第一篇:美国FDA关于制剂药厂cGMP的检查指南-93-10
Dosage Form Drug Manufacturers cGMPs(10/93)GUIDE TO INSPECTIONS OF DOSAGE FORM DRUG MANUFACTURER'S-CGMPR'S
Note: This document is reference material for investigators and other FDA personnel.The document does not bind FDA, and does no confer any rights, privileges, benefits, or immunities for or on any person(s).I.INTRODUCTION
This document is intended to be a general guide to inspections of drug manufacturers to determine their compliance with the drug CGMPR's.This guide should be used with instructions in the IOM, other drug inspection guides, and compliance programs.A list of the inspection guides is referenced in Chapter 10 of the IOM.Some of these guides are:
o Guide to Inspections of Bulk Pharmaceutical Chemicals.o Guide to Inspections of High Purity Water Systems.o Guide to Inspections of Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories.o Guide to Inspections of Microbiological Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories.o Guide to Inspections of Lyophilization of Parenterals.o Guide to Inspections of Validation of Cleaning Processes.o Guide to Inspections of Computerized Systems in Drug Processing.o Guideline on General Principles of Process Validation.II.CURRENT GOOD
MANUFACTURING PRACTICE
REGULATIONS
Prescription vs.Non-prescription
All drugs must be manufactured in accordance with the current good manufacturing practice regulations otherwise they are considered to be adulterated within the meaning of the FD&C Act, Section 501(a)(2)(B).Records relating to prescription drugs must be readily available for review in accordance with Sec.704(a)(1)(B)of the FD&C Act.If the product is an OTC drug which is covered by an NDA or ANDA, FDA may review, copy and verify the records under Sec.505(k)(2)of the FD&C Act.However, if the product is an OTC drug for which there is no application filed with FDA, the firm is not legally required to show these records to the investigator during an inspection being conducted under Section 704 of the FD&C Act.Nonetheless, all manufacturers of prescription and OTC drugs must comply with the drug CGMPR requirements, including those involving records.The investigator should review these records as part of the inspection in determining the firm's compliance with the CGMP regulations.On rare occasions, a firm may refuse to allow review of OTC records stating they are not legally required to.While the firm may be under no legal obligation to permit review of such records, this does not relieve the firm of its statutory requirement to comply with the good manufacturing practices under section 501(a)(2)(B)of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, including the requirements for maintaining records.If a firm refuses review of OTC records, the investigator should determine by other inspectional means the extent of the firm's compliance with CGMPR's.Inspectional observations and findings that CGMPR's are not being followed are to be cited on a List of Inspectional Observations, FDA-483, for both prescription and non-prescription drugs.Organization and Personnel [21 CFR 211 Subpart B]
The firm must have a quality control department that has the responsibility and authority as described in the referenced CFR.The quality control department must maintain its independence from the production department, and its responsibilities must be in writing.Obtain the name, title and individual responsibilities of corporate officers and other key employees as indicated in the IOM.In the drug industry, an employee's education and training for their position has a significant impact on the production of a quality product.Report whether the firm has a formalized training program, and describe the type of training received.The training received by an employee should be documented.Quality control must do product annual review on each drug manufactured, and have written annual review procedures.Review these reports in detail.This report will quickly let you know if the manufacturing process is under control.The report should provide a summary all lots that failed in-process or finished product testing, and other critical factors.Investigate any failures.Quality control must validate the manufacturing process for each drug manufactured.Review and evaluate this data.Buildings and Facilities [21 CFR 211 Subpart C]
Review the construction, size, and location of plant in relation to surroundings.There must be adequate lighting, ventilation, screening, and proper physical barriers for all operations including dust, temperature, humidity, and bacteriological controls.There must be adequate blueprints which describe the high purity water, HEPA, and compressed air systems.The site must have adequate locker, toilet, and hand washing facilities.The firm must provide adequate space for the placement of equipment and materials to prevent mix-ups in the following operations:
o receiving, sampling, and storage of raw materials;
o manufacturing or processing;
o packaging and labeling;
o storage for containers, packaging materials, labeling, and finished products;
o production and control laboratories.Equipment [21 CFR 211 Subpart D]
Review the design, capacity, construction, and location of equipment used in the manufacturing, processing, packaging, labeling, and laboratories.Describe the manufacturing equipment including brief descriptions of operating principles.Consider the use of photographs, flow charts, and diagrams to supplement written descriptions.New equipment must be properly installed, and operate as designed.Determine if the equipment change would require FDA pre-approval and/or revalidation of the manufacturing process.The equipment must be cleaned before use according to written procedures.The cleaning must be documented and validated.The equipment should not adversely effect the identity, strength, quality, or purity of the drug.The material used to manufacture the equipment must not react with the drug.Also, lubricants or coolants must not contaminate the drug.The equipment should be constructed and located to ease cleaning, adjustments, and maintenance.Also, it should prevent contamination from other or previous manufacturing operations.Equipment must be identified as to its cleaning status and content.The cleaning and maintenance of the equipment are usually documented in a log book maintained in the immediate area.Determine if the equipment is of suitable capacity and accuracy for use in measuring, weighing, or mixing operations.If the equipment requires calibration, they must have a written procedure for calibrating the equipment and document the calibration.Components and Product Containers [21 CFR 211 Subpart E]
Inspect the warehouse and determine how components, drug product containers, and closures are received, identified, stored, handled, sampled, tested, and approved or rejected.They must have written procedures which describe how these operations are done.Challenge the system to decide if it is functioning correctly.If the handling and storage of components are computer controlled, the program must be validated.The receiving records must provide traceability to the component manufacturer and supplier.The receiving records for components should contain the name of the component, manufacturer, supplier if different from the manufacturer, and carrier.In addition, it should include the receiving date, manufacturer's lot number, quantity received, and control number assigned by the firm.Check sanitary conditions in the storage area, stock rotation practices, retest dates, and special storage conditions(protection from light, moisture, temperature, air, etc.).Inspect glandular and botanical components for insect infestation.Components or finished product adulterated by rodents, insects, or chemicals must be documented and submitted for seizure.Collect the evidence even if the firm plans to voluntarily destroy the product.Be alert for components, colors, and food additives that may be new drug substances, appear to have no use in the plant or appear to be from an unknown supplier.Check the colors against the Color Additives Status List in the IOM Determine if the color is approved for its intended use, and required statements are declared on the drug label.Components might be received at more than one location.Components must be handled in accordance with the drug CGMP's including components used in the research and development lab.Determine how components are identified after receipt and quarantined until released.Components must be identified so the status(quarantine, approved, or rejected)is known.Review the criteria for removing components from quarantine and challenge the system.Determine what records are maintained in the storage area to document the movement of components to other areas, and how rejected components handled.The component container has an identification code affixed to it.This unique code provides traceability from the component manufacturer to its use in the finished product.Review the sampling and testing procedures for components, and the process by which approved materials are released for use.Decide if these practices are adequate and followed.Determine the validity, and accuracy of the firm's inventory system for drug components, containers, closures and labeling.Challenge the component inventory records by weighing a lot and comparing the results against the quantity remaining on the inventory record.Significant discrepancies in these records should be investigated.Evaluate the following to determine whether the firm has shown that the containers and closures are compatible with the product, will provide adequate protection for the drug against deterioration or contamination, are not additive or absorptive, and are suitable for use:
o Specifications for containers, closures, cotton filler, and desiccant, etc.o What tests or checks are made(cracks, glass particles, durability of material, metal particles in ointment tubes, compliance with compendium specifications, etc.).o Cleaning procedures and how containers are stored.o Handling of preprinted containers.Are these controlled as labeling, or as containers? The firm must review the labeling for accuracy.Production and Process Controls [21 CFR Subpart F]
1.Critical Manufacturing Steps [21 CFR 211.101]
Each critical step in the manufacturing process shall be done by a responsible individual and checked by a second responsible individual.If such steps in the processing are controlled by automatic mechanical or electronic equipment, its performance should be verified.Critical manufacturing steps include the selection, weighing, measuring and identifying of components, and addition of components during processing.It includes the recording of deviations from the batch record, mixing time and testing of in-process material, and the determination of actual yield and percent of theoretical yield.These manufacturing steps are documented when done, and not before or after the fact.2.Equipment Identification [21 CFR 211.105]
