第一篇：【精】高中语法大全【高考必备】
高中语法大全（必备）
主谓一致
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm./ To study English well is not easy./ What he said is very important for us all./ The children were in the classroom two hours ago./ Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books./ What I say and do is(are)helpful to you.2、由连接词and或both „ and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins./ She and I are classmates./ The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news./ Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.;/ ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a(an), many a(an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room../ No boy and no girl likes it.3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China./ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground./ She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book./ Everything around us is matter.注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is(are)interesting.② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has(have)been to America.5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard./ He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor./ Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom./ The rest of the lecture is wonderful./ 50% of the students in our class are girls.注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“„的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。
8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures./ Such is the result./ Such are the facts.（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。
1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well./ All have gone to Beijing.2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is(are)left on the table.5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty./ Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990./ I think physics isn’t easy to study.7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the)pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken./ The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。
（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1、当两个主语由either „ or, neither „ nor, whether „ or „, not only „ but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends./ Neither they nor he is wholly right./ Is neither he nor they wholly right?
2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。
名词性从句
在前面我们已经知道了什么是句子.我们可以这样解释什么叫从句:在一个句子的前面加上一个连接词,这个句子就变成了从句.如果这个从句做了主语,它就是主语从句.其它的以此类推.注: 1.特殊疑问句本身可以做从句,它不需要加连接词.2.所有的从句要使用陈述语序.陈述语序: 句子第一个词永远是主语;第二个词可能是情态动词助动词等加上动词,或者是动词本身.名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。
名词性从句,顾名思义,它具有名词性.所以可以作主语,宾语等等.回忆一下句子成分那一章
（一）引导名词性从句的连接词
1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。
2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。
3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if, that
（二）主语从句
1、主语从句在复合句作主语。Who will go is not important.2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。
It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.3、that引导主语从句时放在句首时，不能省略。
That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.实用例句: Is it true that he will be punished seriously by the headmaster? Does it make any difference who bought these gifts? How strange it is that these children are so quiet!注意: 表示是否,只能使用whether.（三）表语从句
1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。The question was who could go there.2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。
My idea is(that)we can get more comrades to help in the work.注意: 表示是否,只能使用whether.（四）宾语从句
1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。I hope(that)everything is all right.2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..I’m interested in what you’ve said.3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。if和whether区别
①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。e.g.I wonder if it doesn’t rain.②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。
e.g.Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）
③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。
e.g.I don’t know whether or not the report is true.I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。It depends on whether we have enough time.They don’t know whether to go there.Please come to see me if you have time.状语从句 实用例句: 使用it作形式宾语 I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.注意: 形式主语和形式宾语只有一个替代词: it
（五）同位语从句
同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody
定语从句
（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导
1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、关系副词：when, where, why 关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首(大家想一想什么叫从句来的? 在一个句子前面加上连词.在定语从句中这个连词叫做关系词.关系词的概念是:既要起连接作用,又要在从句中做成分)，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
e.g.She is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）
The comrade with whom I came knows French.（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）
关系词的概念是:既要起连接作用,又要在从句中做成分,那么怎么作这个成分呢(下面的用法要牢记哟):
3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。
定语从句分为: 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句.怎么区分,对于我们初学者来说记住:非限制性定语从句前面或者后面有逗号!
（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。
e.g.I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）
2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。
e.g.Tom’s father , who is over sixty,(看好这就是非限定性从语从句.注意到逗号了吗?)still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）
（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题
1、that与which的区别。
1）用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, „；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。
e.g.There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
2）用which而不用 that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句； ②代表整个主句的意思；③介词 + 关系代词。
e.g.He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
This is the room in which my father lived last year.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
注意: that与which的区别非常多了,很难记住.一句话语法: 逗号后/介词后使用which,其它用that一定不会错 3）as引导定语从句时的用法
①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same „ as, such „ as结构中。e.g.I want the same shirt as my friend’s.我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
e.g.As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。3）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。e.g.He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。
e.g.Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.一句话语法: as 用法—
1.固定结构中,比如 such...as so...as to...;2.如果句子译成正如...一样,一定使用 as 2.关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。
e.g.The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.一句话语法: 看一个第一个例子, who 指代的是哪个, the man, 所以只能是 who lives 3.定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。e.g.There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.4.引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。e.g.October 1, 1949 was the day on which(= when)the People’s Republic of China was founded.为什么会是这样: 关系副词=介词 + which? October 1, 1949 was the day which the People’s Republic of China was founded on.看一下上面这个句子,看懂了吗? which 在从句中做on的宾语(宾语有两个,前面讲过的,一个是动词宾语,另一个是介词宾语).再看下面这个例子: October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.等量代换!5.当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。
e.g.The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.6.介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。
e.g.The man(whom/ who/ that)you were talking about has come to school.强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语
一、强调句
（一）强调句句型
1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（强调主语且主语指人可以用who,当然也可以使用that）+ 其它部分。
强调句式只是把句子中某些词(被强调部分)改变位置,所以把强调结构(it is/was...that/who)去掉之后,句子一定是完整的 e.g.It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。这是重点 e.g.Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？ 一定要注意,这是出题点,也是考点,掌握它的最好方法是多记几个这样的句子,最后一定会融会贯通的.e.g.When and where was it that you were born? 认真研究下面的例句.体会一句话语法: 强调句式只是把句子中某些词(被强调部分)改变位置,所以把强调结构(it is/was...that/who)去掉之后,句子一定是完整的
4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：It was I that(who)met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was „，其余的时态用It is „。
（二）not „ until „ 句型的强调句 这也是出题点和考点,掌握的方法: 多记几个这样的句子,最后一定会融会贯通的.1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分 e.g.普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not „ 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
（三）谓语动词的强调
1、It is/ was „ that „ 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。e.g.Do sit down.务必请坐。
He did write to you last week.上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street.过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。
二、It的用法
（一）作人称代词
1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。
e.g.You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us.（it代替后面的air）
They say he has left town, but I don’t believe it.（it代替前面They„town分句中的情况）
2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。
e.g.Yesterday we saw a big tree.It was fully twenty metres high.（it代替前面的tree）
The baby cried because it was hungry.（it代替前面的baby）
3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。
e.g.----Someone is knocking at the door, Peter.----Who is it?----It’s me.----Who are singing?----It is the children.----The light is still on in the lab.It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。
e.g.----Do you still have the bicycle?----No, I have sold it.----Is this knife yours?----No.It is Xiao Zhang’s.Mine is the one on the desk.5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。
e.g.The climate of South China is mild（温和的）;I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China）
The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate）
（二）作无人称代词
it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。It is fine(rainy, windy, etc.).It is noon.It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.It is eighteen square metres in area.What does it matter?
