法律专业翻译

第一篇：法律专业翻译

10, to begin with,the legal system has structure.the structure of a legal system consists of this kind:the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.structure also means how the legislature is organized,what a president can(legally)do or not do,what procedures the police department follows,and so on.another aspect of the legal system is its substance.by this it meant the actual rules,norms,and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先，法律制度有结构。一个法律制度的结构由这类的数量和大小的法院；管辖；和诉求方式从一个法院another.structure也意味着如何立法组织，什么总统（法律）做或不做，什么程序，警察部门如下，等等。法律制度的另一个方面是它的实质。这意味着系统中的人的实际规则、规范和行为模式。, the law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.contractuai liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact form the acts of the parties.in some circumstances,however,the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法与履行义务有关。contractuai责任通常是基于同意的情况下随意的形式给出一个表示承诺或一个事实默示形式当事人的行为。然而，在某些情况下，法院将意味着一个承诺（通常被称为隐含在法律或准合同），以避免不公正的丰富，尽管缺乏同意由党谁被约束。12 , paragraph 1 of article 153 of the criminal law is amended as:"whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in article 151 ,article 152 and article 347 herein shall,depending on the severity of the circumstances,be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:

1、if he smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.2、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years,and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.3、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.刑法第153条1款修改为：走私本法第一百五十一条、第一百五十二条、第三百四十七条规定以外的货物、物品的,根据情节轻重,分别依照下列规定处罚:

1、他走私货物、物品逃避或回避应缴税额数额较大或构成走私再次被给予行政处罚后一年内两次打击走私，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金。

2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私货物、物品巨大或者有其他严重情节的，,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金;

3、如果应付偷逃走私货物、物品数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，应当处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产。

13、one article is added after article 276 of the criminal law as article 267 : 文章276条后增加了一条，作为刑法第267条：

以转移财产、逃匿等方法逃避支付劳动者的劳动报酬或者有能力支付而不支付劳动者的劳动报酬，数额较大，经政府有关部门责令支付仍不支付的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金；造成严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。

单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照前款的规定处罚。

有前两款行为，尚未造成严重后果，在提起公诉前支付劳动者的劳动报酬，并依法承担相应赔偿责任的，可以减轻或者免除处罚。

14、私法 private law involves the various relationship that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.the area is concerned with rules and principes pertaining to private ownership

and

use

of

property,contracts

between individuals,family relationships,and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one personby another.historically, government involvement was usually minimal.private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law,such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.私法涉及到人与人之间的各种关系，以及确定自己的法律权利和义务的规则。该地区是有关规则和有关私有财产和使用原则，合同之间的个人，家庭，和补偿的补偿方式伤害造成一人以另一个。从历史上看，政府的参与通常是微乎其微的。私人法律也为私人安排和相互作用提供了一般的指导和保障，这些方法与道德和习俗是相辅相成的，但在法庭上不一定能强制执行，比如私人私人的合同承诺和协议。the relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.the private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups,associations,organizations,and special legal entities such as corporations.they compete with one another and with government for control of resources,wealth,power,and the communication of ideas and values.special fields of law,such as labor law,facilitate and control this competition.much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.the formerly purely private law of property and contracts,for example,is now overlaid with legislation,regulationg,and judicial dicisions reflecting the competition.the public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the u.s.thus,manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.the mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.纯粹私法的相对意义在近代有所下降。公共法律在政府控制的社会中占主导地位；民主社会日益具有公共性和私法性的混合性。私人领域包括个人和一个庞大的群体，协会，组织和特殊的法律实体，如企业。它们相互竞争，与政府控制资源、财富、权力、思想和价值观的交流。法的特殊领域，如劳动法，促进和控制这一竞争。这类法律中的大部分都是在商业和企业领域中的。以前纯粹的私有财产法和契约，例如，现在用立法，规定，和司法决定反映了竞争。税收的公法化对整个私人领域有着重要的影响。法院越来越多地将看似私人纠纷的解决视为应对不断变化的社会环境和价值观的车辆，尤其是在美国，制造商们已经经历了一个扩展的责任，在他们的产品缺陷造成的身体伤害。保险机制使得生产商能够在普通消费大众中传播这种成本。

15、self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor's imminent use of unlawful force.such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant ang the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.自卫权意味着一个人是有道理的武力侵略时使用，似乎她的程度和她有理由认为，这种行为保护自己反对这样的侵略即将使用非法暴力是必要的。这样的理由要求对被告的一部分的信念，以及是否存在的事实，将说服一个合理的人，相信。

where self-defense is asserted,expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant's belie that she was in imminent danger.在自卫是断言，在受虐妇女综合症的专家证言可以提供证明被告的合理性，相信她在迫在眉睫的危险。

the interests in human dignity and privacy which the fourth amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.in the absence of a clear indich.ation that in fact such evidence will be found,these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate searc 第四修正案保护的人的尊严和隐私的利益，不允许任何此类侵犯，只要有可能获得的水果或犯罪证据的机会。在一个明确的indich.ation缺位，事实上这样的证据会被发现，这些人的基本利益要求执法人员遭受这样的证据可能会消失，除非有一个即时搜索的风险

before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide,he must do everything in his power,consistent with his safety,to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.在一个人可以利用自己的抗辩，对杀人的指控，他必须尽一切力量，符合他的安全，以避免危险，避免采取生活的必要性。