All containers and equipment used in to manufacture a drug should be labeled at all times.The label should identify the contents of the container or equipment including the batch number, and stage of processing.Previous identification labels should be removed.The batch should be handled and stored to prevent mixups or contamination.3.In-Line and Bulk Testing [21 CFR 211.110]
To ensure the uniformity and integrity of products, there shall be adequate in-process controls, such as checking the weights and disintegration time of tablets, the fill of liquids, the adequacy of mixing, the homogeneity of suspensions, and the clarity of solutions.Determine if in-process test equipment is on site and the specified tests are done.Be alert for prerecording of test results such as tablet weight determinations.The bulk drug is usually held in quarantine until all tests are completed before it is released to the packaging and labeling department.However, the testing might be done after packaging.product.4.Actual Yield [21 CFR 211.103]
Determine if personnel check the actual against the theoretical yield of each batch of drug manufactured.In the event of any significant unexplained discrepancies, determine if there is a procedure to prevent distribution of the batch in question, and related batches.5.Personnel Habits
Observe the work habits of plant personnel.Determine:
Their attitudes and actions involving the jobs they perform.(Careless, lackadaisical, disgruntled, etc.).Their dress.(Clean dresses, coats, shirts and pants, head coverings, etc.If proper equipment is used for a given job or whether short cuts are taken(i.e.use of hands and arms to mix or empty trays of drug components).If there are significant written or verbal language barriers that could affect their job performance.Tablet and Capsule Products
Become familiar with the type of equipment and its location in the tableting operation.The equipment may include rotary tableting machines, coating and polishing pans, punches and dies, etc.The equipment should be constructed and located to facilitate maintenance and cleaning at the end of each batch or at suitable intervals in the case of a continuous batch operation.If possible, observe the cleaning and determine if the cleaning procedure is followed.The ingredients in a tablet are the active ingredient, binders, disintegrators, bases, and lubricants.The binder is added to the batch to keep the tablet together.Excess binder will make the tablet too hard for use.The disintegrator is used to help disintegration of the tablet after administration.The base should be an inert substance which is compatible with the active ingredient and is added to provide size and weight.The lubricant helps in the flow of granulated material, prevents adhesion of the tablet material to the surface of punches and dies, and helps in tablet ejection from the machine.Tablets and capsules are susceptible to airborne contamination because of the manipulation of large quantities of dry ingredients.To prevent cross-contamination in the tableting department, pay close attention to the maintenance, cleaning, and location of equipment, and the storage of granulations and tablets.To prevent cross-contamination, the mixing, granulation, drying and/or tableting operation should be segregated in enclosed areas with its own air handling system.Determine what precautions are taken to prevent cross-contamination.When cross-contamination is suspect, investigate the problem and collect in-line samples(INV)and official samples of the suspect product.Determine what temperature, humidity, and dust collecting controls are used by the firm in manufacturing operations.Lack of temperature and humidity controls can affect the quality of the tablet.Observe the actual operation of the equipment and determine whether powders or granulations are processed according to the firm's specifications.The mixing process must be validated.The drying ovens should have their own air handling system which will prevent cross-contamination.Does the firm record drying time/temperature and maintain recording charts including loss on drying test results? Review the in-line tests performed by production and/or quality control.Some in-process tests are tablet weight, thickness, hardness, disintegration , and friability.Evaluate the disposition of in-process samples.Capsules may be either hard, or soft type.They are filled with powder, beads, or liquid by machine.The manufacturing operation of powders for capsules should follow the same practice as for tablets.Determine manufacturing controls used, in-line testing, and basis for evaluating test results for the filling operations.Sterile Products
Typically, a sterile drug contains no viable microorganisms and is non-pyrogenic.Drugs for intravenous injection, irrigation, and as ophthalmic preparations, etc., meet this criteria.In addition, other dosage forms might be labeled as sterile.For instance, an ointment applied to a puncture wound or skin abrasion.Parenteral drugs must be non-pyrogenic, because the presence of pyrogens can cause a febrile reaction in human beings.Pyrogens are the products of the growth of microorganisms.Therefore, any condition that permits bacterial growth should be avoided in the manufacturing process.Pyrogens may develop in water located in stills, storage tanks, dead legs, and piping, or from surface contamination of containers, closures, or other equipment.Parenterals may also contain chemical contaminants that will produce a pyretic response in humans or animals although there are no pyrogens present.There are many excellent reference materials which should be reviewed before the inspection.Some of these are the “Guideline on Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing,” and chapter 84 on pyrogens in the Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.Determine and evaluate the procedures used to minimize the hazard of contamination with microorganisms and particulates of sterile drugs.o Personnel
Review the training program to ensure that personnel performing production and control procedures have experience and training commensurate with their intended duties.It is important that personnel be trained in aseptic procedures.The employees must be properly gowned and use good aseptic techniques.o Buildings
The non-sterile preparation areas for sterile drugs should be controlled.Refer to Subpart C of the proposed CGMPR's for LVP's;however, deviations from these proposed regulations are not necessarily deviations from the CGMPR's.Evaluate the air cleanliness classification of the area.For guidance in this area, review Federal Standard #209E entitled “Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Cleanrooms and Clean Zones.” Observe the formulation practices or procedures used in the preparation areas.Be alert for routes of contamination.Determine how the firm minimizes traffic and unnecessary activity in the preparation area.Determine if filling rooms and other aseptic areas are constructed to eliminate possible areas for microbiological/particulate contamination.For instance, dust-collecting ledges, porous surfaces, etc.Determine how aseptic areas are cleaned and maintained.1.Air
Air supplied to the non-sterile preparation or formulation area for manufacturing solutions prior to sterilization should be filtered as necessary to control particulates.Air being supplied to product exposure areas where sterile drugs are processed and handled should be high efficiency particulate air(HEPA)filtered under positive pressure.Review the firm's system for HEPA filters, determine if they are certified and/or Dioctyl Phthalate(DOP)tested and frequency of testing.Review the compressed air system and determine if it is filtered at the point of use to control particulates.Diagrams of the HEPA filtered and compressed air systems should be reviewed and evaluated.2.Environmental Controls
Specifications for viable and non-viable particulates must be established.Specifications for viable particulates must include provisions for both air and surface sampling of aseptic processing areas and equipment.Review the firm's environmental control program, specifications, and test data.Determine if the firm follows its procedure for reviewing out-of-limit test results.Also, determine if review of environmental test data is included as a part of the firm's release procedures.Note: In the preparation of media for environmental air and surface sampling, suitable inactivating agents should be added.For example, the addition of penicillinase to media used for monitoring sterile penicillin operations and cephalosporin products.o Equipment
Determine how the equipment operates including the cleaning and maintenance practices.Determine how equipment used in the filling room is sterilized, and if the sterilization cycle has been validated.Determine the practice of re-sterilizing equipment if sterility has been compromised.Determine the type of filters used.Determine the purpose of the filters, how they are assembled, cleaned, and inspected for damage.Determine if a microbial retentive filter, and integrity testing is required.o Water for Injection
Water used in the production of sterile drugs must be controlled to assure that it meets U.S.P.specifications.Review the firm's water for injection production, storage, and delivery system.Determine that the stills, filters, storage tanks, and pipes are installed and operated in a manner that will not contaminate the water.Evaluate the firm's procedures and specifications that assure the quality of the water for injection.As reference material, review the “FDA Guide to Inspecteons of High Purity Water Systems” before initiating an inspection.o Containers and Closures
Determine how containers and closures are handled and stored.Decide if the cleaning, sterilization, and depyrogenization are adequate, and have been validated.o Sterilization
1.Methods
Determine what method of sterilization is used.A good source of reference material on validation of various sterilization processes is the Parenteral Drug Association Technical Reports.For instance, Technical Report #1 covers “Validation of Steam Sterilization Cycles.” Review and evaluate the validation data whatever the method employed.If steam under pressure is used, an essential control is a mercury thermometer and a recording thermometer installed in the exhaust line.The time required to heat the center of the largest container to the desired temperature must be known.Steam must expel all air from the sterilizer chamber to eliminate cold spots.The drain lines should be connected to the sewer by means of an air break to prevent back siphoning.The use of paper layers or liners and other practices which might block the flow of steam should be avoided.Charts of time, temperature, and pressure should be filed for each sterilizer load.If sterile filtration is used, determine the firm's criteria for selecting the filter and the frequency of changing.Review the filter validation data.Determine if the firm knows the bioburden of the drug, and examine their procedures for filter integrity testing.Filters might not be changed after each batch is sterilized.Determine if there is data to justify the integrity of the filters for the time used and that “grow through” has not occurred.If ethylene oxide sterilization is used, determine what tests are made for residues and degradation.Review the ETO sterilization cycle including preconditioning of the product, ETO concentration, gas exposure time, chamber and product temperature, and chamber humidity.2.Indicators
