏：英国知识分子》一书中，抨击了英国人那种虚无的自我形象：自以为自己讲求实际、不尚空谈，同时对法国式的夸夸其谈、卖弄哲理不以为然。
尽管‚英国知识分子‛的概念似乎依然充满矛盾，但是，同过去相比，当今知识分子的心态也许比以往任何时候都更为健康。现代英国知识分子既没有法国知识分子那种阴郁而自恋的虚荣，也没有美国公众舆论中那种意识形态上的派别之争。美国最著名的两位公众知识分子──安德鲁〃沙利文和克里斯多佛〃希金斯──均为英国人，并非偶然。
尽管英国知识分子被斥为‚胡侃一族‛，他们所谈论的东西同过去相比，传播更为广泛，人们对这些东西的态度亦更为严肃。同其他多数国家不同，英国报纸的评论栏目往往能够引发真知灼见。据称，《展望》、《伦敦书评》、《泰晤士报文学增刊》等公然声称为知识分子出版物，不但得以生存，而且欣欣向荣。人们依然坚信观念具有改变世界的力量。正如柯里尼所言，‚无论那个特定词语是否继续用来指称这一群体，‛知识分子在观察和改变社会过程中的作用仍将举足轻重。
大众文化吞噬了英国知识分子阶层的生活，这种感慨不绝于耳，不过有人争辩说英国已十分成功地将知识分子的生活同明星世界融于一体，澳大利亚籍学者、作家杰曼〃格理在英国独立电视台的《我是名人……救救我吧》栏目中露面，即是最好的证明。
生性怪癖、作品引发诸多争议的作家萨尔曼〃拉什迪成为了报纸漫谈专栏的黄金素材。但是，由一个观点鲜明且常常出格的阶层向老百姓传播智慧的观念从未在英国扎根，这块知识分子赖以生活的土壤已经被怀疑主义、经验主义和对不切实际（也即是法国式）的意识形态的质疑弄得非常贫瘠了。
英法两国的这些观念差异反映在一位法国外交官对其英国同行所说的话中（但此话无从考证）：‚这在实践中固然可行，但在理论上成立吗？‛英国知识分子谁都不愿意把自己说成知识分子，这也许就是为什么《展望》杂志收录100位英国大知识分子的举动在文人中间（无论男女）掀起一场轩然大波：那些列入其中的，不知是荣是辱；而未列入其中的，更是如此。
假如奥韦尔仍然健在，他肯定会坚持将自己的名字从类似收录中删去，鉴于奥韦尔是一位坚定反知识分子的思想家，他的这种态度也许正说明了何为英国知识分子。作为一位真正的大学问家，奥韦尔无论对艺术还是政治都充满激情、直言不讳，同时对于知识分子的言不由衷、词不达意和装腔作势义愤填膺，他了解知识分子一词所蕴含的自得情结，因而对此不屑一顾，对于萨特晦涩费解而自以为是的论述，他忍不住给予非常典型的英国式回应，用他自己的话说就是，要‚狠狠地踢他一脚‛。也正因为如此，永远不可能出现《英国知识分子词典》。
unit 2 Text A 拉美人的美国 在迈阿密城的西北第八街——西班牙语称为卡尔〃奥奇渥——闲逛，就像是穿越另一个国家旅行。但是上个星期，卡尔〃奥奇渥街上的情景和嘈杂声既非常有异国情调，又不可否认地充满了美国味。一群愤怒的古巴流亡者在这条街上示威游行，谴责美国海岸警卫队前一天在本地海滩附近动用武力来围捕6名古巴难民。在一旁观看的有很多拉美人：福音教派书店里衣着整洁的洪都拉斯店员、阿根廷牛排餐厅里衣冠楚楚的商人、吃着萨尔瓦多玉米馅饼满身是汗的建筑工人。多来咪音像店对此十分冷漠，播放着震耳欲聋的默朗格舞曲。而正在马克西谟〃哥美公园玩多米诺骨牌的古巴老人则站在那里和示威者们一起高呼：‚自由！自由！‛ 2 在美国，没有比迈阿密更国际化的地方了；甚至管理该城市的拉美裔人也开玩笑道：他们喜欢它，因为‚它和美国太相象了‛。但是迈阿密就象纽约和洛杉矶一样是个席卷美国的人口大变动的爆炸点。就像20世纪初到来的欧洲移民一样，拉丁裔的移民浪潮──和快速增长的拉美家庭──已经给这个国家的许多城市注入了一股新的活力。拉美人正在改变这个国家的面貌、感觉、思想、饮食、舞蹈和选举的方式。从拥挤不堪的移民圣地到美国的小镇，他们挤满教堂、充斥建筑行业，颂扬他们的拉美传统。在一个由《新闻周刊》对拉美裔美国人进行的特别民意测验中，83％的人说保持拉美文化对他们的身份很重要。他们中绝大多数人都信奉天主教，42％的人一星期到教堂去一次。他们已成了一股潜力很大、日益变得不可估量的政治力量。有37％的18至34岁的拉美裔美国人说自己是独立派人士，其人数是老拉美裔人的两倍。在美国这样一个不断重新给自己定义的国家里，拉美裔美国人的崛起也造成了种族、身份及文化──还有美国是否真正会是一个国家的问题。下列数字再清楚不过地说明了上述问题。因为有大批（大多数合法）移民和高出生率作后盾，自1990年起拉美裔人已增加了38％──达到了3,100万──而美国全国人口只增长了9％。由于拉美裔美国人中三分之一以上还不满18岁，因而他们的生育高峰才刚刚开始。到2005年，预计拉美裔美国人将成为这个国家最大的少数民族，首次超过非拉美裔的黑人。到2050年，近四分之一的人口将是拉美裔美国人。‚美国黑人的民权运动口号是‘我们必胜’‛，创办双语杂志《拉丁人》的编辑，30岁的克里斯蒂〃豪伯格说，‚我们的口号将是‘我们完胜’。‛ 他们也许完全有力量来支持这句口号──特别是在政治方面。虽然在1998年的中期选举时，他们在投票的选民中只占6％，但是墨西哥裔美国人聚居在11个关键州，这些州占选举总统所需的270张选票中的217张，而且共和、民主两党没有一个能控制住这股新生力量。新美国基金会的格雷戈尔〃罗德里格斯说：‚拉美裔美国人是2000年的足球妈咪。‛上星期艾尔〃戈尔和乔治〃W〃布什两人都把佛罗里达和加利福尼亚作为竞选的停留站，并热情地用西班牙语向选民们问好，这件事会令人感到惊奇吗? 6 拉美裔美国人激增的推动力是一批有时叫做N一代的成员（请看下面报道），这些年轻讲西班牙语的美国人──拉美裔的X一代──不仅仅是因为他们人数众多而极具影响力。他们越来越引人注目，并使所有拉丁的东西一下子就变得很时髦。35岁的古巴裔美国人胡斯〃坎斯柯和在多米尼加出生的30岁的萨米〃索萨在重大的美国棒球本垒打比赛中胜出。27岁的瑞奇〃马丁和28岁的詹尼弗〃洛佩兹高居流行音乐排行榜榜首。35岁的演员本杰明〃布拉特和30岁的索尔马〃海克使整个国家的脉搏加速了跳动。美国的其他地方准备好了吗?从东海岸到西海岸的所有时髦的英裔美国人都在跳萨尔萨舞、学西班牙语、涉猎新奇的拉美烹饪手艺。还有好像每个五年级的小学生都知道《不怎么有活力的新居室》的歌词。但是许多拉美裔美国人怀疑美国是否会轻易抛弃把他们描绘成不法分子、团伙犯罪分子或艺人的成见。密歇根大学一个21岁的四年级学生曼纽尔〃马加纳说：‚不要想通过瑞奇〃马丁来理解拉美裔美国人。这就像试图通过听‘后街男孩’来理解美 国人一样。‛ 8 拉美裔美国人不可能被划分得一清二楚。他们来自22个国家，包括每一种可能存在的混血儿。很多是白人，有些是黑人，但大多数处于黑人白人之间的某个位臵。有些拉美人家庭自从美国南部大部分还属于墨西哥的时候起就住在美国，已在美国住了好几个世纪。其他人就像上个星期泅渡到美国海岸的6个古巴难民。（海岸警卫队第二天就把他们释放了。）很多拉美人正在融入城市一些脏乱差的地方；40％的拉美裔美国人的孩子生活在贫困之中，是有史以来的最高比例。但是也有几百万讲西班牙语的美国人正走向中产阶级，他们说英语、与异族通婚并且花很多钱──大手大脚地花钱。拉美裔美国人每年都要往美国经济里投入3,000亿美元。并非每个人都热心地拥抱拉美裔美国人。20世纪90年代中期，当加利福尼亚投票通过限制移民权利的提案及华盛顿紧缩联邦移民政策时，拉美裔美国人就将其视为战斗的号令。最好的防御武器就是公民权和投票。1994-1998年间，在全国总的选民投票率下降了13％的情况下，参加全国中期选举投票的拉美裔美国人却提高了27％。2000年总统选举可能会让我们看到更剧烈的增长，拉美裔美国人领袖打算届时再登记300万选民。拉美裔美国人长期以来一直倾向于民主党（克林顿获得了72％的选票），但是如今他们的选票却很诱人，这正是因为他们的选票任何人都可以争夺──而且N一代也打算保持这种状况。戈尔在所有进行过民意测验的拉美裔美国人中以很小优势领先于布什——29％对28％，但是支持布什的N一代的选民却领先9个百分点。没有任何人比内华达州的民主党参议员哈里〃里德更了解拉美人可以怎样左右一场选举了。在1998年里德参加的一场势均力敌的竞选中，他的朋友──拳击赛推广人鲍勃〃阿伦说服了奥斯卡〃德〃拉〃荷亚参加助选。这位富有魅力的拳击手举办了两次筹款和一次公开的群众集会，并在西班牙语媒体上作了几次广告。里德说：‚他使我坐在了参议院。‛不相信他的话？这位参议员仅以多出428张选票赢得了这场竞选。人们讨好拉美裔美国人，吹捧他们是热销的商品，不管是作为选民、消费者、雇员还是艺人都是这样。但是他们的志向和他们对美国社会的重要性远比仅被社会接受深远得多。他们不是正在跨越障碍进入美国主流社会，而是已经进入了美国主流社会，而且影响力与日俱增，所以其他美国人也得学会适应这种情况。‚有巨大意义的事情正在发生，‛30岁的小说家伊万斯特〃马业〃默里说。‚这一代拉美裔美国人将改变美国审视自己的方法。‛在这个千年中的最后一个独立日，一个新的国家正在诞生。
Text B 开路先锋：罗莎〃帕克丝 我们都知道这个故事。一个12月的傍晚，一位妇女下了班，上了一辆公交车准备回家。她很疲乏，双脚疼痛。但这是在1955年的亚拉巴马州的蒙哥马利，当汽车上的人多起来时，有人命令这位黑人妇女给一位白人乘客让座，而她却坐在座位上不动。就是这样一个简单的决定最终导致了南方种族隔离制度的解体，开创了人权运动的新纪元。2 帕克丝拒绝让座时是42岁，她坚持说自己的双脚当时并不痛。根据她自己的证词，她比平常累不了多少。她事先并没有计划这次意义重大的行动，她说：‚我上这辆公交车不是想让人把我抓起来，我是想回家。‛ 蒙哥马利的种族隔离法非常复杂：黑人得把车费付给司机，然后下车再从后门上车。有时还没等已付了车费的乘客赶到后门，车就开走了。如果白人区满了，这时又上来一个白人乘客，黑人就得让位，再往后挪；黑人甚至不得隔着过道与白人对坐。由于在蒙哥马利乘坐公交车的人中三分之二是黑人，这就使得这些对黑人的羞辱更为严重。帕克丝并不是首位因触犯这项法律而被拘留的人。8个月前，15岁的克劳迪特〃考尔文因不让座而被捕。一些黑人积极分子会见了她，看她是否能在一起试验案件中担当起当事人这个角色——作为当地全国有色人种协进会（N.A.A.C.P.）的秘书，帕克丝参加了会见——但是，他们决定有必要寻找一个更加‚正派的‛人选去承受法庭的审查和新闻界的监督。接着10月份，一位名叫玛丽〃路易斯〃史密斯的年轻妇女被捕。N.A.A.C.P.的领导者们同样打消了让她在试验案件中作当事人的念头，他们还在寻找更有能力经受媒体监督的人选。史密斯付了罚款就被释放了。6个星期后，时机成熟了。这一事件经过多次加工，讲起来有声有色。大体情况是： 1955年12月1日，为蒙哥马利商品展销会百货商店当女裁缝的罗莎〃帕克丝夫人上了克利夫兰大道的公交车。她在第5排──‚黑人区‛第l排的座位上坐了下来。司机还是那个12年前因她拒绝下车再从后门上去而将她赶下车的司机，（‚他还是那副刻薄样‛，她说）是因为这件事她才变得那么执拗吗?或者是她在N.A.A.C.P.的工作使她的感觉敏锐了起来，所以她知道该怎么做?或者更确切地说，她知道该不做什么：不要表示不满，不要反抗，不要叫喊，不要交罚款? 5 听到罗莎被捕的消息后，当地的民权领袖E.D.尼克松惊呼：‚我的上帝呀，瞧种族隔离把什么送到了我手中！‛帕克丝不仅在道德方面无可指摘（她的婚姻稳固，有正当的工作），而且她个性沉静刚强，政治觉悟高──总之，在这样一个试验案件中，由她出任原告是最合适不过的了。她是在星期四被捕的；白人律师克里弗德〃杜尔为她支付了保释金，这位律师的太太曾雇用帕克丝当她的缝纫。那天晚上，与母亲和丈夫商谈后，帕克丝同意对蒙哥马利种族隔离法是否符合美国宪法提出挑战。在妇女政治联合会于午夜召开的会议过程中，35，000份传单油印了出来，以便第二天早上分发到所有的黑人学校，传单上的信息很简单： 7 ‚我们……为了抗议逮捕和审讯……请求每个黑人星期一不要乘公交车。你们一天不上课是可以做到的。如果你得上班，就请乘出租车或步行。但请大家，不论是孩子还是大人，在星期一这一天不要乘公交车。请大家星期一不要乘公交车。‛ 星期一到了，虽然天阴有雨，但蒙哥马利的黑人民众却不乘公交车。他们要么步行，要么乘黑人开的出租车，这些车在每个公交车站停靠，每个乘客只收10美分——标准公交车票价。同时，这一天也是帕克丝预定出庭的日子。她身着白领和白色袖边的黑色长袖套裙，一件灰色外套，头戴一顶带饰边的黑丝绒帽，手上戴着雪白的手套，一副端庄的模样。当她从聚集在法院门口的人群中走过时，人群中一个女孩子看见了她，大声叫到，‚噢，她多可爱呀!这一次他们可是找错了人!‛ 是的，的确是这样。审讯持续了330分钟，判决结果和惩罚不出人们所料。那天下午，蒙哥马利改进协会成立了。为了不惹恼当地的积极分子，会员们选举了一个相对而言到蒙哥马利时间不长的人担任他们的会长，就是德克斯特大街浸礼会教堂的年轻牧师马丁〃路德〃金。那天晚上，在给聚集在霍尔特街浸礼会教堂的人群演讲时，金牧师用他那洪亮如铜钟，随即震撼全世界千万人民的声音宣布：‚人们厌倦的时刻到来了。‛他的演讲结束时，帕克丝站起身来让听众能看见她。她一言未发；因为没有这个必要。她的沉默告诉大家：我就在这里，在你们中间。自那时起她就一直和我们在一起──一个在野蛮的当权者面前为维护人类尊严而不屈不挠的象征。那张国际联合通讯社拍摄的著名照片（其实是在一年多以后1956年12月21日拍摄的，那天蒙哥马利的公共交通系统依法取消了隔离制度）是镇定有力的真实写照。她望着车窗外面，双手放在彩色方格裙的皱折里，而一个白人男子则平静地坐在她后面的座位上。那清晰的侧面像，整洁的衣着和眼镜，还有那件实用的外衣──她可能会是我的母亲，一个能让任何一个人喜爱的婶婶。历史常常被描绘成一场大歌剧中的一串咏叹调，其中尽是由男中音和男高音组成的阴谋和英雄史诗。然而，一些最混乱嘈杂的事件却是由意外引发的──刺杀一个微不足道的大公引起了第一次世界大战，芝加哥大火可能是由一只踢翻的灯笼引燃的。人们禁不住会问，假如在抵制行动开始的第一个晚上机会没有自动送上门来——假如罗莎〃帕克丝从一开始就选择了一个靠后一些的座位，或者说假如她干脆就没乘上这趟车，那么马丁〃路德〃金在人权运动中又会扮演什么样的角色呢? 12 在这个千年（也是一个特别喧嚣不安的世纪末），支撑着我们的是罗莎〃帕克丝那端庄朴实的榜样。她所鼓舞的正是对个人力量的信念，这是美国梦的基石，同时也给我们带来了希望，那就是当关键时刻到来时我们每个人──甚至是最微不足道的都能够像罗莎〃帕克丝那样勇敢，那样平静，充满人情味。
Text C 非新教徒和非西欧人的同化过程
正如在许多文化中的情形一样，一个少数民族群体与占支配地位的大多数人的特征所存在的差别程度决定了该群体被接受的程度。尽管象早期拓荒者那样的移民被接受了，但那些具有重大特征差别的移民往往被看成是对美国传统价值观以及生活方式的一种威胁。这一点尤其对于那些19世纪末和20世纪初来到美国的上百万移民来说是千真万确的。他们中的大多数人来自南欧和东欧那些极度贫困的国家，他们讲的语言不是英语，而且他们中的很多人是天主教徒或犹太人。
当时的美国人对这种新的移民潮感到非常恐惧。他们担心这些移民如此习惯过贫困和依赖别人的生活以至不能理解自由、自立以及竞争这些传统的美国价值观。新移民如此之多以至于他们甚至可能以不受欢迎的方式来改变这个国家的基本价值观。
美国人试图通过向新移民讲授英语和公民课程来传授基本的美国信仰，以对付他们认为对他们的价值观构成的威胁。然而，移民们经常会感到他们的美国教师不赞成他们国家的传统。此外，学习美国的价值观对满足他们最急需的要求（如就业、食物和住房）几乎没有任何帮助。
对这些新移民有很大帮助的是美国东北部较大城市的政治‚老板‛政治机构中的首脑们，那些城市是大多数移民们首先到达的地方。这些老板注意解决移民们的许多实际需要，并且愿意更多地接受不同移出国的传统。作为交换条件，政治首脑们希望移民们在选举中投票支持他们，使他们继续执政。
有许多美国人强烈反对这些政治首脑。部分原因是由于这些首脑经常贪污腐化，也就是说，他们常常从他们管辖的市政府中盗窃钱款并从事其他非法活动。然而，更重要的令美国人不满意的也许是这样一个事实：这些首脑们似乎正在毁掉美国人的诸如自立和竞争这样的基本美国价值观。
看起来，似乎这些首脑正在教育移民们依靠他们而不是依靠自己。此外，这些首脑正在向移民们‚买‛选票，使他们能在许多较大的城市里独霸政权。这种做法破坏了行政公职的竞争，而美国人把行政公职的竞争视为政治事务中一个重要的传统，正如竞争在美国生活的其他方面一样重要。
尽管存在这些批评意见，但许多学者认为这些政治首脑在19世纪末和20世纪初履行了重要的职责。他们通过给移民们找工作和找房子来换取其对己方政治上的支持，然而他们有助于使大量新移民融入更大的美国主流文化之中。后来，这些首脑还帮助这些新移民们的子女就业，而这第二代人通常有着从小讲英语的优势。
美国在世纪之交经济快速发展的事实，使新移民有可能改善在美国的生活，而这往往也得益于政治首脑的帮助。作为这些新机遇和新回报的结果，移民们逐渐开始接受美国主流文化中的大部分价值观，反过来，他们也被绝大多数美国人所接受。因此，真实情况是，对于白人种族群体而言，他们感到自己是主流文化即更大的美国文化的一部分，这种感觉通常要比属于他们各自的种族群体——爱尔兰、意大利、波兰等许多群体中的感觉强烈得多。
unit 3 Text A 年轻的幸存者 对大多数人来说，8月27日不过是个平常日子，缩在夏日无忧无虑的倦怠与日益临近的秋日寒意之间，横跨日历将时间分隔为苦乐参半的两部分。而对于凯伦〃戴尔来说，8月27日远远不止这些。1994年的8月27日见证了她从一个典型的青少年到癌症患者的艰难转变。正是在那天，医生从她左臀上方切除了他们原来认为的良性囊肿。于是15岁的凯伦意识到她的生活永远改变了。‚可笑的是，‛凯伦说，‚我那时最大的忧虑是怕失去我的头发，与别人看起来不一样。我从没想过死亡，甚至连可能死也没有想到过。‛ 这可能听上去有些天真，但是戴尔是对的。和其他大约300，000美国年轻人一样，戴尔受益于几十年来对年轻癌症患者的治疗研究，属于第一批儿童时期患癌症而幸存下来的人。现在，戴尔28岁，与之前的许多年轻癌症患者不同，她是南佛罗里达大学的一名研究生，有一切希望实现大多数人认为理所当然的人生例行大事：毕业、工作、结婚。所有这些年轻人成就的不仅仅是幸存下来。他们的病史将成为医生内容丰富的教科书，并告诉未来的患者如何应对癌症——不仅是这种疾病早期的危险，还包括手术后期的并发症，以及挽救了这些年轻生命的化疗和放疗。‚我们知道长期存活的癌症患者会越来越多‛，田纳西州孟菲斯市圣裘德儿童研究医院的梅利莎〃哈得孙博士说，‚我们需要监控他们成长的过程，以便了解如何最好地帮助他们保持身体健康。‛ 这是一个值得面对的挑战。直到最近，医生才开始关注他们处方中给年轻癌症患者的烈性药可能引起的长期并发症。以前医生根本不需要关注这些，因为即便是在最好的情况下，也只有半数的儿童癌症患者能够成长为青少年。但是现在不同了，美国每1,000名年轻人中就有一名是儿童时期患癌症的幸存者。自从20世纪70年代以来，一个被诊断出患有白血病或淋巴癌（最常见的儿童时期癌症）的儿童存活5年的几率稳步增长，从原来的25%上升至现在的80%，超出了大多数成年癌症患者的治愈率。令人惊奇的是，治疗成功很大程度上并不源于新抗癌药物的开发。直至2003年美国法律仍没有授权‚食品和药物管理局‛允许制药公司利用儿童实验新药，部分原因是担心实验会危害年轻人的权利和健康。即便是现在，抗癌药物也总是先在成人身上被批准使用，而让儿童勉强使用更老的药物。所以儿童癌症患者的更好疗效大部分源于理智地利用现有的化疗药物进行创造性重组，发挥远远比个别药物效果更佳的强大药物组合威力。6 幸运的是，对于这些年轻的患者来说，这样的策略被证明是非常有效的。比如，仅仅提高某些药物的剂量就有利于孩子们战胜一些快速增长的癌症。年轻人的心脏、肺、肾脏似乎有相当大的复原力，并且比成人更能耐受更高剂量有毒药物的攻击。针对严重的恶心、呕吐、贫血和感染这些化疗和放疗的副作用和后果的改良型药物帮助孩子们更好地接受强化治疗。然而，像任何受过外伤或休克的病人一样，这些年轻人也从来没有完全摆脱早期疾病在精神和医学上的遗留问题。他们知道自己的胜利是有代价的，科学也不会让他们遗忘这一点。随着对儿童时期患癌症幸存者的研究的每一新进展，治疗遗留问题对健康的威胁的证据——心脏病、衍生癌症、认知缺陷——也在持续增加。‚有时候我感觉自己就是颗走动的定时炸弹，‛ 戴尔说。因此，医生也正在扩展研究重点，不仅关注今天正在接受他们治疗的孩子们的健康，还要考虑到明天可能需要治疗的成年人的健康。目前对于儿童时期患癌症幸存者的最广泛研究是由美国国立肿瘤研究所1994年开始仍在继续的调查。该调查已发现这些儿童时期患癌症的幸存者与他们没有患癌症的兄弟姐妹相比，患慢性病的几率为三倍左右。最普遍的问题来自心脏。患动脉硬化、心脏病发作和中风的高几率主要源于早期化疗药剂，特别是像阿霉素这样的蒽环霉素。虽然它们对肿瘤有奇效，但是这些药剂可以削弱心肌，使血管变硬，比正常人大大提早一个人动脉硬化的年龄。但是，严重的心脏病可以通过适当的筛选清查和后续的良好照顾加以避免，许多在癌症治疗多年后出现的健康问题也是如此。比如，过去几十年里，患何杰金氏病的女孩子都经常接受胸部放射性治疗，这大大提高了她们成年后患乳腺癌的机率。现在通常建议的做法是对她们在25岁而不是40岁排查，这可以更早地发现疾病，希望医生能有机会在病变生长或扩散前就做小手术切除它。（放射性治疗现在很少在儿童身上使用。）同样，为了避免在化疗结束后犯心脏病，医生在开降胆固醇的药或降压药时可以更放得开手脚。接受内科医师或全科医师的体检对于保持警惕尤为重要。但美国国立肿瘤研究所的最新研究数据表明，尽管治疗医生一再忠告，但是，只有20%的儿童时期患病幸存者采用了这条简单的预防措施。这也就是为什么这些治疗癌症的医生们不断积极寻找幸存者的原因，因为他们中许多人正值30到40多岁的年龄，而这一时期许多慢性疾病都开始发作。‚我们需要停止对发生在这些患者身上的现象进行的分类，而开始引入一些可以击退癌症或阻止癌症治疗对健康产生长期影响的治疗方法。‛休斯顿M.D.安德森癌症中心儿科教授尤金〃克雷勒曼医生说。目前，研究人员对于年轻患者在接受癌症治疗后十年内的前景是非常清楚的。‚但是我们无法确定随着他们年龄的增长，20年甚至30年后会发生什么。‛ 纽约斯隆-凯特灵癌症研究中心的查理斯〃斯科拉医生说。为了填补这一空白，哈得孙和圣裘德医院的流行病学家勒斯〃罗宾逊正在着手开展迄今为止最为庞大的一个追踪调查项目。他们计划联系5,000名已经成功度过10周年的癌症患者，邀请他们回到研究中心进行免费的终生体检。这个项目和医院一样，主要由私人募捐支持。最初的650名志愿者预计从本月开始圣裘德生命计划。所有志愿者都将接受血液检查，以便评估他们的肾、肝、甲状腺和免疫功能；进行核磁共振成像扫描以寻找异常生长物；并且根据他们接受的不同治疗，进行生殖和其他专家的会诊。大力推行癌症治疗后更彻底的后续筛查已经在帮助那些对自身健康状况不明的癌症幸存者们。‚在我的脑海中，自己一直在等待发生那些你刚才读的问题——心脏病、衍生癌症等等‛，戴尔说。但是就在最近，斯隆-凯特灵癌症研究中心的一次评估表明，戴尔担心的那些并发症至今仍未出现。戴尔说：‚这真是个极大的安慰‛。所以今年8月27日她打算庆祝再次度过不仅免受癌症困扰、并且身体健康的一年。三年前庆祝幸存十年的时候，戴尔做了特技跳伞。她说：‚我真的感到兴奋，我真正在活着，不用浪费时间担心或怀疑自己的健康。‛通过帮助科学家了解她患癌与抗癌的经历，戴尔可能会激励更多的幸存者今后和她一样行动。
Text B 没有什么预防心脏病或癌症的奇效饮食 1 最近发表的三项对近50，000名健康的绝经后女性的研究表明，从中年开始低脂肪饮食的做法本身并不能减轻女性患心脏病或中风的几率，也不能明显降低乳腺癌和结肠癌的风险。但是还别忙着准备好冰淇淋美餐一顿。调查人员强调，您一旦深入了解研究的基本内容，就会知道研究结果仍然证明一个普遍观点，即您需要注意脂肪的摄入量——尤其是脂肪的种类。不过，由‚美国国家心肺及血液研究中心‛赞助的这些研究发表在美国医学会的学报上，其结果不容忽视，或轻而易举地不予考虑。这毕竟是目前为止对于低脂肪饮食——即从脂肪中产生的卡路里含量等于或少于总量20%的饮食——一次规模最大的、最严格按照科学方法进行的试验。研究者将参加实验的受试人员随机分成两组，尽量让其中一组减少脂肪摄入量，并在以后的几年中进行结果对比。通过重点组活动和与营养学家的交流，所谓的介入组获得了大量的帮助和如何在饮食中减少脂肪摄入量的信息。全组人员很难一下子将脂肪摄入量降到20%以下，但是他们确实在第一年成功地降至24%，尽管第六年又反弹至29%。另外一个所谓的控制组人员收到饮食指导的印刷材料，但是没有其他关于健康饮食的帮助。他们一年后的脂肪摄入量是35%，第六年后升至37%，并且体重还有所增加。（介入组人员体重减轻或维持原状。）总之，两组被试女性在实验的八年中患心脏病或中风的数量并没有什么根本不同。部分原因可能是介入组人员低密度脂蛋白（LDL）或有害胆固醇的含量仅仅下降了2.4%——对于一项研究来讲要在结果中发现差异，这个下降的数字实在是太小了。也有可能是如果想要阻止心血管病的发生，仅仅关注饮食中总的脂肪摄入量是不够的；还需要关注摄入脂肪的种类——尤其是饱和脂肪和反式脂肪——以及运动量。为什么研究没有更多地关注这些变量呢？因为研究者在20世纪80年代开始设计这个实验时，对于这些变量的重要性并不知道。摄入低脂肪食物组较控制组的女性来说患乳腺癌的几率低9%。虽然这样的差别在统计学上没有意义，但是数据依然很有启发性。考虑到大多数肿瘤的发展周期，有可能实验持续的时间还不足以呈现出重大差别。另外，有一小组女性明显受益，开始实验的时候她们脂肪的摄入量是最高的，但是因为在饮食中坚持减少来自脂肪的卡路里也最多，所以这组女性患乳腺癌的几率下降了15%至20%。摄入低脂肪食物那组的女性患结肠癌的几率下降不是很明显，但这仍然可能是实验持续的时间不够长所导致的。低脂组的女性生长息肉和在胃肠道下部出现其他癌症前期病变的几率都下降了9%——这是一个统计学上有意义的发现。考虑到结肠癌的发展周期，我们有理由为那些结果感到振奋。为什么9%的差别在结肠癌组有意义，而在乳腺癌组就没有意义？这需要进入纷繁复杂的统计学世界来了解答案。参与研究的统计学家在利用各种数学工具审视了数据的变化后，确定他们无法排除患乳腺癌降低9%的差别有可能只是源于巧合。（可能是巧合；也可能是因为低脂肪饮食。）另一方面，将同样的数学工具运用到结肠癌研究的数据上时，统计学家确定息肉数目减少9%不可能仅源于巧合。这样看来，从很多方面来讲，研究提出的问题远远比它能够回答的多。（鉴于这些研究是作为‚女性健康行动‛的一部分展开的，因此其结果是有可靠依据的，该‚行动‛于2002年出色地得出结论：长期的激素替代疗法无法保护更年期后的女性的心脏。目前仍有大量医生和众多患者在努力寻求这个结果究竟意味着什么。）严格地讲，研究结果不能应用于男性，他们往往比女性患心脏病的年龄更早，而低脂肪饮食也有可能让他们特别受益。但这项研究已经为未来饮食方面的研究设定了黄金标准。幸运的是，有足够的科研基金可以让实验在未来五年继续追踪‚女性健康行动‛的受试人员。希望这次的时间足够长，能够得到更多具有统计学意义的有效结论，有可能挽救生命。
Text C 饮食决定你的健康和大脑
我们都知道你吃什么，不吃什么会影响健康。但是，有可能像白兔对爱丽丝建议的那样‚喂你的大脑‛吗？真的有人脑食物这样的东西存在吗？我确信答案是肯定的。有力的证据表明鱼就是这样的食品，而姜黄和色彩鲜艳的蔬菜是否同样有益，尚无有力的证据。但是上述的食物对人都无害，也当然不会让人变蠢。
鱼对人脑有益的原因是来自它自身包含的所谓欧米茄3脂肪酸。含油鱼类，比如大马哈鱼、沙丁鱼、鲭鱼、鲱鱼、蓝鱼和黑鳕鱼，都是富含这类特殊脂肪的鱼类。欧米茄3脂肪酸中的一种——DHA——是脑部细胞膜的主要成分，缺少它会削弱脑部结构，使大脑容易受到疾病的侵袭。
与长寿和身体健康相关的饮食，像地中海地区和传统日式的饮食，都富含从鱼类汲取的欧米茄3脂肪酸。北美的饮食就不是这样。我长期以来一直推荐美国人吃更多的鱼——至少每周两次——但是我最近越来越为某些鱼类身上积聚的汞、聚氯联二苯和其他污染物持续上升的报道忧虑。我在饮食中总是坚持食用沙丁鱼、鲱鱼、阿拉斯加黑鳕鱼和阿拉斯加红大马哈鱼。所有的大马哈鱼（红色）都是野生的——渔民至今为止还无法饲养——并且因为红大马哈鱼比其他的大马哈鱼食肉少，所以当你追溯食物链时会发现它们体内积聚的环境污染物也就偏低。罐装红大马哈鱼在大多数超市都有出售，是摄取欧米茄3脂肪酸的极佳来源。
但是，对某些人来说，依靠鱼油补充物可能更简单安全。最好的鱼油由蒸馏得来并且有不含汞和其他毒素的书面证明。有些鱼油添加了口味，有些甚至尝起来很好吃——至少比我小时候被迫吃的鱼肝油好得多。我推荐一种产品，南极磷虾油，它是由南部海域盛产的小甲壳类水生动物制成，也是鲸和其他海洋哺乳动物大量吞吃的食物。南极磷虾因所含类胡萝卜素而呈红色，这种色素具有高抗氧化活性，不会因鱼腥而令你打嗝。刚开始服用不论哪种鱼油的最佳剂量是每天1克。更大的剂量，每天不超过10克，一般被用于治疗抑郁、注意力不集中、双向感情失调甚至孤独症这样的一些病情，但疗效不尽相同。
欧米茄3脂肪酸的素食来源，如核桃、亚麻和大麻，是饮食的良好补充但不如鱼类可靠。素食来源提供短链化合物（ALA），但是必须由人体转化成长链的DHA，转化过程的效率也因人而异。有些人的转化过程就不是很好，而那些吃主流食物的人更是处于不利地位，因其摄入的加工食品和事先准备好的饭菜中大量含有欧米茄6脂肪酸，而欧米茄6脂肪酸会影响ALA向DHA的转化。对于素食者和极端素食者来说，有一种非鱼类的长链欧米茄3来源：由海藻制成的补充物。（海藻是鱼类在其脂肪中存贮欧米茄3的来源。）
我不知道还有什么对人脑有益的食物能够像鱼和鱼油那样有充分证明它们有益于大脑的科学依据。但是我会密切关注姜黄这种黄色的调味品，它是美国芥末和印度咖喱的一种主要成分。作为姜的近亲，姜黄来自一种热带植物的地下根茎，其医疗效果正在仔细研究中。姜黄是一种有力的抗炎症药，有抗癌性，有可能会有效抗击老年痴呆症这种从脑部发炎开始的疾病。抗炎症药剂，如异丁苯丙酸，能减少患老年痴呆症的风险，姜黄和它备受关注的成分酸性黄也有同效。有些专家认为，印度之所以在世界范围内老年痴呆症的患病率最低，部分源于每天摄入姜黄。
最后，除了已知的那些食用水果和蔬菜的原因以外，还有一些与人脑有关的原因。形成蔬菜和水果颜色的色素含有抗氧化活性，能够有效预防癌症和一些慢性疾病，同时还能防治一些周围环境中的毒素，包括杀虫剂。对脑部的毒素侵害几乎可以认定是帕金森氏症的罪魁祸首，并有可能是导致肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（运动神经元疾病/渐冻人/雷福森氏症）的原因。仅仅为此，人们就应该每天尽可能多地从饮食中吸收各种色谱。最好每天还摄入适量的富含维生素和矿物质的增补剂，它们要能提供正确剂量和形式的关键抗氧化剂：维生素C和E，混合类胡萝卜素及硒。
良好的饮食当然不是保护和提高人脑健康的唯一途径。有规律地进行头脑训练并远离香烟也是非常重要的。但是食物的选择确实重要。所以，坚持食用蔬菜，想想你每天欧米茄3脂肪酸的摄入量，并且考虑在食物中加入更多的姜黄吧。