第二篇：英语专业翻译论文

On Training Methods of Short Term Memory in Consecutive Interpreting 交替传译中短时记忆的训练方法

Name: Li, Lingling

Class: 2007English Education Class 2 January 4, 2010

目录

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................3 1.Introduction..................................................................................................5 2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting.............................................................5 2.1 Background information......................................................................5 2.2 Interpreting...........................................................................................6 3.Memory System..........................................................................................8 3.1 Short term memory..............................................................................8 3.2 Short term and long term memory.......................................................9 3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile......................................................10 4.Characters of short term memory..............................................................12 4.1 Input of information...........................................................................12 4.2 Capacity.............................................................................................12 4.3 Modality.............................................................................................12 4.4 Information Loss................................................................................13 4.5 Retrieval.............................................................................................13 5.Memory Training.......................................................................................14 5.1 Visualizing materials:........................................................................15 5.2 Retelling in the Source Language......................................................15 5.3Mnemonic to Memory........................................................................16 5.4 Grouping information together..........................................................17 5.5 Association.........................................................................................17 6.Conclusion.................................................................................................18 Bibliography..................................................................错误！未定义书签。

ABSTRACT Interpreting is important and popular nowadays owing to its communicative function in fields of politics, economy, culture, education and so on.However, it’s not easy to be a qualified interpreter because the training methods are not systematically completed.This thesis is mainly dealing with the methods of training short-term memory in consecutive interpreting(CI).According to Effort Model from Daniel Gile, the short term memory is an essential part in the process of interpreting.In order to be a qualified interpreter, student interpreters need large quantity of practice and skills.Considering of this, the author makes some research about the training of short term memory and hopes this training can help student interpreters improve short term memory.Key words: consecutive interpreting(CI);short term memory;Effort Model;training methods

口译因其在政治、经济、文化、教育等方面有着重要的交际功能，因此在当今社会越来越显示出其重要性并且逐渐受到人们的重视。然而，由于目前口译训练方法仍然不够系统和完整，因此想成为一名合格的口译人员实属不易。本论文主要介绍了交替传译中短时记忆的训练方法。根据Daniel Gile 的精力分配模式，短时记忆在口译过程中起到举足轻重的地位。为了成为一名合格的译员，训练者需要进行大量的练习并且掌握口译技巧。考虑到这个问题，笔者通过搜集整理和自己的亲身经历总结了短时记忆 的训练方法，希望能够帮助训练者提高短时记忆。

