[高中英语旧教材讲解]Unit 12 Fact and fantasy（5篇材料）

第一篇：[高中英语旧教材讲解]Unit 12 Fact and fantasy

Unit 12 Fact and fantasy

1.league n.(1)里格，是旧时长度单位，约为3英里或5千米(2)同盟，团队

eg.Are they League members?他们是团员吗？

A League member should be an example for the youth to follow.(3)习语：in league with “暗中合谋，同„„暗中勾结” The police suspected that the bank clerk was in league with the robbers.警察怀疑银行职员与强盗暗中勾结。2.fiction(1)n.作“小说”意思，为不可数名词

eg.Fact/ Truth is stranger than fiction.（谚）事实奇于小说。He writes fiction.他是写小说的。

辨析：fable指借助动物、植物、物品等形象或对话说明某一哲理的寓言，通常寓意在结尾点明。

fiction 包括的范围较广，可指短篇、中篇、长篇小说或传奇故事。

This is a bable about a fox.这是一个关于狐狸的寓言。

He prefers light fiction to serious novels.比起严肃小说来，他更喜欢轻松的小说。

(2)n.作“虚构之事，想像”，是可数名词

eg.His testimony was a complete fiction.他的证言全是虚构的。(3)adj.fictional, 虚构的，编造的

He wrote a fictional account of a journey to the moon.3.hunter(1)n.意思为“猎人”可数名词 a famous hunter一位著名的猎手。

(2)vt.hunt 意思为“打猎，搜索”

hunt for sb./sth搜索某人/某物

Millions of people hunt and fish for a living.成百万人以打猎和捕鱼为生。

The men were hunting an elephant.人们正在追捕一头象。I spend the summer and fall hunting for a job.(3)习语

hunt for寻找 到处寻找

hunt down/ out / up搜索，追捕到

猎

4.collision n.(1)撞击，collision with sb/ sth 猛撞某人/某物 His car had a collision with a truck.他的车子与货车相撞。(2)不一致

We have no principle collision.我们没有原则上

go hunting去狩

hunt high and low for 的冲突。

(3)come into collision with（与„„）冲突，抵触，对立 The workers came into collision with the manager.工人们与经理发生了冲突。

(4)v.collide 与„„冲突，碰撞，常与with搭配 The two planes collided with each other in midair.The president collided with the Congress over his budget plans.总统就预算问题与国会发生了冲突。(5)辨析：

collide指互相剧烈地撞在一起。He collides with a drunkard at the corner of the street.bump指头部或其他物品碰了某物。He bumped his head against the wall.clash指因为不一致或不协调而导致冲突。Your views clashed with mine.crash指突然猛烈地撞击或坠下而破碎。The airplane crashed on a hillside.6.voyage

(1)n.航海，航行，指长途的乘船的旅行。He made a voyage to Japan.I wish you a happy voyage.The voyage from England to India used to take 6 months.(2)v.航海，航行于某地，是正式文体的用法

They are voyaging across the Indian Ocean.他们正在作穿越印度洋的航行。

(3)n.voyager, 航海家，海上探险者(4)a long voyage 一次长的航行

go on a voyage 航海

in the course of voyage

from a voyage 航行归来

set out on a voyage出发航行 7.aboard

(1)prep.在船上（飞机、火车上等），其后直接跟交通工具。eg.We are aboard the train.The passengers are all aboard the ship.They went aboard the ship.(2)adv.上了船，上了飞机

The captain went aboard.All aboard!要开船了，大家上船！8.prisoner(1)n.囚犯

(2)prison n.监狱，监禁

The thief was sent to prison for one year.这名小偷被监禁一年。Many people believe that prison isn’t a cure for crime.许多人认为监禁解决不了犯罪问题。9.gentle adj.(1)慷慨的，温厚的，友好的 The nurses are very gentle.护士们待人温和亲切。

Mothers are gentle with their babies.母亲对婴儿总是温柔体贴的。

She has a gentle heart.她有一颗善良（或温柔）的心。(2)轻柔的，柔和的The boy has a gentle spirit.The gentle breezes rustled through the leaves.(3)gentle manners文雅的举止 微笑

a gentle slope不那么陡的坡，缓坡

a gentle voice柔和的声音

a gentle smile柔和的a gentle tap on the shoulder在肩上轻轻地拍了一下 10.phenomena

(1)现象，通常指不寻常或具科学性的现象。这是复数形式，其单数形式是phenomenon.A rainbow is a natural phenomenon.彩虹是自然现象。