unit 4 Text A 你想要的爱——成功婚姻的七个秘密 每个婚姻都有它的问题，而且这些问题可能随时都会冒出来。重要的是在这些问题破坏你们的关系之前，你应该学会正确地解决它们。不管你在婚姻的高速路上驶了多远，还是得遵守一些简单而又基本的规则。把这些规则付诸实践并不是件容易的事，但却是十分重要的。如果你确实遵守了这些原则，那么你的婚姻就会更稳定，乐趣、性生活、信任及爱情等这些婚姻中的益处就会优于以往任何时候。第一，建立你的爱情平衡关系。无聊、挫折及日常的烦恼会浇灭你和爱人之间的火花，这类情况如果经常出现，肯定不会燃起你们激情的火焰。所以当务之急就是创造更多的乐事。下面是具体方法： 首先，想想一句坏话、不屑的一瞥抑或不耐烦地一声‚哼‛所造成的伤害可能需要二十句好话来弥补。所以多说好话，少说坏话。赞扬一下你妻子穿的新鞋子，或者你丈夫的新的蓝色衬衫。谢谢你丈夫帮你操持整个家。给妻子的办公室打个电话说声‚想你了‛（切忌谈论家庭琐事及孩子糟糕的成绩单）。要确保这些赞扬和感谢是真心和具体的。例如‚有了你，我的车总是安全的并且随时可用。‛ 或者‚新桌布真漂亮，你总能想办法让我们的家更温馨。‛ 微笑或赞扬时要有眼神的交流。爱抚时试着发出点快乐的声音（例如一声快乐的叹息）。6 采取这种方法之后你就会发现你不仅知道如何点燃你的另一半的激情，而且还知道怎样使他（她）感到愉悦（这里并不仅指性方面）。不管怎么说，一切就从这儿开始了。不久你就会欣喜地发现随时都可以用一些小事来表示你的爱意。比如说回到家后给丈夫一个‚见到你真高兴‛的拥抱和亲吻，或者在下雨的周日早晨给妻子一个惊喜，把咖啡端到床前（接着就在床上聊天）。展现你最棒的一面，忽略缺点。把沉重的垃圾桶拖到路边时，要展示你的微笑，表明‚我们两人在一起，我真幸福。‛每晚睡觉前两人可以享受一个长长的吻。你对孩子做许多小事情，为什么不能为你爱人也做呢？ 第二，主动伸出手。人们之间的接触有助于彼此释放感到愉悦的激素，所以去杂货店时，两人可以挽着胳膊。早晨拥抱早安时，指尖可以轻抚妻子的脸颊。想想你以前接触的方式——耳后的亲吻抑或手指穿过她的发间。触摸是一种复杂的语言，多学些触摸的方法是很值得的。更多接触可以建造坚固的爱情城堡。这一点很重要，因为夫妻俩紧密联系在一起的婚姻能经得起任何风暴（而且还能很好地避免婚外情）。那么该怎样建立这种纽带呢？首先，支持你心灵的伴侣。在外面遇到麻烦时，无论何时都尽可能站在他/她那一边。替他/她保守秘密，就算所有的同事都说出了自己的秘密，你也不要说。除非有十万火急的事情，否则不要让任何事情打扰属于你们俩的时间，不然语音信箱和卧室门锁还有什么用呢。说到二人世界，有一点要注意：每天要安排一二十分到半个钟点的时间聊天，聊聊每天的计划呀、目标呀，对了，还有梦想。但是注意不要谈论有关家庭事务或者两人之间的关系这类的话题。这个时间要用来建立一种友谊。研究表明，朋友关系能维持长久、亲密的有性婚姻。当然别忘了要有亲密的时间，即使你忙得需要把它列入你一天的计划中。安排定期的性生活，如果必要，绝对可以的。兴之所致的性关系当然好，但是夫妻中如果有一个人渴望温情或躯体之爱，干吗非得等到那个特别的时刻呢。还有一件事，那就是不要等待庆祝胜利的机会。超级季后赛赢家、世界联赛冠军和滑冰金牌得主都有一个共同点，那就是他们一旦获胜，就会开庆功会，甚至是小小的胜利也值得庆祝。如果你们的婚姻运行顺利，单是这一点就应该庆祝。去你以前求婚的餐馆用餐，或者预定一个冬季去巴黎的价格公道的旅行，这都是你应得的。第三，记住一点——人无完人。在婚姻中感到气愤、失望、厌倦、被背叛或者压力过大时，你很容易去责怪你的配偶，然后很快就会认为为了改善你们的婚姻，你的配偶应该改变自己。这是逃避责任的表现。试图改变你的配偶会让他/她产生抵触情绪，也会让自己变成一个沉闷的人。结果是什么呢？谁也没有改变，没人承担责任，大家都不高兴。把你的配偶当成坏蛋就意味着你没有看到他/她百分之九十的好处。真正的解决办法是：改变自己。面对自己的缺点，寻找配偶最大的优点，这时奇迹也就发生了。乐观增加了，你的配偶认为自己得到了赏识而不是谴责，因而感觉也好多了。你们两人都感觉有动力去改变，从而获得更多的乐趣。一种帮助你这样思考的方法：采纳日本的非完美哲学，它同样适用于现实的爱情。下次你丈夫或妻子的行为让你很恼火的时候，深呼吸，并且提醒自己他/她的动机是好的，虽然做得不对。同时，不要忽视你配偶的优点。这个月的每一天都要找出些你喜欢他/她的地方，大小皆可，然后要说出来。例如：‚我的妻子很体贴‛或者‚我丈夫爱逗我笑‛。然后找个具体的例子来证明它，比如：‚上周她把我汽车挡风玻璃上的雪扫干净了‛或者‚如果我心情不好，他总会逗我开心‛。最后，承认自己的不完美。很多时候，因为婚姻中所有的磕磕绊绊，我们都会自责。太多的内疚会使人瘫痪。所以，想想你所注重的品质，告诉自己你具备这些品质，还要找出现实的证明，例如：‚我体贴、善良，昨天我把最后一片饼干给了爱人‛或者‚我很诚实——我告诉她我真实的想法‛。第四，增加活力。专家给寻找完美伴侣的单身的经典建议是：当一个能吸引对方的人。这同样适用于婚姻。你自己感觉越幸福，你的婚姻也就会越幸福，婚姻中的矛盾也就越容易解决。如果早晨做十五分钟瑜伽，改喝不含咖啡因的咖啡，或者一个新的爱好能让你感到放松、增加活力，这种快乐的感觉一定会使你们俩在一起的时光更幸福、更丰富。17 同时，要承认过去你曾十分在意自己的头发，为了选择最性感的衣服上床而煞费苦心。可是现在穿的是什么呢？是脏脏的棉衣裤和破旧的滚石乐队T恤。到了收拾自己的时候了，梳梳一头乱发、刷刷满口脏牙、穿件新的睡衣。对自己的外貌感觉良好能让眼睛闪光，这样就可能有更多的目光交流，进而把火花传递给你的配偶，接下来做什么，就不用说了。第五，总是寻求公平。对于任何婚姻来说，冲突都是不可避免，甚至是有益的。重要的是如何解决这些矛盾。佛罗里达州的一项研究表明在结婚多年的夫妻中，对于百分之七十的美满婚姻来说，两人共同解决问题的能力十分重要；然而在不美满的婚姻中，只有百分之三十三的夫妻具有这种能力。采取正确的方法和态度，冲突能让你们变得更加亲密，因为这是一个机会，能让你的配偶看到并且爱上真正的你，让你接受迷人而又易受伤害的真实的爱人，让你无需屈服或暗自生气就能建立稳定的婚姻。首先，避免批评、冲突和敌意，否则就如火上浇油。加利福尼亚大学的调查者追踪七十九对夫妇达十年之久，他们发现那些早离婚的夫妻争吵的时间长、声音大，而且总是在批评对方或者为自己开脱。而那些幸福的夫妻则总是避免尖锐的批评，从不让讨论升级为争吵，也从不用那些像‚绝不‛、‚总是‛等那些绝对的词语。如果争吵已起，那么试着换个话题，加点幽默、对对方的态度表示理解或者给配偶额外的赞扬。如果这些都太晚了，那就赶紧停战，走开冷静会儿。第六，选择适宜的时机。休息不好或者没有填饱肚子时，不要谈论麻烦的话题，因为饥饿和疲劳容易让你说出恶毒的话语、产生阴郁的想法。同样，也不要喝酒，等你们关系缓和时，再喝酒，因为那值得庆祝。精力不集中时也不要试图去处理严重的婚姻问题。先关掉电视、挂掉电话、放下笔记本电脑，合上购物指南。如果当时你精力不集中或者要出门，那就另外选个时间再谈。匆忙中是不可能解决好冲突的。同时还要记住，怎样处理这些状况不仅仅关系到你们自己。你们的谈话是否合适让孩子听到？能不能取得满意的结果？如果不是，那就挑个孩子不在的时候再谈。孩子在的时候，谈话应该相互尊重而富有成效。研究表明如果父母能够卓有成效地解决问题，孩子就能茁壮成长（还能学会维持良好关系的技巧），相反，如果父母绝望地大吵大闹，孩子就会产生不安全感，容易产生不良行为。第七，学会倾听。维持婚姻稳定的最有效的方法是什么呢？少说多听。责怪、辱骂、批评和恐吓都会导致糟糕的结局，至少也会如生活在地狱中。争论激烈时，不要打断对方、不要马上提出解决方案、也不要马上为自己辩解。感情出现问题时，需要倾听，所以点点头、换句话重复他/她的话，或者轻柔的‚嗯‛声表明你明白他/她话语中流露的情感。有时候，为了和某人感觉亲近一些，我们真正需要做的只是仔细倾听他们在说什么。
Text B 父亲的毛衣
——女儿竭力解开自己家庭纠缠不清的往事
１ 父亲自杀后不久，我和母亲就在他的存衣室把里面的衣服全都塞进一个黑色的大垃圾袋里面，闻着他熟悉的味道，心里仍然感到很不是滋味。如果说父亲是以结束自己生命的方式来断绝与我们的关系，那么我们现在就是要在生活中消除一切与他有关的物质痕迹。但是在旧货店取走这些衣物前，我从中挑出那件父亲曾经称之为来莱克斯〃哈里森的驼色开襟羊绒衫带回了家。父亲去世十二年后，我才有勇气穿上那件毛衣并且感受到它的温暖，要不是因为我参加了匹兹堡大学医学中心的一个叫做‚自杀幸存者（SOS）‛的课程，我做不到这一点。连续八个星期，我乘车从纽约到匹兹堡和一群陌生人坐在一起，除自杀外我和他们没有任何共同点。我刚开始去那里是为了‚研究‛那篇讲述具有自杀史的家庭中可能存在遗传联系的文章，就像我的家庭一样。但是有一个参加者问我为什么来这里，为什么做那么多笔记，于是我开始放下笔听他们的故事，而且告诉他们我的故事。那时我才意识到长久以来，我的家庭始终不愿意承认父亲的抑郁消沉。而我，对于他的死，却把自己的感觉深埋在心底。
３ 十二年来，我一直坚持认为父亲的自杀是他自己的选择，八十六岁高龄，他有权结束自己的生命。在他两年前第一次试图自杀后，母亲让哥哥、姐姐和我保证不对任何人提起（甚至包括我们的孩子），对别人只是说父亲中风了，虽然他的中风根本没有瘫痪、口齿不清的后遗症以及任何可见的损伤。而人们的反应也加深了我们的隐瞒。有人问我父亲是怎么死的，‚他是自杀的‛，但是在我这样回答后，他们却马上转过目光，再不提这个话题，连记录他病历的医生也是如此。
４ 尽管后来我还写了一篇小说，小说中主人公的父亲也自杀了，但是谈起父亲的死，我还是感觉很不自在，因为这让其他人都感到很不舒服。正是为了消除人们对于自杀原因的误解和对自杀持有的负面反应，在２０世纪８０年代后期开展了‚自杀幸存者‛的课程。尽管这个课程有很好的疗效，但却不是一种疗法。它的目的不仅是抚慰，而且是为了教育人们。经过八周的课程，我们了解到自杀成功的人的大脑与别人是不同的；很多像我父亲那样曾经自杀过的人很可能再次自杀而且很可能自杀成功；我们还了解到美国年逾三万自杀的人中，大部分是白人男性，这一点从我们的学员构成也可以看出，因为参加课程的人多数是白人女性。排队进入匹兹堡大学医学中心的会议室，在标牌上写下名字并把它别到我的衣服上，那时我感觉自己像一个第一天上学的孩子。我们的抚慰老师让我们坐成一个圆圈，在介绍了这个课程之后，他让我们说出一个死者的名字、他和自己的关系及去世日期。有些人在说到他们的儿子或女儿、丈夫或父亲的名字时就当众哭了起来，另外有些人看起来很气愤。轮到我的时候，我还没准备好怎么说。十二年来，提到父亲我未曾流过一滴眼泪，但是这次说到他的名字，我感到喉咙发紧，眼睛充满了泪水。如果你爱的人因心脏病或者癌症去世了，你记住他不是因为他的死，而是因为生活中的他。然而对于自杀的人却不是这样。你会一遍又一遍地仔细考虑他是怎样自杀的，他为什么要自杀以及你原本应该怎样想办法阻止他。你不停地重新编写着这个故事，并且试图寻找到所有的答案，又或者会封存起这些问题，从不去体味失去的悲伤。但是如果你一直重新编写自杀者的生活，那么你自己的生活也就停滞不前了。直到听到一个和我年龄相仿的男士谈起他的父亲，我才意识到我自己的生活一直是停止的。他说他的父亲体贴而又残忍，大方而又自私，从不原谅别人的错误却又极端渴望别人的爱。当谈起他父亲和母亲的关系时，他说父亲一个人的情绪控制着整个家庭的气氛。坐在那里，听见这些，我发现他描述他父亲的话语和我父亲的形象完全吻合，尽管我父亲是位妇产科医生而他父亲是个蓝领工人，但这并不重要，因为他们俩的自杀都与阶级或职业无关。他们俩都是在退休后为类似的抑郁情绪所困，不能自拔，而且在他们生命中的关键时刻基本上没能得到治疗。但是我又会想为什么那么多的人退休，而人家却没自杀呢；有那么多人深受抑郁之苦却没选择自杀呢？后来我们了解到这是因为在一个关键的时刻，诸多因素——生物的、生理的、心理的、遗传的——综合在一起才促使某人跨越界限，选择了自杀。9 ‚像心、肝、肾等其他的身体器官一样，大脑也是我们身体的一个器官，它的首要功能就是保证我们活着‛，我们的老师这样给我们解释，‚如果我们没抬头走下人行道，突然看到一辆卡车向我们驶来时，我们的大脑会告诉我们赶紧后退。但是对于自杀的人，这项功能却关闭了。就好像那儿有一堵墙，在某个时候，无论如何他都要去穿过那堵墙。‛ 我头脑中忽然闪现出了父亲的画面，在他生命的最后一年，他的眼中总是有一种遥远的神情，似乎是在看别人都看不到的东西。会是那堵看不见的墙吗？ １１ 让人沉痛的现实是关于自杀的部分原因我们永远无法理解，但是，现在有越来越多的科学证据证明，在自杀的人中大脑的一个特别区域——前端轨道皮层有缺陷。目前为止，唯一的治疗方法就是综合采用药物治疗和心理疗法，但是很不幸，很多需要帮助的人都没有这种治疗的渠道。这种情况在我们这个组中一再出现，人们讲述着他们爱的人如何没能得到正确的治疗或者是有些人根本是服用了错误的药物，于是可怕的事发生了。但是对于我们中的大多数人来说，意识到自杀是一种疾病，是一种‚脑病发作‛，已经是一种解脱了。１2 那天晚上，我谈起父亲，有他的照片在我身边，我感到很安心。我记得登山去医学中心时，我的手指捧着镜框，感觉就象是父亲牵着我的手。十二年来头一次，我又重新体会到这种美好的感觉，紧绷的内疚和愤怒之弦开始松弛了。
１３ 不止我一个人，在最后的一次课上，组里的所有成员都更加放松了，不再象以前那样动不动就哭，甚至都能够笑了。那个总是喋喋不休的艾伦以前看起来形容枯槁，现在可是漂亮多了。性格沉静的安娜，她公公在儿子自杀后就不愿提起他，但是现在安娜能够勇敢的面对他了。阿莉西娅的儿子在与双向情感障碍斗争并且酗酒多年后选择了自杀，但是现在却正是她已完全从痛苦中恢复过来，重现往日的精神活力。她说她儿子喜欢花，尤其是玫瑰。‚他死后，我花园里的玫瑰一直盛开到秋天，‛她说，‚然后就在圣诞节前的一星期它们又开了，又大又香的玫瑰花。我知道那是我儿子回来告诉我他终于获得了平静。‛ 我相信没有人能从亲人自杀的阴影中完全解脱出来，但是在参加了这一课程之后，我知道对于父亲的死，我的感觉改变了，我不再为他选择死的方式而责备他。有关他的回忆也让我感觉像他温暖的怀抱，就象他的旧羊绒衫一样。
Text C 我的小可人儿
吉尔和我在中国收养了我们的女儿贝奇后，我就被描绘成‚拖着步子、跺着脚、一路惊声尖叫‛。现在我还会不时地听到这种说法，通常是从隔壁屋里轻声传出来的。当然这都是胡说，我那时并没有拖着步子，更没有跺脚，也许是有时尖叫一声，但那是在我们上飞机之前。在整个飞行过程中，我可是个模范乘客，十分安静。那完全是我妻子和其他收养迷对我的误解，他们把我称为‚勉为其难的配偶‛。
我们是一对自由职业者，收养贝奇时我和妻子已结婚八年而没有孩子，这次收养经历改变了我们的生活。吉尔在1997年甚至写了一本关于我们收养孩子的书，名字就叫《膝下无欢》。但是直到最后的章节里，她才透露那些她花了几百页描写的极端可怕糟糕的事情并没有发生。她把好消息藏到最后才说。
我那时没有卖掉房子，我也出力帮助，我成了‚夜猫子‛。下班回到家，我就把活儿从老婆手中接过来，给贝奇换尿布、洗澡、喂奶。我记住了‚晚安月亮‛等催眠曲，星期六下午去看电影。我还定下合理的规矩，例如女儿在四十岁之前不可以穿耳洞，不可以约会。
那么，到底发生了什么事？对于收养向来小心谨慎的我怎么就变成了我小女儿垒球队的第二助理教练了呢？
我还能说什么呢？我爱上了这个孩子。或者说不知怎么的我成了父亲。这个变化是什么时候开始的呢，妻子和我持不同的意见。她说那是在见到孩子三十秒后，那是一九九五年一月的一个下午，那时孤儿院的女士们把贝奇送到了扬州我们居住的宾馆房间里。我却认为不对，是那天夜里。
那时妻子睡着了，而在我们两个床之间的临时婴儿床上的贝奇则一直发出奇怪的声音，不是哭声，也不是呜咽声。她的两只手还不停的做着奇怪的动作。于是我抱着她走到大厅里并且不停地走来走去，希望能让她重新睡着。但是她却仍然不停的发出声音，摩擦着双手。
突然间，我明白了：孩子饿了。可是接着就感到惊慌：我得给她喂奶。可是怎么喂呢？我毫无头绪。
当然我知道我们有一罐罐可以用水冲的黄豆配方婴儿奶粉。然后我发现必须先把小塑料袋放进小塑料瓶子状的圆筒中，接着把适量的奶粉倒进塑料袋中，然后冲进开水就行了，当然还需要等开水凉些后才可以，因为任何笨蛋，包括我，都知道开水太热不能喝，尤其是对于一个仅仅七个月大的孩子来说更不可以。
以上这些都是在拥挤的宾馆浴室中完成的，而且仅用一只手，因为另外一只手还抱着孩子。做这些还得静悄悄的，因为妻子在睡觉。但是还得迅速点，因为孩子饿了。
那时，我们可爱的小女婴仰头看着我，期待我这个大人能喂喂她，如她所愿，我给她喂了奶。喂奶的时候，我抱着她坐在床上看着她咕嘟咕嘟地喝下我给她冲的奶粉。喝完奶后不久，她就睡着了，我把她放回婴儿床，长久地注视着。那一刻，我喜欢上她了。第二次冲完奶后，我甚至想用奶瓶喂奶挺简单的。
男人总是很犹豫到底要不要收养，一个原因就是因为他们是现实主义者，他们知道收养可以说是一种冒险，牵扯到很多问题，包括时间、金钱、事业、年龄、睡眠、尿布以及对遥远未来的控制。养孩子是一件很昂贵的事情，尤其是他们要吃要穿（更别提夏令营了）。此外，每两个小时要起来一次给他喂奶，甚至更糟糕的是，还要换尿布，这样会让人感到筋疲力尽。让我们直说吧：我们还有很多其他的事情要做。有个孩子，就不允许你做这些其他的事情，甚至是任何别的事情都不能做。试想一下周日早晨你想看‚直面媒体‛，但是同时还有天线宝宝或者其他的儿童节目在播放，怎么办？或者开车的时候，你想听NPR新闻，但是另外一个调频台却正在播放迪斯尼，这时又该怎么办呢？还是再想想吧。
男人通常在事先都看不到众多的好处。他们只有在真正有了孩子后，才能看到完整的画面。然后他们就明白了。他们懂得身为人父和收养大大丰富了他们的生活，也明白了其他无用的男人不愿谈论的一切。
那么好处究竟是什么呢？我们就不在那些不切实际的事情上做文章了，而是谈论一些重要的事情吧，例如事业。老板希望你有孩子，因为那样就意味着不管老板多么糟糕，你都不能辞职。也可能是他们只是喜欢孩子。
但是收养了贝奇之后，我的生活重心变了。我过起了另外一种生活，我想呆在家里，而不是去工作。
贝奇五岁的时候，我得到一份梦想中的任务：出版一期关于越南的特刊。因此我需要到那儿一个月监督报导与摄影工作。但是我女儿这一关却没能顺利通过。我不知道是不是任性使然，总之她说她不想让我去。
我告诉她我也不想去，但那是我的工作，我必须去。听完后，她开始大喊‚越南很愚蠢，爸爸。‛ 她甚至都不跟我拥抱道别。直到我回来的那天，揪着的心才放下了。那天我正好赶上她在校车上。她边喊着‚爸爸‛边跳下车向我冲来，一切都没事了。
我发现越南也许真的很蠢，这可不是我从收养中学到的唯一的一件事，还有跟年龄有关的事。猜猜是什么？孩子让你变得年轻。你学习他们的生活、他们的音乐、他们的电影。还有让你远离麻烦。
但是我学到的最重要的一课就是孩子是收养的也没关系。一旦你成了家长，就不会再去想孩子是怎么来的。她就是你的孩子，而你就是她的父亲。收养成了一个脚注，一个可以忽略的星号。而我也确实忘记了这一点。
换句话说，收养是一个事件，它只是组建一个家庭的众多方式中的一种。事情完成后，它就和你的邻居为创造她的家庭而进行的剖腹产一样，无关紧要。
当然，关于自己的来历问题，贝奇考虑很多。但是对于我来说，这只不过是父母要帮助孩子学会面对的又一个问题而已。大多数父母都需要向孩子解释一些棘手的问题，像死亡、宗教信仰、床底下的怪物等。同样，妻子和我也面临同样的问题，只是我们还多了一个收养的问题。
贝奇有一次问如果我们没有收养她，那她会怎样呢。她总是爱问问题，甚至在她会说话之前就已经开始了，那时她总是指着一些东西，然后‚啊？‛一声，我就会告诉她那是什么。等她会说话后，她的问题就更有趣了，她会问‚爸爸，如果你倒穿着鞋子，那你还能转身吗？‛ 还会问‚大自然是嫁给了上帝吗？‛
迄今贝奇没有问过关于她的亲生父母的事情。这种情况会变化，尤其当她长成青少年时。很有可能她的亲生父亲根本不知道他有这样一个孩子。但这对我来说正好。
事实是，我宁愿相信我是宇宙之中关心我女儿前程的唯一的爸爸。
第三篇：研究生英语阅读教程(下册)教案电子版2
Unit Seven: The Virtues of Ambition
Joseph Epstein
Explanation of the Text
1.define it and you instantly reveal a great deal about yourself: the way you personally define ambition will tell a lot about you, your dreams, your desire, your values, your philosophy, etc.reveal v.: make known something that was previously secret or hidden e.g.He revealed that he had been in prison twice before.His biography revealed that she was not as rich as everyone thought.These letters revealed him as an honest man.2.give itself away: reveal itself give oneself/someone away: reveal oneself/someone;show one's real self secret e.g.The swindler gave himself away when he was asked to establish his identity.She really likes him and thinks no one knows, but the look on her face when I mentioned his name gave her away.3.assumes a heat incommensurate with good sense and stability: takes on a desire disproportionate to good sense and stability be commensurate with/to: match something in size, quality, or length of time;suitable 相称的,相当的 e.g.The salary will be commensurate with age, experience and position.He was given a job commensurate with his abilities.be commensurable to/with: can be measured by the same standard as 相应的，匀称的 e.g.Their achievements are not commensurable to their hard work.4.be ambitious for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering, for the enlightenment of mankind: strive to be successful, rich, powerful, etc., in order to help the public, to ease human suffering, to enlighten mankind 5.Surely ambition is behind dreams of glory: Ambition makes possible dreams of glory.Pay attention to the meaning of “behind” in the following sentences: e.g.: I knew that behind(=hidden by)her smile was sadness.Marie Curie was the woman behind(=responsible for)enormous changes in the science of chemistry.He wondered what was behind(=the true reason for)his neighbor's sudden friendliness.We're all behind(= in support of you in this decision.6.distinction n.: 1)classification of two or more;a clear difference between two similar things 区分，区别 e.g.Do other countries have the same distinction between amateur and professional? Look at them closely when they occur separately and the distinction between them is then clear.2)quality of excellence;honor, mark of respect 非凡，卓越 e.g.He is a man of distinction in his own country.I had the great distinction of being invited to speak at the conference.7.What life does with our dreams and expectations: What will actually happen to our dreams and expectations during our lives.do with: get on with somebody;have a connection with something.e.g.: Truth to tell, I don't know how to do with him.The program has to do with mental illness.do without: get along without 没有...也行 e.g.As Old Li isn't here, we shall have to do without him.1 8.The unpredictability of the outcome of dreams is no reason to cease dreaming: Although the outcome of dreams cannot be predicted, one shouldn't stop dreaming.9.the sheer thing: The word sheer is used for emphasis, and the sheer thing means the simple, pure thing.e.g.The suggestion is sheer nonsense.The engine's sheer size would make it difficult to transport.10.some larger purpose than merely clambering up: a reason to do more than merely climb up socially or materially 11.prospect n.: likelihood;something one expects e.g.There was little prospect of significant military aid.Success or failure here would be crucial to his future prospects.She rejoiced at the prospect of the China trip.12.As drunks have done to alcohol, the single-minded have done to ambition-given it a bad name: Just as people who have had too much alcohol have given alcohol a bad name, so people who have had only one aim, to get what they themselves want, have given ambition a bad name.13.Like a taste for alcohol, too, ambition does not always allow for easy satiation: As with people who enjoy the taste of alcohol, it is very difficult for ambitious people to become satisfied, they usually want to obtain more and more.Taste here means preference.satiate v.:(usu.passive)completely satisfy(oneself or one's needs)e.g.He drank greedily until his thirst was satiated.The company can hardly produce enough of these toys to satiate public demand.14.driving ambition under the counter: forcing ambition to become secret and hidden under the counter: secretly;illegally e.g.handle business under the counter;The banned book was sold under the counter.At least one of my own novels has to be sold under the counter as though it were whisky.(...好像私下里卖 whisky 似的)15.The ambitious individual, far from identifying himself and his fortunes with the group, wishes to rise above it: An ambitious person does not want to be part of a group, but he wishes to progress and outdistance it.Far from: not at all e.g.The newspaper accounts are far from(being)true.He was far from the attainment of his object.It isn't far from the truth.Far from eye, far from heart.眼不见，心不想。identify...with: equate with;associate oneself with 等同，联系 e.g.If I protested he would at once identify me with his father.It is a mistake to identify art with life.She has always been identified with the radical left.I didn't enjoy the movie because I couldn't identify with any of the characters.