（三）作强调词，构成强调结构
用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is(was)+ 所强调的成分 + that(who)+ 其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“
一、强调句”。
（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）
为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。e.g.It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词）We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night.（it与that从句中间夹有 strange）
但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。
e.g.You may depend on it that they will support you.（因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句）补充: I like it here.句中like是及物动词(什么是及物动词,就是可以直接加上宾语的动词),后面必须加一宾语,而here是副词,不能作宾语(大家想一想,前面我们说过什么可以做宾语来的.名词!)这时为了使句子语法正确,使用一个虚拟的宾语: it.上面说的是理论,掌握起来非常简单哟.把它背下来: I like it here.三、省略
为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：
（一）简单句中的省略
1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。e.g.(I)Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）(I)see you tomorrow.(It)Doesn’t matter.2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
e.g.(There is)No smoking.(Is there)Anything wrong? Why(do you)not say hello to him?
3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。e.g.----Are you going there?----I’d like to(go there).He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to(give me the chance).注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。e.g.----Are you an engineer?----No, but I want to be.----He hasn’t finished the task yet.----Well, he ought to have.4、省略表语。
e.g.----Are you thirsty?----Yes, I am(thirsty).5、同时省略几个成分。
e.g.Let’s meet at the same place as(we met)yesterday.----Have you finished your work?----(I have)Not(finished my work)yet.（二）并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。e.g.My father is a doctor and my mother(is)a nurse.I study at college and my sister(studies)at high school.（三）主从复合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略。
e.g.(I’m)Sorry to hear that you are ill.(It is a)Pity that he missed such a good chance.2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。e.g.----Is he coming back tonight?----I think so.----Is he feeling better today?----I’m afraid not.这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so.He said so 及I suppose not.I believed not.I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。
（四）其它省略
1、连词that的省略：
①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。
②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。
③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。
2、不定式符号to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g.I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。
e.g.----I saw the boy fall from the tree.----The boy was seen to fall from the tree.③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。e.g.The boy did nothing but play.3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）
4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）
5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。
e.g.The sooner(you do it), the better(it will be).四、插入语
英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。
（一）插入语的类型：
1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。
e.g.She is looking fit, though.他看起来倒是健康。I can, however, discuss this when I see you.2、短语
e.g.China and India, for example, are neighbours.By the way, where are you from?
3、句子
e.g.He is an honest man, I believe.Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.（二）插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。
e.g.You know that I think you are wrong.我认为，你明白你错了。What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？
（三）插入语在句中的作用
一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。
e.g.He got the news from nobody knows where.他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。
（四）插入语的特殊用法
下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。e.g.How long did you say she would stay here? When do you suppose they’ll be back? How old did you think she was
（五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语 by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far 到目前为止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足为奇；as a matter of fact 事实上；come along 快点，来吧；in other words 换句话说；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，结果。
下面的练习题要做熟!做熟之后,你就会发现上面的规则你已经记得差不多了.不要硬记规则,一是不记住,二是就是记住了,到时应用也成问题 省略和插入语
状语从句
由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。
（一）时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner „ than, hardly(scarcely)„ when, every time等引导。
e.g.When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.He started as soon as he received the news.Once you see him, you will never forget him.No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.（二）原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。
e.g.He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.As it is raining, I will not go out.Now that you mention it, I do remember.（三）地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。e.g.Sit wherever you like.Make a mark where you have a question.（四）目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。
e.g.Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.He left early in case he should miss the train.（五）结果状语从句
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so „ that, such „ that等引导。e.g.She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.He was so excited that he could not say a word.She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.（六）条件状语从句
条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as)far as, if only(= if)。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。e.g.If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.You can go swimming on condition that(= if)you don’t go too far away from the river bank.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.（七）让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether „ or, no matter who(when, what, „)等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
e.g.Though he is a child, he knows a lot.Child as he is, he knows a lot.Whatever(= No matter what)you say, I’ll never change my mind.（八）方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引导。e.g.You must do the exercise as I show you.He acted as if nothing had happened.（九）比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so(as)„ as, the more „ the more等引导。e.g.I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.The busier he is, the happier he feels.（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g.We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。
e.g.When(he was)still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.If(you are)asked you may come in.If(it is)necessary I’ll explain to you again.3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。
e.g.You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句）Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）练习、状语从句
一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句： 1.Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.2.The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.3.He talks as if(as though)he knew all about it.4.He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.6.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.7.Where there is water, there is life.8.He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.9.Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you.10.Even if(though)I fail.I’ll never lose heart.11.Once you begin the work, you must continue.12.I will find her wherever she may be.13.Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.14.He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.15.We must do everything as he tells us.16.India is much bigger than Japan.17.No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.18.As(So)long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.1.Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.让步
2.The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.比较 3.He talks as if(as though)he knew all about it.方式
4.He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.结果
5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.条件
6.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.时间 7.Where there is water, there is life.地点
8.He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.目的 9.Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you.原因
10.Even if(though)I fail, I’ll never lose heart.让步 11.Once you begin the work, you must continue.时间 12.I will find her wherever she may be.让步
13.Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.原因 14.He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.结果 15.We must do everything as he tells us.方式 16.India is much bigger than Japan.比较
17.No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.让步
18.As(So)long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.条件
倒装句
英语最基本的语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采用倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装，只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。强调性倒装和以so, neither, nor开头的句子是高考例题的热点。
（一）倒装句的意义
1、适应一定的语法结构的需要，主要是指疑问句句型结构的需要。e.g.May I come in? Was the People’s Liberation Army founded in 1927?