(2)phenomenon在口语中指非凡之人

a child phenomenon神童 11.labour

(1)n.劳动，不可数 Labour creates the world.劳动创造世界

It is necessary for us to take part in physical labour.(2)n.劳工，工人，不可数

We must have extra labour for the post at Christmas.Labour favours a seven hour day.(3)v.劳动，工作，苦干，努力 They laboured for the happiness of mankind.They laboured for two days to build a shelter.(4)v.步履艰难

She laboured up the steps with her two bags.He laboured up the hill.他吃力地爬上山去。

辨析：labour

多指艰苦的、紧张的、劳累的体力劳动，也可指脑力劳动。

They earth their living by manual labour.他们靠体力劳动来维持生计。

hard labour 艰苦劳动

His new book is the product of some three years’ labour.job是可数名词，常指具体的某一个工作，它即可指固定工作，也可指临时性工作，常与“失业”相对应。job还可用于对一件事情表示褒贬。

You did a good job.He got a part-time job as a salesman.work是不可数名词，常与“休息”相对应。Work含义较广，既可指体力劳动、脑力劳动，又可指机器与自然力所做的工作；既可指长期的工作，也可指短期的工作。

I have a lot of work to do this evening.Computers do much of the office work formerly（从前）done by man.It takes a lot of work to make a channel under the sea.(5)习语：

labour and capital劳资

labour discipline劳动纪律

Labour Party工党

manual labour体力劳动

labour union工会

Labour Day劳动节

labour trouble劳资纠纷

labour reform劳动改造

labour under受苦，受„„影响 the hardest mental labour最艰苦的脑力劳动

labour service company劳动服务公司 12.hesitate(1)v.犹豫，踌躇

hesitate at/ about/ over sth.Andrew hesitated before he took the last cake.If you hesitate too much, you’ll lose the game.He hesitates at nothing.He’s still hesitates about joining/over whether to join the expedition.(2)v.不愿，不欲，常与to搭配

hesitate to do sth 不愿做某事

I hesitate to take the risk.I always hesitate to advise my friends on what to read.(3)怕麻烦别人

If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to ask me.n.hesitation犹豫，踌躇 I had no hesitation in telling the truth.She agreed without the slightest hesitation.His frequent hesitations annoyed the audience.13.grave(1)n.墓穴、坟墓

Is there life beyond the grave?(2)adj.重大的，严重的

I made a grave mistake.我犯了一个严重的错误。

This is grave news.(3)look grave面孔严肃 后果

a grave situation严重的局势的话

from the cradle to the grave从生到死 死不瞑目

dig one’s own grave自掘坟墓 声的 14.foundation(1)n.[U] 建立，创立，创办

He devoted all his energy to the foundation of the university.(2)n.[C, U]（作为某事的）基本原则，思想或事实；基础 This success laid the foundation of his career.* foundation course基础课

foundation-stone奠基石

silent as the grave寂静无

turn in one’s grave

grave words语重心长

a grave consequence严重

found v.建立，创立

者

15.overboard

founder n.建立者，缔造(1)adv.从船上落（或抛）入水中，在船外 They were thrown overboard when they were on the sea.The sailor jumped overboard into the sea.(2)go overboard(about sb./sth.)对（某人/某事）极感兴趣或过分感兴趣

He goes overboard about every young woman he meets.(3)Throw sth./sb.overboard抛弃某事物，除掉或不再支持某人 After heavily losing the election, the party threw their leader overboard.辨析：aboard adv.在船（飞机、车）上；上船（飞机、车）board vt.上车，上船

on board 在船（车等）上，上船（车等）abroad adv.在国外，到国外 16.apply(1)申请；使/应/运用

I have made up my mind to apply for a scholarship.Scientific discoveries are often applied to industrial processes.(2)涂，贴用；适用；与„„直接有关

Apply the paint evenly to both sides of the door.He examined the cut and applied a plaster.The questions in the second half of the form apply only to married men.(3)apply oneself to致力于，专心于

He has a lot of talent, but he won’t apply himself.You will only pass your exams if you really apply yourself to your work.(4)adj.applied应用的，实用的 17.companion(1)n.[C]同/伙伴，伴侣

My fellow prisoners were good companions.A dog is a faithful companion.(2)受雇陪伴老人或病人者；成对/双物之一