(I didn't enjoy the movie because I felt unable to share or understand the situation or feelings of any of the characters.)2 16.argue those possessed by it into believing: persuade those who are controlled by ambition to believe argue...into: persuade to do something e.g.: They argued him into adoption of the plan.You want to argue me into agreeing your proposal? possess vt.: control e.g.I'm absolutely dreading making the after-dinner speech-I don't know what possessed me to agree to it.possessed(by)a.: obsessed(with)e.g.She is possessed by her drive to get into the best college.If you behave like someone possessed, you behave in a wild and uncontrolled manner(often associated with an evil spirit)so that other people don't understand you.17.a dog-eat-dog world: a world that is very competitive or a very competitive world where the weak are the prey of the strong 18.they are distinguished by wanting to be the dogs that do the eating: what makes them different is that they want to come out on top in the competition 19.From here it is but a short hop believe: From this point, it is easy to think...but: only, just(It can also be used to give force to a statement.)e.g.She's but a young girl!Everyone, but everyone, will be there.20.through corruption: by dishonest and illegal means 21.high places: high positions 22.on ambition's behalf: because of ambition on someone's behalf(on behalf of someone): because of;representing;for the sake of e.g.Please don't leave on my behalf.On behalf of the company as a whole, I would like to thank you for all your work.Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf.23.not least:(usu.not the least)especially e.g.The president's speeches were alarming, not(the)least to the country's allies.not the least/not in the least/not the least bit: none at all;not at all e.g.She didn't seem the least bit worried.24.There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this: The situation is filled with hypocrisy.a note of: showing someone's thinking and feeling by the way their voice sounds 口气，特征 e.g.a note of anger/jealousy/anxiety 25.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its accoutrements now than formerly: Certainly people now seem as much interested in success and the comforts that come with it as before.accoutrement:(usually in pl)equipment 3 26.lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive, vulgar: in order that they not be thought ambitious, greedy ill-mannered, lest: in case;in order that...not e.g.: I'll be kind to her lest she decide to leave me.27.Instead we are treated to fine pharisaical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: We see more hypocritical examples now than ever.treat...to: supply...with...e.g.I shall treat myself to a good weekend holiday.John treated Linda to the theater when they met first time.I offered to treat you to dinner.treat n.: a special event;something pleasant e.g.Granny took us for tea at Lyons Conner House as a special treat.A meal at home came as a real treat after all the institutional food I've been having.28.quarter: find lodging 29.in all phases of life: in all stages of life 30.its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive: Public defenders of ambition are few.In the cases where they are not extremely repulsive, they are unimpressive.where conj.: It can be used to introduce a clause that contrasts with the other part of the sentence.e.g.Where most people saw nothing but a hardened criminal, John saw a lonely and desperate man.31.As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and inculcated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States: As a result, support for ambition as a respected value to be taught to youth is lower than ever in the US.inculcate...in/into somebody e.g.: inculcate young people the duty of loyality 32.at an end: finished e.g.This latest injury must surely mean that her tennis career is now at an end.33.its stirrings and promoting: its stimulation and encouragement 34.as witness the blatant pratings of its contemporary promoters: as shown in the offensive ongoing idle talk of its current sponsors.35.get on in life: be successful in life 36.distrustful of ambition: suspicious about/of ambition be distrustful of: be suspicious about e.g.I was distrustful of his motives.37.were to blame for: were responsible for;were the reason for e.g.: The hot weather is partly to blame for the water shortage.4 38.is morally a two-sided street: has two sides to it.A two-sided street is a metaphor.One side means blind ambition, that is to say, sacrificing some morally important things because of ambition.The other side indicates that ambition is not important enough to sacrifice moral principles for it.39.Place next to John Dean Andrew Carnegie: Place Andrew Carnegie next John Dean 40.among other philanthropic acts: besides other philanthropic acts 41.excesses:actions so bad that they pass the limits expected of human behavior 过度行为，暴行 e.g.: The soldiers in the conquered town committed the worst excesses.42.worldly or unworldly things: material or spiritual things
43.holding many of its disparate elements together: hold/keep...together: remain united e.g.: use a pin to hold the pages together;The needs of the children often hold a marriage together.disparate c.f.: desperate!44.Remove ambition and the essential elements...: If we remove ambition, the essential elements...45.as opposed to:(you are contrasting 2 things and you want to emphasize the first one)相反，而不是 e.g.There is a need for technical colleges as opposed to universities.He was wearing a grey lightweight suit as opposed to his usual check sports jacket.The juvenile offender's misbehavior should be well treated, as opposed to being punished.46.incidentally: by the way e.g.: I must go now.Incidentally, if you want that book I'll bring it next.47.run on: be concerned with, have as a subject e.g.His talk ran on recent developments in the industry.Bright's mind kept running foolishly on the same theme.48.shorn of: having lost completely e.g.The gambler came home shorn of his money.shear of:(fig)deprive of;strip bare of: be shorn of one's right;His recent illness has shorn him of strength.49.superfluous: more than is necessary or wanted;redundant ample: 1)more than enough e.g.: We have ample money for the journey.2)large, with plenty of space e.g.There is ample room for an garden.50.unrelievedly: completely e.g.: unrelievedly dull unrelieved adj.not varied in any way;continuous or complete e.g.unrelieved anxiety/darkness Comprehension
1.(1)ambition is an ardent desire for rank, fame, or power(2)ambition is incommensurate with good sense and stability(3)one can be ambitious for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering and for
the enlightenment of mankind 2.The main idea of this part is that, although for a long time ambition has come
under heavy attack, and has been given a bad name, and can be dangerous, it is by no means a completely bad thing.3.Aspect 2: Most ambitious people are to be distrusted.Aspect 3: The outcome of ambitious dreams is usually unpredictable.Aspect 4: Ambition does not always allow for easy satisfaction;single-minded ambitious people give ambition a bad name.antisocial;ignore the collectivity;socially detached;on his own;out for his own;
far from identifying himself and his fortunes with the group;wish to rise above
the group;battle;jesuitical;dog-eat-dog world 4.According to the information conveyed in paragraph 4, it is very easy to believe
that the common goals of ambition such as money, fame, and power are often
achieved by dishonest means.5.According to the worst that can be said about ambitious people in paragraph 4，one might think that any high-ranking politician must have gone against moral
principles in order to climb so high.By using this example, the writer suggests
that the worst idea about ambition seems unreasonable.6.The writer thinks if ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared, and it must be esteemed by people who are themselves admired.But strangely, those who enjoy the rewards of ambition have claimed to have given up on ambition as ideals.So the writer gives readers a warning that there is a heavy note of hypocrisy.Four examples are mentioned.They are(1)the revolutionary lawyer,(2)the critic of American materialism,(3)the publisher of radical books, and(4)the journalist.7.The surface meaning is to try every means to succeed but not to appear ambitious.The deep meaning is that nowadays the educated are more hypocritical than before.8.(1)F(2)T(3)F
9.The Watergate incident is a good example to show readers why many people are naturally istrustful
of ambition.And from this example the author gives readers some advice on the relationship
between ambition and morality.10.It refers to ignoble actions versus kind and helpful actions.The Watergate affair is an example of ignoble actions and Andrew Carnegie, a Benefactor, is an example of someone who performed kind and helpful actions.11.because to discourage ambition is to discourage dreams of greatness.12.No.The author thinks ambition should be admired, and he also mentions ambition must be underscored.Even in the last paragraph , he says how unrelievedly boring life would be without ambition.Although the author mentions a number of good things that would exist if there were no ambition, he criticizes what the world would be like without competition, without creativity, because he thinks there would be no progress, or development in such a world.The communication technique used here is disproving.13.It is impossible for a world to be empty of ambition.If it were, the life in it would be very boring and nobody would endure it.14.Part 2(paragraph 4 to paragraph 5)“What is the worst that can be said about ambition?”
Part 3(paragraph 6 to paragraph 7)“There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this.”
Part 4(paragraph 8 to paragraph 11)“To discourage ambition is to discourage dreams of greatness.” Key to vocabulary and structure A.1.distinction 2.sheer 3.commensurate 4.refraining 5.incidentally 6.alleviate 7.deemed 8.are blamed for 9.impulse 10.come across B.1.give...away 2.going at 3.imbued with 4.identify...with 5.has risen above 6.own up 7.allow
for 8.treat...to 9.Dog-eat-dog 10.the counter C.1.choice;choose;chosen;2.inextricable 3.shorn 4.definition 5.increasingly 6.social 7.Participatory 8.acquisitive 6.weighing 10.intimacy D.1.D)to pay them 2.A)Much as 3.D)endearing himself 4.C)number of 5.D)ignored 6.D)differently 7.A)respond 8.C)no more 9.B)that 10.C)/ E.1.holds 2.therefore 3.Does 4.really 5.empty 6.of 7.success 8.nor 9.not 10.exists 11.likely 12.in 13.historial 14.upbringing 15.condition 16.choicelessness 17.honorably 18.trivial 19.how 20.ours Key to theTranslation from English into Chinese A.1.毫无疑问，雄心大志期望的是荣耀，财富，爱情，非凡，成就，欢乐与善良美德。当然，伴随我们的抱负与希望，我们的生活将会是怎样，这些总是无法意料的。有些想法，出发点是丝毫不为自己，但结果却是结下深仇；而有些计划，原意是为了自己，但到头来却是为他人做了善事。计划，设想的结果虽然难以预测，但仍无理由阻止计划与设想的进行。
2.不难想象，没有抱负与雄心的社会将会是怎样的。它很可能是一个比较随和的社会：没有要求，没有矛盾，也没有失望。人们有时间深思。他们所做的工作不是为了自己，而是为了集体。从来没有竞争。冲突将被消灭，紧张已成为过去。不再需要创造力。艺术不再是高深未测的，它的作用纯粹是为了欢庆与颂扬。家庭作为一个社会的单元将成为多余，它以前的束缚力已消失。长寿会增加，因为 7 死于由于紧张，辛劳的工作引起的心脏病与中风的人会越来越少。思虑将不复存在。人类长期地摆脱抱负，欲望的压力，日子会过得越来越舒坦。
B.Key to the translation from Chinese into English 1.In spite of her recent election success, she remains first and foremost a writer, not a
politician.2.Ambition is always identified with rank, fame and power.So many people have
been unwilling to talk about their dreams for a long time.3.Surely, if you want to be famous, it is necessary for you to have ideals, because it is
behind the accomplishment, but different from ambition.4.Ambition is often regarded as being commensurate with bad sense because the single-minded have tried to achieve their goals by fair means or foul and often harm others.5.Truly ambitious people seem to be modest but actually they are on their own.6.Certainly people are very interested in their rank and fame.But what has
happened is that they do not own up to it.7.Some people try to go on in life at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.We should be aware that there is a note of hypocrisy.8.Although he has come under attack and has been considered ambitious, but none
of them are strong enough to make him give up on his dreams.9.It is not difficult to imagine a world shorn of ambition.It would probably be a world with no progress, no development.And, of course, it would be a tedious world.10.To develop our society, we need a large number of people who have both ideals and ambition, because both of these have the power to inspire people to further efforts.Therefore, either of them is an important part of society.Reading practice 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.A
Unit 8 The Harm That Good Men Do
Bertrand Russell 8
1.Introduction to the Author
Bertrand Arthur William Russell(1872-1970)was known as a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic, best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy.His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism(the view that mathematics in in some important sense reducible to logic), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism.Along with G.E.Moore, Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of analytic philosophy.Along with Kurt Godel, he is also often credited with being one of the two most important logicians of the twentieth century.Over the course of his long career, Russell made significant contributions, not just to logic and philosophy, but to a broad range of other subjects(including education, politics, history, religion and science), and many of his writings on a wide variety of topics have influenced generations of general readers.After a life marked by controversy(including dismissals from both Trinity College, Cambridge, and City College, New York), Russell was awarded the Order of Merit in 1949 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950.Also noted for his many spirited anti-war and anti-nuclear protests, Russell remained a prominent public figure until his death at the age of 97.2.Russell's Work Logic