2、为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放到句首，构成倒装。e.g.Never have I been late for school this term.So early did he come to school that no other students came.（二）倒装的使用情况
1、在 “there be” 结构里，there是引导词，主语在be后。e.g.There is a box on the table.2、在疑问句中。
e.g.Is she singing in the classroom? What does your mother do?
3、在here, there等副词开头的某些句子里（要用一般现在时态）。如果主语是人称代词，主语和主要动词的词序不变。（完全倒装）e.g.There goes the bell.Here is an apple for you.There she comes.4、重复倒装句型，用在以so, nor, neither开头，表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”、“也这样”；nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。e.g.I am watching TV.So is she.My parents didn’t watch TV last night.Neither(Nor)did I.5、直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。（完全倒装）
e.g.“Very well,” said the French student.“Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.” said he.6、在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副词开头的句子中，采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。e.g.Little did he say at the meeting.Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army.比较：I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army.7、用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。(注意当修饰主语时不倒装)e.g.Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk.Only in this way can we learn English well.注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。e.g.Only Wang Lili knows this.8、为了表达生动，有时把表地点、方位的副词，如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置不变，只将副词放在句首。（完全倒装）e.g.Away hurried the boy.Out rushed the girl.9、在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。
e.g.Had I time(= If I had time), I would go and help you.Were I you(= If I were you), I would go abroad.Should he come(=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.10、as引导让步状语从句时要倒装（形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语）。
e.g.Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me.Child as he is, he seems to know everything.（child前不加冠词）Hard as he worded, he made little progress.11、用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。e.g.May you succeed!Long live the People’s Republic of China!
12、So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。So happy did he feel.Such was me.动词时态和语态
一句话语法: 时态题关键是确定时间点,时间点是通过语境来确定.一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then.(2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice.(3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest.(4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round.(5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them.(主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。
1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。
2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的
基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country.(2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959.(3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished?(4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day.(5)现在进行时：
Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：
The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in.(7)现在完成时：
The work hasn’t been finished yet.(8)过去完成: The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China.（2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（２）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night.（３）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song.→She was asked to sing a song.在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning.→I was kept busy all the morning.（４）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children.→The children are always taken good care of.（５）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday.→The work must be finished before Friday.（６）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match.→The football match is not going to be put off.一句话语法: 时态题关键是确定时间点,时间点是通过语境来确定.被动语态的结构是: be+v-ed;完成被动形式是什么呢,对, 就是完成+被动
have/has/had +v-ed 是完成;被动是: be+v-ed;两者组合在一起: have/has/had been +v-ed;其它时态的被动形式,以此类推.动词词义辨析
动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：
1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie, lay;hanged, hung;rise, raise;sit, seat等。
2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow, lend;speak, say, talk;hope, wish等。
3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise, advice;cost, worth;pass, past 等。
4、意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如： explain, say;discover, invent, uncover;find, find out等。
5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。
6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如： give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。