She was acting as a companion to the old lady.The companion volume will soon be published.adj.companionable友好的，好交际的n.companionship 友谊，朋友或伴侣的关系 18.dislike

(1)vt.不喜爱，厌恶，该词不能用于进行时态，其后常接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。

Why do you dislike her so much? I dislike having to get up early.(2)n.[C,U] 厌恶，讨厌，反感

She took an immediate dislike to him.We all have our likes and dislikes.19.in public公开地，当众

反义词in private He repeated in public what he had said in private.She was appearing in public for the first time since her illness.in the public eye广为人知的

20.throw light on 使„„清楚起来，提供线索，也可以表达为cast light on,或shed light on.Recent research has thrown new light on the causes of the disease.The new facts throw some light on the matter.Let Mrs.Danvers read the note.She may be able to throw light on it.21.brilliant adj.光亮的，光辉夺目的，灿烂的；聪颖的，技艺高超的

The sun shone in a brilliant blue sky.I was a good student, above average, but not brilliant.He predicted a brilliant future for the child.adv.brilliantly

n.brilliance聪颖；鲜明，灿烂，光辉

Dorothy Sayers was a writer of tremendous brilliance.He acted brilliantly in a wide range of parts.22.set out 动身，出发；陈列，安排；陈/ 阐述 She set out at dawn.The brushes and paints had been set out.The gardens have been beautifully set out.Darwin set out his theory in detail in The Origin of Species’.* set out to do sth./ set about doing sth.开始/着手做„„

We set out to paint the whole house./ We set about painting the whole house.She set out to break the world land speed record.*set off与set out两词有时可互换，但有时是有区别的（1）set off出发，发射

The driver suggested that we should set off before seven in the morning in order to avoid traffic jam.The children gathered in the garden to set the fireworks off.(2)set out出发；打算

The Chinese expedition set out for the North Pole yesterday.I set out to make the dress by myself, but in the end I had to ask for help.23.cut up 指用刀或其他工具把某物切成小块，切碎，剪碎；割伤，挫伤某人。

He was badly cut up in the fight.辨析：

cut away（自某物上）切除；剪去；砍掉某物

They cut away all the branches from the tree.cut out剪成，砍成，剪成或开辟出某事物；剪裁衣服；删除某事物。

You can cut out the unimportant details.cut down砍伤要害，自基础部分砍倒；减少数额，减少消耗；砍价。

He was asking $400 for the car, but we cut him down to $350.24.make a living谋生，生存之道，生计，收入

He made a living as a journalist, by/from writing.They are making a good living.It is possible to make a very good living from modeling.1.the father of science fiction 科幻小说之父

fiction n.[U] & [C] 虚构的文学作品；小说；编造的谎话；虚构；想象。

E.g.science fiction 科学小说,科学幻想故事 the writer of fiction 小说家

Fact [Truth] is stranger than fiction.[谚]事实比小说还离奇。The account she gave of her movements is a complete fiction.她对自己的行动所作的解释完全是虚构的。

2.His father sent him to Paris to study law, but instead Verne developed his love for the theatre.develop love for：become more and more interested in develop a friendship with sb.: become friends with sb.gradually develop a mine开矿 develop a film冲洗胶卷

3.He used the latest ideas and technical inventions of his day in his books.a.)latest: the most recent E.g.the latest fashion / news at(the)latest : 最迟 b.)sth./ sb.of one’s day

E.g.Shakespeare topped all the other writers of his day.4.Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity.remind vt.Make sb.think of or remember remind sb.of sth./ to do sth 使某人想起……提醒某人做某事 remind sb.that… 提醒某人……,警告某人…… E.g.The film reminded him of what he had seen in China.这部影片使他回想起在中国所看到的一切。He reminded his mother how to operate the computer.Please remind me that I must call her up before nine.请提醒我九点前给她打个电话。

5.By taking scientific developments of his day one step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction.通过将他所处时代的科学发展向前推进一步,儒勒•凡尔纳奠定了现代科幻小说的基础。

lay the foundation of 奠定……的基础。without foundation 无根据的

lay the foundation for 给……打下基础,为……奠定基础 E.g.He laid the foundations of his success by study and hard work.The two leaders have laid the foundations of a new era in cooperation between their countries.the foundation of a building 建筑物的地基