Russell's contributions to logic and foundations of mathematics include his discovery of Russell' Paradox , his defense of logicism, his development of the theory of types, and his refining of the first-order predicate calculus.Russell discovered that the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics(1903).The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves.Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself.The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction.Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.3.Introduction to the Text
In The Harm That Good Men Do , Bertrand Russell, the inimitable British Voltaire, evaluates the difficulty and dilemma of answering children, or their more adult versions, just what is a “good man?” A contemporary in the critical spirit of LU Xun, and the vitriolic critic of his fellow Americans, H.L.Mencken, Russell is the “enfant terrible” of English letters.He deflates, debunks and denigrates the conventionally defined “good man,” as generally a moralistic flop, a mere defender of the superficial status quo.Chauvinistic, religiously zealous, a petty moralist, and anti-intellectual, this “good man” in often a caricature behind which cynical politicians can hide.“Good men” are often inquisitorial, safeguarding the public from unpopular or critical opinions, a nemesis in most political systems, including so-called democracies, where the “tyranny of the majority” rests on their discerning and protective eyes.Russell attacks these “good man” who represent the unjust power of the dominant classes.“The world is full of injustice and those who profit by injustice are in a position to administer rewards and punishments...and to invent ingenious justifications.”
However, on closing his critical litany against the conventional “good man,” Russell offers the hope of science and reason(2nd half, 20th century events question this faith);they eventually will enable men to realize that institutions based on hatred and injustice will not produce happy societies, and that “good men” need a morality based on “love of life...pleasure in growth, and not upon repression or exploitation.” Though difficult and painful to follow, Russell's criticism and positive suggestions are a positive beacon of lucidity and light for all who would like to be called “good men,” or “good women.” Notes:
1.Bertrand Arthur Russell(1872-1970): English mathematician and philosopher, known in Chinese as 罗素.2.wholesome adj.promoting good health or well-being;healthful;sound.e.g.wholesome air/food/advice.//He has a wholesome attitude towards life.Paraphrase: He has a good sense of right and wrong.When he sees other people doing wrong things, he feels horrified.3.castigate vt.to criticize sharply in public.e.g.John wrote a series of articles to castigate male superiority.// sin n.the willful breaking of religious or moral law;any offence or fault.e.g.Mary confessed her sins to the priest and asked to be forgiven.Explanation: The original sin was committed by Adam and Eve when they ate the forbidden fruit.In the text, the author wrote “Sin” instead of “sin” to catch attention.4.safeguard vt.to protect or guard.e.g.The government should do more to safeguard the interests of citizens.Para: He thinks it is the responsibility of the government to protect the young people against those(bad elements)who challenge the wise views generally accepted by middle-aged successful citizens.Exp: In western countries, views and conducts of middle-aged successful citizens are regarded as social norms.In the text “ it ” is a logical object to stand for “to safeguard the young...”.5.assiduous adj.hard-working;persevering;careful.e.g.Bill is assiduous in/at his duties./ Jane is an assiduous student.// assiduity n.10 6.Pay attention to the usage: to spend time in(doing)something;to spend money on something.para: He spends much time in doing good things.7.patriotism n.the love of one's country.e.g.The death of Wang Hai, a fighter pilot, has aroused a strong sense of patriotism among the Chinese people.// patriot n.one who loves and is ready to defend his country;patriotic adj.8.industry n.the quality of being hard-working(勤奋，勤勉).e.g.His success is due to his industry and thrift.sobriety n.seriousness;staying away from alcohol.e.g.As sobriety ensures quick response in emergency, you should never drink when you drive.9.see to it that...make sure that...e.g.I'll see to it that you get paid in full and on time in the future.in these respects / in this(that)respect with regard to some aspect(s)在这(那)方面.e.g.The twins resemble each other in many respects.due adj.suitable;proper;right.e.g.The old gentleman is paid due respect.Para: He may encourage wage-earners(workers/common people)and their children to be hard-working, virtuous, and stay away from alcohol(Alcohol used to be regarded as a social curse, like the drugs today, that ruined many poor families.).If they fail to do these, he will make sure that they get proper punishment.10.trustee n.理事。board of trustees 理事会。
11.subversive adj.tending to overthrow or destroy something(established).e.g.Bill was house-arrested for making speeches that are subversive of peace and order according to the police.// subversive propaganda.Para: He may serve on the board of trustees of a university, and keep the university(in the “improper” name of respecting knowledge)from hiring professors who intend to overthrow the government or the established religion/institutions.Exp: In western countries, there was a great controversy(argument)over the teaching of evolution at school.Some people who believe that God created man instead of the Darwinian Theory that man came from monkey, were strongly against the hiring of such teachers.There was even a “Monkey Trial” in the United States that ended with the victory of scientists.12.above all most important of all.e.g.John is industrious, handsome, and above all, honest.in a narrow sense in the exact/strict meaning(从狭义上说).e.g.What does the word mean in the narrowest sense?// Cf.in a broad sense.|| irreproachable adj.that denies criticism;faultless.e.g.His irreproachable conduct wins the trust from his employer.Paragraph one describes a good man from the moral point of view.11 13.Para: Of all the uses of good men, the main one is to provide a smoke-screen(烟幕)to those politicians who can do illegal things behind it unsuspected.|| Exp: In the sentence, “which” stands for “uses”.In the following part, “screen” is used as a verb, meaning “to offer some protection to”.14.suspect sb.of sth.to have a feeling that sb.may be guilty of sth.e.g.Quite a few leaders of listed companies are suspected of lying to their investors.// The police suspects him of murder.|| shady adj.questionable;bad.e.g.Tom is believed to be a shady character(person).15.Exp: The author is being very sarcastic here.“A narrow-minded” public is not narrow-minded at all.Since the public are taxpayers, they simply want their money(public funds)to serve good purposes instead of letting it go into the hands of a few rich people;and “the deserving rich” do not deserve the money contributed by the public.Grammatically, “wherever” means “where”, which is used here for emphasis.16.endorse vt.to approve or support;write on the back of a document or check.e.g.The Republican presidential candidate has been endorsed by the party conference.// You'll have to endorse your check before cashing it.Exp: The phrase “though far be it from me to endorse this statement” is in literary style.To put it in simple English, it reads “though I am far from approving the following statement/though I don't agree at all to the following statement” that in the recent past, an American President(probably referring to Warren Harding according to the text compilers), a “good man”, transferred public funds to the rich.|| This paragraph tells why good men are useful to some politicians.17.undesirable adj.& n.unwanted(things and/or persons).e.g.Because of his deformity, James was often treated as an undesirable by his classmates at parties.|| by means of through;with the help of.e.g.Thoughts are expressed by means of words.|| scandal n.shame;any thing that offends moral feelings and leads to disgrace.e.g.Richard Nixon was involved in the Watergate Scandal.// Bill Clinton was involved in the Lewensky Scandal.// For fear of creating a scandal, the family decided to give away the baby borne to their teenage daughter.|| Para: Of all uses of good men, another one is to use them to get rid of unwanted rivals by creating a scandal(such as Mr.X, a father of three lovely kids and husband of a plain-looking wife, is having an affair with a beautiful bar girl).This immoral act, when becoming public, will surely arouse the anger of good men, who will force Mr.X to hand in his resignation, which is the real purpose of other politicians who don't like Mr.X.18.The sentence, formal and literary, simply means “99% of the men break the moral law”.19.in relation to concerning;as regards.e.g.His skill is very important in relation to his job.genuine adj.real;true, not fake or artificial.e.g.This painting is a genuine one by Qi Baishi whereas that one is an imitation.// genuinely adj.|| follow suit to do what sb.else has done.e.g.Mr.Young resigned from the company, his friends immediately followed suit.// When the other boys went fishing, I followed suit.Para: Suppose in 100 men, there is only one who is really free from any moral mistakes.When someone from the other 99 men gets caught when committing something morally wrong, or when his immoral deeds get exposed(become public), that really good man will say that he is really horrified to learn the guilty man's sinful behavior, the other 98 men, afraid that they will be suspected of breaking the moral law themselves if they do not do something quickly, are forced to follow one another to express their position regarding the sinner.20.obnoxious adj.very unpleasant, nasty, offensive.e.g.John has some obnoxious habits.He sleeps with his snake and eats with his cat.venture into to take the risk going into.e.g.He was originally a high school teacher.When China started its reform and opening up drive, he quit his job and ventured into business.// Cf.venture capital(风险基金）.institution n.a significant practice, relationship, organization in a country or culture(体制).institutional adj.e.g.institutional reform.have sth.at heart to be deeply interested in it;anxious to support or encourage it.e.g.He had music at heart even when he was forced to work in the countryside.keep/lose track of to follow/fail to follow the course or development of...;keep in/lose touch with.e.g.The old man reads Yangcheng Evening News every day to keep track of the current events.ruin vt.& n.to cause great damage or destruction to.e.g.The tropical storm ruined his house.// If you go on like this, you will ruin your career.Para: When a man of offensive opinions becomes a politician, the defenders of our old system need only follow and watch his private activities secretly until they find something bad about him that will finish him as a politician.21.make sth.known to make sth.public;expose.e.g.That the mayor took drugs in a hotel was soon made known to the public.obloquy n.shame or disgrace resulting from widespread criticism.“a cloud of obloquy” , a metaphor, means great shame.blackmail vt.& n.(to force sb.to make a)payment of money for not making known sth.discreditable about him(敲诈勒索).e.g.Threatening to turn the evidence over to the police, he blackmailed the firm into paying him for keeping quiet.Para: They can choose to do three things: to make public the bad deeds committed by the sinner and cause him to disappear quickly in great shame, or to make some easy money from him by threatening to expose him.22.commend vt.to praise.e.g.The Chinese athletes are commended for winning honors for the country.23.render sth.possible to make sth.possible.e.g.Dr.Deal rendered it possible for three American students to teach English in China during the summer vacation.Notice the sarcastic tone in the last two sentences of the paragraph.24.The Archduke(大公), refers to Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination on June 28, 1914 at Sarajevo(萨拉热窝)touched off the First World War.25.militarism n.军国主义;military despotism(军人/军事专制).The slogan “to make the world safe for democracy” is often used by some countries as an excuse to invade other countries.Notice this sentence is in subjunctive mood and the tone is very sarcastic.Para: Because of his death, we had the First World War, the world was made “ safer for democracy”;though militarism has been abolished in some countries, we still have military despotisms in Spain, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria.Paragraphs three and four further illustrate the uses of good man.26.dominant adj.ruling;prevailing.e.g.In a wolf pack, there is always a dominant male(wolf).27.morality n.standards or principles of good behavior;right or moral conduct.e.g.Is commercial morality high in your country?