（一）易混动词
1、lay（放）, lie（躺）与lie（说谎）： 放 lay laid laid laying 及物动词 躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物动词 说谎 lie lied lied lying 不及物动词
2、rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。
3、hear与listen to：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listen to是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。
4、see, watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）
5、wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。
6、hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。
7、hear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born„短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai.而作它用时要用borne。如：She has borne five children.但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。
8、sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks.或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.9、borrow, lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep。
10、win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him.即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。
11、steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。
12、fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。
13、take, bring 与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。
14、shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如: Shut your mouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shut up.在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。
15、answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answer for，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。
16、reach，arrive与get to：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。
17、cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work.18、lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用 lost, gone，但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing.19、have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。put on是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如： I dress my children in the morning every day.20、begin与start begin与Start 均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如: we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。
21、allow 与permit allow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit.22、find与found find找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如： The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.23、speak, say, talk 与tell 英文中讲有4个词，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：Please speak English。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：My watch was broken.It couldn’t tell time correctly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said „。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如：
The father always speaks well of his son.。
24、excuse me 与sorry excuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。
25、care for 与care to do care for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如：
Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。
26、与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.), advice(n.);accept(v.), except(prep.);pass(v.), past(prep.);bathe(v.), bath(n.);breathe(v.), breath(n.);choose(v.), choice(n.);succeed(v.), success(n.);
27、意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。
28、动词 + 副词 + 介词：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with „
29、动词 + 介词to的词组有：come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to „
30、与in相结合的动词有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in „
（二）动词短语
动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点：
1、根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。(I)动词+副词(不及物)Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。(2)动词+副词(及物)Please turn every light in the house off.请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：
She turned off all the lights which had been left on.她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away.她送掉了它们。
(3)动词+介词(及物)I'm looking for my glasses.我在找我的眼镜。
注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：She's got more work than she can cope with.她的工作多得使她应付不了。(4)动词+副词+介词
I look forward to seeing you soon.我盼望不久就见到你。注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after.(不能漏掉after)这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。
(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①hear from收到„的来信，hear of听说。②look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话 ②put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。
(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：look for寻找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：①break out发生，爆炸, carry out进行，开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。