6.Jules Verne died in 1905, long before any of his dreams came true.1905年,儒勒•凡尔纳的一个梦想也没有实现,他就与世长辞了。

a)long before 很久以前(可单独使用,一般用在过去完成时的句子里；亦可引导句子)。

E.g.She said she had seen the film long before.她说她很久以前就看过这部电影。

It was long before we knew what was wrong with our plan.过了很长时间我们才知道计划错在哪里。

8.Dr Aronnax, his servant and a Canadian whale hunter set out to find the monster.a)servant n.仆人；公务员；雇员。E.g.civil servant 公务员 Fire and water may be good servants, but bad masters.[谚]水火是忠仆,用之不慎成灾主。b)set out to do sth.着手干某事。(set out出发,开始)E.g.I set out to prepare for my speech.我开始着手为演讲做准备。

They set out for the north two days later.两天后,他们出发向北去了。

They set out on a sightseeing tour.他们动身出去观光旅行。9.After months of searching they find it and in the collision that follows, the three men are thrown overboard.经过几个月的寻找,他们找到了那个怪物,但是在随后的冲突中他们三人被从船上抛入大海里。

a)collision n.(车、船的)碰撞；(利益,意见的)冲突。a collision between a car and a bus =a collision of a car with a bus汽车和公共汽车相撞

a head-on collision 正面冲突(相撞)b)overboard adv.自船上落下,在船外。E.g.He fell overboard.他从船上掉入水中。A man overboard!有人落水!

第二篇：旧教材试题

旧教材试题：

1、过度反应理论的主要内容

行为金融学中的过度反应理论认为，投资者对于受损失的股票会变得越来越悲观，而对于获利的股票会变得越来越乐观。他们对于利好的消息和利空消息都会表现出过度反应。当牛市来临时，股票价格会不断上涨，涨到让人不敢相信，远远超出上市公司的投资价值；而当熊市来临时，股票价格会不断下跌，直到跌到让大家无法接受的程度。之所以出现这种情况，除了投资者的从众心理在起作用外，还有投资者象普通人一样的非理性的情绪状态，以及由此产生的认知偏差。当市场价格持续上涨时，投资者会倾向于越来越乐观。因为他们的实际操作已经产生了盈利。这种成功的投资行为会增强其乐观的情绪状态，在信息加工上将造成选择性认知偏差，即投资者会对利好消息过于敏感，而对于防空消息表现麻木。这种情绪和认知状态又会加强其行为上的买入操作，进而形成一种相互加强效应或者说恶性循环；而当市场价格持续下跌时，情况刚好相反，投资者会变得越来越悲观。因为他们的实际操作已经产生了亏损，这种失败的投资操作会加强其悲观情绪，同样会造成选择性认知偏差，即投资者会对利好消息表现麻木。这种情绪和认知状态又会加强其行为上的卖出操作，进而形成一种相互加强效应或者说恶性循环。这就是所谓的过度反应现象。

2，过度反应现象的产生原因

其一，投资者过度自信。过度自信是导致过度反应的根本原因。过度自信是指人们倾向于过度相信自己的判断，而低估这种可能存在的偏差。在经验黄精下人们对自己的判断一般都会过于自信。而过于自信就会出现虚假。当虚假的结果重复呈现在面前时，人们就会从中受到强化，其经济行为表现就是过度反应。其二，羊群行为的影响。羊群行为是指由于受其他投资者采取的某种投资策略，即投资人的选择完全甚至过度依赖与舆论，或者说投资人的选择纯粹是对大众行为的模仿，而不是基于自己所挖掘的信息。简单来说就是，他人的行为会影响个人发热决策并最终的决策结果造成影响。羊群行为强化了股价的上升或下跌，直接导致股价的超涨或超跌等过度反应现象的发生。其三，正反馈交易者。由于正反馈交易者存“与他人相关”的心理偏差，容易形成羊群行为，从而导致正反反馈交易者采用一种很特殊但也很简单的交易策略：在价格上升时买进，在价格下跌时卖出。这种交易策略最终会强化过度反应的产生。

3、如何利用过度反应理论指导投资操作。

在人们对信息过度反应的情况下，不妨选择逆向投资策略。该策略最初有戴伟德瑞曼提出并运用，因此，他也被华尔街和新闻媒体称为逆向投资之父。逆向投资策略是指买进过去2~5年中表现糟糕的股票，并卖出同期表现出色的股票。逆向投资策略的主要依据是投资者心理的锚定和过度自信特征。行为金融理论认为，由于投资者在实际投资决策中，往往过分注重上市公司近期表现的结果，通过一种质朴策略——也就是简单外推的方法，根据公司的近期表现对其未来进行预测，从而导致对公司近期业绩情况作出持续过度反应，进而形成对绩差公司股价的过分低估和对绩优公司股价的过分高估现象，这一点为投资者利用逆向投资策略提供了套利的机会。