Determine the type of indicator used to assure sterility.Such as, lag thermometers, peak controls, Steam Klox, test cultures, biological indicators, etc.Caution: When spore test strips are used to test the effectiveness of ethylene oxide sterilization, be aware that refrigeration may cause condensation on removal to room temperature.Moisture on the strips converts the spore to the more susceptible vegetative forms of the organism which may affect the reliability of the sterilization test.The spore strips should not be stored where they could be exposed to low levels of ethylene oxide.If biological indicators are used, review the current U.S.P.on sterilization and biological indicators.In some cases, testing biological indicators may become all or part of the sterility testing.Biological indicators are of two forms, each of which incorporates a viable culture of a single species of microorganism.In one form, the culture is added to representative units of the lot to be sterilized or to a simulated product that offers no less resistance to sterilization than the product to be sterilized.The second form is used when the first form is not practical as in the case of solids.In the second form, the culture is added to disks or strips of filter paper, or metal, glass, or plastic beads.During the inspection of a firm which relies on biological indicators, review background data complied by the firm to include:
o Surveys of the types and numbers of organisms in the product before sterilization.o Data on the resistance of the organism to the specific sterilization process.o Data used for selecting the most resistant organism and its form(spore or vegetative cell).o Studies of the stability and resistance of the selected organism to the specific sterilization process.o Studies on the recovery of the organism used to inoculate the product.o If a simulated product or surface similar to the solid product is used, validation of the simulation or similarity.The simulated product or similar surface must not affect the recovery of the numbers of indicator organisms applied.o Validation of the number of organisms used to inoculate the product, simulated product, or similar surface, to include stability of the inoculum during the sterilization process.Since qualified personnel are crucial to the selection and application of these indicators, review their qualifications including experience dealing with the process, expected contaminants, testing of resistance of organisms, and technique.Review the firm's instructions regarding use, control and testing, of the biological indicator by product including a description of the method used to demonstrate presence or absence of viable indicator in or on the product.Review the data used to support the use of the indicator each time it is used.Include the counts of the inoculum used;recovery data to control the method used to demonstrate the sterilization of the indicator organism;counts on unprocessed, inoculated material to
indicate the stability of the inoculum for the process time;and
results of sterility testing specifically designed to demonstrate the presence or absence of the indicator organism for each batch or filling operation.In using indicators, you must assure yourself that the organisms are handled so they don't contaminate the drug manufacturing area and product.3.Filled Containers
Evaluate how the filled vials or ampules leave the filling room.Is the capping or sealing done in the sterile fill area? If not, how is sterility maintained until capped?
Review the tests done on finished vials, ampules, or other containers, to assure proper fill and seal.For instance, leak and torque tests.Review examinations made for particulcte contamination.You can quickly check for suspected particulate matter by using a polariscope.Employees doing visual examinations on line must be properly trained.If particle counts are done by machine, this operation must be validated.4.Personnel Practices
Check how the employees sterilize and operate the equipment used in the filling area.Observe filling room personnel practices.Are the employees properly dressed in sterile gowns, masks, caps, and shoe coverings? Observe and evaluate the gowning procedures, and determine if good aseptic technique is maintained in the dressing and filling rooms.Check on the practices after lunch and other absences.Is fresh sterile garb supplied, or are soiled garments reused?
Determine if the dressing room is next to the filling area and how employees and supplies enter the sterile area.o Laboratory Controls
For guidance on how to inspect micro and chemistry labs, review the “FDA Guide to Inspections of Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories” and “FDA Guide to Inspections of Microbiological Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories.”
1.Retesting for Sterility See the USP for guidance on sterility testing.Sterility retesting is acceptable provided the cause of the initial non-sterility is known, and thereby invalidates the original results.It cannot be assumed that the initial sterility test failure is a false positive.This conclusion must be justified by sufficient documented investigation.Additionally, spotty or low level contamination may not be identified by repeated sampling and testing.Review sterility test failures and determine the incidence, procedures for handling, and final disposition of the batches involved.2.Retesting for Pyrogens
As with sterility, pyrogen retesting can be performed provided it is known that the test system was compromised.It cannot be assumed that the failure is a false positive without documented justification.Review any initial pyrogen test failures and determine the firm's justification for retesting.3.Particulate Matter Testing
Particulate matter consists of extraneous, mobile, undissolved substances, other than gas bubbles, unintentionally present in parenteral solutions.Cleanliness specifications or levels of non-viable particulate contamination must be established.Limits are usually based on the history of the process.The particulate matter test procedure and limits for LVP's in the U.S.P.can be used as a general guideline.However, the levels of particulate contamination in sterile powders are generally greater than in LVP's.LVP solutions are filtered during the filling operation.However, sterile powders, except powders lyophilized in vials, cannot include filtration as a part of the filling operation.Considerable particulate contamination is also present in sterile powders which are spray dried due to charring during the process.Review the particulate matter test procedure and release criteria.Review production and control records of any batches for which complaints of particulate matter have been received.o Production Records
Production records should be similar to those for other dosage forms.Critical steps, such as integrity testing of filters, should be signed and dated by a second responsible person.Review production records to ensure that directions for significant manufacturing steps are included and reflect a complete history of production.Ointments, Liquids, and Lotions
Major factors in the preparation of these drugs are the selection of raw materials, manufacturing practices, equipment, controls, and laboratory testing.Following the basic drug inspection fundamentals, fully evaluate the production procedures.In addition, evaluate specific information regarding:
o The selection and compatibility of ingredients.o Whether the drug is a homogeneous preparation free of extraneous matter.o The possibility of decomposition, separation, or crystallization of ingredients.o The adequacy of ultimate containers to hold and dispense contents.o Procedure for cleaning the containers before filling.o Maintenance of homogeneity during manufacturing and filling operations.The most common problem associated with the production of these dosage forms is microbiological contamination caused by faulty design and/or control of purified water systems.During inspections, evaluate the adequacy of the water system.Review and evaluate the micro/chemistry test results on the routine monitoring of the water system including validation of the water system.Review any microbiological tests done on the finished drug including in-process testing.Some of these drugs have preservatives added which protect them from microbial contamination.The preservatives are used primarily in multiple-dose containers to inhibit the growth of microorganisms introduced inadvertently during or after manufacturing.Evaluate the adequacy of preservative system.Preservative effectiveness testing for these products should be reviewed.For additional information, review the “Antimicrobial Preservatives-Effectiveness” section of the U.S.P..Equipment employed for manufacturing topical drugs is sometimes difficult to clean.This is especially true for those which contain insoluble active ingredients, such as the sulfa drugs.The firm's equipment cleaning procedures including cleaning validation data should be reviewed and evaluated.Packaging and Labeling [21 CFR Subpart G]
Packaging and labeling operations must be controlled so only those drugs which meet the specifications established in the master formula records are distributed.Review in detail the packaging and labeling operations to decide if the system will prevent drug and label mix-ups.Approximately 25% of all drug recalls originate in this area.Evaluate what controls or procedures the firm has to provide positive assurance that all labels are correct.Determine if packaging and labeling operations include:
o Adequate physical separation of labeling and packaging operations from manufacturing process.o Review of:
1.Label copy before delivery to the printer.2.Printer's copy.3.Whether firm's representative inspects the printer.4.Whether or not gang printing is prohibited.5.Whether labels are checked against the master label before released to stock.Determine who is responsible for label review prior to release of the labels to production.Also, whether the labels are identical to the labeling specified in the batch production records.o Separate storage of each label(including package inserts)to avoid mixups.o Inventory of label stocks.Determine if the printer's count is accepted or if labels are counted upon receipt.o Designation of one individual to be responsible for storage and issuance of all labels.o Receipt by the packaging and labeling department of a batch record, or other record, showing the quantity of labels needed for a batch.Determine if the batch record is retained by the packaging supervisor or accompanies the labels to the actual packaging and labeling line.o Adequate controls of the quantities of labeling issued, used, and returned.Determine if excess labels are accounted for and if excess labels bearing specific control codes, and obsolete or changed labels are destroyed.o Inspection of the facilities before labeling to ensure that all previously used labeling and drugs have been removed.o Assurance that batch identification is maintained during packaging.o Control procedures to follow if a significant unexplained discrepancy occurs between quantity of drug packaged and the quantity of labeling issued.o Segregated facilities for labeling one batch of the drug at a time.If this is not practiced, determine what steps are taken to prevent mix-ups.o Methods for checking similar type labels of different drugs or potencies to prevent mixing.o Quarantine of finished packaged products to permit adequate examination or testing of a representative sample to safeguard against errors.Also, to prevent distribution of any batch until all specified tests have been met.o An individual who makes the final decision that the drug should go to the warehouse, or the shipping department.o Utilization of any outside firms, such as contract packers, and what controls are exercised over such operations.Special attention should be devoted to firms using “rolls” of pressure sensitive labels.Investigators have found instances where:
o Paper chips cut from label backing to help running the labels through a coder interfered with the code printer causing digits in the lot number to be blocked out.o Some rolls contained spliced sections resulting in label changes in the roll.o Some labels shifted on the roll when the labels were printed resulting in omitting required information.The use of cut labels can cause a significant problem and should be evaluated in detail.Most firms are replacing their cut labels with roll labels.Review prescription drugs for which full disclosure information may be lacking.If such products are found, submit labels and other labeling as exhibits with the EIR See 21 CFR 201.56 for the recommended sequence in which full disclosure information should be presented.Review labels of OTC products for warnings required by 21 CFR 369.A control code must be used to identify the finished product with a lot, or control number that permits determination of the complete history of the manufacture and control of the batch.Determine:
o The complete key(breakdown)to the code.o Whether the batch number is the same as the control number on the finished package.If not, determine how the finished package control number relates, and how it is used to find the identity of the original batch.Beginning August 3, 1994 the following new requirements will become effective:
o Use of gang-printed labels will be prohibited unless they are adequately differentiated by size, shape or color.(211.122(f))o If cut labels are used one of the following special control procedures shall be used(211.122(g)):
(1)Dedication of packaging lines.(2)Use of electronic or electromechanical equipment to conduct a 100-percent examination of finished product.(3)Use of visual inspection to examine 100-percent of the finished product for hand applied labeling.The visual examination will be conducted by one person and independently verified by a second person.o Labeling reconciliation required by 211.125 is waived for cut or roll labeling if a 100-percent examination is performed according to 211.22(g)(2).Holding and Distribution [21 CFR subpart H]
Check the finished product storage and shipping areas for sanitary condition, stock rotation, and special storage conditions needed for specific drugs.Evaluate any drugs that have been rejected, or are on hold for other than routine reasons.Laboratory Controls [21 CFR Subpart I]
Laboratory controls should include adequate specifications and test procedures to assure that components, in-process and finished products conform to appropriate standards of identity, strength, quality, and purity.In order to permit proper evaluation of the firm's laboratory controls, determine:
o Whether the firm has established a master file of specifications for all raw materials used in drug manufacture.This master file should include sampling procedures, sample size, number of containers to be sampled, manner in which samples will be identified, tests to be performed, and retest dates for components subject to deterioration.o The firm's policies about protocols of assay.These reports are often furnished by raw material suppliers;however, the manufacturer is responsible for verifying the validity of the protocols by periodically performing their own complete testing and routinely conducting identity tests on all raw materials received.o Laboratory procedure for releasing raw materials, finished bulk drugs or packaged drugs from quarantine.Determine who is responsible for this decision.Raw material specifications should include approved suppliers.For NDA or ANDA drugs, the approved suppliers listed in their specifications should be the same as those approved in the NDA or ANDA.o If the laboratory is staffed and equipped to do all raw material, in-process, and finished product testing that is claimed.o Whether drug preparations are tested during processing.If so, determine what type of tests are made and whether a representative sample is obtained from various stages of processing.o Specifications and description of laboratory testing procedures for finished products.o Procedures for checking the identity and strength of all active ingredients including pyrogen and sterility testing, if applicable.o If the laboratory conducts pyrogen tests, safety tests, or bioassays;determine the number of laboratory animals and if they are adequately fed and housed.Determine what care is provided on weekends and holidays.o Sterility testing procedures.Entries should be permanently recorded and show all results, both positive and negative.Examine representative samples being tested and their records.When checking the sterility testing procedures, determine:
1.Physical conditions of testing room.The facility used to conduct sterility testing should be similar to those used for manufacturing products.2.Laboratory procedures for handling sterile sample.3.Use of ultra-violet lights.4.Number of units tested per batch.5.Procedure for identifying test media with specific batches.6.Test media's ability to support growth of organisms.7.Length of incubation period.8.Procedure for diluting products to offset the effects of bacteriostatic agents.o Pyrogen testing procedures
Determine if animals involved in positive pyrogen tests are withdrawn from use for the required period.If the L.A.L.Test is used, review the FDA “Guideline on Validation of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test ***.”
o If any tests are made by outside laboratories, report the names of the laboratories and the tests they perform.Determine what precautions the firm takes to insure that the laboratories' work is bona fide.o Methods used to check the reliability, accuracy, and precision of laboratory test procedures and instrumentation.o How final acceptance or rejection of raw materials, intermediates, and finished products is determined.Review recent rejections and disposition of affected items.o The provisions for complete records of all data concerning laboratory tests performed, including dates and endorsements of individuals performing the tests, and traceability.o For components and finished product, the reserve sample program and procedures should be evaluated.Challenge the system and determine if the samples are maintained and can be retrieved.The storage container must maintain the integrity of the product.o Whether stability tests are performed on:
1.The drug product in the container and closure system in which marketed.2.Solutions prepared as directed in the labeling at the time of dispensing.Determine if expiration dates, based on appropriate stability studies, are placed on labels.o If penicillin and non-penicillin products are manufactured on the same premises, whether non-penicillin products are tested for penicillin contamination.Obtain copies of laboratory records, batch records, and any other documents that show errors or other deficiencies.Control Records [21 CFR Subpart J]
1.Master Production and Control Records [21 CFR 211.186]
The various master production and control records are important because all phases of production and control are governed by them.Master records, if erroneous, may adversely affect the product.These records must be prepared according to the drug CGMPR's outlined in 21 CFR 211.186.These records might not be in one location, but should be readily available for review.2.Batch Production and Control Records [21 CFR 211.188]
The batch production and control records must document each significant step in the manufacture, labeling, packaging, and control of specific batches of drugs.21 CFR 211.188 provides the basic information the batch records must provide.A complete production and control record may consist of several separate records which should be readily available to the investigator.Routinely check the batch record calculations against the master formula record.Give special attention to those products on which there have been complaints.Be alert for transcription errors from the master formula record to the batch record.Be alert for transcription or photocopying errors involving misinterpretation of symbols, abbreviations, and decimal points, etc.It is important that batch production records be specific in terms of equipment(v-blender vs.ribbon blender)and processing times(mixing time and speed).The equipment should have its own unique identification number.The manufacturing process for these products must be standardized, controlled, and validated.3.Distribution [21 CFR 211.196]
Complete distribution records should be maintained per 21 CFR 211.196.Be alert for suspicious shipments of products subject to abuse or which have been targeted for high priority investigation by the agency.These include steroids, counterfeits, diverted drugs(i.e.;physician samples, clinical packs, etc.).Determine and evaluate if the firm checks on the authenticity of orders received.What references are used, e.g.current editions of the AMA Directory, Hays Directory, etc.4.Complaint Files [21 CFR 211.198] CFR 211.198 requires that records of all written and oral complaints be maintained.Although FDA has no authority to require a drug firm, except for prescription drugs, to open its complaint files, attempt to review the firm's files.The complaint files should be readily available for review.Do a follow-up investigation on all applicable consumer complaints in the firm's district factory jacket.Review and evaluate the firm's procedures for handling complaints.Determine if all complaints are handled as complaints and not inappropriately excluded.Review the complaints and determine if they were fully investigated.Evaluate the firm's conclusions of the investigation, and determine if appropriate corrective action was taken.Determine if the product should be recalled, or warrant a comprehensive investigation by FDA
Returned Drug Products [21 CFR Subpart K]
Returned drugs often serve as an indication that products may have decomposed during storage, are being recalled or discontinued.Determine how returned drug items are handled.For example, are they quarantined, destroyed after credit, or returned to storage?