taboo n.sth which religion or custom regards as forbidden, not to be touched, spoken of , etc.e.g.Pork is a taboo among
the Muslims.// Among Hindus there is a taboo against killing cows.superstitious adj.迷信的.e.g.Most people in primitive societies are superstitious./ In the past, superstitious fishermen regarded white-flag dolphin as the goddess of the Yangtze River.// superstition n.on the ground(s)because(of), on the assumption.e.g.On what grounds do you suspect him?// Joe turned down the invitation to the party on the ground that he would have to go to the airport to meet his aunt.Para: Standards of good behavior seems to have grown out of the idea of taboo, something that a particular religion or custom regards as forbidden, in other words, primitive morality was at its beginning purely superstitious, it discouraged some 14 harmless acts based on the assumption that these acts would lead, for reasons that could not be explained then, to some bad ends.28.have authority over to have influence on/power over.e.g.The notion that it is a great disrespect to talk loudly in a Buddhist temple still has authority over some people.29.regardless of paying no attention to.e.g.She bought that expensive fur coat regardless of cost.30.revision n.reconsideration;change.e.g.The current taxation law needs some revision.Para: If the conduct that makes people feel horrified were not(subjunctive mood)harmful, then more people would be ready to revise/change our moral standards.31.vengeance n.revenge;the return of an injury for an injury.e.g.He swore a terrible vengeance on the enemy who murdered his brother.// She killed him in an act of vengeance.Para: It was believed that the murdered man's blood or his ghost demanded that those who had murdered him be revenged, and the ghost might punish not only the guilty men, but also those who were kind to the guilty men.32.purify vt.to free from guilt, sin, etc.;make pure.e.g.When purified, this metal can fetch a good price./ This music seems to be able to purify one's spirit of evil thoughts.ritual adj.of, like, or done as a ceremonial or solemn act.e.g.ritual ceremony(仪式).// The tribeswomen performed some ritual dances before the priest started to offer the sacrifice to their god.disguise vt.& n.to hide the real nature of;make look, sound so different as to be unrecognizable.e.g.The murderer disguised himself as a woman and ran away./ He went among the enemy in disguise./ Disguised as a woman, the French journalist slipped into Afghanistan.Para: Some ritual ceremonies, originally designed to change the appearance of the murderer so that the ghost would not recognize him(thus unable to seek the revenge), could free the murderer of his crime.33.Sir J.G.Frazer(1854-1941): Scotish anthropologist.34.repentance n.the action or process of feeling sorrow or regret for misdeeds or moral shortcomings.e.g.You must show signs of repentance if you wish to be forgiven.35.derive from to get from.e.g.The young artist derives a large sum of income from teaching painting to kids.36.antiquity n.ancientness;the ancient period of history.e.g.Homer was a great men of antiquity.// in remote antiquity means in ancient time.expiation n.赎罪;expiate vt.e.g.She worked silently to expiate her sin.// In expiation of his sin, he gave up all worldly pleasures.This paragraph seems to say that moral standards are generally superstitious.38.a mist of hazy;vague;unclear.Her eyes are covered with a mist of tears.39.forgery n.the making of false signature, banknote, will or other documents in order to deceive.e.g.He made a fortune with the forgery of paintings.// The criminal was sentenced to death for the forgery of millions of RMB.// forge vt.40.This sentence means goodness lies in doing nothing instead of doing something, because the doer is more likely to make mistakes.41.abstain from to hold oneself back from;stay away from.e.g.The doctor told him to abstain from cigarettes.// At the last election, Bill abstained from voting.42.inculcate vt.usually inculcate sth.in sb.to fix(ideas)firmly by repetition;instill.e.g.The authorities are trying hard to inculcate patriotism in young people.the Gospels 福音书.thyself, old English for yourself.precept n.a rule or guide for behavior;moral instruction.e.g.Example is better than precept.43.persecute vt.to punish or treat cruelly.e.g.Many good people were severely persecuted during the Cultural Revolution.// persecution n.44.administer vt.& vi.to give;control;manage;cause to take.e.g.The traffic police administered a fine on him for speeding./ The courts administer the law./ The Red Cross administers aid in disaster areas.45.ingenious adj.clever and skillful.e.g.The ingenious boy made a radio set for himself./ Not even the experts could work out the magician's ingenious escape.justification n.a good reason for;the act of showing that a person, statement, act, etc.is correct and reasonable.His justification for stealing was that his children were starving.// justify vt.remedy vt & n.to put right;provide a cure for;method used to put sth.right.e.g.Your faults of pronunciation can be remedied.// There is no effective remedy for dengue fever.46.Jean Jaures(1859-1914): French socialist.47.acquit vt.to discharge completely(as from an obligation or accusation).e.g.When the rapists were acquitted by the court on the ground of insufficient evidence, the audience became very indignant/angry.Para: The murderer was pronounced not guilty and set free, the reason provided by the court was that he had done something good for the society.In this paragraph, the author illustrates his topic sentence that our current morality is a strange mixture of superstition and rationalism.48.crumble vi.& vt.to break, rub or fall into small pieces.e.g.The British Empire has crumbled and fallen.// His hopes crumbled to dust.49.Jeremy Bentham(1748-1832): English jurist and philosopher.50.arduous adj.difficult, using up much energy.e.g.It must have been a very arduous task to build the pyramids.// It used to be an arduous climb to reach the top of Mount Emei, but now you can get to the top in a cable car in no time.51.conventional adj.traditional;customary.e.g.Rifles are conventional weapons.//White is the conventional color of a wedding gown.52.champion n.person who fights or speaks in support of a cause;person, team, animal, etc.winning the first place in a competition.e.g.Mr.Smith is a champion of equal rights for women./ Joe Louis was the world heavyweight boxing champion for many years.incur vt.to bring upon oneself.e.g.To build that factory, he had incurred a lot of debts, which ultimately ruined him.enmity n.hatred.e.g.He is at enmity with all his neighbors.Para: In order to bring the greatest possible happiness to the greatest possible number of people, he will have to become a great fighter for the interests of the oppressed people.His revolutionary acts will arouse the hatred from a few rich and powerful people who are always afraid of the redistribution of wealth and power.53.proclaim vt.make known publicly and officially;reveal;show.e.g.Zhang Guotao was proclaimed(to be)a traitor./ His accent proclaims that he is from Hubei.// proclamation n.conceal vt.to hide;keep secret.e.g.The bank robber concealed his weapon under his coat./ The trees concealed the deer from view.alienate vt.to cause sb.previously friendly to become unfriendly, hostile or indifferent by distasteful actions;cause to be taken away.e.g.President Bush's policies have alienated many of his followers./ The property of the enemy was alienated during the war.// alienation n.Para: He will make public some facts that the powerful people wish to hide, and he will declare untrue lies aimed to take away sympathy from those people who need it.54.“thou shalt not”, old English, means “you shouldn't(do this)” in modern English.55.“the code” here means “moral code” or “moral law”.56.mystic n.an advocate of the theory of mysticism.Grammar: This sentence is in inverted order, normally it should read “all the great mystics and religious teachers have protested against this kind of morality(official morality)in vain”.57.explicit adj.clearly stated or shown;definite;outspoken.e.g.He gave explicit instructions not to be distributed./ The lease is explicit in saying that the rent must be paid by the 5th of every month.pronouncement n.a formal declaration of opinion;an authoritative announcement.e.g.The accused stood and heard the pronouncement of his sentence.While trying to refute the claim that morality cannot be criticized, the author goes on to say that since the methods used are not correct, there will not be much improvement of moral standards.58.draw n.neither side won.e.g.Our team has had five wins and two draws this season.// The game ended in a draw.59.repress vt.to keep or put down/under;oppress.e.g.For fear of waking up the sleeping baby, she repressed a sneeze./ Many peasant uprisings have been repressed in history.// repression n
60.expansive adj.able or tending to expand;unreserved, high-spirited;broad.e.g.That silent boy became expansive after dinner./ Jane has an expansive character./ Adam has an expansive forehead.61.peccadillo n.a small fault or slight offence.e.g.No one is free from peccadilloes.18 62.exploit vt.to make unethical use of sth./ sb.for one's own profit;take advantage of.e.g.Workers are heavily exploited by the mine owners./ You must exploit every opportunity to learn new things.// exploitation n.63.ill-gotten adj.acquired by illegal or improper means.e.g.Private mine owners in Nandan, Guangxi who dig state mines spend their ill-gotten money like water.Some of them flew to Beijing just for some cigarettes not available in their county.Para: A man who gets rich by being cruel to and making immoral use of others should be viewed now as an immoral man even if he goes to church regularly and spends part of his immorally-obtained money on public welfare or facilities.64.bring about to cause to happen.e.g.Greater efforts must be made to bring about institutional reforms.instill vt.to introduce(ideas)gradually;cause to enter drop by drop.e.g.We must try to instill in children a love of
learning./ Medication is being instilled into the veins of the sick child.muster n.examination;inspection.pass muster to be considered satisfactory;be good enough for the purpose or occasion.e.g.The evaluation group believed that the quality of the construction project passed muster.personage n.an important person.e.g.The ruling party invited some personages without party affiliation to discuss the new plan.Para: To make this happen, we only need to introduce gradually a scientific attitude towards moral questions to replace the traditional attitude(which is no more than a mixture of superstition and oppression)that some important people still regard as good.65.unrepentant adj.feeling no regret or sorrow.e.g.Some of the Fa Lun Gong practitioners are very unrepentant
66.futile adj.useless.e.g.Put down your arms!Resistance is futile.strife n.fight or quarrel;struggle;contention.e.g.A history of internal strife has left its mark on this tiny nation.67.orgy n.a display of excessive indulgence;a wild and drunken activity.e.g.At the party the youngsters engaged in various orgies such as drinking, joint-smoking(吸大麻), and sexual activity.68.afresh adv.again.e.g.Let's start afresh
The last paragraph seems to say that only the progress of reason and science can help improve our sense of morality.Though the power of reason is still weak today, Mr.Russell believes that it will become stronger and stronger in the future, and ultimately overwhelms unreason.Key to Vocabulary and Structure
A.1.wholesome 2.assiduous 3.subversive 4.wrongdoing 5.endorsed 6.breath 7.Undesirable 8.calculated 9.injustice 10.purifying
B.1.venturing 2.in relation to 3.follow suit 4.keep...out 5.keep track of 6.speaking of 7.on the grounds 8.derives from 9.abstain from 10.for fear that C.1.immoral 2.cruelty 3.irreproachable 4.revise 5.constructive 6.blameless 7.administered 8.guilty 9.equality 10.Justice
D.1.C.protected areas 2.A.As did 3.D.as opposed 4.A.Never having 5.A.would have married 6.D.for which 7.B.can he speak 8.A.we established 9.D.that 10.D.but also
E.1.recognized 2.came across 3.appeared 4.as 5.conceived 6.discovered 7.in 8.what 9.than 10.good 11.true 12.morally 13.At 14.comes 15.which 16.towards 17.other 18.such as 19.penalty 20.guilty Key to Translation A:
在政客圈子里，好人有他们的用处，其中最主要的就是充当烟幕。其他人躲在烟幕背后就可以毫无顾忌地搞他们的活动了。好人从来不会怀疑他的朋友有不轨行为，这就是他的部分好处所在；好人也从来不会被公众怀疑用他的优点来庇护坏人，这是他的部分用处所在。
虽然传统道德的卫道士有时承认，传统的道德并不完美，但是他们极力争辩说，任何的批评都将使整个道德体系分崩离析。如果批评是积极的和富有建设性的，那么情况不致如此，只有逞一时之快的批评，才会使道德体系崩溃。让我们回过头来看看边沁的观点吧。作为道德规范的基础，他提倡“为最大多数的人谋求最大的幸福”。按照这一原则行事的人，其一生要比仅仅遵循传统戒律的人艰难得多。
Key to Translation B:
1.The so-called ideally good men may not necessarily be beneficial to society because people have different ideas about the standards of goodness.2.Good men must be morally irreproachable and they mustn't be indifferent to the things harmful to society.3.They see to it that their hard and earnest work helps them complete their task smoothly, and none of them thinks much of personal fame and position
4.Scandals can ruin a genuinely good man while flattery can make a bad man a good man.5.He cannot tell a good man from bad ones, so bad men often use him to screen their bad activities.6.They often elbow out the undesirables by making it impossible for them to continue with their work.7.Though threatened, he showed no fear and continued with his experiment which was calculated to be successful.(此处calculated用得很勉强)
8.The poor man was sentenced to life imprisonment on the ground that he had stolen bread from a store.9.They have kept track of him but failed to detect any shady acts.10.Though many people are against him for his violation of conventional concepts, he still has some followers.（此处follow suit不合用）
Key to Reading Practice 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.D
Unit Nine
Let the Computers Be the Bureaucrats
Oren Harare Notes:
1.All the 11th hour;mouth-to-mouth resusicitation of restructuring and “empowerment”: any last-minute effort of changing the structure or supplying the resources to your job || 11th hour: the last possible moment, only just in time.This phrase originates from the Bible, Matthew 20.2....you can hold off the inevitable until you retire---a rather forlorn wish.:...the inevitable(the day your job becomes obsolete)could be put off to the day you retire---but it is unlikely to happen.|| hold off: delay or put off e.g.Could you hold off(making)your decisions until next week? / He makes every excuse to hold off getting married/the wedding.|| a forlorn wish: idiom plan or undertaking that is almost certain not to succeed e.g.Going to their rescue in a rowing boat is a bit of a forlorn wish.e.g.: For him, a young man without formal education background, to find a good job during the recession is kind of a forlorn wish.3....preparing to obsolete your current work before it obsoletes you.:...you should get away from your present job and get prepared for a newly emerging job before your current job becomes out of date.Here obsolete is used as a verb, meaning “make out of date/put to rest, or end.” || obsolete a.: no onger used;out of date e.g.Many obsolete words can be found in this old text./ The horse-drawn plough is now obsolete in most European countries.4....what this drumroll is all about.:...what I want to say with this dramatic introduction(Rolling of drums is used to get an audience's attention.).|| Drumroll n.: sound make by beating drums 5.Bear with me.: Tolerate me patiently.|| Bear with: tolerate someone/sth patiently e.g.We must bear with her during this difficult period.6.move from: make a change from 7....hitherto sacred principles like volume, economies of scale, experience curves, mass production and mass marketing are becoming less and less useful if we're interested in competitive edge.:...those economic principles which used to be considered the best are becoming less useful in the competitive market.|| hitherto adv.: until now ||competitive edge: an advantage in a competition 8.Rapid collaborative application of intelligence is where it's at.: The competitive edge lies in the ability to quickly apply new knowledge and information.Here it refers to competitive edge.9.Some companies get it.: Some companies understand these new principles of competition.10....Microsoft achieved a 38 percent quarterly sales boost by adding $90 million to its top line:...by investing $90 million into its top product line Microsoft's sales increased by 38 percent quarterly.|| boost n.: increase;encouragement || give boost: give encouragement e.g.to give sb's confidence a boost || achieve a boost: see rapid increase e.g.This year the economy in Shanghai has achieved a 9.9 percent boost.|| top line: 公司常用的财务报表中，不论资产负债还是损益表，其第一行(top line)都是 revenue(收入)，top line growth 指盈收增长。
11.break even: balance income and expenditure;make neither a loss nor a profit 12.Launch one new interesting product: start to manufacture a new interesting product 13.miss the point: not see the main idea(the point)e.g.To say that the failure of the Chinese football team is caused by the poor ability of the foreign coach is to miss the point.e.g.: He made a long speech but most of the audience missed the point.14.EDS is successful despite its size.: Although EDS is a huge company, it has managed to achieve success.Here despite implies that its size is a disadvantage rather than an advantage for EDS.15.break down into: divide or be divided into parts e.g.Expenditure on the project breaks down as follows: wages $10 m, raw materials $5m./ After bankruptcy the big company was broken down into several small ones and sold separately.16.Everyone else by and large executes.: All the other employees only carry out the orders or put the ideas to work.||by and large: in general, on the whole e.g.By and large, this company is pretty good to me./ The economy this year by and large has seen some improvement.|| execute v.: put(sth)into effect;carry out e.g.execute a plan;execute a piece of work;execute someone's orders Or: kill as a legal punishment e.g.The murderer was executed after he was convicted of having killed 10 children.17.bureaucracy kills: In a bureaucratic system in which people only do routine work passively, they lose all their imagination and initiative.18.nonhuman: not of human beings 19.Specifically: to be specific;to make it concrete e.g.Water is composed of two elements, specifically, oxygen and hydrogen.20.fit into: match well with e.g.This card fits nicely into that envelope.21.the ultimate bureaucrats: the most regulated, structured and least flexible workers 22.Even if you're smart enough to outsource such work, the question can still be aimed at the supplier.: Even if you are able to reassign bureaucratic work, the question can still be asked to those organizations who use people for bureaucratic jobs.|| outsource v.: delegate out to others（将...）外包给...23.valid a.: relevant;sound 24.handoff n.: handing or passing on work to other people 25.bureaucratic conduit-jobs: redundant routine work 26.Hence, organizations will no longer be able to subsidize processes and jobs that glorify hierarchical control but turn off the spigot on knowledge-flow.: Therefore organizations will not be able to support the growth of hierarchical management systems in which information is the privilege of a few authorities and not available to everyone.|| turn off the spigot on knowledge-flow: block the free flow of knowledge 27.converge v.: move toward the same point e.g.Our previously opposed views are biginning to converge.e.g.: Enthusiasts from around the world converge on Le Mans for the annual car race.28....flinging intelligence to the far reaches of the globe:...making information available in every part of the world, even the most remote areas || fling to: throw(sth)in a certain direction e.g.He flung the paper away in disgust./ He was flung into prison.29....where walls of secrecy and hoarding and egostatus come tumbling down.:...all the barriers to the free flow of information and intelligence are disappearing.Wall of secret means practices which prevent the free flow of information.|| hoard v.: hide e.g.He is hoarding some secret paper.|| tumble down: fall down in ruin;collapse e.g.The old barn we bought to convert into flats was practically tumbling down./ With the invasion of imperialists the once glorious empire slowly tumbled down.30.There's no place for human bureaucracy in this scenario.: In the future, there is no room for human bureaucratic work.scenario n.: imagined setting of future events 31.The sheer volume of information and knowledge available to any individual(and any competitor)will mean that talent, resourcefulness, energy and ingenuity will necessarily become an all-hands, collaborative affair, the responsibility of everyone on board.: There will be such a huge amount of information and technology in the future that only with the participation and cooperation of all the people in the company can smart solutions and ingenious breakthroughs come about.32.be set on a firm course: know without doubt the direction to go in e.g.The revolution set the country on the road to democracy./ We are set on a firm course to success.Key to the Translation from English to Chinese:
A
有些公司了解这一点。微软即是其中之一。// 有些人认为微软能在互联网世界里崭露锋芒，锐意发展是由于比尔·盖茨的个人野心。// 简言之，这种想法很荒谬。// 在1990年，微软季度销售量要增加38%，需要增加九千万的收入，而在1995年，要达到同样比例的季度销售增幅，收益需要增加九亿美元。// 现在，收益的增加标准越提越高。新的商机来自何处？规模化经营？还是低成本？这些都是无稽之谈。// 新的商机只能来自于领导市场、受顾客欢迎的产品。// 即使要保持收支平衡，微软也要至少每天创造一千五百万美元的收益。// 如果没有高速度和充分的想象力，它只有死路一条。B 这些趋势在不断扩大，原因很简单：信息就是力量，而技术的发展使得获取信息变得民主化和全球化。// 因此，各种组织机构将再也不能扶植那些美化等级特权并阻止信息交流的工作体系了。// 在未来学家乔治·吉尔德所描绘的世界中，经济是建立在沙子、玻璃和空气的基础上的。// 沙子即指制造芯片的硅。芯片（计算机世界的建筑材料）正以指数级的速度增长。每十八个月芯片的性能就要翻一番。
Key to the Translation from the Chinese into English 1.Such a job is doomed because in this field, manual work will be done by computers.2.The information-based network economy will bring about profound changes in society.Whether this change could benefit human beings or involve them in a chaotic situation needs our discussion.3.Because of the increasingly fierce competition and personalized product demand from customers, being able to supply personalized products has become the key to business success.4.The old way of management robs people of their imagination and curiosity, making them content with the present system and jobs and they make no progress.5.Those lacking in initiative and creativity can only fit into the traditional mode of work.Once the old mode is changed, they will be at a loss as to what to do.6.In the coming century the development of telecommunications will depend on optical fibers which carry information incomparable to the common phone lines.25 7.Since computers can replace people to do routine jobs, people can be freed of mundane business to do creative work.8.In future society, proprietary information will be less and less proprietary.What will this lead to? 9.Some social thinkers predict ominously that robots will become more and more independent and eventually uncontrollable.10.In the future, new jobs will be born.There is no need for people to worry excessively about unemployment.But they must keep learning about new technology.Key to vocabulary and structure A.1.sacred
2.secrecy 3.doomed
4.segment 5.hierarchy 6.ego 7.symptoms 8.chaotic
9.absurd 10.breakthrough
B.1.obsolete 2.boost 3.imagination 4.duplicate
5.subsidy 6.converge 7.tumbled down 8.automated 9.innovation 10.hold off C.1.personalized 2.intangibles;tangibles 3.prediction 4.ingenuous 5.flexibility 6.bureaucrat 7.innovation 8.glory 9.available 10.specified D.1.B that 2.D.little 3.C giving 4.D can she act 5.B must have been 6.C be 7.B whichever 8.B meaningful 9.D many of whose origins 10.B or E.1.about 2.organization 3.for 4.but 5.computers 6.In other words 7.that 8.In fact 9.simply 10.therefore 11.attach 12.within 13.definition 14.for 15.necessary Reading practice 1)D 2)D 3)C 4)A 5)B Unit Ten: Animal Research Is Vital to Medicine Jack H.Botting
Adrian R.Morrison Notes:
1.seek to do sth = try/attempt to do sth;// alleviate vt.to lessen or reduce(pain);to decrease(poverty).e.g.This medicine can only alleviate the symptoms of your problem, but not cure it.// The government is doing its best to alleviate the poverty in the mountainous areas.2.respond to = react to, answer, reply.e.g.Jane did not respond to her teacher's question.// emergence n.the act of rising/appearing.e.g.The constant emergence of promising players is characteristic of the Chinese ping pong team.// Cf.emergency n.a sudden, generally unexpected occurrence demanding immediate action.e.g.emergency department(of a hospital)// He is known for his ability to handle emergency cases.3.“research...is but one...” “but” here means “only”.complementary adj.making sb or sth better by stressing its good qualities or having qualities that other person or thing lacks.e.g.Irish farming and British industry are complementary.Each provides what the other needs.// complementary approaches = ways and methods that support each other.4.essential adj.absolutely necessary, indispensable, vital.e.g.Discipline is essential in an army.// It is essential to know all the facts.// vital adj.essential, indispensable, very important, full of life, of or concerned with life.e.g.The relationship between the teacher and student is of vital importance.// Easy access to information is vital for an informed public.// Mary is vital and attractive.// Pulse, heart beat, and blood pressure are vital signs of life.// Para: We plan to show you exactly why we believe that animal research has been important in the past and why it will continue to be important in the future.5.allot vt.to assign as one's share, make a distribution of.e.g.Can we finish the work within the time they have allotted to us?// They were allotted an apartment to live in.// allotment n.Para: To describe in detail all the progress that relied on animal research would require much more space(in the newspaper or magazine given to us(by the editors).In other words, we cannot describe in detail all the progress made so far because we do not have enough space.6.owe sth to sb/sth = be indebted to as the source of.e.g.He owes his success to good luck more than to ability.// To whom do we owe the discovery of penicillin?//
7.debilitate vt.to make weak, to weaken(the body);debilitating in the sentence is used as an adjective.e.g.a debilitating climate.// result from is followed by a cause whereas result in is followed by a result.e.g.Sickness often results from eating too much.// The accident resulted in 20 deaths.// bacterial adj.细菌的;bacterium n.细菌(pl.bacteria), e.g.bacterial infection(细菌感染);viral adj.病毒的, virus n.病毒;e.g.computer virus.para: Most diseases that make people physically weak or that make people lose their work ability are the results of bacterial or viral infections.8.derange vt.to make insane, to throw into confusion, to cause to go out of order.e.g.John is mentally deranged(He is insane/mad.)// derangement n.para: Most doctors believed that these diseases were caused by the disorders in the patients' internal organs(内脏紊乱).9.derive from = to have as a source or origin, to get: e.g.Thousands of English words are derived from Latin.// She has derived little benefit from the medicine.// microorganism n.微生物;originate with/from sb, originate from/in sth = to have as a cause or beginning: e.g.The quarrel originated in rivalry between the two groups.// With whom did the proposal originate?// Louis Paster(路易•巴斯德).contemporary adj.of the time or period to which reference is being made, belonging to the same time;e.g.contemporary literature(当代文学)// Dickens was contemporary with Thackeray.// contemporary n.a person belonging to the same time with another/others;e.g.Dickens and Thakeray are contemporaries.// Para: The proof that such diseases were caused by external bacteria and/or viruses can be traced back to the pioneering work done by Pasteur and scientists of his time.10.contaminate vt.to make impure, corrupt, etc.by contact;to pollute;e.g.Flies contaminate food.The oil spill contaminated the river.// contamination n.contaminating or being contaminated;sth which contaminates;e.g.Milk should be kept very clean to avoid contamination.The contamination of the Pearl River made the water unfit to drink.// contaminant n.a contaminating substance;e.g.Dust and poisonous gas in the air are contaminants.// contaminating adj.e.g.contaminating diseases(接触性传染病)
11.chicken cholera 鸡霍乱；anthrax 炭疽病.12.hypothesis n.an idea or suggestion put foward as a starting point for reasoning or explanation.e.g.Many people are trying to prove the hypothesis put forward by that famous economist.// gut n.[pl.] the intestine;[slang] daring, courage.e.g.During the war, Japanese soldiers took pleasure in sticking their bayonets into the guts of unarmed Chinese civilians.Bill is a man of guts.// microbe n.a microorganism, especially one causing disease;e.g.Microbes are tiny living creatures that can be seen only with the help of a microscope.// to grow sth in culture 把某物放在培养基中培养。
Para: To see whether his idea that microorganisms cause diseases is correct, Pasteur examined the things contained in the intestine of chickens suffering from cholera;he separated a microbe that might have caused the disease and grew it in culture.13.identify vt.to establish the identity of;to consider as being the same or as being necessarily associated.e.g.Mary identified the man as her attacker./ Peter identifies her happiness with his own.// identity n.who a person is, or what a thing is.e.g.an identity card(ID card 身份证).They don't trust him as his identity is still uncertain.// identification n.identifying or being identified, e.g.The identification of persons killed in the traffic accident proves rather difficult.// identical adj.the same;exactly alike;e.g.The fingerprints of no two persons are identical./ John and his brother are identical twins.// The identical twins were asked to show their identity cards in the swimming contest because the officials there had trouble identifying them.Para: Pasteur had correctly established the identity of the microbe that caused chicken cholera.14.by chance = by accident, not by desing or on purpose.e.g.The farmer discovered a sword that dates back to pre-Qin period quite by chance.15.be resistant to = resisting.e.g.Many insects are resistant to DDT.// batch n.one set, lot or group.e.g.Mother always tells me to buy the freshest batch of bread.Batch number is printed on the back of the box.// be lethal to = be deadly to.e.g.Drugs are lethal to all people.//
Para: But birds(chickens)taking the cultured microbes that had lost their ability to infect were not affected by new batches of microbes that would have killed those birds(chickens)if they had not received the weakened form of microbes earlier.16.recur vi.to come, happen again;be repeated.e.g.I felt very sorry when I learned that his disease had recurred.If this cheating recurs, you will be expelled from school.// recurrence n.recurring, repetition.e.g.The frequent recurrence of these headaches makes her life miserable.// recurrent adj.e.g.His illness is likely to be recurrent.17.administer vt.to manage, look after business affairs;to apply, put into operation.e.g.to administer law;to administer a country;to administer punishment to sb;The doctor told me to administer the lotion to the wound three times a day.// administration n.management of public affairs;application of medicine, relief, a punishement.e.g.His sister is studying administration at Cornell University.The administration of eye drops must be done very carefully.// administrator n.e.g.A friend of mine is an administrator in a prestigious college.// administrative adj.e.g.He has a lot of administrative work to do.// induce vt.to produce, cause, etc.e.g.This medicine induces sleep.His illness was induced by overwork.// induced labor 引产.immunity n.the state of being temporarily or permanently able to resist an infection;exemption from a tax, duty or jurisdiction.e.g.Immunity may be acquired.// be immune to/from = protected or safe from a danger, etc.;exempt;e.g.He is immune to TB/small pox.Foreign funded companies in that country are immune from income taxation for three years.// immune system = 免疫系统// immunization n.免疫接种 Para: With the use(application)of a form of ineffective culture of the disease-causing bacteria, doctors might be able to cause their patients to acquire a resistance to infectious diseases.18.Guinea pigs are not pigs.They are the white mice used in scientific experiments.19.vaccine n.a preparation of weakened microorganisms that are administered so as to produce or increase immunity to/against a particular disease 疫苗（制剂）.e.g.Scientists have been trying to develop an effective vaccine against AIDS.20.to an/some/a certain extent = in some degree, partly.e.g.Ghana is industrialized to some extent.21.prominent adj.distinguished, famous, leading.e.g.Albert Einstein is a prominent physicist.// Jean has a promiment part in the play.prominence n.|| Joseph Lister(1827-1912), English surgeon.On the basis of Pasteur's research into fermentation, he introduced the principles of disinfection and antisepsis into surgery.|| carbolic acid: 石炭酸。sterilize vt.to rid(surgical instruments, dressings etc.)of living microorganisms;to make incapable of producing offspring.e.g.To sterilize anything is to kill the germs on it, usually by boiling.// He did not want to have any more children, so he had an operation to have himself sterilized.suture n.the thread or wire used in a surgical operation（手术用线）;the stitching together of the two edges of a wound or incision（手术缝合）;vt.to sew up(a wound).|| dressings n.绷带 Para: Pasteur's findings affected the opinion of Joseph Lister, a famous British surgeon, who was the first to use carbolic acid to kill micororganisms on intruments, threads and wound dressings used in surgical operation.22.address vt.to speak/write to.e.g.Mr.Green will now address the meeting.vivisection n.the performance of scientific experiments involving surgical operation on living animals for medical or other research（活体解剖）.vivisect vt.Para: to make a speech at the Royal Commission that was investigating into the horrible practices, the killing of living animals.23.condemn vt.to blame, criticize severely;punish.e.g.Most people condemn war.// The judge condemned the criminal to ten years in jail.// condemnation n.Para: to say some words to criticize vivisection, the horrible practices that kill animals.24.Quaker n.a member of the Society of Friends（公谊会/贵格会成员）.25.sovereign n.a king, queen or emperor.e.g.King George was the sovereign of England.// adj.the highest power(of a nation, state, ruler).e.g.China is a sovereign state.26.testimony n.a statement made under oath to establish a fact;any form of evidence.e.g.A witness gave testimony that Mr.Smith was at home from 9 to 12 p.m.// The witness's testimony is false.// testify vt.& vi.to give evidence, especially under oath in court.e.g.The fingerprint expert was asked to testify at the trial.// He hated to testify against a friend.27.asepsis n.freedom from bacterial infection;the method or process of excluding bacteria, esp.in surgery（无菌/无菌操作）.aseptic adj.28.diphtheria n.白喉;tetanus n.破伤风;rabies n.狂犬病;tuberculosis n.结核病;poliomyelitis n.脊髓灰质炎;measles n.麻疹.29.candidate microorganisms = microorganisms that might be the causes of diseases.30.contract vt.to catch(a disease);to enter into a contract.e.g.My son contracted a severe fever.// The farmer contracted to lease his land.31.antibacterial adj.that checks the growth or effect of bacteria（抗菌的）n.抗菌剂/物.antibiotic n.any of certain substances capable of destroying or weakening bacteria（抗菌素，抗生素）adj.抗菌的，抗生的.The prefix anti means: 1.against, hostile to;2.that operates against;3.that prevents, cures or neutralizes;4.opposite, reverse;5.rivaling
32.trivial adj.insignificant, of very little importance or value.e.g.His work is the most important thing, beside it all else is trivial.// triviality n.e.g.She only talks about the trivialities of life.33.amputate vt.to cut off(an arm, a leg), esp.in surgery.e.g.His injured arm was amputated.// amputation n.e.g.Doctors tried their best to keep his legs injured by a land mine before they resorted to amputation.34.puerperal sepsis: 产后脓毒病。
35.sulfonamide drugs: 磺胺类药物。
Para: When doctors started to use sulfonamides, the rate of mothers dying from puerperal sepsis dropped sharply.36.a range of = a row, line or series of.e.g.a range of mountains.37.compound n.复/化/混合物。e.g.APC compound// adj.复/化/混合物的，复方的。
Gerhard Domagk:(1895-1964), a German chemist.Bayer Laboratories: 拜尔实验室/制药公司。
screen vt.to test;to sift through a screen.e.g.He was well screened before he took the job.mouse protection test: 小鼠保护实验。agar plates: 琼脂培养基。
Notice: The objective clause following “insist” is in subjunctive mood.Para: The research group led by Gerhard Domagk at Bayer Laboratories...insisted that all possible compounds get tested on mice infected with the disease instead of on bacteria grown in culture.38.perspicacity n.quickness to judge and understand.e.g.Her perspicacity in times of danger has saved us a lot of trouble.// perspicacious adj.[formal] keen;quick to judge and understand.e.g.John is a perspicacious boy.prontosil n.百浪多息（一种磺胺类药的商品名）。
potent adj.(of reasons, charms, drugs, remedies)powerful, effective.e.g.M.Ali is a potent boxer.// This drug is potent against cholera.in vitro adj.or adv.in glass;outside a living body and in an artificial environment.// Cf.in vivo adj.or adv.in the living body of a plant or animal.sulfanilamide n.对氨基苯磺酰胺。
Para: Domagk's wise decision was lucky for us because prontosil, a compound, though very effective in killing the bacteria in mice, could not kill the bacteria grown in glass plates(on agar plates).The effective antibacterial sulfanilamide originated from prontosil in vivo rather than in vitro.39.synthesize vt.to combine parts or elements so as to form a whole.e.g.No one has synthesized gold.// Some hormones can be synthesized.// synthetic adj.e.g.During the 20th century, many synthetic products have replaced natural ones.// synthetic leather// synthesis n.e.g.Plastic is produced by synthesis.// Now that we have succeeded in
isolating this drug, our next problem is to plan its synthesis in the laboratory.40.penicillin n.盘尼西林/青霉素。
Para: A lack of proper animal experiments unfortunately postponed the use of the wonderful new drug: penicillin.41.Sir Alexander Fleming(1881-1955), a British bacteriologist.42.toxic adj.poisonous.e.g.toxic gas// Some substances produced by bacteria in plants and animals are very toxic.// toxin n.any of several intensely poisonous substances produced by certain bacteria.e.g.The toxins contained in spoiled food can cause diseases.// toxicity n.毒性.e.g.Mr.Wang, a Ph.D student, is studying the toxicity of insecticides.43.Sir Howard W.Florey(1898-1968), a British pathologist.// Ernst Boris Chain(1906-?)a Germany born British biochemist.44.malaria n.疟疾。
45.strain n.种、菌株。e.g.Yuan Longping has developed a new strain of rice that can increase food production nationwide.46.routine n.a fixed and regular way of doing things.e.g.business routine// Going to the bank every morning is part of the routine of his work.// We are bored with the routine of campus life.// adj.ordinary, regular.e.g.Mopping the floor and washing the dishes are my routine duties// A routine medical checkup is advisable at least once a year for the middle-aged scientists.thanks to = owing to;with the help of.e.g.Thanks to the teacher's help, I passed my mid-term English test.Para: As a result of(owing to)20 years of animal research by..., open heart operation（开心手术）is now common(a daily practice).47.kidney failure = renal failure（肾衰竭）.48.kidney dialysis = 肾透析；kidney transplant = 肾移植。
49.severe hemorrhage = 大出血;hypertension = high blood pressure（高血压）;diabetes = 糖尿病。
50.heparin n.肝素。
extract vt.to draw out by effort;to obtain by pressing, distilling, etc.e.g.to extract sugarcane/beet for sugar// The surgeon extracted a bullet lodged in his chest.// Iron is extracted from the iron ore by heating the ore with coke and limestone.// extraction n.Her teeth are so bad that she needs five extractions.animal tissues = 动物组织;however, tissue paper = 面巾纸。
anesthetize vt.to cause a partial or total loss of the sense of pain, touch, etc.in...// anesthesia n.麻醉.e.g.local anesthesia = 局部麻醉;total anesthesia = 全身麻醉;Many doctors from the third world countries come to China to learn acupuncture
anesthesia（针刺麻醉）.// anesthetic adj.麻醉的；n.麻醉药/剂// anesthetist n.麻醉师// anesthesiologist n.麻醉专家// e.g.Before a surgical operation, an anesthetist/anesthesiologist anesthetizes the patient so that he/she does not feel the pain.For a small operation, local anesthesia is administered;if the operation is a big one, total anesthesia is preferred.The dosage of anesthetics used depends on the age, weight, and physical condition of the patient.In China, doctors also use acupunture anesthesia in surgical operations.51.a host of = a great number of.e.g.They defeated a host of enemies in battle.// similar expressions: a series/range/variety/plethora of, an array of.// However, “host” in the next sentence means “宿主”.complication n.new illness, or new development of an illness, that makes treatment more difficult(并发症)。