二、新教材试题

1、请说明经理人掠夺的主要表现方式。

答：经理人掠夺是指经理人凭借其管理权限和负责职能，采用多种貌似合理的方法和手段，据更多财富为已有的行为。经理人掠夺的表现方式分为常规时期经理人掠夺和金融危机时期经理人掠夺。（1）常规时期经理人掠夺方式，主要表现为不顾远期风险的扩张战略，以其提高其股权期权收益的方式来实现。经理人的收入构成：收入=工资+奖金+股权期权，其中工资报酬固定，但奖金补贴及股权期权都是随银行机构（企业）的资产、收入和利润增长而增加，因此，常规时期经理人不顾风险创新和扩张企业，使得银行资产、收入和利润在短期内迅速增长，一方面增加经理人奖金补贴，另一方面推动股票价格上涨，给经理人股权期权带来最大效益的收入。（2）金融危机时期的经理人掠夺方式，可以说是企业经理人通过制造危机来获得最大收益，达到掠夺的目的。金融危机时期，经理人并不对银行机构（企业）前期的高风险政策负责，只收获危机前的收益。金融危机对于企业，要么破产要么度过危机；对于政府而言，或者救助或者放任自由。无论如何，如果度过危机，经理人可以索要更加高额的酬薪；而如果企业破产，经理人被解雇时可以获得一笔补偿，经理人损失的只是其声誉，但金融危机时期经理人损失的声誉具有系统性，其个人声誉可以忽略不计，2、试结合国外分析我国有关部门规范相关行业高管人员薪酬制度的必要性和理论依据。答：现今我国有关部门及时出台相关政策来规范行业高管人员薪酬具有相当的必要性，这是因为：（1）当我国的金融机构存在居高不下的不良资产率的同时，金融机构却是盈利的，以至于金融高管人员分配利润，而不良资产却留给了社会公众（2）金融高管人员通过从自己参股的金融机构借贷，然后再通过关联交易的方式，转移资产，当金融机构破产时，企业贷款也就成为金融机构不良资产的一个部分，而高管人员却从中获得巨大的收益（3）金融高管人员掠夺使得他们获得巨大的收益，但却造成金融机构的巨大不良资产漏洞，成为经济运行的不稳定因素，转嫁给了社会公众。这些因素促成了我国有关部门出台相关制度来规范行业高管人员薪酬的必要性。

3、请从所有者（国有企业股东）和政府部门的角度，提出规范我国企业特别是国有金融企业高管人员薪酬制度的建议。答：针对政府、国有企业股东、企业高管三者的利益在金融危机前的重合使监管形同虚设，金融危机后，国有企业股东损失巨大，而政府的损失更大，从国有企业股东和政府部门的角度提出以下几条规范企业高官薪酬制度的建议：

（1）加强民主监督，对企业高管人员实施酬薪政策，完善制度，对高管人员的收益进行管理

（2）改变“一股独大”的股权结构，堵塞漏洞，对违规的高管

人员采取更加严厉的惩罚措施

（3）改变坏账与利润分离的财务管理方式，分配利润必须要在以利润冲抵坏账后方能进行

（4）严格执行资本监管原则，保证资本充足，通过资本监管约

束金融机构内业务夸张，同时限制机构外业务过度膨胀（5）增强金融业风险意识，防止过度竞争，对企业高管人员施

行薪酬限制

第三篇：高中英语之名词讲解

一、名词：

1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：

1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。

专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。

如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)

专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens(格林一家人)。

2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。

▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；

▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population,information.2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：

①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.2、不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→

children, ox→oxen, goose→geese

不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.3、名词所有格：

1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：

(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)

(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)

(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s.如： today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),China’s population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：

a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、[注解]：

① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽

合住的卧室)

③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父

亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：

1、主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数

形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三

班有张中国地图)

3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。

如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)/ There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)

4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.(这

个消息令人兴奋)

5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如： The trousersareverycheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)

6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of studentsare playingbaseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)

7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用

单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/ Fish and chipsisvery famous food.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)

8、there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs

in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)