-终结-
第二篇：2014高考语法题型样板
高考语法题型样板
Direction: Read the following two passages.Fill in each blank with one proper word or proper form of the given word to make the passage coherent.Make sure that your answer are grammatically correct.There is a photo hanging above my desk.Whenever I look at that photograph, it takes me back to those early years___25___ every new experienced was important for me.I can still remember the shouts of the spectators as I ___26___(go)out onto the sports field with my classmates.Two days___27___(early),I had qualified for the finals of the 100 metres.Now___28___(look)around, I was determined to win.While I was walking across to the start, I began to feel more and more nervous.I looked around and saw my proud parents waving enthusiastically.My heart was beating fast when I lined up with other eager competitors.I took some deep breaths and waited for the signal.Then the starting signal___29___(give)and I set off down the track.I ran as fast as I could, not looking at anything but the finishing line.By the time I crossed the line I was so exhausted I ___30___ hardly breathe.As soon as I heard the result ___31___(announced), I realized I had won!Overjoyed, I collapsed on the soft grass with a broad smile on my face.“Well done!” said the headmaster later, as I was presented with the winner’s certificate, I had never felt so happy and proud in my life.One of the first questions young children ask is “Why?” It is human nature to want ___32___(find)out why things are the way they are.You can find out “why” by turning the question into a hypothesis(假设)for ___33___ experiment.___34___ example, suppose you have been trying to grow tomato plants, but insects keep destroying ___35___.Someone tells you that ___36___(put)large strips of colored cloth around the plants will keep insects away.Your question might be “Do certain colors of cloth keep insects away?” Then you’d begin your experiment.The first step would be to place different-colored strips of cloth around all of the plants expect one.Then, at regular intervals, you would observe and record and note ___37___ the plant had any insect damage or not.This experiment may prove that the answer to your question is “No, it is not different-colored Strips of cloth ___38___ keep away insects.’’ Or you may find that the answer is “Yes, certain insects are kept away by blue cloth, but not yellow cloth.” ……___39___ you have tound, you are well on your way to understanding how you can use scientific thinking to solve a problem in your own life.答案：
25.when/in which26.went7.earlier28.looking29.was given30.could31.announced
32.to find33.an34.For35.them36.putting37.whether38.that39.Whatever
第三篇：如何做好高中语法填空
如何做好高中英语语法填空
一、已给单词提示题型的技巧
此类题可以考查学生对单词形式变化的掌握程度。单词形式变化主要有两种，一是词的形、数、式的变化，一是词的派生变化。在判断出词的变化之后还应该进一步审题，看是否需要使用复合的变化形式，这一点是很重要的。
技巧一：名词形式变化。名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。
例1：There are many students living at school, the＿＿(child)houses are all far from school.由students一词可以判断出横线处应填复数，且作为houses的定语，所以应用其所有格形式，故答案为child的复合变化形式——复数的所有格ehildren's。
技巧二：动词形式变化。动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化（时态、语态、语气），有非谓语的变化（不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词）。
例2：Atalk＿＿(give)tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.句中的is是整句的谓语，所以横线所在的动词应当用作非谓语。从tomorrow可以看出，报告是“将来”作的，故用不定式；且报告是give动作的承受者，故可以判断出横线所在处用give的不定式被动式——to be given。
技巧三：代词形式变化。代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类，即人称代词（主格和宾格）、物主代词（形容词性和名词性）、反身代词。另外还有几个不定代词的形式变化，如no one/none、other/another等。
例3：The king decided to see the painter by＿＿(he).由介词by可以看出，横线处应填反身代词himself。
技巧四：形容词、副词比较级变化。英语中大部分形容词和表方式的副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式，或通过加后缀-er和-est，或在词前加more/less和most/least，且形容词的绝对最高级还要冠以the。
例4：I am＿＿(tall)than Liu Wen.He is the tallest students in my class.此题后句交代了Liu Wen是班上最高的学生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“less tall”。
技巧五：数词形式变化。数词的形式变化包括基数词、序数词，或加后缀-teen、-ty的变化，甚至还有作分母用的序数词的单复数形式，以及one/two的特殊变化形式once/twice。
例5：To my three sons I leave my seventeen horses.My eldest son shall take a half, my second son shall take a＿＿(three)...从上下文连续起来理解，这是一个分马的计划，大儿子分得a half，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，那么二儿子应该得“三分之一”，所以要填人作分母的序数词“third”才能命中目标。
技巧六：词的派生。词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的，派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的掌握。例6：Lious lost his wallet yesterday, so he was very＿＿(happiness).在这道题中，学生很容易判断出该用形容词，由此可知将happiness还原成词根happy；钱包丢了，人应该是不开心的，所以要再加个前缀un-，就成了unhappy。
二、未给单词提示题型的技巧
此类题难度较大，但也是有方法对付的。