If an abnormally large amount of a specific drug item is on hand, determine why.Check if returned drug items are examined in the laboratory, and who makes the ultimate decision as to the use of the returned drugs.Note: Dumping salvage drugs in the trash is a potentially dangerous practice.Advise management to properly dispose of the drugs to preclude salvage.Drugs should be disposed of in accordance with E.P.A.regulations.
第二篇:美国FDA清洗验证检查指南
美国FDA清洗验证检查指南
Ⅰ.简介
对于清洗程序的验证的讨论,已经在FDA原料药检查指南和生物制品检查指南中有了简要地解释。这些官方文件明确表达了清洗验证的期望。
本指南通过讨论一些可接受(或不可接受)的实例来建立检查的连贯性和一致性。同时我们必须意识到清洗验证同其他过程的验证一样,都有不止一种的方法进行验证。最后验证证明,是否有科学数据表明系统确实如预期稳定,并满足预设规定的结果。
这个指南仅涉及对设备化学残留物的清洗。
Ⅱ.背景
FDA对于设备使用前的清洗没有什么新要求,1963GMP规范中(133.4部分)有以下陈述“设备***应保持清洁和有序的状态***”。在1978cGMP规范的设备清洁中有非常类似的章节。当然,设备清洗的主要目的是为了防止药品的污染和混淆。历史上,FDA检查员发现由于设备的清洗和维护的不充分及不良的灰尘控制系统带来总体上的不卫生。历史上来说,FDA更关注非青霉素类受青霉素类的污染和高活性的类固醇或激素对药物的交叉污染。过去的几十年里,许多产品由于实际存在或潜在的青霉素交叉污染而召回。
1998年消胆胺树脂USP制剂的召回事件使FDA对由于不充分的清洗程序造成的潜在交叉污染更为重视。产品生产中用到的化学原料药有低量的中间体和农业杀虫剂的降解物污染。那个事件中交叉污染被认为来自回收溶剂的套用过程。回收溶剂的污染是由于缺少对溶剂罐重复使用的控制。杀虫剂生产过程中存放回收溶剂的罐子随后用于存放树脂生产过程中的回收溶剂。公司对这些溶剂罐未严格管理,对存放的溶剂未充分检测,对罐子的清洗程序未验证。
杀虫剂污染了的原料药运到另一个地方提供给第二个工厂最后加工。这对后一个工厂流化床干燥器上用到的捕尘袋造成杀虫剂污染。这反过来导致在这里生产的多个批次交叉污染,而这里正常情况下没有杀虫剂生产。
FDA在1992年对外国原料药厂家发出进口警告,针对的是用普通设备生产高活性的类固醇和非类固醇类产品的厂家。这个公司是一个生产多种原料药的厂家。FDA考虑到潜在交叉污染的严重性,可能对公众造成严重的健康危害。这个公司仅仅在最近检查的时候开始清洗验证程序,而它被FDA认为是不合适的。认为他们做得不合适的理由之一是公司仅寻找无前期成份的化合物的证据。这个公司通过冲洗液的TLC测试证明存在反应副产物的残留和前面过程的降解物。
Ⅲ.常规要求
FDA专家希望公司有SOP来详细叙述设备不同部分的清洗过程。如果公司用一个清洗程序清
洗不同批次的同一产品,用不同程序清洗不同的产品,应在SOP中予以说明。同样的,如果公司有除去水溶性残留物的程序和除去非水溶性残留物的另一种程序,SOP中应强调说明使其在执行时明确。原料药厂可能采用特定设备用于一些特定的化学生产过程,这些化学过程能产生难以从设备上除去的焦油状或胶质的残留物。流化床干燥器的捕尘袋是设备的另一个例子,它们难以清洗并经常用于一种特定产品。清洁过程本身带来的任何残留物(洗涤剂,溶剂等)也必须从设备上除去。
FDA希望公司有一个总的关于如何进行清洗验证的书面计划。
总验证计划能明确谁负责执行和批准验证研究、可接受标准、再验证周期等。
FDA希望公司对每一个生产系统或设备预先准备专门的验证方案,以明确取样程序,运用的分析方法及其灵敏性等。
FDA希望公司按验证方案进行验证,并将验证结果进行归档。
FDA希望由经理批准的最终验证报告,阐明清洗程序是否有效。数据应能充分支持残留物减少到可接受水平的结论。
Ⅳ.清洗验证评价
第一步关注验证过程的客观性,我们发现一些公司难以做到这点。常见厂商按照清洗程序大范围的抽样和检测而没有真正地评价设备清洗步骤的有效性。在评价清洗程序时需要强调几个问题。例如,怎样才能说一台设备或系统是干净的?必须用手擦洗吗?手洗比仅用溶剂清洗在什么方面有效?批与批之间,产品与产品之间手工清洗有何区别?由于要确定过程的总体效果,这些问题的答案对于检查和评价清洗程序明显是很重要的。这些问题的答案也能明确可去除的步骤,以提高效率、节省公司资源。
确定每一台设备清洗程序的数目。理想的情况下,一台设备或一套系统有一个清洗程序,但是这将取决于生产的产品和清洗是否在同产品不同批之间(相对于一个较长的生产周期)或不同产品之间。当清洗程序仅用于相同产品不同批(或原料药过程中相同中间体的不同批)之间时,公司仅需要满足设备“目测干净”的标准。这种在批之间的清洗程序不需要验证。
1.设备设计
检查设备的设计,尤其在那些运用半自动或全自动的在线清洗系统及关键的大型系统中。例如,可以使用无球阀的洁净管线。当使用非卫生球阀时,清洗很困难,这在原料药企业中很普遍。检查时如发现使用后一种设备,应了解操作者在清洗时是否知道这一设备的问题,针对这一系统及球阀是否进行专门培训以及培训的水平,是否有清洗经验等是非常重要的。也要检查书面和验证过的清洗程序,以确定这类系统是否被专门说明和验证。
在大型系统中,如那些使用长管线的设备,要核对流程图和管线图以确定阀门和清洁SOP。管道和阀门应被标记,易被清洗操作员辨认。有时,由于图上及现场阀门标识不清楚,不易识别,易导致不正确的清洁操作。
要现场核对清洗程序文件中的一个重要问题,确定和控制操作结束和每个清洁步骤之间相距的时间。这对于外用药、混悬剂、原料药的操作尤其重要。残留物干燥将直接影响清洗的效果。无论在线清洗系统是否用在过程设备的清洁,都应该考虑到设备清洗的微生物检测。这包括大量的预防措施而不是在发生污染后再去清除。应该有一些证据证明日常清洁和设备贮存不会让微生物繁殖。例如,设备应在贮存前干燥,清洗操作后不允许设备有淤水。
当设备用作无菌工艺,或非无菌工艺,所生产的产品易滋生微生物时,设备清洁过程后须经灭菌或消毒程序。而这样的灭菌或消毒程序超出这个指南范围,必须指出,设备通过适当的清洗和贮存以控制生物负载,对于确保灭菌或消毒程序能取得必要的无菌保证是很重要的。从无菌工艺控制热原的观点来说,这尤其重要,因为设备灭菌程序可能未明显的灭活或除去热原。
2.清洗SOP的撰写
程序和文件
对于验证过的清洗过程,应检查程序的细节、特殊性及必备文件的数量。我们已经看过总的SOPs,并看过其它一些用于执行每一步骤所需的专门文件类型,如批生产记录及日志。执行不同清洗步骤或程序所必需的文件数量,取决于系统和清洗过程的复杂性、操作者的能力和培训程度。
当需要较复杂的清洗程序时,制定关键的清洗步骤(像原料药的合成过程)是重要的。在这方面,关于设备本身具体的文件包括谁清洁和何时清洁是必要的。但是,对于相对简单的清洁操作,执行总的清洗程序的文件就够了。