1.Introduction There are three kinds of memory system and short term memory is the essential part in interpreting, so in this paper the author mainly does research about the short term memory.Chapter 1 is an introduction about planning of this paper.In Chapter 2, it shows a general introduction about interpreting and its current situation in China.This helps us to get a more clear understanding about advantages and disadvantages of CI in order to find the weaknesses.According to the analysis in Chapter 2, the author believes that the memory training is a big obstacle encountered by the student interpreters.Considering of this, the author decides to start with the memory system, so in Chapter 3, it mainly shows three types of memory systems as well as how they work and what functions they have and the illustration is focused on the concrete connections between the short term memory and CI.In Chapter 4, the author shows the characters of short term memory and the problems interpreters meet due to the characters.In Chapter 5, according to all above and research, the author finds some methods dealing with the problems.Finally is the conclusion and some suggestions in future research.2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting 2.1 Background information Interpreting becomes a very popular job nowadays due to the world globalization in fields of economy, politics, culture and s on.With the rising position of China, especially hosting of 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo as well as entering WTO, China plays more and more important role in the world, so international communication become more frequently.This brings large requirement of interpreting which is considered responsive and practical, both quality and quantity.However, interpreting industry is facing serious situation: lacking of systematical training methods and high quantity of teachers.2.2 Definition of Interpreting Interpreting is the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between users of different languages.The process is described by both the words interpreting and interpretation.Professional Interpreting can be mainly classified into simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting in terms of the way of interpreting.In consecutive interpreting(CI), the interpreter speaks after the source-language speaker has finished speaking.The speech is divided into segments, and the interpreter sits or stands beside the source-language speaker, listening and taking notes as the speaker progresses through the message.When the speaker pauses or finishes speaking, the interpreter then renders a portion of the message or the entire message in the target language.A qualified interpreter is required to cover various fields of knowledge and possesses good psychological quality as well as a strong memory.Due to this requirement, interpreting is a challengeable work.2.3 Quality of a good interpreter 2.3.1 Profound knowledge As a good interpreter, the basic quality is to master the source language and target language.Moreover, an interpreter should have a good knowledge of the culture of both countries, such as the customs, the history, the humorous expressions as well as the current event and popular tendency.For example, when interpreter heard “Baudelaire’s translation of Poe may be “better” poems than those Poe wrote;but those who read them have read Baudelaire's version of Poe;not Poe.” In this sentence, there are two names Baudelaire and Poe.Baudelaire is a French writer, who is famous for translating the works by American writer Edgar Allan Poe and is acknowledged better than the original works.If the interpreter knows this, it is not difficult to translate it as波德来尔所译的爱伦坡的诗，也许比爱伦坡自己所写的更好；但读那些诗的人只是读了波德来尔所译的爱伦坡；而不是真正的爱伦坡.Therefore, a good interpreter should self enriching greatly and improving continuously.2.3.1 Strong memory Owing to the special characteristics of interpreting, interpreter should have a strong memory.On the one hand, interpreter has to master a large amount of vocabulary and idioms, such as画蛇添足 to paint the lily；用小虾钓大鱼 to throw a sprat to catch a whale.Besides, for some Chinese idioms, interpreters should remember the original story, such as东施效颦Tung Shih imitates Hsi Shih.Hsi Shih was a famous beauty in the ancient kindgdom of Yueh.Tung Shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her ways.The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a distorted way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes even worse.On the other hand, interpreters should have a good memory to express the meaning speakers said.Owing to the limited time, note-taking can only write down the main point and the whole meaning can only be expressed though the strong memory.3.Memory System 3.1 Short term memory Short-term memory(or “primary” or “active memory”)is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.The duration of short-term memory(when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented)is believed to be in the order of seconds.In an early and highly influential article, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, the psychologist George Miller suggested that human short-term memory has a forward memory span of approximately seven items plus or minus two and that was well known at the time.David A.Sousa, in his book ,how the brain works refers to the term short term memory as all of the early steps of temporary memory leads to long term memory.According to his idea, short term memory can be divided into sensory memory and working memory.Sensory memory is the very first step for the source information coming into one’s brain with the shortest duration and can hold a certain amount of information, but these information can only lasts 0.25-2 seconds and disappears rapidly.Working memory refers to information stored for further processing.Working memory boasts both storage and processing functions.The two functions are interrelated with each other.When encountered with new or difficult tasks, then more processing capacity is required, thus leaving less capacity for storage function(David W.Carroll, 2000.49).During the researching, the authors doubts that decay causes forgetting from short-term memory often offer as an alternative some form of interference: When several elements(such as digits, words, or pictures)are held in short term memory simultaneously, their representations compete with each other for recall, or degrade each other.Thereby, new content gradually pushes out older content, unless the older content is actively protected against interference by rehearsal or by directing attention to it.3.2 Short term and long term memory Psychological studies of human memory make a distinction between short term memory and long term memory.The idea of short term memory simply means that you are retaining information for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall.Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later.To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later.Long-term memory is a learning process.And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter's acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in long term memory may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.The duration of short term memory is very short.It is up to 30 seconds.Peterson(1959)found it to be 6-12 seconds, while Atkinson and Schifrin(1968)and Herb(1949)state it is 30 seconds.Memory in CI only lasts for a short time.Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers.Therefore, the memory skills which need to be imparted to trainee interpreters are short term memory skills.Another difference is that short term memory is processed largely in terms of speech sounds, while long term memory depends mostly on meaning.In the early 1960s, Conrad, in connection with work for the British Post Office, conducted experiments on memory for letter codes.Conrad’s subjects were presented visually with sequences of unrelated consonants and were required to write them down immediately afterwards.He noticed that the short term memory errors made were not random, but similar in the sound to the correct item.Subjects mistakenly remember the words as words with similar pronunciation more than similar spelling.This indicates that the material is more easily remembered in terms of their sound rather than their visual appearance.Since the interpreters deal with the vocal materials, short term memory can do well to training.3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile(1)C = KL + ELK + A Comprehension =Knowledge for language+ Extra-linguistic Language + Analysis(2)CI =L + N + M + C Consecutive Interpreting =Listening Analysis+ Note-taking+ Short-term Memory+ Coordination In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter takes notes while the speaker speaks, then delivers speech to the listener in the target language according to his or her memory and notes.Consecutive interpretation is performed in two phases, the listening and note-taking phase, and the speech production phase.(3)CI = Rem + Read + P Consecutive Interpreting=Remembering+ Note-reading+ Speech Production