技巧七：固定短语结构。根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语，但有时要对横线前或后的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。
例7：The children were playing on the ground, enjoying＿＿,dirty but happy.从句中的happy可以猜出孩子们是开心的，所以应用enjoy oneself短语，故其答案为themselves。例8：His boss was＿＿angry as to fire him.如果“跳过”横线后面的angry，就可以发现这里用到一个关联短语so...as to，所以，so是正解。技巧八：从句引导词。从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向，主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度。例9：He did not do＿＿his father had asked him to do.审题可知，横线所在为宾语从句的引导词，此引导词在从句中充当宾语，且指物，所以是what。例10: Those＿＿want to go to the village must sign here.经过观察可以判断横线所在为定语从句的引导词，进一步观察可知先行词为those，且指人，所以只能填入who。
技巧九：短语动词结构。短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语，此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。
例11：The US consists＿＿fifty states.根据常识可知，美国由50个州组成，故横线处与前一词组合，表示“由……组成”，所以答案是of。例12：Mrs Baker was ill, so her daughter had to ask for leave to take＿＿of her.生病需要人照顾，所以答案是care，与前后词构成take care of。
技巧十：短语介词结构。短语介词即多个词的组合起介词作用的短语，如：except for, due to等。例13：Mr Smith took a plane to London＿＿of taking a train.此题中说到两种交通工具，所以可以理解此句有“坐……而不是坐……”的意思，故答案为instead，以构成介词短语instead of。
例14：Just then, he saw a blackboard in＿＿of him.细心观察，可以看出填入front即可构成in front of，此题得解。
技巧十一：连词、关联短语结构。常用的连词有and, or, but, so, for, while等，常用的关联短语有both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also等。
例15：Little Wang Jun could not go to school, ＿＿his family was too poor.此处表示原因，引导的分句其实是一种解释说明，不是必然的因果关系，且前面有逗号隔开，所以填for。例16：＿＿Marrie and Jannie like going to the theatre.横线处的词与后面可以构成both...and，故答案为Both。
技巧十二：冠词、介词和常用的副词。冠词只能是在a，an，the之间判断；常用的介词有in，at，on，before，during等，通常考查固定搭配；副词的量还是比较多，如：however，never，yet，much等，但一般不会考查-ly形式的方式副词（见技巧六——形容词派生副词的情况）。例17：Jackie likes to drive at＿＿high speed.这里考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法，答案为a，构成at a high speed，“以高速”开车。例18：Old Tom's grand-danghter used to visit him＿＿Saturday afternoon.Saturday afternoon是指定的某天下午，所以不用介词in，而用on才是正解。
例19：Though Liu Qiang did the same work＿＿Zhang Wen did，he got a lower pay＿＿Zhang 第一条横线可由前面的the sanle判断出用as，第二条横线则可由lower判断出比较意义，故答案为than。例20：It was only one day left,＿＿,his father had no idea to answer him.观察上下句，可以看出是转折关系，且横线与前后用逗号隔开，排除but，所以答案是however。技巧十三：上下文中出现的相关词。这一招是最为灵活的，但也是最难的。学生可以根据上下文；关系和自己积累的知识，填入某个已出现的词，或其反义词，或其同类的某个词。
答案的线索可能在本句，可能出现在上下相连的一句，还可能出现在比较远的，地方——上下段中与此段位置大体相当的句子。如果该横线出现在某段的首句，则线索可能在上下段的首句；如果横线出现在某段的末句，则线索可能在上下段的末句，以此类推。
例21：Tony＿＿travelling abroad, but dislikes staying home watching TV.由第二句话中的dislikes可以判断，此横线处应该是填其反义词likes。
第四篇：高中语法填空讲解
语法填空十三条解题技巧
一、已给单词提示题型的技巧
此类题可以考查学生对单词形式变化的掌握程度。单词形式变化主要有两种，一是词的形、数、式的变化，一是词的派生变化。在判断出词的变化之后还应该进一步审题，看是否需要使用复合的变化形式，这一点是很重要的。
技巧一：名词形式变化。名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。
例1：There are many students living at school, the＿＿(child)houses are all far from school.由students一词可以判断出横线处应填复数，且作为houses的定语，所以应用其所有格形式，故答案为child的复合变化形式——复数的所有格ehildren's。
技巧二：动词形式变化。动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化（时态、语态、语气），有非谓语的变化（不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词）。
例2：Atalk＿＿(give)tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.句中的is是整句的谓语，所以横线所在的动词应当用作非谓语。从tomorrow可以看出，报告是“将来”作的，故用不定式；且报告是give动作的承受者，故可以判断出横线所在处用give的不定式被动式——to be given。
技巧三：代词形式变化。代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类，即人称代词（主格和宾格）、物主代词（形容词性和名词性）、反身代词。另外还有几个不定代词的形式变化，如no one/none、other/another等。
例3：The king decided to see the painter by＿＿(he).由介词by可以看出，横线处应填反身代词himself。
技巧四：形容词、副词比较级变化。英语中大部分形容词和表方式的副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式，或通过加后缀-er和-est，或在词前加more/less和most/least，且形容词的绝对最高级还要冠以the。
例4：I am＿＿(tall)than Liu Wen.He is the tallest students in my class.此题后句交代了Liu Wen是班上最高的学生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“less tall”。
技巧五：数词形式变化。数词的形式变化包括基数词、序数词，或加后缀-teen、-ty的变化，甚至还有作分母用的序数词的单复数形式，以及one/two的特殊变化形式once/twice。
例5：To my three sons I leave my seventeen horses.My eldest son shall take a half, my second son shall take a＿＿(three)...从上下文连续起来理解，这是一个分马的计划，大儿子分得a half，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，那么二儿子应该得“三分之一”，所以要填人作分母的序数词“third”才能命中目标。
技巧六：词的派生。词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的，派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的 掌握。
例6：Lious lost his wallet yesterday, so he was very＿＿(happiness).在这道题中，学生很容易判断出该用形容词，由此可知将happiness还原成词根happy；钱包丢了，人应该是不开心的，所以要再加个前缀un-，就成了unhappy。
二、未给单词提示题型的技巧
此类题难度较大，但也是有方法对付的。
技巧七：固定短语结构。根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语，但有时要对横线前或后的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。
例7：The children were playing on the ground, enjoying＿＿,dirty but happy.从句中的happy可以猜出孩子们是开心的，所以应用enjoy oneself短语，故其答案为themselves。