其他因素如清洗历史、清洗后残留物水平和测试结果的可变性都会决定要求的文件数量。例如,在执行认为是可接受的清洗程序后残留物检测数据变化,则必须进一步建立更有效的程序且使操作者可执行。适当评价是需要的,当操作者操作存在问题时,要求有更多的文件(指南)和培训。
3.分析方法
应确定用来测定残留或污染的分析方法的专属性和灵敏性。随着分析技术的进展,生产和清洁过程的残留物能在很低的水平检测出来。如果污染或残留物的水平不能检出,这并不意味着清洁后没有残留污染。这仅意味着样品中污染水平比分析方式的灵敏度或检测限低。公司应在取样确实能覆盖设备表面污染的情况下做挑战分析,例如在50%回收率,90%回收率的水平分析。这在得出结论前是必要的。一种不好的取样技术也可以导致反面的结果。(见下文)
4.取样
通常有两种取样方法可被接受。最可取的是从设备表面直接取样。另一种方法用冲洗溶液法。a.直接表面取样-确定使用的取样材料类型和对测试结果的影响。如用于刷条的粘合剂被发现能干扰样品的分析。因此,在早期验证时,要确保取样媒介和溶剂(溶媒中提取用)是适当的及易使用的。
直接取样的优点是能评价最难清洗和易接近的区域,从而建立每个给定表面区域上的污染物或残留物的水平。此外,“干燥的”或不溶性的残留物能通过这种物理方式取样。
b.冲洗溶液取样-使用冲洗溶液取样的两个优点是能在更大表面取样,不易进入的系统或不能常规拆卸取样的系统可以被取样和评价。
冲洗取样的缺点是残留物或污染不能被溶解或可能在设备里结垢时不能被评价。相似的情况也发生在“死角”。死角清洗的评价中,尤其对于有干燥残留物,不能通过冲洗水去判断是否干净,而是应该用目测。
检查发现当清洗验证时直接测冲洗水残留物和污染情况。仅测试冲洗水的水质(在简要测试中确实遇到)而不测试其中潜在的污染是不可接受的。
c.常规生产过程控制
监测-间接取样,当清洗程序被验证过,这对常规检测是有价值的,如电导率测试。对原料药厂家尤其如此,其中反应器、离心机和大型设备间的管线只能冲洗液取样。任何间接测试方法必须与设备情况相关。在验证中,公司应对间接测试中不洁净设备测试得出的不合格结果进行归档。
V.限度的建立
FDA不会去设定可接受的标准或方法来决定一个清洗程序是否被验证。因为整个原料药和制剂工业中使用的设备和产品具有广泛的多样性,这样做尤其不现实。公司建立残留物限度的标准应建立在厂商对涉及物料了解的逻辑基础上,而且是实际的,可行的,可证实的。为了制定合理的限度,定义分析方法的灵敏性是重要的。工业界已在文献提出一些限度要求,包括分析检测水平如10ppm,生物活性水平如1/1000的普通治疗剂量和感官水平如无可见残留物。
核对建立限度的方式。不像制剂的化学残留鉴定是已知的(如活性物质,非活性物质,降解物质),原料药过程有部分反应物和多余的副产物可能无法用化学鉴定。在建立残留限度中,仅关注主要的反应物是不够的,因为其他各种化学成分可能更难去除。除化学分析以外有些情况需要薄层扫描。在原料药的生产工艺中,尤其是高活性的化学品如一些类固醇,如果设备不专用就要考虑副产物。检查的目的是确保任何限度的基础是科学公正的。
VI.其他问题
a.安慰剂产品
为了评价和验证清洗程序,一些厂家在设备中生产一批安慰剂产品,基本上是按照原药物同样的操作参数生产。安慰剂批次的取样就为了测试残留的污染物。但是,我们记录几个重要的问题,当使用安慰剂产品验证清洗程序时这些是需要指出的。
不能保证污染物在整个系统中分散的一致。例如,如果出口阀或搅拌机的桨被污染了,污染物可能不会均匀分散在安慰剂中,它最可能集中在批次的最开始排出的部分。此外,如果污染物或残留物是大颗粒的,它可能不能均匀分散在安慰剂中。
一些公司假设残留污染物在设备表面均匀的逐渐减少,这也是错误的结论。最终,检测效果也随着污染物的稀释极大的降低。因为这样的问题,冲洗和擦拭取样应与安慰剂的方法相结合进行。
b.清洁剂
如果清洁中使用清洁剂或肥皂试检测残留物时,判断和分析将变得很困难。在清洁剂的使用中最常见问题是它的成分。许多清洁剂的供应商不能提供具体成分,这使用户难以判断残留物。对于产品残留,生产商评价清洗程序去除残留的效果是重要的,也是能做到的。但是,不同于产品残留,我们希望清洁后没有清洁剂存在(或者严格分析方法-很低)。清洁剂不是生产过程的一个部分,仅在清洗过程中添加到清洁设备中。因此,它们应该容易被去除。否则,就要选择另外一种不同的清洁剂。
c.测试到清洁
应检查和评价测试水平与再测试结果,因为测试到清洁被一些厂商作为概念使用。他们测试,再取样,再测试设备或系统直至达到可接受的残留物水平。对于已做过清洗程序的系统或设备,不应该再取样,这仅在很少的情况下被接受。连续的再测试和再取样是能表明清洗程序没有被验证,因为这些再测试实际记录了无效的清洗程序、不可接受的残留物和污染物的存在。
出处:浙江药品认证中心
作者:不详
注释:这份文件是检查员和其他FDA人员的参考资料。这份文件不约束FDA,不授予任何人任何权力、特权、利益或豁免权。仅供学习参考
第三篇:FDA对原料药厂检查流程
FDA对原料药厂检查流程
一、概述
“FDA”是美国食品药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration)的英文缩写,它是国际医疗审核权威机构,由美国国会即联邦政府授权,专门从事食品与药品管理的最高执法机关。FDA是一个由医生、律师、微生物学家、药理学家、化学家和统计学家等专业人事组成的致力于保护、促进和提高国民健康的政府卫生管制的监控机构。就原料药而言,FDA检查目的是为了保证从国外进口的原料药的质量充分符合USP的要求,美国政府规定外国的药物生产商向美国出口药物产品,除了要对该产品的样品进行质量检查之外,还要对药物制造企业的相关设施进行检查才能做出批准与否的决定,FDA现场检查由此而生。FDA检查主要分为三类:一是批准前的现场检查(Pre—approval Inspection),即我们通常说的“FDA检查”,对新药和仿制药品的生产采取的检查行动;二是定期检查(Biennial),对批准后的药品进行定期的合规性检查,通常两年进行一次;三是基于投诉、召回或不良反应FDA临时决定进行专门的检查或监督。
FDA检查的依据起源于是美国国会1938年颁发的联邦食品、药品和化妆品法案(常缩写为FFDCA,FDCA,或FD&C),该法案赋予美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)监督监管食品安全、药品、及化妆品的权力。关于药品方面,主要是受“食品、药物及化妆品法案”第501款(a)(2)(b)的管制,即所有药物的制造、加工和包装,均要严格符合cGMP的要求。GMP制度在联邦法规(code 0f Federal Regulations)中的第210和第211条款中有具体规定。不过,自发布以来的GMP主要是为制剂药而制定的。在它的前言中说明:虽然它不是用于原料药,但有许多实例说明对原料药的GMP要求是与第211条款中所制定的要求很近似。因此,FDA就采用第2ll条款作为规范来对原料药厂进行检查。在这点上,FDA对原料药与制剂药的要求都是一样的严格,没有区别。1997年9月,国际协调会议(ICH:InternationalConference 0f Harmonization)公布了专为原料药制定的GMP草案,更切合原料药的生产实际。2001年8月,美国健康人类服务部食品药物管理局药物评价研究中心和生物制品评价研究中心与国际协调会议联合发布了用于活性药物成分(原料药)生产的GMP指南:Guidance for Industry Q7A—Good Manufacturing Practice Guidance for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients),即Q7A GMP。此后,FDA宣布以这个指南文件为原料药生产的GMP统一标准,并以此对原料药厂进行符合性检查。