In phase two, high capacity in taking notes is beneficial to the Rem component, since good note-taking reduces the capacity requirements for Rem.Besides, mastering a certain amount of linguistic and extra-linguistic knowledge will lead to successful transferring form source language to target language.Since short term memory plays an important role in CI, the author decides to take a further step on short term memory.4.Characters of short term memory 4.1 Input of information It is generally held that information enters the short term memory as a result of applying attention to the stimulus, which is about a quarter of a second according to the findings of both Sperling(1960)and Crowden(1982).However, McKay's(1973, in Radford and Govier, 1991: 382)findings do not fully support this, asserting that unattended information may enter the short term memory.4.2 Capacity As mentioned in the previous section, the capacity of short term memory is limited and small.Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968)propose that it is seven items of information(give or take two).Miller(1956)says it is seven “chunks.” Another possibility may be that the limiting factor is not the short term memory's storage capacity, but its processing capacity(Gross: 1990:55).4.3 Modality To store information in short term memory, it must be encoded, and there is a variety of possibilities as to how this operates.There are three main possibilities in short term memory:(1)Acoustic(Phonemic)coding is rehearsing through sub-vocal sounds(Conrad, 1964 and Baddeley: 1966).(2)Visual coding is, as implied, storing information as pictures rather than sounds.This applies especially to nonverbal items, particularly if they are difficult to describe using words.In very rare cases some people may have a “photographic memory,” but for the vast majority, the visual code is much less effective than this(Posner and Keele: 1967).(3)Semantic coding is applying meaning to information, relating it to something abstract(Baddeley: 1990, Goodhead: 1999)4.4 Information Loss There are three main theories as to why we forget from our short term memory:(1)Displacement—existing information is replaced by newly received information when the storage capacity is full(Waugh and Norman: 1965)(2)Decay—information decays over time(Baddeley, Thompson and Buchanan, 1975).(3)Interference—other information present in the storage at the same time distorts the original information(Keppel and Underwood: 1962).4.5 Retrieval There are modes of retrieval of information from short term memory:(1)Serial search—items in short term memory are examined one at a time until the desired information is retrieved(Sternberg: 1966).(2)Activation—dependence on activation of the particular item reaching a critical point 5.Memory Training The purpose of short term memory training in CI is to achieve a better understanding of the source language, which will lead to adequate interpreting.As Lin Yuru et al.put it, “Memory in consecutive interpreting consists of nothing more than understanding the meaning, which is conveyed by the words”(Lin et al., 1999:9).Understanding is the first step in successful interpreting;therefore, memory training is to be provided in the early stage of interpreter training.Memory functions differently in consecutive and simultaneous interpreting because the duration of memory is longer in CI than in SI.There are different methods of training short term memory for CI and SI respectively.Interpreting starts with the encoding of the information from the original speaker.According to Gile's Effort Model, interpreting is short term memory-centered activity;the process of interpreting could be re-postulated into: Encoding of information from the Source Language + Storing Information + Retrieval of Information + Decoding Information into the Target language In Consecutive Interpreting, there is probably up to 15 minutes(depending on the speaker's segments)for the interpreter to encode and then store the information.This is the first phase of Gile's Effort Model for CI.In the second phase of Gile's Model, the interpreter starts to retrieve information and decode it into the target language.According to the previous description, there are three main possibilities of storing information in short term memory:(1)Acoustic Coding;(2)Visual Coding and(3)Semantic Coding.Visual coding may be used by interpreters in conference situations with multimedia.Notes in interpreting are to assist in such visual coding of information.But in most interpreting contexts, interpreters will depend on acoustic and semantic coding.Therefore, exercises should be designed for this purpose.The following methods are recommended: 5.1 Visualizing materials: Visualizing means that to visualize what the speaker is speaking, for instance, to form a scene to strengthen the short term memory of the interpreter.A British psychologist named Frederic C.Bartlett(1998:279)regarded memory as the reconstruction of an image.The conclusion of the study showed that the capacity of memory of pictures viewed and images is easier to remember than vocabulary and expressions This kind of exercise aims to promote the ability of an interpreter to actualize and visualize the information he listened, which is designed to sensibility of human’s brain to image of language resources.5.2 Retelling in the Source Language The instructor either reads or plays a recording of a text of about 200 words for the trainees to retell in the same language.The trainees should not be allowed to take any notes.In the first instance, trainees should be encouraged to retell the text in the same words of the original to the largest possible extent.The following tactics should be used by the trainees after a certain time of training on retelling: Categorization: Grouping items of the same properties;Generalization: Drawing general conclusions from particular examples or message from the provided text;Comparison: Noticing the differences and similarities between different things, facts and events;Description: Describing a scene, a shape, or size of an object, etc.Trainees are encouraged to describe, summarize, and abstract the original to a large extent in their own words in exercises.5.3 Mnemonic to Memory Mnemonic is a device, such as a formula or rhyme, used as an aid in remembering.Mnemonics are methods for remembering information that is otherwise quite difficult to recall.A very simple example of a mnemonic is the '30 days hath September' rhyme.The basic principle of Mnemonics is to use as many of the best functions of the human brain as possible to encode information.The human brain has evolved to encode and interpret complex stimuli—images, color, structure, sounds, smells, tastes, touch, spatial awareness, emotion, and language—using them to make sophisticated interpretations of the environment.Human memory is made up of all these features.Typically, however, information presented to be remembered is from one source—normally words on a page.While reading words on a page reflects one of the most important aspects of human evolution, it is only one of the many skills and resources available to the human mind.Mnemonics seek to use all of these resources.By encoding language and numbers in sophisticated, striking images which flow into other strong images, we can accurately and reliably encode both information and the structure of information to be easily recalled later(Manktelow:2003).5.4 Grouping information together Random lists of things(a shopping list, for example)can be especially difficult to remember.To make it easier, try categorizing the individual things from the list.If a person can remember that, among other things, he wanted to buy four different kinds of vegetables, he’ll find it easier to remember all four.Another example: probably ***818651898 won't be easily remembered, but try putting a space after every fourth number.Now those numbers are years, and they can be easily remembered by picking key events from each year(e.g., Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Civil War, and Spanish-American War).5.5 Association