例8：His boss was＿＿angry as to fire him.如果“跳过”横线后面的angry，就可以发现这里用到一个关联短语so...as to，所以，so是正解。
技巧八：从句引导词。从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向，主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度。
例9：He did not do＿＿his father had asked him to do.审题可知，横线所在为宾语从句的引导词，此引导词在从句中充当宾语，且指物，所以是 what。
例10: Those＿＿want to go to the village must sign here.经过观察可以判断横线所在为定语从句的引导词，进一步观察可知先行词为those，且指人，所以只能填入who。
技巧九：短语动词结构。短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语，此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。
例11：The US consists＿＿fifty states.根据常识可知，美国由50个州组成，故横线处与前一词组合，表示“由„„组成”，所以答案是of。
例12：Mrs Baker was ill, so her daughter had to ask for leave to take＿＿of her.生病需要人照顾，所以答案是care，与前后词构成take care of。
技巧十：短语介词结构。短语介词即多个词的组合起介词作用的短语，如：except for, due to等。
例13：Mr Smith took a plane to London＿＿of taking a train.此题中说到两种交通工具，所以可以理解此句有“坐„„而不是坐„„”的意思，故答案为instead，以构成介词短语instead of。
例14：Just then, he saw a blackboard in＿＿of him.细心观察，可以看出填入front即可构成in front of，此题得解。
技巧十一：连词、关联短语结构。常用的连词有and, or, but, so, for, while等，常用的关联短语有both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also等。
例15：Little Wang Jun could not go to school, ＿＿his family was too poor.此处表示原因，引导的分句其实是一种解释说明，不是必然的因果关系，且前面有逗号隔开，所以填for。
例16：＿＿Marrie and Jannie like going to the theatre.横线处的词与后面可以构成both...and，故答案为Both。
技巧十二：冠词、介词和常用的副词。冠词只能是在a，an，the之间判断；常用的介词有in，at，on，before，during等，通常考查固定搭配；副词的量还是比较多，如：however，never，yet，much等，但一般不会考查-ly形式的方式副词（见技巧六——形容词派生副词的情况）。
例17：Jackie likes to drive at＿＿high speed.这里考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法，答案为a，构成at a high speed，“以高速”开车。
例18：Old Tom's grand-danghter used to visit him＿＿Saturday afternoon.Saturday afternoon是指定的某天下午，所以不用介词in，而用on才是正解。
例19：Though Liu Qiang did the same work＿＿Zhang Wen did，he got a lower pay＿＿Zhang
第一条横线可由前面的the sanle判断出用as，第二条横线则可由lower判断出比较意义，故答案为than。
例20：It was only one day left,＿＿,his father had no idea to answer him.观察技巧十三：上下文中出现的相关词。这一招是最为灵活的，但也是最难的。学生可以根据上下文；关系和自己积累的知识，填入某个已出现的词，或其反义词，或其同类的某个词。
答案的线索可能在本句，可能出现在上下相连的一句，还可能出现在比较远的，地方——上下段中与此段位置大体相当的句子。如果该横线出现在某段的首句，则线索可能在上下段的首句；如果横线出现在某段的末句，则线索可能在上下段的末句，以此类推。上下句，可以看出是转折关系，且横线与前后用逗号隔开，排除but，所以答案是however。
例21：Tony＿＿travelling abroad, but dislikes staying home watching TV.由第二句话中的dislikes可以判断，此横线处应该是填其反义词likes。
语法填空作为一种新颖的题型，能全面地考查学生的英语综合应用能力。上述十三条技巧概括了此题型的多数考查方向，在高考备考复习中能起到很好的加强作用，真正做到事半功倍，较大地提高学生在此题型上的得分率。
第五篇：高中英语语法学习方法及必备语法
“语法是语言的法则。”英语语法是英国语言的实际用法，是通过语法家的调查研究、分析、综合而总结出来的，不是凭空臆造出来的。任何人使用英语，不管他是否学过语法，都必须依照语法。举个极简单的例子说，任何人写或讲“My mother studies English．”这一句，决不可把My改作I或Me，也不可把studies改作study或studys，也不可在English前面加上the。至于他是否知道possessive（所有格），indicative（直陈语言），third person（第三人称），article（冠词）等名称，那是另一问题。
我国的英语学习者大多是十多岁的青少年，或者理解力较强，或者模仿力较强，在没有英语环境的情况下，学习语法，了解所学语言的规则，可以缩短学习过程，掌握英语的规律，尽快提高听、说、读、写、译的能力。
那么，怎样学习语法呢？下面拟从四个方面简要谈一谈：
（1）练好基本句型
我国近年来的英语教学实践证明：在初学阶段，采用听说领先、学习基本句型的方法去学习英语语法，是行之有效的。
句型学习是通过听说领先的方法去学习传统语法里最常用的语法项目（把它们变为句型去操练）。句型训练实际上吸取了传统语法与结构语法两派的长处。目前国内的英语广播（电视）教学，在入门阶段，多采用句型教学法。因此学生们或者收听广播（收看电视）进行学习，或者根据所选用的课本提供的句型用替换词进行替换练习。所学的句型应该是由浅入深，由简到繁；讲求熟练掌握，不要贪多冒进。每学一个项目，首先要把单项练习练熟，然后过渡到综合练习，最后则应做到扩大运用。
以定语从句这一项为例，首先要反复进行替换练习。把“I read a novel
yesterday．”和“It was extremely Interesting．”这两个单句改为“The novel I read yesterday was extremely interesting．”这就是定语从句的单项练习。再如把“I saw a man this morning．”和“The man is my teacher．”改为“The man I saw this morning is my teacher．”；把“I saw a film last night．”和“The film was very amusing．”改为“The film I saw last night was very amusing．”这种练习虽然是枯燥的，却是重要的基本功，把定语从句练到脱口而出的地步。这是第一步。
第二步是把定语从句放在一定的语言情景中去综合运用，进行一问一答。如：A：Did you enjoy the opera？
B：Which opera？
A：The one we saw last night，of course．
B：Yes，very much．
第三步是扩大运用，也就是把定语从句和以前学过的两三个项目放在一起去操练。
A：Do you know who Edgar Snow was？（一般疑问句；宾语从句）
B：Yes，he was an American writer who interviewed Chairman Mao in Beijing．（定语从句）
A：Oh，now I remember．He was the author who wrote“Red Star Over China”，wasn't he？（定语从句；反意疑问句）
B：Exactly．
这种回答不但练了定语从句，而且复习了一般疑问句和反意疑问句，也给名词从句的学习打了“埋伏”。进行句型操练，既需要“滚雪球”（复习已学的项目），也需要“打埋伏”（预先练一下将来要学习的项目）。
在句型学习阶段必须注意：在听、说领先的前提下，写、读要跟上，力求听、说、写、读四会均衡发展。因此，时间上要做出合理的安排。早上通常可安排为朗读时间。如果能每日坚持下去，收效一定很大。
（2）结合课文去学
吕叔湘先生说过：“与其多读语法书，不如多读文章。”又说：“词语要嵌在上下文里才有生命，才容易记住，才知道用法。”（引自《中国人学英语》）课文是学习英语的“重要基地”。课文里有语音、词汇项目，也有各类语法项目。它们有机地结合在课文里。课文中出现的语法项目，是有血有肉的，不是干巴巴的。通过课文去学语法，可以学得活，记得牢，这比孤零零地背诵语法条目要有效得多。因此，在句型学习结束后，宜结合课文去学语法，要围绕课文中出现的主要语法项目，循序渐进地学习比较系统的语法知识。
一：非谓语：（1）形式有三种：动词不定式，动名词，分词。
动词不定式相当于名词，形容词，副词，可做主语，宾语，宾补，表语，定语，状语（即谓语以外的所有句子成分）；动名词相当于名词，可做主语，宾语，表语，定语；分词相当于形容词，副词，可做宾补，表语，定语，状语；
（2）语态：若逻辑主语是动作的发出者，则用主动；若逻辑主语是动作的承受者，则用被动；若逻辑主语既不是动作的发出者也不是承受者，则：动词不定式用独立结构
动名词用复合结构
分词用独立主格结构