二.FDA检查流程
FDA检查通常由一位检查官和一位药物审查化学家或微生物学家到药厂进行4—5日的检查,FDA到药厂后,会和工厂人员先进行一个简短的见面会,在见面会上FDA会首先说明一下检查的背景及检查安排,药厂由负责人向对方介绍所有出席会议人员,出席人员一般包括总经理、质量授权人及各部门的负责人,然后由药厂对工厂进行一个简要的介绍,让检查官对工厂有一个初步的了解。检查主要分为两块:现场视察与文件检查。
2.1 现场检查
原则上,FDA检查官是按照原料药的生产顺序(物流走向),即从原料接受到成品包装再到放行的顺序来先进行现场检查的,但根据环境条件和检查官个人的专业背景、习惯与判断方式的不同,也可能先检查文件再看现场或中间穿插着去检查现场。
检查官的第一站是仓库,包括原料、成品及包材仓库,仓库的关注点物料的管理,FDA不仅要求进厂的起始物料符合预先建立的质量标准,进行良好的储存,还需要能够预防不同物料或不同批次的物料混淆或产生交叉污染的风险。检查官通常会从以下几点来评估:首先起始物料入库前是否有适当检查流程,是否有入库台帐,不同物料之间是否有物理隔离,仓库的温湿度是否有监控并能够达到物料所要求的存储温度,仓库是否有防虫和防鼠的措施(如窗户或风扇进风口是否装有纱窗,仓库内是否有灭蚊蝇灯,粘鼠板或电猫),物料容器的标识(取样证、合格证或不合格者),仓库是否有专门的区域存放不合格品、退货、召回产品,标签发放与控制等。
2.2 按照生产顺序,检查完仓库后,检查官将会去车间看生产,通常要求在检查期间车间处于动态生产的状态,通常检查官会对照着产品的生产工艺流程图,一步一步地了解整个生产过程,以便对GMP的执行过程进行深入的检查。FDA官员会关注每个重点操作岗位SOP是否在现场,原始记录是否与岗位SOP及实际运行情况一致以评估SOP的可操作性及员工的培训是否到位。除外,检查官会评估在整个生产过程中是否有物料污染或混淆的风险,如设备清洗是否足够、设备及标示牌与管道上的物料标记是否清晰准确,各种设备是否有醒目的编码便于操作,化学合成工艺中离心机滤袋的清洗及管理是否到位、不同房间及房间与走廊间的压差是否正常。
2.3 公用系统(纯化水、空调系统、压缩空气)
检查官主要评估公用系统能否有效地运行并满足产品生产所要求的条件,具体包括公用系统的日常维护保养、回顾与验证、在线监控,如纯水电导率超标如何处理,是否有报警装置及在线排放装置,过滤器更换频率,在线取样等),压缩空气是否进行水油检测、空调系统的过滤器更换等。
2.4 实验室
现场检查的重点之一是实验室,FDA检查至少会用半天甚至更多的时间检查实验室,通常由化学家或微生物学家进行。检查官到实验室时首先要了解的是样品的流向及管理,即样品接受、存放、分发及检验后的管理,是否有合理的台帐确保样品不会被混淆并可以追溯;空白检验记录的管理与控制,其它包括实验室仪器的合理使用及相应的记录,如:HPLC设备与色谱柱的使用台帐,二者是否可以相互追溯并;化学试剂的使用的管理(有效期,启用日期等);配制试液的标签(试液名称,配制日期,配制人签字、复标日期及复标人,试液的效期规定等)和设备与仪器。FDA对设备与仪器的校验尤其重视,药厂需要定期进行校验的常用的测量仪表有温度计(包括自动记录温度计),温湿度计,压差表,液体流速计,空气流量计,液位计等;计量设备和器具如磅称,粗天平,普通天平,分析天平以及高精密度天平等;工艺过程控制和质控试验室用的pH计,滴定管,移液管等;仪器分析用的UV,IR,HPLC和GC等设备。FDA检察官首先注意的是仪器设备上是否贴有校验合格的标志,查看有关设备仪器校验的SOP和使用与校验的原始记录。通常,我国的原料药厂的度量衡仪器都是由药厂专设的仪器计量室(大多是从属设备管理部门)负责定期校验并签发校验合格证。技术性高的仪器设备如UV,IR,HPLC和GC等设备则一般是委托地方政府的计量管理部门进行校验。凡是发现重要的仪器设备没有进行校验,或提供不出完整的文件记录说明,FDA检察官都认为是严重的问题,因为未经过合理校验的仪器无法确保其准确性,同样用该仪器检测所得数据的可靠性也无法保证。
微生物实验室包括培养基配制及适用性试验、菌种传代、工作服、工作鞋的清洗及器皿的灭菌等。
三、文件检查
在FDA通过现场检查之后,对工厂的布局及工艺流程有了一个具体的了解之后,便开始回到会议室集中看文件,通常两个检查官为分头进行,化学家或微生物学家会集中检查QC相关的文件。检查的文件涵盖生产系统、质量系统、厂房设施、实验室等。
3.1 生产系统
检查官在接到FDA对某个药厂进行现场检查的通知后,会从FDA文件管理处调出该药厂提交的DMF文件提前准备。到现场后通常会随机选一批或几批完整的批记录,然后对应DMF文件对应着检查,对关键的操作步骤一条一条核对,这就要求提交的DMF文件必须与现场的操作完全一致。在这过程中检查官会关注对关键的操作步骤的控制,涉及偏差时的相关调查记录。
3.2.质量体系
质量体系是FDA检查的核心,检查会涵盖关键的质量文件(偏差、投诉、OOS、召回、变更、自检、验证与确认、供应商管理等),通常检查官会随机选取其中一个投诉或偏差,然后查看相关的调查记录及相应的SOP,一方面评估药厂的SOP是否合理,另一方面评估工厂能否够按照SOP对质量事件进行彻底的调查并采取有效的整改与预防措施(CAPA)以防止类似事件再次发生。
3.3 厂房与设施
这部分检查官会关注工厂是否有良好的厂房与设施维护计划并通过检查相关的记录来评估工厂能否按计划对厂房与设施进行很好的日常维护,包括仪器的校准与确认、设备与设施(水系统与空调系统、压缩空气)的3Q确认等。
3.4 实验室
QC文件检查通常包括产品的质量标准与检验方法确认与验证,检测记录、稳定性试验方案与相关记录以及其它检查官在现场检查时临时需要的文件。
四、检查的关键点
对任何公司来说,通过FDA验厂最重要的条件是自己要严格执行已经确立的程序和操作流程以及记录与数据的完整性与真实性,这两点最能反映工厂的GMP质量管理水平,而质量体系正是FDA检查的核心所在。这就要求记录的填写一定要规范可读,不得随意篡改记录,写错更改需要保证原输入的可读性,一旦检查官对记录的真实性产生质疑,那对药厂会非常的不利。另外,接待人员回答提问要有技巧,不清楚的事情切忌马上回答或者是使用“我记得、好像”之类的词汇,这样会给检查官留下很不专业的印象,不确定的可以先查文件,几个人商量定下来之后再回答。
五、总结会
检查官通常会留出一天时间来做总结,对整个检查期间的发现进行汇总,即483表,并现场宣读483上的每一条发现,并询问工厂对各条发现是否有异议,如果工厂有需要解释的地方,可以充分利用好此机会。如果FDA检查官认为解释有理,一般会对所提的问题进行修改或取消。如果对所发现的问题无异议,一般工厂代表人或公司总经理需要作出表态表示接受检查过程中的发现,然后双方在483表格上正式签字。FDA要求药厂对提出的问题尽快(一般在两周到一个月,根据情况而定)做出书面答复,其中要求提供明确的较详细的整改回复,在规定时间内递交到FDA地区办公室。FDA检查官在回国后根据药厂的整改报告写出一份非常详细的检查报告送交FDA有关主管部门(如新药评价中心,兽用药评价中心等)。