The reason that most of people can't remember their friend's phone number is because 535-3473 just a string of numbers that have no obvious connection to their friend.In order to use one’s memory efficiently, the best way is to actively create an association for things one is trying to remember.For example, write out a phone number: five three five three four seven three.Now try to create a clever phrase that starts with the first letter of those words: fairy tales feel true for some time.Now that phone number can be much more easily remembered.Alternatively, one could create a story that involves 5 characters buying 3 things and doing 5 more things with them by using imagination.The point is that one wants to connect the phone number to something else.6.Conclusion Keeping a good short term memory in consecutive interpreting is a significant aspect, which the train interpreters need to grasp.From the above analysis, we can conclude that short term memory skills in consecutive interpreting could be acquired by effectively designed training methods.With a well-'trained' short-term memory, interpreters are actually equipped with an effective tool for the encoding and decoding information.Even though the author has found and summarized some training methods, these methods are not suitable for every trainee.In the future research, the author believes that every student interpreter needs to explore practical training methods for themselves, which can lead a better result for their future career and be transformed into theories.

第三篇：专业翻译与一般翻译

专业翻译 http://

专业翻译与一般翻译

专业翻译与翻译，就好比是演讲与日常交流一样，一个要求高一个要求低;一个要求能够慷慨陈词、主题鲜明;一个要求意思明确即可，那么让我们来一起了解一下吧!

翻译：是在语言通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转换成另一种语言信息的活动。它由两个基本的过程组成：源语言中译码含义→重新编码信息组织成为目标语言。

专业翻译：可以理解为是一般翻译的升级，主要是科技材料、政治作品、经贸法律、文献翻译等等。对专业翻译的常见误区：

互联网上有很多免费翻译软件可以使用，我想翻译什么直接用软件不就行了?在翻译软件的使用过程中不难看出，译文语言比较生硬、直接化、机械化，简单看看意思还行，如果与客户沟通的稳健或者是论文翻译、文献翻译等等，那就显得有点拿不出手了。

专业翻译的基本要素是：

第一，忠诚的的将原文信息表达出来，译文要与原文信息基本一致。

第二，语言同属流畅，不能出现结构混乱或是逻辑不清等等现象。

第三，熟练掌握源语言并可以做到像母语交流班的使用

第四，了解源语言的文化背景和使用习惯

365翻译公司365fanyi.com联合翻译行业25000多名工作年限5年以上的专业翻译译员，涵盖了科技、文化、技术等多个领域，一定能给您一个信息精准、专业用词恰当、语句流程的译文。

第四篇：检测报告常用专业翻译

骑缝章分两种，一种是盖有许多页纸的文件时,为了避免有人换掉其中几页纸又不想每页都去盖章,而把文件几页纸张的边缝连在一起盖章（我要用的应该是这个）。还有一种是在一张可以分成两半，留下底根的的介绍信上盖章，一个章盖在撕下的正本介绍单位落款处，一个章盖在将要撕开在地方，撕开后介绍信上有一半，底根上有一半，以防假冒。前一种应该叫paging seal,后一种才叫a seal on the perforation。

Instruction

1.the report is invalid when there is no ‘special stamp for inspection report’ or inspection organization stamp.-----报告无‘检验报告专用章’ 或检验单位公章无效。

2.The report copy is invalid when there is no ‘special stamp for inspection report’ or inspection organization stamp.――复制报告未重新加盖‘检验报告专用章’或检验单位公章无效。

3.The report is invalid when there is no auditor and certifier’s signature.――报告无审核、批准人签章无效。4.The aultered report is invalid.――报告涂改无效。

5.Telling the inspection organization in 15 days since you receive the report when you don’t agree, otherwise it is not accepted.――对检验报告若有异议，应于收到报告之日起十五日内向检验单位提出，逾期不予受理。

6.The entrust inspection is responsibility for the received sample only.――委托检验仅对来样负责。