instrumental adj.helpful, serving as an instrument or means;of or for musical instruments.// e.g.Dr.Deal is instrumental in finding a well-paid job for George.// instrumental music（器乐曲）.Para: To transplant a kidney or any major organ into a patient is likely to cause a lot of new problems that make the treatment more difficult.Animal experiments have been very helpful in developing new therapies and techniques for these problems.52.blood vessels: 血管;donor organ: 捐赠器官。
withstand vt.to hold out against(pressure, attack).e.g.They withstood the attackers for 48 hours before retreat.// Nobody can withstand her charms.artery n.any of the large tubes carrying blood from the heart（动脉，Cf.vein: 静脉）;a main road or channel.e.g.The Yangtze is one of the transportation arteries in China.// arterial adj.Trans: 将宿主的血管和捐赠器官牢固缝合，以便使血管能够承受动脉的压力。
53.suppress vt.to restrain;to keep from being known or published;to put down by force.e.g.The police are trying to suppress the sale and use of illegal drugs.// You cannot suppress the truth for long.// She suppressed a laugh.// The army suppressed a revolt in the provinces.54.reject vt.to refuse to take, use, believe, agree to, etc.e.g.The committee rejected his application for studying abroad.// The patient's body rejected the heart transplant.// rejection n.55.insulin n.a life-saving hormone(胰岛素).56.pancreas n.脾脏
57.diagnosis n.the act of deciding the nature of a disease, situation, problem, etc.by examination and analysis;the resulting decision（诊断 [pl.] diagnoses）.e.g.The two doctors made different diagnoses of my disease.// diagnose vt.& vi.to determine the nature of(a disease)from its symptoms.e.g.The doctor diagnosed his disease as measles.// diagnostic adj.malignant adj.very harmful;causing or likely to cause death.e.g.She is suffering from a malignant tumor.// malignance or malignancy n.prognosis n.a prediction, esp.of the course of a disease(预后).e.g.The prognosis of
her case is not very bright.// prognostic adj.precede vt.& vi.to come, be, or go before in time, place, rank, etc.e.g.The playing of the national anthem precedes all sports events.//The movie star entered the room preceded by her little dog.// A major precedes a captain in rank.// precedence n.e.g.Economic problems must take precedence of other issues.// precedent adj.& n.If he is allowed to do this, it will serve as a precedent for others.// It is something without precedent in history.devastate vt.to lay waste, destroy, overwhelm.e.g.The typhoon devastated the coastal area in Guangdong.// devastation n.The devastation caused by the landslide left 30 people homeless.Para: The determination of malignant hypertension often meant that the patient would die within a year.Before his/her death, he/she would experience very painful headaches and lose his/her sight too.58.herald vt.to announce, foretell, etc.e.g.The singing of the birds heralds the day.// n.a forerunner;one who announces important news.e.g.The returning swallows are heralds of spring.// A good newspaper should be a herald of truth.// The New York Herald Tribune（《纽约先驱论坛报》）.59.transgenic adj.转基因的, e.g.transgenic foods.60.mutation n.a sudden variation in some inheritable characteristic of a plant or animal.// mutant adj.of mutation;n.an animal or plant with inheritable characteristics that differ from those of the parents.// mutable adj.that can change or be changed.// mutate vi.& vt.a wealth of = a lot of.It can be used to modify both countable and uncountable nouns.e.g.She has a wealth of knowledge about China.// The speaker gives a wealth of examples to illustrate his point.61.trauma n.a bodily injury/wound;an emotional shock/blow.e.g.Time will heal her trauma.// traumatic adj.e.g.His traumatic experience in the war lasted through his life.// traumatize vt.Everyone felt traumatized during the Cultural Revolution.the central nervous system: 中枢神经系统。
62.dogma n.a doctrine, belief;a body of theological doctrines strictly adhered to(教条)./ dogmatic adj.dogmatism n.教条主义/ dogmaticist n.教条主义者 || mammalian adj.哺乳动物的;mammal n.哺乳动物 || spinal cord n.脊髓
assess vt.to evaluate.e.g.The value of the property has been assessed at RMB2000 yuan.// The prefix “re” in reassess means “again”.e.g.We have to reassess the situation now since many things have changed in the past few days.|| in the light of = as a result of taking into consideration.e.g.In the light of these changes, we must revise our plan.|| regenerate vt.to give new life or vigor to;to grow(a new part)to replace a lost or injured one.e.g.Worldwide bumper harvest regenerated hopes of resolving the economic crisis.// If a crab loses a claw, it wil often regenerate a new one.// regeneration n.e.g.The successful regeneration of the waterfront has brought in many tourists.||
Para: Recent animal research indicates that it is indeed possible to make damaged nerve cells in mammalian spinal cord to function again.According to this research finding, the old teaching/doctrine that it is impossible to...has to be reevaluated and
changed.Key to the paragraph translation into Chinese: 在解决现有的医学难题方面，动物实验依旧是必不可少的吗？那些因携带一个突变基而产生基因转变的动物，已经向我们提供了大量的有关蛋白质功能及其在疾病中所起的作用的新信息。毫无疑问，动物实验将继续为我们提供这类信息。我们还期待着在中枢神经损伤的治疗方面取得重大进展。鉴于近来的动物研究表明，神经的再生确有可能，因此原本认为哺乳动物脊髓中的神经细胞受损后功能无法复原的教条，必须予以重新评价。治疗何时生效，只是一个时间问题。||我们很难想象，将来如果没有动物实验，怎么能够在这个领域以及生物和医学等诸多其他领域取得进展。
索尔克和疫苗这两个词，就象弗莱明和盘尼西林、爱因斯坦和相对论那样，紧紧地结合在一起。因此，当最早研制出可以有效预防小儿麻痹症的疫苗的乔纳斯• 索尔克博士于八年前宣布，他将重新出山专攻爱滋病难题的时候，许多人，特别是那些与日俱增的HIV病毒感染者，都欢呼雀跃起来。除了这位征服过一种恶名远扬的儿童痼疾的高手，谁还比他更有资格担当向当前的瘟疫——爱滋病发起冲锋的领军人物呢？然而在科学界，忧虑却多过期望。爱滋病这个目标，要比小儿麻痹症难攻得多，所以很少有专家相信索尔克的疫苗研制方法能够取得成功。然而这位医学领域的开拓者，并没有因为他人的怀疑而气馁，而是知难而上，和一家私人公司联手研发他的治疗方法。现今80高龄的索尔克，也许有机会向世人证明，他的白大褂的衣袖里，藏了不止一种医学奇迹。
Key to Translation B:
1.Rabies is an infectious disease of the central nervous system, caused by a virus spread chiefly by domestic dogs and wild flesh-eating animals.2.Each year about 6,500 Americans contract liver caner, and for all but a relative few the prognosis is grim.3.It is one thing to locate oil, but it is quite another to extract it from the earth and transport it to the industrial centers.4.In the light of recent animal research, we have become convinced that the vaccine can boost patients' weakening immune system and decrease the amount of virus circulating in the blood.5.Earlier he spoke publicly against the proposal for increasing trade between the two countries, but now he is inclined to support it.6.There is no powerful medicine for curing the mysterious strain of influennza with its complications, for it is resistant to current antibiotics.7.Since he was elected, the president has been faced with a host of serious social problems such as runaway inflation, large-scale unemployment, and teenage crime.8.A famous French chemist named Louis Pasteur discovered and proved after many
years of careful experiments on animals that microorganisms are responsible for certain infectious diseases.9.The four problems in question are how to prevent various epidemics, alleviate existing ailments, conquer malignant tumors, and respond to the emergence of new diseases respectively.10.Before the introduction of penicillin, a life-saving antibiotic, many patients with tuberculosis typically died from the disease.Vocabulary and structure A.1.suppress 2.Amputation 3.donor 4.recurrence 5.heralded 6.alleviate 7.batches 8.reject 9.lethal 10.potent B.1.a.immunized B.immunity 2.a.diagnostical b.diagnosed 3.a.recurrent b.recurrence
4.a.vaccinating b.Vaccination
5.a.infect b.infective 6.a.contracted b.contractible 7.a.toxin b.toxicity 8.a.surgery b.surgeon 9.a.administration b.administered 10.a.preceded b.preceding
C.1.originated with 2.a host of 3.immune to 4.are resistant to 5.protected against 6.In the light of 7.speak against 8.points to 9.in question 10.were responsible for D.1.few?little 2.impossible?possible 3.was?/ 4.itself?themselves 5.from?in 6.As?/ 7.This?It 8.to?/ 9.dish?mould 10.seems?seemed E.1.indeed 2.control 3.particularly 4.living 5.producing 6.character 7.discovery 8.supported 9.co-operation 10.prevented Reading practice 1.F 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F
Unit Eleven: Should English Be the Law
Robert D.King
Explanation of the Text
1.race riots: riots resulting from racial animosity(仇恨)种族骚动
2.draft riots: riots resulting from conscripting men into military service征兵骚动 3.secession: n.formally leaving an organization.4.anti-war protests: anti-war demonstrations 5.language riot: riot resulting from making English the official language of the United States 6.is alien(to): is strange(to);is unnatural(to)e.g.When I first went to New York, it all felt very alien to me.I find the idea of sending young children off to boarding school totally alien.It's a country that has had an alien government and an alien language imposed on it by force.7.the appeal to the Supreme Court: the turning over of the case to the Supreme Court appeal(to): n.&v 1)an earnest request e.g.She made one last appeal to her father for permission to go to the party.The appeal for funds for the orphanage was highly successful.The children appeal to their mother to know what to do on a rainy day.(v.)an appeal to a higher court for a reversal of the decision
2)attraction e.g.Television has a great appeal for most young people.Blue and red appeal to me but I don't like grey or yellow.(v.)8.ruling: n.decision, judgment
e.g.The court's final ruling on the case was that the companies had acted illegally.9.strike down: legally cancel;overthrow;kill e.g.strike down a law The racists attempted to strike down the opposition of the blacks by threatening to storm.One pedestrian was unfortunately struck down by lightning.10.how divisive a public issue language could become in America: language could become a very divisive public issue in American.11.be taken seriously: be considered to be important and worth a lot of attention;take sth/sb seriously e.g.The police have to take any terrorist threat seriously.These young actors take themselves so seriously.37 12.the American way: the American custonm/customary behavior way n.: method;aspect e.g.He wants his own way all the time.他总是一意孤行。Do it your own way.He has more power in many ways than the President.13.be silent on language: give no view on language be silent on/about: give no opinion on
e.g.The minister was silent on/about his plan for the future.14.in order to make it in America: in order to be very successful in America make it(to the top): be very successful
e.g.She's very ambitious but, I don't think she'll ever really make it(to the top).The charts showed we had made it, and big.图表显示我们成功了，大大地成功了。
15.in the wake of the anything-goes attitudes and the celebration of cultural differences arising: because of attitudes promoting and accepting, any kind of thought or cultural differences “Anything Goes”: a title of a song written by Cole Porter, 1934.It means that one person can do whatever she/he wants.e.g.He blamed the ever-increasing crime rate on the media, and the anything-goes attitudes of the sixties.go v.be acceptable e.g.My parents don't worry too much about what I am up to, and most of the time anything goes.Just remember that I'm the boss and what I say goes.(=You have to accept what I say.)16.bilingual ballot: ballot using two languages 17.selected language groups:groups of people chosen according to their languages 18.Bilingual education became a byword of educational thinking : Bilingual education became an integral part educational discussion.19.scattered demands:demands which come from various locations but are few and somewhat random 20.The sentence “It was...that the movement...arose” is an emphatic sentence.21.U.S.English: an organization whose purpose is to promote English as an official language of the United States 22.Official English initiatives: proposals made by voters/citizens to make English an official language of the United States 23.In 1987 U.S.English installed as its president Linda Chavez: In 1987 U.S.English made Linda Chavez its president install v.settle(sb)in an official position, esp.with ceremony
e.g.Every four years, an American President is installed into office in January.38 24.overtones n.(often pl.)implications;hints
e.g.Although the concert was supposed to be an event to raise money for charity, it had strong political overtones.Feminists have criticized the TV commercials for its sexist overtones.25.the advisory board: the board which gives advice 26.allude to :refer(indirectly)to;mention: Though she didn't say Mr.Smith's name, it was clear she was alluding to him.His wife's death made him very sad;don't allude to it when you meet him.27.CEO of U.S.English: It means chief executive officer of U.S.English 28.The popular wisdom is that conservatives are pro and liberals con: Most people think that conservatives are supporters and liberals are opponents.popular wisdom: conventional/received wisdom e.g.The popular wisdom has it that women are more emotional than men, but in my experience it just often isn't the case.pro and con: for and against but when it is used as noun, it means “advantage and disadvantage”.e.g.Are you pro or con nuclear disarmament? We considered all the pros and cons very carefully before deciding to buy a bigger house.29.But would anyone characterize as conservatives the present and past U.S.English board members Alistair Cooke, Walter Cronkite, and Norman Cousins? But would anyone describe the present and past U.S.English board members Alistair Cooke, Walter Cronkite, and Non-nan Cousins(three public figures usually considered to be liberal in their views)as conservatives? || characterize someone as sth: describe someone as typical of sth;describe someone by stating his/her main qualities e.g.In her essay, she characterized the whole era as a period of radical change.I would characterize Captain Hill as a born leader of men.30.a strain of: a particular type or quality of e.g.There's a strain of
eccentricity(古怪)in that family.A strain of Puritanism（严格的道德及宗教观念)runs through all her work.31.specifies English as the official language of government: states that English is the official language of government 32.Exceptions are made for the teaching of foreign languages: make an exception破例，作为例外 e.g.You will make an exception of my son's case, won't you? You must all be here at 8 a.m., we can make no exceptions.33.What are the chances that some version of Official English wiR become federal law? What is the probability that some form of Official English initiatives will become federal law? 39 34.among them a desire by Republicans not to alienate the growing number of Hispanic Republicans, most of whom are uncomfortable with mandated monolingualism: among the various reasons, a desire that Republicans not separate themselves from the growing number of Hispanic Republicans, most of whom are uncomfortable with officially requiring that only English(and not Spanish)be used.35.force its citizens to use certain languages in preference to others: force its citizens to use certain languages rather than others in preference to: rather than e.g.He studied chemistry in preference to physics at university.36.discourage people from speaking a language: prevent people from speaking a language discourage...from: prevent...from e.g.Her parents discouraged her from majoring in drama courses because they thought she'd never get a job.What discourages me from going camping is all the insects.37.Wise governments keep their hands off language to the extent that it is politically possible to do so: Wise governments don't interfere politically with language if at all possible.keep one's hands off: refrain from;avoid 38.living out a slow, inexorable decline: experiencing a slow relentless decline 39.a means of communion: Here communion means a close understanding of each other 40.We are Americans;We are different: We are Americans.We have our own traditions and history.We are different from people of other countries.Key to the Translation
A.Key to the translation from English to Chinese:
A.1995年10月，也就是向最高法院上诉这前，联邦上诉法庭以6对5票通过一项裁决，废除了亚利那州的这项法规。这些事件暗示语言在美国可能成为引起公众分歧的问题，即使至今这点还没有受到重视。
普遍认为保守主义是支持派，自由主义专栏者是反对派。这种说法可以说是对的。象乔治.威尔和威廉.巴科利，他们写了很多文章，支持官方英语。但是不是任何人都会把现在和过去美国英语委员会都描述为保守主义者呢？
关于语言和政府，历史给了我们一个很清楚的教训：一个自由国家的政府无法有效地改变语言的规律与应用；无法迫使它的公民使用某些语言而不用另一些语言；无法要求人们不要讲他们希望继续讲的语言。
B.Key to the translation from Chinese to Englsih:
1.Many issues intersect in the controversy over second language acquisition, such as teaching method, cultural background, and individual learners' differences.2.In China, most schools have legislation that requires all the teachers to give lessons in Putonghua.3.Most young people are now studying foreign languages very hard in order to make it in the challenge of society.4.There have always been two viewpoints, conservatives versus liberals, about whether to legislate that English be the official language of the United States or not.5.He appealed against the severity of the punishment to the Supreme Court.He won his appeal in the end and the sentence was halved.6.Developing students'non-intelligence factors, or advocating quality-oriented education, is a byword of current educational thinking.7.In the United States, the Presidential power was reduced by a constitutional amendment in 1991.8.All the materials in the listening textbook are in authentic English, which is helpful to learners.9.Rod Ellis has written many books on second language acquisition, and he has been prominent in research in it.10.A language riot is in essence an ethnic conflict.Therefore, it will threaten to split a country and should be taken seriously.Key to Vocabulary and Structure A.1.controversy 2.chances 3.undertone 4.fuss 5.partisan 6.conservative 7.endorse 8.neglected 9.legislation 10.credentials B.1.love affair with 2.struck down 3.in the wake of 4.Popular wisdom 5.pros and cons 6.a strain of 7.have made it 8.allude to 9.alien 10.facing tough odds C.1.secede 2.prohibition 3.Predictably 4.typifies 5.outweigh 6.immigrants 7.tolerance 8.pro-abortionists 9.diversity 10.Conservationists
D.1.D.many of which 2.A.to have been 3.C.to another 4.C.suspected criminals 5.D.Portugal's 6.B.there to be 7.C./ 8.D.it does 9.D.did he come to 10.C.what E.1.countries 2.and 3.Two 4.language 5.are 6.four 7.but 8.never 9.Contrary 10.with 11.recognizes 1 2.constitution 13.India 14.than 15.independence 16.because 17.split 18.well 19.demands 20.time Key to Reading Practice 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.C
Unit 12 Rich North, Hungry South
Notes to the Texts
1.The South's weakling sweatshops = the factories in the poor south countries, where workers are employed for long hours, at low wages, or under unfavorable conditions.|| weakling adj: weak, not strong.E.g.: Some boys in the class were weakling and they were frightened of getting in fights.|| weakling n.a person who is physically or morally weak, e.g.: She has a reputation on the committee for being a weakling when decisions have to be made.2.nothing more than = nothing more or less than 完全是 = only E.g.: You're not fit for such a climb and it's nothing more or less than folly to attempt it.3.far from = by no means, absolutely not E.g.: Are you tire? Far from it./ He is not a fool.Far from it 4.fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite = This fear has now been replaced by a pessimism which is just as strong but for a completely different reason.|| give way to = be gradually replaced by sth newer, better, or different.E.g.: With the population growth, hunting and fishing settlements gave way to small towns./ After a while his anger gave way to depression./ Nowadays letter writing as a means of communication is giving way to sending e-mails./ We mustn't give way to unreasonable demands.5 this view contains an iota of truth = there is hardly any truth in this idea.|| an iota of = a very small quantity of E.g.: As I know, he hasn't an iota of proof./ It's no use talking to him;it won't make an iota of difference.6.enough to lend plausibility = enough to make it seem reasonable