举例：A）动词不定式作主语：To finish my homework is my job.宾语：I want to have a wise brain.宾补：I want you to attend the meeting.表语：You job is to earn money.定语：He is to go to college.状语：I get up early in order to recite the poem.独立结构：To tell you the turth,I am a student.注意：1:有些宾语的不定式有自己的补语，则应用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置，如：I think it important to study English well.2:不定式一般不做介词的宾语，除在极少数介词后才行（如but,except），此时动词不定式可带to也可不带to，如：He seldom comes except(to)see my daughter.B)动名词做主语：Reading is my habbit.宾语：The old need looking after.表语：I am reading.定语：He was looking the hanging picture.复合结构：Alan's illness accounts for his coming late for school.注意：1：一些特殊句式，如It is no good(no use,fun,a wast of time)+doingThere is no.....+doing
2:动名词复合结构的一般规则是：逻辑主语是有生命的名词，作主语时，须用名词的所有格形式或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，可用普通格或人称代词宾格。
C）：分词作宾补：I mind your somking.表语：The news is encouraging./The glass is broken.定语：This is a reading room./The book written by him is interesting.状语：Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is beautiful.二：虚拟语气：
A):在条件从句中：
1):表示与事实相反条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式表示现在情况if+主语+did
should/would/could/might+do
表示过去情况if+主语+had done
should/would/could/might+have done
表示将来情况if+主语+were to do
should/would/could/might+do
if+主语+should do
if+主语+did
2):在省略if的条件从句中，从句有were,should,had时，可省略if，而把它们置于主语之前，如：
If I had had time, I would have made an appointment with you.变成Had I have time,I would have an appointment with you.3):介词without引导的短语可用来代替if引导的虚拟条件从句，如:If there were no water,fish couldn't live.可由Without water,fish couldn't live.来代替。
4）：错综时间的条件从句，主句和从句的谓语动词要依照设定的时间而定。如：If you had studied hard at that time,you would do it easily now.B);在宾语从句中
1）：在一些表示“坚持，命令，要求，建议”的词（如
insist,command,order,require,request,desire,demand,advise,suggest,propose)后面接的宾语从句用should do,should可省略。
2):wish引导的宾语从句有三种情况：
1，现在：用过去式；
2，过去：用过去完成时；
3，将来：用（would/could)+do。
3）：在would rather引导的宾语从句中
当从句表示现在或将来的时间时，谓语动词用一般过去式；表示过去的时间时，谓语动词要用过去完成时。
C）：在主语从句中
在句型“It is strange/necessary/natural/important/right/pity/sorry+that......”中，that后面从句的谓语动词用：should do。注意：有些过去分词可以当形容词使用，在主语从句中要用虚拟语气，如It is
ordered/commanded/required/advised/suggested that we/you /he/
she(should）+do.D)：在表语从句中
主句的主语常是表示说话人的命令，要求，建议，愿望等的名词（如
order,command,requirement,demand,advise,suggestion,wish,desire),表语从句的谓语动词用（should)+do.如:Our suggestion is that you(should）be there on time.E）：在同位语从句中
同位语从句的先行词常是说话人愿望，建议，要求，命令等的名词。如：We put up with our suggestion that you(should)be there on time.F):在as if从句中
1）：在as if从句中，常用虚拟语气，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式。
2）：当不接虚拟语气时，表示可能或真实的情形。如：It looks as if it is going to rain.3）：虚拟语气中的几个特例
1，if only 意为：若是……那该多好啊;真希望……；只要，只要……就好了，如:If only I could fly.2，It's(high)time that……that从句要用虚拟语气：谓语动词用过去式或should do。如：It's high time that we should go.3，一些短语，如：but for(要不是），without,otherwise（否则），in that case(如果那样的话），表示含蓄的条件，这是主句要用虚拟语气。如：Without your help,I couldn't finish it on time.三：倒装句
A):完全倒装：谓语的全部放在主句之前。（此结构常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时）
1)用在there be结构中，此外，在此结构中可用来代替be的动词有
exist,seem,happen,appear,hve,rise,stand等。如：There are many students in my classroom.2):表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如
now,then,here,there,up,down,in,away,out等置于句首时，为使生动地描述情景而采用倒装语序，谓语动词常用动语come,go,be,lie,run,rush等。如：Now comes your turn.注意：当代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。如:Here it is.3):当句首为表示地点的介词词组时，也常引起全部倒装。如：From the valley came a frightening sound.4):为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，表语置于句首时，倒装结构为：表语+连系动词+主语
1，“形容词+连系动词+主语”如:Present at the meeting were my sister.2,“过去分词+连系动词+主语”如：Gone are the days when we were poor.3,“介词短语+be+主语”如：Among the goods are flowers and toys.B):部分倒装：只把系动词、助动词、情态动词放在主句之前。
1):在疑问句中，如：Can you speak English?
2):用于“never,hardly,seldom,scarely,rarely,barely,little,often,at no time(决不），by no means(绝不），under no circumstances(在任何一种情况下都不),in no case(绝不），in no way(决不）”等含有豆丁意义的副词或连词在句首的句型中。如:Little did he care about his own safety.3):用于“no sooner....than....,hardly.....when.....,和not until....,not only....but alsol....,neither....nor”的句型中，主句部分用部分倒装。如:Not until the children fell asleep did the mother leave the room.4):“only+状语”置于句首是要进行部分倒装，状语包括副词，介词短语和状语从句。如：Only then did he realise the importance of English.5):用于“so/such....that“句型，so/such置于句首时，要部分倒装。如：So fast did he run that I couldn't catch up with him.6):用于“形容词（或名词，动词）+as(though)”引导的让步状语从句中。如： Try as you would, you might fail again.Beautiful as she is,she isn't clever.Child as he is ,he knows a lot.7）：用于省略if 的条件状语从句中，把助动词were,had,should提到主语前面。
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