未经本中心许可本报告不得用于任何广告宣传和成果鉴定，本报告部分复印无效。――The report could not be used for any advertisement and evaluation.------The part report copy is invalid.国家汽车质量监督检验中心 National Quality Control & Inspection Center for Automobiles

希望对大家有用.一>质量检验报告单----Quality Inspection Report 一般包括: 1.日期----Date 2.检验员---Inspector 3.产品名称---Item Description 4.产品编号---Part Number/PT.NO 5.检验数量---Quantity Inspected 6.客户定单号---P.O.NO 7.发现问题详述:----Discrepancies found(一般与检验标准对照,列出不符合标准的差异)8.不合格数量:Reject Number 9.通过数量:Pass Number 10.全部合格:Pass all 11.全部不合格:Reject all 12.不合格产品处理办法----Disposition of Rejects 另外需要得到质检部经理和质检QA的签字:Sign 1.质检部经理----QA Manager 2.质检员---QA/Inspector Inspection Report(By *** ###)

验货报告(后面是写报告的人或部门名称及报告日期）

Item No.:

款号：（例如A-501）

Item Description:

产品描述：（例如塑料玫瑰花，也就是说明上面那个代号代表什么具体的产品）

Supplier/Manufacturer: 供应商/制造商：

Quantity Received: 收到货数量：

Quantity Inspected: 验货数量：

Quantity Passed: 合格数量：

Pass Rate: 合格率：

Quantity Rejected: 不良品数量：

Defects: 瑕疵/缺陷：

1.Not removable dirts： 20pcs 20件产品带有不可清除的脏污

2.Scratches: 10pcs 10件产品带有刮痕

3.Dye faded: 30pcs 30件产品褪色

检验报告 Certificate of analysis 化工有限公司 chemical CO., LTD 制药(药业)有限公司 Pharmaceutical co.,Ltd.化工厂 CHEMICAL PLANT

精细化工有限公司 FINE CHEMICAL CO., LTD 品名 PRODUCT //title 批号 batch NO.生产日期 manufacturing date // manu.Date 检验日期 Analysis date 有效期 Exp date // expiry date

检验标准 quality standard //inspecting basis //Specification 数量 QUANTITY 报告日期 report date 包装规格 package 企业标准Company Standard//enterprise standard 检查项目 test items//analytical items

性状 appearance // characteristics//description//Character 分子式 molecular formula 分子量 molecular wt 化学式Chemical formula 鉴别 identification

溶液外观 appearance of solution 澄清度&颜色clarity & color 白色或类白色结晶粉末white or almost white crystalline powder 味微苦 a little bitter taste 无色无味 odorless,smelless 酸碱度 acidity and alkalinity

铅盐Plumbum salts 砷盐Arsonium salts 有关物质 related substances 分为：individual impurity substance NMT….；total impurity substance NMT。。

干燥失重 loss on drying 炽灼残渣residue on ignition 重金属 heavy metals 溶剂残留 solvent residue

有机挥发性物质 organic volatile impurities 溶解度 solubility 熔点 melting point 旋光度 optical rotation 灰分 sulphated ash

水分 water content //moisture 粒度 particles size ／／ＭＥＳＨ ＳＩＺＥ PH值PH Value

吸收系数absorption coefficient 氯化物 chloride 硫酸盐sulphate 农药残留

residue of pesticide 微生物限度细菌Microbial Limit bacteria 细菌总数 total plate count

霉菌和酵母菌yeast & mold //Mildew&Microzyme 大肠杆菌 Ｅ.ｃｏｉｌ //Esherichia coli 沙门氏菌 salmonella 含量 ＡＳＳＡＹ

按归一法计算 Calculated on the Normalization method 按干燥品计算 Calculated on the anhydrous substance 应符合规定 complies with the CRS //meet the requirements 不少于 no less than 不多于 no more than //NMT 无 negative 有 positive

欧洲药典 Ｅｕｒ Ｐｈ 美国 ＵＳＰ 中国 ＣＨ.P *** Ｊ.Ｐ ８０－１００目 ８０－１００ mesh 澄清无色 clear and colorless 紫外灯 Ultraviolet ray lamp

溶于 soluble in..易溶于 freely soluble in..微溶于 sparing soluble in..与对照品图谱一致 Corresponding to Reference Spectrum 结果 results

符合规定 conforms // complies with // pass //meet the requirement

结论 ＣＯＮＣＬＵＳＩＯＮ

符合英国药典２０００版 ｃｏｍｐｌｉｅｓ with BP 2000

化验员 Analyst 复核员 Ｃhecker 质保经理 ＱＡ manager // QA director [Last edit by happyjyl]

1.本院检验工作不受任何来自商业、财政、行政的干预，对委托方的技术、资料、数据及其商业机密严格保密，检验人员严格执行标准和程序，对出具的数据负责；

The inspection work of our Institute is free from any intervention from commercial, financial, administrative aspects, the technologies, documents, data, and commercial secrets from the commissioning parties of the commission, information, data and business secrets are kept strictly confidential, the inspectors strictly enforce the standards and procedures, and are responsible for the data issued;2． 检验报告无“检验报告专用章”或检验单位公章无效；