9、用both„and„连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and Iare required

to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)

10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)

11、either„or„或者 neither„nor„连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)/ Neither you norIamgoingthere.(你和我都不打算去那里)

12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short

time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)

13、主语中含有half of„ /(three quarters)of„ / all(of)the „.等词语时,谓语的单复

数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/ A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/ All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)

但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多

少？)(句子用单数)/ Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)

5、部分名词用法辨析：

1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)/ The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/ Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军)/ They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)

2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文

娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)/ Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/ What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)

3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了)/ He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)/ Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥)during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？)/ Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)

4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓

音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠)/ All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫)/ The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)

5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish

指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.(池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)

二、名词的数

1、可数名词与不可数名词

A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water ； meat ； rice ； bread ； milk ； tea ； orange（桔汁）； fruit ； air ； snow ； chalk； work ； paper（纸）； time（时间）； music ； weather ； grass ； news ； food ； fish（鱼肉）； coke ； porridge ； cake（可数或不可数）.不可数名词应注意以下几点：

1）前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单.2）表量用约数some /any ； much ； a lot of 或用of短语

eg.There is ____ bread on the table.[C]

A.aB.oneC.a piece of D.many

There is some_______ on the plate.[B]

A.appleB.fishC.milksD.deer2、可数名词的复数

A、不规则变化：

man—men ； woman—women ；child—children

policeman—policemen

Englishman—Englishmen

Frenchman—Frenchmen

foot—feet ； tooth—teeth mouse（鼠）—mice

B、规则变化

1）s； sh； ch； x 结尾加 es读 [iz]

2）ce； se； ze；（d）ge 结尾加 s

eg.boxes [b ksiz] blouses [blauziz]

3）f（fe）结尾则变f（fe）为v加es---读[vz]

eg.knives [naivz]

4）“辅+y”结尾变y为i加es 清就清[s]

5）一般加s浊就浊[z]

eg.books[buks] pens[penz] babies[beibiz]

但注意以下几点：

① potato—potatoes ； tomato—tomatoes

② 单复同形： fish ； sheep ； deer ； Chinese ； Japanese

③ 由man，woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数

man doctor — men doctors

④ reef—reefs

⑤ “某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面.eg.German—Germans

⑥ people，police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy.3、名词所有格：名词’s（意思是 “„„的”）

A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s”但注意：

1）表两者共有则在后者加“’s”

Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲

Lucy’s and Lily’s fathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.2）以s结尾的词只加“ ’ ”

eg.1）the boys’ books 2）James’ father

3）无生命的名词所有格用of来引导

eg.the leg of the desk

4）双重所有格：a friend of my father’s

a friend of mine（√）a friend of my（×）

第四篇：高中英语作文分类讲解-------彭

学海导航：书面表达：记叙文的写作技巧

【要点概述】

记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容，以记叙、描写为主要表达方式的一种文体。

写记叙文通常应遵循以下几点：

1．交代要素，即人物(who)、时间(when)、地点(where)、事件(what)、原因(why)和结果(how)。在写高考作文时，时间、地点、人物等要素一般在提示中或图片中会给出，有时也可能会出现有关要素不确定的情况。如果所给的时间不清楚，可用较为含糊的时间。

2．写人时，要注意介绍人物的身世、经历和事迹等。时态的使用：介绍已故人物以过去时为主；介绍当今人物，叙述现在的情况以现在时为主，叙述过去的情况以过去时为主。叙事时，可按事件发生的先后顺序叙述，要写清事件发生与发展的过程以及事件发生的前因后果等。所记的都是过去发生的事，所以原则上通常都是用过去时态。

【体验高考】

(2009浙江卷)5月1日，高二(3)班的学生志愿者LiYue和Zhang Hua去阳光敬老院(Sunshine NursingHome)开展志愿者活动(送水果、打扫、聊天等)。假如你是校英语报的记者，请按下列要点用英语写一则100～120个词的新闻报道。

1．时间、地点、人物、活动；

2．老人们的反应； 3．简短评论。

注意：报道的标题和记者姓名已给出(不计词数)。Student Volunteers Brought Sunshine to the Elderly _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

By Chen Jie，School Newspaper One possible version：

Student Volunteers Brought Sunshine to the Elderly On May Day，Li Yue and Zhang Hua，students ftom Class Three，Grade Two，went to Sunshine Nursing Home and did some voluntary work．Upon their arrival，Li Yue and Zhang Hua were warmly welcomed，and respectfully，they presented the elderly with flowers and fruits．Then，they started working at once，cleaning the windows and sweeping the floor．Everything done，they sat in the yard chatting with the elderly people．