7.it is a hysterical exaggeration = It is an unreasonably exaggerated statement 8.tacitly affirmed = implicitly declared 心照不宣地肯定|| tacit= understood without being put into words E.g.: tacit consent, tacit agreement 默许，默契 9.Starting from there = On that basis 10.have a better platform = have a better chance to illustrate their argument 11.Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new onslaught.= Crucial interests compel the rich countries to protect their industries from new, large-scale competition(from developing counties).|| onslaught n.= large scale attack 43 12.this idea may sell = this idea may win approval and acceptance || sell vi.= gain acceptance / be accepted E.g.: The war program won't sell with the public.13.The grip that this thinking already has on = The influence that this thinking already has on popular opinion has little relationship with economic history or theories.|| have a grip on = influence;hold the attention of;control E.g.: Computer science is having a profound grip on modern society./ The speaker had a good grip on the audience.14.expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another = expresses the strong belief that development in one part of the world must be achieved by handicapping another part of the world.|| conviction n.= a firmly established belief or opinion;a decision in a court of law that sb is guilty of a crime E.g.: The conviction that their country will prosper overwhelms its people./ The trial and conviction of the killer took half a year.|| at the expense of = with the loss, injury, or sacrifice of = so as to be paid for by 以...为代价，由...负担费用 E.g.: He became a brilliant scholar, but only at the expense of his health./ Peter took a trip to Beijing at company's expense./ Economic development should not be achieved at the expense of moral decline.15.Lending useful support to this first error is a second—the idea that there is only so much work to go round.= The second erroneous way of thinking, which supports the first error, is the idea that there is only limited employment for everyone.|| lend...support to= give support to || so much = a limited amount of E.g.: Sometimes students wonder if the teacher knows they have only so much time to do their lessons.16.render some jobs obsolete = cause some jobs out of date 17.in excess of = to a greater amount or degree than 18.At the core of both fallacies is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.= The essence of the two false ideas is not realizing the fact that a market economy has the power to change so as to be suitable and successful in new and different situations.|| market economy = a system of producing wealth based on the free operation of business and trade without government control || be blind to = be unable to see effects / to judge or understand well 19 an army of = a large number of 20.dwindled to nearly nothing = became less and almost disappeared 21.stand at v.phr.= be at a particular level or amount 22 alongside = adv.close to the side of(a ship or a pier)23.Put carefully, their case goes as follows = Considered carefully, the reasoning these alarmists' offer can be expressed in the following way.44 24.The breadth and intensity of third-world competition is increasing.= Third-world competition is spreading to more areas and growing keener.25.Wages there are being forced down and jobs lost.= In the developed countries, wages are being forced to go down and jobs are disappearing.26.are no longer equipped to withstand such strains.= are not able to endure such pressure any more.|| strain n.tension or pressure E.g.: The less developed countries have large populations that put great strain on land and other resources.27.social distress = social suffering 28.at length = in detail, thoroughly 29 stiffer competition = tougher, more severe competition 更激烈的竞争 30 physical and human capital = natural resources and labour 31 stand to gain = be likely to gain 32 of scale = extensively
33.outweigh = be more important or valuable than sth else 34.the gains = the profits 35.consolation = giving comfort or sympathy to sb who is unhappy or disappointed 36.It would follow that = It seems to be true(as a logical result of sth else that is true)that...37.is an even more powerful engine of economic change = is an even more powerful factor that causes economic change 37A.strike a bargain = reach an agreement 38.along the way = during the process 39.alarmists =(derog.)persons who alarm others unnecessarily or excessively 危言耸听者
40.not yet argued for prohibitive taxes on all forms of labor-saving innovation = not yet given reasons why there should be high taxes on all types of labor-saving innovation || prohibitive taxes = taxes which are levied intended or tending to prevent the use or purchase of sth 寓禁税 41.wrecking = destroying 42.punitive = so severe that people find it very difficult to pay
43.So it will prove with trade with the developing world = Trade with the third world will also show that the benefits outweigh the costs.44.accommodating = adjusting to 45.at large = in general 46.gains ground = become accepted or believed by more people E.g.: The practice of buying houses on loan is gaining ground.47.fail in that challenge = are unable to protect the losers without refusing the benefits to people in general
48.It will not do to provide a welfare system that pays a subsistence income to those whose jobs disappear, for boredom and idleness, even at a bearable standard of living, are socially corrosive.= It will not be acceptable to provide welfare to support people who lose their jobs, because even if the welfare payments are high enough to allow a decent standard of living, the boredom and idleness of being on welfare are destructive to society.Key to the translation from English to Chinese
A.尽管在学科目标和所达到的理论发展水平之间存在着差异，但理论在经济、地理和经济地理领域里起着相同的作用。不管其内容如何，理论研究的目的是把各种各样的细节整理归纳出一种现象之间的清晰的、有恒定关系的模式。理论的发展要求事先作出选择，哪些特征需要检验，哪些关系需要探讨，整个现实情况中哪些方面需要解释以及需要提出怎样的假设。
也许理论的萌芽阶段是由偶然的观察和经历促使形成的。在对这种理论进行初期的探索中，描述一种事实花费了绝大部分的精力。问题的日益复杂性和理论描述的严密性导致了人们越来越关心使用精心选择的数据和各种统计技术来对初步的理论进行测试。在后来的这些发展中，学科的内容越趋于理论化和具有演泽性，而不是具有经验性或描述性。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English
B.1.In the aggregate, the benefits to the Chinese people brought forth in the economic reform have greatly outweighed their costs.2.Unless you are thoroughly prepared in all respects, you will be at a disadvantage in dealing with problems that occur suddenly.3.We have formed the unshakable conviction that man should not exploit the natural resources at the expense of other species.46 4.If no effective measures had been taken to control its population growth in the past several years, the growth rate in the country would have been pushed to something in excess of 4%.5.It is a deeply rooted prejudice to think that innovation constitutes a great threat to social harmony and unity because technological progress has been indeed destroying many employment opportunities and therefore bringing misery to thousands of people.6.Undoubtedly, the world's economic development greatly rests on economic cooperation and interaction between the developed countries and the developing countries.7.After a long negotiation, the two companies struck a bargain to cooperate in the exploitation and utilization of natural gas.8.Many sociologists believe that the old notion of family may well change and the home will become the center of leisure, consumption and creativity in the next century.9.As the government's new economic policy gains ground, a sound and moderate development of the economy will be ensured.10.As far as I'm concerned, it's absurd to put prohibitive taxes on all forms of labor-saving technological innovation.Key to Vocabulary and Structure Vocabulary A.1.hysterical 2.conviction 3.obsolete 4.suffice 5.distress 6.outweigh 7.oversight 8.misery 9.innovation 10.explicit B.1.a.jeopardy 2.a.prohibiting b.jeopardized b.prohibition 3.a.subsidized 4.a.adaptability b.subsidies b.adapt 5.a.impoverishment 6.a.innovative b.impoverished b.innovators 7.a.affirmations 8.a.integrated b.affirmative b.integration 9.a.subsistence 10.a.plausible b.subsistence b.plausibly C.1.go round 2.part and parcel of 3.in excess of 4.at the expense of 5.at a disadvantage 6.given way to 7.rests on 8.at length 9.gain ground 10.in aggregate D.1.was originated?originated 2.them?it 3.sustaining?sustained 4.steady?steadily 5.freely?free 6.on?in 7.With?Without 8.made?make 9.qualified?quality 10.if?unless E.1.industrialized 2.dependent 3.core 4.providing 5.claim 6.simultaneously
7.financed
8.poorer
9.last 10.relationship
11.exploit 12.essence 13.maintain 14.theorists 15.primarily
Key to Reading Practice
1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 48
第四篇：法律英语大赛参考译文点睛
法律英语大赛参考译文点睛
1.Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party.译文：任何一方未经事先书面同意，不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方。点睛：考察人称代词的译法。法律文件属正式文体，不能将人称代词对等的译为“它”“它们”之类的代词，用一个“其”字代替最合适。2.Neglect of duty is good cause for removal of a trustee.译文：理事玩忽职守，理应解除其职务。
点睛：考察词语的翻译。Good cause 表示 a legally sufficient reason（法律上有充分理由），应译为“理应”。
3.The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same.译文：任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。
点睛：考察增词的译法。“require performance”的确切意思是require the other patry to perform, 因此在译文中应增加“另一方”才能明确表达这个意思。
4.This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the People’s Republic of China.译文：本合同受中华人民共和国法律管辖并依其解释。
点睛：被动语态的译法。由于法律文件属正式文体，因而不显示主语的被动句很多，翻译被动语态不必拘泥于表现其被动形式，更多的是要考虑用地道的汉语表达方式译出其意思。凡可以用被动式翻译的，直接译成被动句，否则用主动句加以处理，使译文既忠实于原句的意思，又符合汉语的表达习惯。该语句即可直接译为被动句。5.Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests hereunder without the other Party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.本协议任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意（该另一方不得无理拒绝同意），不得转让本协议或其在本协议项下的任何权利和利益。点睛：考察定语从句的译法。该句属于非限定性定于从句，一般不译为前置定语，应译为并列分句。
6.Each of the parties do hereby waive any proof that such breach will cause irreparable injury to such party or that there is no adequate remedy at law.译文：各方谨此表示不要求另一方进行举证，以证明一方违约将给该另一方造成不可弥补的损害或根据法律得不到足够的救济。点睛：考察同位语从句的译法。翻译同位语从句，一般应将同位语从句与同位的名词分开，单独译成一个句子。
7.Unless otherwise provided for herein, failure or delay on the part of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this Agreement shall not operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege preclude further exercise thereof or exercise of any other right, power or privilege.译文：除非本协议另有规定，任何一方未能或延迟行使其在本协议项下的任何权利、权力或特权，不应视为其放弃该权利、权力或特权；单项或部分行使该权利、权力或特权或行使其他权利、权力或特权。点睛：考察词类的转换。该句中红体字的名词应译为动词才更符合汉语表达习惯。
8.If party A materially breaches this Contract, Party B or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract.If Party B materially breaches this Contract, Parry A is entitled to request Party B, by issuing a written notice, to redress the breach within fifteen(15)days upon receiving such notice.If Party B fails to redress the breach within the fifteen(15)-day period, Party A is entitled to rescind the Contract and claim damages for the breach of contract.译文：如果甲方实质性违反本合同，乙方或其权益继承人有权终止本合同或要求得到损害赔偿。如果乙方实质性违反本合同，甲方经发出书面通知，有权要求乙方在收到书面通知后十五（15）天内改正违约行为。如果乙方在十五（15）天期限内未予改正，甲方则有权解除合同并要求得到违约赔偿。
点睛：该句虽然较长，但较简单，注意红体字部分的译文即可。9.This agreement shall take effect on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of ten(10)years.This Agreement shall be automatically renewed for one-year terms thereafter unless and untill terminated by either Party hereto by giving six(6)months’ written notice to the other.译文：本协议自生效日起生效，有效期为十（10）年。此后，除非一方提前六（6）个月向另一方发出终止本协议的书面通知，本协议逐年自动延长一年。
点睛：考察一些词语的译法。
10.The Parties shall execute and do and procure all other third parties, if necessary, to execute and do all such acts, deeds, assurances and things as may be reasonably required so that full effect may be given to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.译文：各方应签署和执行，并在必要时保证所有其他第三方签署和进行可能合理要求的一切行动、契约、保证和事宜，以使本协议的条款和条件可以具有完全的效力。
点睛：考察红体字部分的译法，该句不应拘泥于原句的句式，应按汉语表达习惯换个说法，会使译文更通顺。
第五篇：英语译文
一．
从前在美国中心有一个小镇，那里的万物看上去都与其四周的环境融洽相处。小镇的四周是像棋盘交错的生意盎然的农庄，还有一块块的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果园。春天来了，白色的鲜花云彩般地漂浮在田野上；秋天到了，橡树、枫树和桦树色彩斑斓，在一片松树林间火焰般地燃烧与跳跃。小山上狐狸吠叫,田野间小鹿静静地跃过，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄雾中半隐半现。
在路的两旁，一年中许多时候，月桂树、荚莲、桤木、蕨类植物和各样的野花都能让过往的行人赏心悦目。即使是冬天，路边的景色依旧是美不胜收，那里无数的小鸟来觅取浆果莓和露在雪地上的枯枝上的种子。事实上，这乡村正是由于鸟类的数量和种类之繁多而出名的。在候鸟群潮涌而来的春秋季节，人们从大老远的地方慕名前来欣赏。还有的人来这里的小溪垂钓。清冽的溪水从山中流出，溪水中有许多鳟鱼藏身的背阴的水潭。所以，从许多年前开始，第一批居住者就在这里盖房挖井，搭起了自己的谷仓。后来，一种奇怪的摧毁力悄然袭击了这个地区，所有的一切都开始变了。某种邪恶的符咒笼罩了这个社区：神秘的疾病攻击了鸡群，牛、羊也纷纷病死，到处都有一层死亡的阴影。农夫们谈论着家中的许多疾病；镇上的医生也越来越因病人中出现的新的病症而感到迷惑。在成人和孩子中发生了好几起突发的不明其由的死亡，那些孩子在玩耍中突然病倒，几小时后就死去了。
这里是一派奇怪的寂静。就说鸟儿们吧---它们都去哪儿了？许多人说起鸟儿的时候都充满了迷惑与不安。他们后院的饲养站已经没有鸟儿光顾了。随处能见到的几只鸟都奄奄一息。他们猛烈地颤抖，却飞不起来。这是一个无声的春天。曾经是震动着画眉鸟、猫鸟、鸽子、樫鸟、欧鹪和许多鸟儿的黎明合唱声的清晨如今却寂然无声。田野间、树林中和沼泽地里也是一片寂静。
在农庄，母鸡下蛋却孵不出小鸡。农夫们抱怨无法养猪，因为刚生下的猪崽太小了，小猪也只能活几天的功夫。苹果树开花了，可是没有蜜蜂在花丛中嗡嗡地采蜜，没有蜜蜂的授粉，也就没有任何果子。曾经是如此迷人的路旁如今却铺着黑黑的枯干的草木，仿佛是被一场大火烧过一般。那里也是一片寂静，因为所有的生物都遗弃了它。即使是溪流中也没有了生命。因为所有的鱼都已经死了，垂钓者也就不再来
了。
在屋檐下的天沟里，屋顶的木瓦之间仍旧可见几片白色的粒状的粉末。几个星期之前，它像白雪一样洒在了屋顶上、草地上、田野里和溪流里。
在这个遭受袭击的地球上，没有巫术，也没有敌自20世纪40年代中期起，人们制造了500多种基本的化学药品来杀死在现代语言中被称作“害虫”的昆虫、杂草、啮齿动物和其他的生物体，以几千种的品牌名称
来出售它们。
人的行动抑制了新生命的复苏；这一切都是人自身造成的。
这些液体喷剂、粉末和雾状喷剂现在几乎普遍使用于农庄、花园、森林和家庭。非选择性的化学药品能杀死每只昆虫（不管是“好”的还是“坏”的），能使鸟儿不再歌唱，溪流中的鱼儿不再跳跃，能在树叶上覆盖一层致命的薄膜，并能存留在土地中。而造成这一切的预定的目标可能仅仅是一些杂草和昆虫。难道真的有人认为，我们在地球的表面撒下如此多的毒药，同时还能使它继续成为一个任何生命都能存活的地方吗？ 这个小镇事实上并不存在，但是在美国或地球的别的地方我们能轻易地找到一千个与它对应的地方。我知道没有一个社区经历了我所描述的所有不幸，但是其中的每一个灾难都已经在某个地方发生了，许多社区已经遭受了相当多的灾难。一个冷酷的幽灵几乎是在不经意间已悄悄向我们走来了，而这个想像的悲剧也许很容易就成为一个我们都应该知道的严酷的事实。
三．
He worked himself to death, finally and precisely, at 3:00 A.M.Sunday morning.最终，他于星期天凌晨3点工作致死。
The obituary didn't say that, of course.当然，讣告上没有这样写。It said that he died of a coronary thrombosis--I think that was it--but everyone among his friends and acquaintances knew it instantly.讣告上写的是死于冠状动脉血栓证，但他的好友和熟识的人都心知肚明。He was a perfect Type A, a workaholic, a classic, they said to each other and shook their heads--and thought for five or ten minutes about the way they lived.他们互相握着手，摇头叹息地说他是一个追求完美的A型血人，一个典型的工作狂，然后用几分钟时间来反思自己的生活方式。
This man who worked himself to death finally and precisely at 3:00 A.M.这个男人最终在星期天凌晨三点整工作致死。Sunday morning--on his day off--was fifty-one years old and a vice-president.星期天的早上，这天刚好是这个51岁的副总裁的休息日。He was, however, one of six vice-presidents, and one of three who might conceivably--if the president died or retired soon enough--have moved to the top spot.Phil knew that.他是公司六位副总裁之一，也是副总裁中三位最让人信任的人之一，如果总裁已经逝世或者退休的话，他已经成为了最高职位。菲尔清楚这一点。
He worked six days a week, five of them until eight or nine at night, during a time when his own company had begun the four-day week for everyone but the executives.他一周工作六天，其中五天工作到夜里八九点，他的公司里除了高级官员，其他人都已经开始四天工作制。He worked like the Important People.他工作起来像一个重要人物。He had no outside “extracurricular interests,” unless, of course, you think about a monthly golf game that way.当然，就像你想象中那样，他每月打一次高尔夫球，他没有其他的爱好。To Phil, it was work.对菲尔而言，高尔夫是工作。He always ate egg salad sandwiches at his desk.He was, of course, overweight, by 20 or 25 pounds.他总是在他的桌前吃着吃鸡蛋沙拉三明治，他难免有点发福，超重了20-25磅。He thought it was okay, though, because he didn't smoke.他想这没什么关系，因为他从不抽烟。
On Saturdays, Phil wore a sports jacket to the office instead of a suit, because it was the weekend.星期六，菲尔换下西服，穿着运动衫去上班，因为这是周末。
He had a lot of people working for him, maybe sixty, and most of them liked him most of the time.他有大约60个人为他效力，大部分人在大部分时候觉得他很不错。Three of them will be seriously considered for his job.其中三位紧盯着他的职位。The obituary didn't mention that.讣告上没有提及这些。
But it did list his “survivors” quite accurately.但是讣告详细地介绍了他的遗孀。He is survived by his wife, Helen, forty-eight years old, a good woman of no particular marketable skills, who worked in an office before marrying and mothering.他的妻子，海伦，一个48岁的好女人，没有什么特别的市场能力，在结婚生子之前在一家公司上班。She had, according to her daughter, given up trying to compete with his work years ago, when the children were small.她说，在女儿的记忆里，她很多年前，当孩子们还很小的时候，就放弃了和他工作的抗争。A company friend said, “I know how much you will miss him.” And she answered, “I already have.” 一个工作伙伴说，“我知道你将对他有多思念”，她回答到，“我一直都很想他。”
“Missing him all these years,” she must have given up part of herself which had cared too much for the man.She would be “well taken care of.” “想了他这么多年了，”她如此在乎的这个男人，必须放弃她，以后她将会被“好好的照顾”。
His “dearly beloved” eldest of the “dearly beloved” children is a hard-working executive in a manufacturing firm down South.他的“最爱的”孩子们中“最爱的”长子是南方某制造公司努力工作的经理。In the day and a half before the funeral, he went around the neighborhood researching his father, asking the neighbors what he was like.They were embarrassed.在葬礼前的一天半里，他走访邻居询问邻居们询问邻居对他的印象。他们很尴尬。
His second child is a girl, who is twenty-four and newly married.他的第二个孩子是一个女孩，24岁了，刚刚结婚。She lives near her mother and they are close, but whenever she was alone with her father, in a car driving somewhere, they had nothing to say to each other.她和妈妈住的很近，很亲密，但是无论什么时候，当她和爸爸独处的时候，哪怕是在一辆车中，他们互相没有什么言语。
The youngest is twenty, a boy, a high-school graduate who has spent the last couple of years, like a lot of his friends, doing enough odd jobs to stay in grass and food.最小的是一个男孩，20岁，高中毕业生，像很多他的朋友一样，做一些零工，吃喝玩乐。He was the one who tried to grab at his father, and tried to mean enough to him to keep the man at home.他是唯一一个能够抓住父亲的人，尝试把父亲留到家里。He was his father's favorite.Over the last two years, Phil stayed up nights worrying about the boy.他是他父亲最喜欢的儿子，在生命的最后两年里，菲尔整夜担心这个孩子。
The boy once said, “My father and I only board here.” 他曾说过，“父亲和我只是在这里寄宿”
At the funeral, the sixty-year-old company president told the forty-eight-year-old widow that the fifty-one-year-old deceased had meant much to the company and would be missed and would be hard to replace.在葬礼上，60岁的总裁安慰48岁的遗孀说，这位51岁的死者对公司的贡献巨大，没有人可以替代他的位置。The widow didn't look him in the eye.这位遗孀不敢直视他眼睛。She was afraid he would read her bitterness and, after all, she would need him to straighten out the finances--the stock options and all that.她害怕他可以读出她的苦痛，毕竟，她需要他帮忙清理丈夫的财政—股票什么的。
Phil was overweight and nervous and worked too hard.菲尔超重、焦虑、工作强度太大。If he wasn't at the office he was worried about it.如果他不在公司，就会担心公司的工作。Phil was a Type A, heart-attack natural.You could have picked him out in a minute from a lineup.菲尔是一个A型血，先天易发心脏病。在人群中，你可以一眼就把他认出来。
So when he finally worked himself to death, at precisely 3:00 A.M.Sunday morning, no one was really surprised.所以当他最终因工作死于星期天凌晨三点整，没人感到意外。
By 5:00 P.M.the afternoon of the funeral, the company president had begun, discreetly of course, with care and taste, to make inquiries about his replacement.One of three men.He asked around: “Who's been working the hardest?” 葬礼过后的下午5点，公司总裁已经开始谨慎地，带着小心和鉴赏，审视着三位可以代替他职位的人。他问到“谁工作最努力？”
四．
爱尔伯特·爱因斯坦是世界上最伟大的科学家之一，但如果要我用一个词来概括他这个人的品质，那我会选“质朴”。也许一个小故事能让我们略知一二。有一次，天降大雨，爱因斯坦躲之不及，于是他摘下了帽子，把它夹在外衣下。当别人问他为什么要这么做时，他解释说，雨水会弄坏他的帽子，但是他的头发湿了不会有什么大碍。他的逻辑真是无懈可击。他这种本能地把握事物本质的能力正是他能够做出重大科学发现的秘诀所在，除此之外，还有他对美的那种非凡的感觉。我第一次见到爱因斯坦是在1935年，在位于新泽西的著名的普林斯顿大学高级研究中心。他是最早被邀请到该中心的科学家之一。薪水方面，研究中心让他自己全权决定。但让研究中心主任感到沮丧的是，爱因斯坦开出了一个让人无法接受的数目：他要的实在是太少了。中心主任不得不恳求他接受一份更高的工资。我对爱因斯坦充满了敬畏，因此当我想就一些我正在研究的问题与他探讨时，一直犹豫不决。最终我还是鼓起勇气我敲了门，里面传来了非常温和的声音：请进---他说这个词的时候声调上扬，听起来即像是欢迎又像是在提问。我进到他的办公室，发现他正坐在桌旁，抽着烟斗，演算一个问题。他的衣服很不合身，头发乱蓬蓬的。他朝我微笑，表示对我的热忱的欢迎。他的自然随意立刻让我放松了。当我开始向他解释我的想法时，他让我把方程写在黑板上，这样让他能看到每一步的推演。然后他提出了一个让我极其震惊同时又备感亲切的要求：“请讲得稍微慢一点，我理解问题的速度比较慢”。这种话出自爱因斯坦之口！他说这话时非常温和，我不由得笑了。从此，我对他的畏惧之心烟消云散。
和爱因斯坦的合作是让人终身难忘的经历。1937年，我和波兰物理学家列奥泼德·英费尔德问他是否可以和他合作，他欣然应允，因为他有一个重力方面的问题，有待仔细的研究。于是，我们有机会认识了爱因斯坦作为一个普通人和朋友的一面，我们还了解了他作为一个科学家的职业素养。
他极度的专注，全身心的投入，让人叹为观止。当他处理一个难题的时候，他努力思索，就像动物撕咬猎物。通常，当我们碰到一个似乎是无法逾越的难题时，他会站起来，把烟斗放在桌子上，用他那口音古怪的英语说：“我要稍微思考一下。”然后他在房间里来回踱步，食指捻弄着他那长而灰白的发卷。他脸上会有一种恍惚出神而又深邃的表情。没有专著的神情，也没有皱眉---只有宁静的内心的交流。时间一分一秒过去，突然他会停止自己的脚步，脸上浮现出温和的微笑。他已经找出了问题的答案。有的时候，答案非常简单，我和英费尔德都会自责我们怎么会想不到呢。爱因斯坦在他的脑海深处，施展了外人无法看见的魔法，这个高深的过程是我们无法理解的
爱因斯坦还是一位出色的业余音乐家。我们那时常进行二重奏，他拉小提琴，我弹钢琴。有一天他说莫扎特是所有作曲家中最伟大的一位，这让我吃惊不小。他认为贝多芬的音乐是“创造”出来的，而莫扎特的音乐是如此纯净和优美，让人感觉他只是在哪儿“发现”了它---它一直是宇宙内在的美的一部分，一直存在着，等待着我们去发现。
这种莫扎特式的淳朴正是大部分爱因斯坦理论的最显著特点。比如他1905年提出的相对论就是建立在两个简单的假说之上的。一个是所谓的相对原则，粗略的说，就是我们无法判断自己是否是静止还是在平稳的移动。另一个假定是：不管产生它的物体速度如何，光的速度是恒定的。如果你用一根木棍搅动湖水，你就会知道这个假定是多么的有道理。不管你是在一个静止的码头，还是在飞驰的高速游艇上搅动棍子，波浪一旦产生，就不受外界的影响，它的速度和木棍没有任何关系。
这两个假定，分开来看，都是合理的，而看上去又如此明显，自然，无须证明。但是如果把这两个假定放在一起，它们之间便有了强烈的矛盾，一个二流的物理学家会丢掉其中一个，落荒而逃。爱因斯坦很大胆，一个都没有放弃，从而使物理学发生了翻天覆地的变化。因为他证明如果我们放弃我们原先持有的关于时间性质的观念，这两个假设是可以和谐地共存的。
科学就好像是由很多扑克牌建成的房屋，时间和空间的概念是最底下的那两张。对时间的胡乱干预会让大半个房屋倒塌，正是这一点让爱因斯坦的工作显得举足轻重，同时也极具争议性。在普林斯顿举行的庆祝他70大寿的会议上，其中一位发言人，是诺贝尔奖获得者，当他试图表述爱因斯坦卓绝非凡的成就时，他找不到合适的词句，于是无助地耸了一下肩，指了指他的手表，说：“所有的一切都来自于此”。语气中充满了敬畏和惊异。他的语屈词穷恰恰是我听过的对爱因斯坦天才的最为深刻的褒奖。爱因斯坦身上有让人难以捉摸的古怪的一面。我最为喜欢的一个关于他的逸事很好的说明了这一点。据说这是他在普林斯顿的第一年，圣诞前夜，几个孩子在他的屋外唱起了圣诞节颂歌。唱完之后，他们敲门告诉他，他们在筹钱买圣诞礼物。爱因斯坦听了之后说：“等一下”。他穿上外套，从琴盒里取出小提琴。然后他和他们一起走家串户，他们唱“寂静的夜”，他用小提琴给他们伴奏。能够认识爱因斯坦这个人，了解他的工作，这对我来说意味着什么呢？我应该如何表述呢？和那个无助的指着自己手表的诺贝尔奖获得者一样，我找不到合适的词句。好像是一件伟大的艺术作品给人的启示，让你看到了原来看不到的东西。比如，当我走在一片人迹稀少的沙滩，想起他对简单宇宙的不懈追求，于是眼前的风景便具有了一种更为深沉的美。
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