The Inspection Reports without “Special Seal for Inspection Report” or the unit seal of the inspection unit would be invalid;3． 复制检验报告未重新加盖“检验报告专用章”或检验单位公章无效；

The copied inspection without stamping “Special Seal for Inspection Report” or the unit seal of the inspection unit would be invalid;4． 未经本院书面同意，不得部分地复制本报告；

This report is not allowed to be copied without the written permission by our Institute;5． 检验报告无检验、审核、批准人签名无效；

The Inspection Reports without signed by the inspector, auditor, and approver would bi invalid;6． 检验报告涂改无效；

The Inspection Reports that are altered would be invalid.7． 对检验报告若有异议，应于收到检验报告之日起十五日内向实施监督抽查的产品质量监督部门或检验部分提出；

If there is any objection to the inspection reports, it should be presented within 15 days from the date of receiving the Inspection Reports to the Product Quality Supervision Dept or the Inspection Dept that implement supervision and checking;8． 一般情况，委托检验仅对来样负责；

Generally, the commissioning inspection is responsible for the delivered samples.9． 检验结果中“一”表示“不适用”，“/”表示“未检验”

In the inspection results, “－“ means “not available”, “/” means “ not inspected”

检验报告 Certificate of analysis 化工有限公司 chemical CO., LTD 制药(药业)有限公司 Pharmaceutical co.,Ltd.化工厂 CHEMICAL PLANT 精细化工有限公司 FINE CHEMICAL CO., LTD 品名 PRODUCT //title 批号 batch NO.生产日期 manufacturing date // manu.Date 检验日期 Analysis date 有效期 Exp date // expiry date

检验标准 quality standard //inspecting basis //Specification 数量 QUANTITY 报告日期 report date 包装规格 package 企业标准Company Standard//enterprise standard 检查项目 test items//analytical items

性状 appearance // characteristics//description//Character 分子式 molecular formula 分子量 molecular wt 化学式Chemical formula 鉴别 identification

溶液外观 appearance of solution 澄清度&颜色clarity & color 白色或类白色结晶粉末white or almost white crystalline powder 味微苦 a little bitter taste 无色无味 odorless,smelless 酸碱度 acidity and alkalinity

铅盐Plumbum salts 砷盐Arsonium salts 有关物质 related substances 分为：individual impurity substance NMT….；total impurity substance NMT。。

干燥失重 loss on drying 炽灼残渣residue on ignition 重金属 heavy metals 溶剂残留 solvent residue

有机挥发性物质 organic volatile impurities 溶解度 solubility 熔点 melting point 旋光度 optical rotation 灰分 sulphated ash

水分 water content //moisture 粒度 particles size ／／ＭＥＳＨ ＳＩＺＥ PH值PH Value

吸收系数absorption coefficient 氯化物 chloride 硫酸盐sulphate 农药残留

residue of pesticide 微生物限度细菌Microbial Limit bacteria 细菌总数 total plate count

霉菌和酵母菌yeast & mold //Mildew&Microzyme 大肠杆菌 Ｅ.ｃｏｉｌ //Esherichia coli 沙门氏菌 salmonella 含量 ＡＳＳＡＹ 按归一法计算 Calculated on the Normalization method 按干燥品计算 Calculated on the anhydrous substance 应符合规定 complies with the CRS //meet the requirements 不少于 no less than 不多于 no more than //NMT 无 negative 有 positive

欧洲药典 Ｅｕｒ Ｐｈ 美国 ＵＳＰ 中国 ＣＨ.P *** Ｊ.Ｐ ８０－１００目 ８０－１００ mesh 澄清无色 clear and colorless 紫外灯 Ultraviolet ray lamp

溶于 soluble in..易溶于 freely soluble in..微溶于 sparing soluble in..与对照品图谱一致 Corresponding to Reference Spectrum 结果 results

符合规定 conforms // complies with // pass //meet the requirement

结论 ＣＯＮＣＬＵＳＩＯＮ

符合英国药典２０００版 ｃｏｍｐｌｉｅｓ with BP 2000

化验员 Analyst 复核员 Ｃhecker 质保经理 ＱＡ manager // QA director

验报告常用缺陷简单英文描述汇总--包装

以下是本人积累的一些比较常用的检验报告简短英文描述,今后会继续发给大家,希望可以帮助一些要帮助的同行.General Packing1Missing components 包裝零件丟失 2Incorrect packing method 包裝方式錯誤 3.1Light deforming of packing but don’t damage the products 輕微包裝變形但不會造成產品損傷

3.2Serious deforming of packing but don’t damage the products 嚴重包裝變形但不會造成產品損傷

3.3Serious deforming or damage of packing but don't damage the product 嚴重包裝變形或损坏且不造成產品損傷