When it was time for the volunteers to leave，the elderly people thanked them for their kindness．They said it was such a beautiful day that they would remember it foreven Li Yue and Zhang Hua were very happy．What they did has brought joy to others and enriched their own 1ives．

By Cheft Jie，School Newspaper 【强化演练】

假设你是李华，要给英国笔友Harry写封信，介绍你班高三最后一次新年联欢活动和你的感受。请按下图顺序描述。

注意：1．信的开头已为你写好，不计入总词数； 2．词数i00左右。Dear Harry，_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ One possible version： Dear Harry，How are things going?I'm writing to tell you about our New Year’s party．

On the last day of the year 2009，our class held the New Year’S party for the final year of senior high．After lunch，we cleaned our classroom and decorated it with colorful paper ribbons and lamps．And then we arranged the desks and the chairs in a circle where we can put on performances．When the clock began to strike two，our monitor declared the celebration open．After singing and dancing，we played games and exchanged gifts and New Year cards．In the end we wished each other the best luck．We enjoyed ourselves SO much that we didn’t want to say goodbye．What a wonderful party we had，and I will never forget it．

Best wishes，Yours，Li Hua

书面表达

最近北大推出了知名中学校长推荐新生的录取方式，你班就此展开了激烈的讨论，请根据下表提示，给21世纪报中学生版写一篇短文，陈述你班的讨论结果，并简要说明你自己的观点。

注意：1．可以适当增加细节，使行文连贯。

2．词数100左右。

3．参考词汇：腐败corruption(n．)Recently，the principals in some key high schools were given the chance to recommend some students to Beij ing University，which arouses a fierce discussion in our class._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ One possible version：

Recently，the principals in some key high schools were given the chance to recommend some students to Beij ing university，which arouses a fierce discussion in our class．The opinions are divided．

Forty percent of the students hold the view that it is a good attempt．In China the entrance examination has been the only way for high school students to enter college for many years，which has a lot of disadvantages and should be changed．More important is that a lot of advanced countries use this way and set us a good example．

However，about forty-five percent of the students think it meaningless．Firstly，it will give the principals much too heavy pressure．Besides，there is no standards to choose suitable students，thus easily leading to corruption．

In my opinion,I agree with the first one.Although it isn’t perfect，it’s a good attempt．

第五篇：北京市高中英语各区教材版本

北京市高中英语各区教材版本及课程架构和进度

一、教材版本

教材版本全称：

人教——人民教育出版社 教科——教育科学出版社 北京——北京出版社

浙江——浙江科学技术出版社 岳麓——岳麓书社出版社 中图——中国地图出版社 北师——北京师范大学出版社

人教A和人教B的区别：基本没区别，A版解立体几何用几何法，B版用向量法。

二、教学进度

北京主城区选用了北师大版和人教版的教材。人教版教材分为必修1-6册和选修7-8册；北师大版教材分为十一个模块，必修1-5，其余为选修模块；特别注意的是选用北师大版教材模块6虽然为选修，但大多数学校会把其作为必修教材学习，有的学校甚至为扩大学生的词汇量将模块7和模块8列入教学计划。

不论是选用北师大版教材还是人教版教材，一般个学校的教学进度为一学年4本教材，即一学期2本教材，具体如下;高中一年级上学期学习人教必修1和必修2；北师大版模块1和模块2，下学期学习人教版必修3和必修4；北师大版模块3和模块4。高中二年级上学期学习必修5和必修6；北师大版模块5和模块6，下学期学习人教版选修7-8；北师大版模块7和模块8.高中三年级大部分学校进入总复习，而部分学校会将北师大版选修模块大体学习一遍，以扩大学生的词汇量。

注：有的学校在高二下学期后半学期就进入了一轮复习，将人教选修7-8和北师大版模块7-8的内容插入复习阶段贯穿讲解。

三、相关考试

1、各区的模块考试（难度：易），部分重点院校同时会自主命题考察。

2、各校的月考（难度：中等，重点校难度高）

3、高三春季会考（难度：易）

4、每年一月份各区会有综合性的期末考试（难度：易）

5、每年的4月份各区会有一模考试（难度：中等）

6、每年的5月份各区会有二模考试（难度：中等）

7、高考