3.4Serious deforming or damage of packing and damage the product 嚴重包裝變形或损坏且造成產品損傷

4.1Seam missing 紙箱未封口

4.2Poor taping / gluing and the opening on the cover panel 封箱不良, 箱蓋開口 5Miss UPC 條碼標未貼

6Miss Sticker or warning 要求之貼紙或警告標語未貼

7.1Container loadingDirt of Conatiner 货柜脏

7.3Container loadingless than 2cm length 嚴重撕裂小于2cm 長度

8.2Serious tearingover 5cm length or tearing two areas 嚴重撕裂超過5cm 長度或两处以上 9.1Broken less than 2cm 破裂小于2cm 長度

9.2Broken--2~5 cm length 破裂2~5 cm 長度

9.3Broken over 5cm, product visible 破裂超過5cm 長度

10.1Visual dirt mark, spot, water mark etc… between 5 to 10 square cm and less than area 髒污點介於5 至10平方cm 10.2Visual dirt mark, spot, water mark etc… over 10 square cm 髒污點大於10平方cm 11UPC can not be read 條碼無法讀取

检验类别：型式试验

Inspection Classification: Type Testing

检验结论：所检项目的检验结果符合检验依据的相关规定，试品相应性能合格

Inspection Conclusion: The inspection results for the inspected items are in accordance with the relative specifications in the inspection reference, and the corresponding performance of the inspected samples is qualified 检验依据：

Inspection Reference: 送试样品

Sample for Inspection and Testing

上述产品符合强制性产品认证实施规则的要求，特发此证

The above mentioned products are in accordance with the requirements of the implement regulation for compulsory product qualification.The certificate hereby issured.本证书的有效性依据发证机构的定期监督获得保持

The validity of this certificate is maintained based on the regular supervsion of the certificate issuring institution.问题补充：实施的检验项目

The implemented inspection items 编写 校核 审定 批准 Composed by Checked by Examined by Approved by

本申请单元所覆盖的产品型号规格及相关情况说明

The Description of the product type and specifications, and related circumstances covered by this application unit 国家强制性产品认证试验合格

Qualified in the national compulsory product qualification testing

第五篇：专业翻译的重要性

专业翻译公司

1、定义

翻译公司是指以盈利为目的，从事商业的翻译经营活动并为客户提供翻译服务的企业或者实业，其主要形式为有限责任公司和股份有限公司两种形式。翻译公司是一种从事为各企事业单位或个人等提供各种语言翻译服务的商业机构。

2、专业翻译的重要性

能将某个领域的知识和技能称为“专业“。好的专业翻译都是“术业有专攻”。一个好的专业翻译翻译不是一定要上知天文，下知地理，精通生物医药，还要懂得诗词歌赋。他有擅长的几个领域，也有不了解的领域，这是很正常的。人的精力有限，能够深入钻研的领域也很有限。好翻译都能够自信的说出自己擅长的行业，也能够直言自己不接触的行业。其实，碰到一个翻译说，我什么行业都能翻，才是最可怕的。作为福州专业翻译公司，福州快译典翻译公司的专业性体现在：通过明确、细化的专业领域分工，分别设有金融财务专业翻译小组、机械专业翻译小组、工程专业翻译小组、法律专业翻译小组、证件专业翻译小组、专利专业翻译小组、医学专业翻译小组、合同协议专业翻译小组等翻译小组，各小组均有三名以上的专业审核校对人员，负责本小组译文质量的把关控制。

3、专业翻译公司“速度与质量的完美结合”

好翻译都是“从不迟到的”。对于好翻译来说，约定好的时间，比什么都重要。在开始翻译之前，他都能充分的估计好自己的工作时间，给出一个确切的完成时间和时间误差范围。在给出这个时间范围之后，他都会尽全力遵守承诺。一旦情况超出了他的控制范围，他会及时通知，再次估计时间，尽量沟通协商。这样的翻译，才让人放心，觉得可靠。最害怕的就是那些不通知，不沟通，无法确定时间的翻译，让人坐立不安，无法估计。

好翻译是“速度与质量的完美结合”。翻译是人不是机器，人只有24个小时，每天的翻译量也一定会有一个上限。如何做到在有限的是时间里做出最好的质量，是每个翻译者需要从不断的翻译工作中，找到的一个平衡点。快速而优质，是一个好翻译追求的目标。一味追求速度，而不重视翻译质量的提高，虽然表面上看是高效率，高产出的做法，但其实也是不负责任的做法。而一味追求质量，字字推敲，反复琢磨，虽然是尽心尽责的做法，但也会被快节奏的市场淘汰。所以，好翻译会找到两者的平衡，使他能够一直在翻译的市场上具有不败的竞争力。

本文出自:福州快译典翻译公司 http:///

电话：0591-83358120，87132356

QQ：892256435 54932996

地址：福州市古田路132号福达商厦七层