六、最后的决定——批准(或不批准)的通知函
按FDA的规定,FDA检查官无权对是否批准做出决定。FDA检查官在检查报告中非常客观地说明一切情况和存在问题,药厂的态度和整改措施,对该药厂是否可以得到批准会提出个人的建议,它对FDA做出批准或不批准的决定是具有关键性的影响的。
来源:HPC药闻药事/Joanna
第四篇:FDA检查指南
美国FDA关注的问题
1.原料
2.工厂的每日卫生检查
3.HACCP计划
4.HACCP计划中列明的所有记录
5.对出口美国的途径、方式、进口商的情况也很关心
6.此外,FDA官员对培训、加工过程中的温度时间的控制等也表现出了相当的关注。
FDA HACCP官方验证的内容和方法
1.进行初次访谈(具备一定资格的官方验证人员要事先了解有关情况,必要时进行初次访谈。第一次初访应表明你的身份,要确定在检查期间所涉及的产品,时间尽可能短。)了解有关信息,主要包括:
(1)企业生产加工的食品品种;
(2)当天正在加工的产品情况;
(3)HACCP小组成员及培训情况;
(4)被验证企业制定和实施食品
HACCP体系、SSOP的情况; 企业最近一次验证或体系审核情况,特别是存在的问题和整改措施。
2.官方验证人员进行自己的危害分析
官方验证人员在对食品生产加工企业HACCP计划验证前本人首先应进行危害分析,通过比较,对企业危害分析的完整性和准确性做出判断
自己的危害分析最好在检查工厂期间进行,检验检疫机构的官方验证人员要通过观察和交谈,尽可能多的收集有关加工过程和工厂控制方面的材料。
官方验证人员开展危害分析的前提条件:
本人要有食品生产加工及检验的知识和工作经验;
深入生产实际,熟悉整个加工过程,能主动向企业管理人员和操作人员了解情况。
• 绘制或核查工厂提供的生产工艺流程图,并对每一个工序的描述进行核查;
• 观察生产加工过程;
• 可以向企业管理和操作人员了解有关的一些内容;
• 对生产加工过程每一工序存在的生物、化学、物理危害的可能性进行分析;
• 了解企业对生产加工中可能发生的危害是否采取了预防控制措施以控制危害的发生;
• 官方验证人员进行危害分析时,要特别注意企业在安全卫生方面存在的问题。
• 对生产加工过程中观察和了解到的信息资料做出评价并将有关信息记录于危害分析工作单中。
• 对在生产加工过程中观察了了解过程中确认的危害及控制产生质疑时,应该查阅有关法规、技术资料或向有关专家咨询。对食品生产加工中的显著危害、预防控制措施和关键控制点做出判断(可利用判断树进行),完成自己的危害分析工作单 3.审查评价企业的危害分析和控制措施
将自己的危害分析与工厂的危害分析进行比较。要争取看到工厂的书面的危害分析。工厂对显著危害的判断可能与自己不同。并需要讨论你的判断并审查工厂是基于何种情况做出此判断。在这个阶段,相互交流是关键 • 比较生产工艺流程图 • 比较危害分析
• 危害分析存在差异的原因
4.评价企业的HACCP计划
• 当检验检疫机构的官方验证人员就显著危害达成一致后,要评价工厂书面的HACCP计划。评价期间,检验检疫机构的官方验证人员要就关键限值和监控程序等是否适当做出判断。
• 制定、重新评估和修改计划的人员必须接受过HACCP原理应用方面的培训,或是通过修完标准的课程,或者拥有相当的实践经验。
官方验证人员主要是审查生产加工企业是否正确的制定和实施HACCP计划
• HACCP计划的签署和发布实施必须是企业的最高负责人或更高一级的职员。
食品生产加工企业首次制定的HACCP计划或计划修改或每年审核后都应签署发布
• HACCP计划的签署和发布实施必须是企业的最高负责人或更高一级的职员。
食品生产加工企业首次制定的HACCP计划或计划修改或每年审核后都应签署发布
对HACCP计划评价的技术要求 分析评价时应考虑以下内容 : • 计划是否将官方验证企业危害分析时确定的关键控制点和显著危害列入;
• 计划是否对各关键控制点建立了关键限值;
• 计划中建立的关键限值是否合理; 计划中是否制定了对关键限值的监控程序 • 分析评价时应考虑以下内容 : • 计划中的监控程序的方式和频率是否合理;
• 计划中对各关键限值是否建立了纠偏程序;
• 计划中所列的纠偏程序是否适用;
• 分析评价时应考虑以下内容 : • 计划中对监控设备是否有校准程序;
• 计划中所列的监控设备校准程序的方法和频率是否合适;
• 计划中是否将用于监控、验证的记录列入; • 计划是否将支持HACCP计划的有关文件列入。对HACCP计划中的危害和关键控制点的审查
• 即使食品生产加工企业在HACCP计划中未将官方验证点人员认定的显著危害和关键控制点列出,但还是应按照双方预先确定的显著危害和关键控制点进行审查。
• 审查监控程序
• 审查记录
• 审查纠偏措施
• 审查验证程序
5.确定HACCP计划是否正确地执行
• 检验检疫机构的官方验证人员将评价工厂HACCP计划执行的情况。这个评价最好通过观察生产线上所发生的事情来完成。在一定程度上,这是最初巡查工厂的继续。目的是看HACCP计划中包含的监控程序是否完成和这个计划在执行中是否走样。
• 观察 • 询问
• 询问和观察的目的不仅在于确定生产加工企业是否正确实施HACCP计划,而且可以向验证人员审查有关记录时提供有价值的信息。
HACCP计划要素的验证 包含以下内容: • 监测监控是否按照计划规定进行;
• 监测监控是否按规定频率进行;
• 有无检测监控设备;
• 监测监控设备是否处于良好操作状态;
• 监测监控设备是否按计划规定校准;
• 监测监控结果记录是否及时准确。
• 关键限值偏离时是否采取了纠偏措施。纠偏措施应纠正偏离的原因,确保无不安全食品出售;
• 纠偏措施是否如实准确地记录;
• 其它验证程序,如:是否每周对成品按规定进行检测; 如果需要,还应对企业的验证程序是否有准确的记录进行核查 • 验证人员抽取成品食品送检验检疫机构认可的实验室进行检测,以验证企业对HACCP体系实施的有效性。
6.审查记录
• 主要评价工厂的HACCP记录,如监控记录、纠偏记录、验证记录等。
• 官方验证人员对HACCP体系验证时必须审查相关记录,记录审查最好在验证即将结束时进行,这可使验证人员在生产加工中能亲眼目睹记录形成的过程。对记录的审查意味着对HACCP审核工作的即将完成。
• 关键限值的监控记录 • 纠偏行动记录 • 验证记录
• HACCP计划的支持性文件资料等记录 • 监控和纠正记录
• 验证活动的相关记录
审查记录的选择
• 官方验证人员首先必须选择足够数量的监控记录、纠偏活动记录和验证记录,对这些记录按照以下要求做出评价:
• 记录是否完整、准确;
• 操作是否符合关键限值;
当关键限值偏离时,是否采取了纠偏行动
• 检测监控设备是否进行了校准并符合HACCP计划的要求,是否对成品食品及其生产加工过程的中间品进行了检测;
• 记录是否按要求的时间进行审核。
• 官方验证人员选择某一生产日期的全套记录包括卫生监控记录进行审查。
• 官方验证人员应当选择当天正在生产加工食品的记录进行审查,这样会使验证人员了解记录形成的全过程。
• 审查记录的选择方法:
• 确定所选审查记录的生产天数及具体日期,可从最后一次审查开始算起,也可从HACCP计划开始执行之日算起。
• 将所先生产日的天数开平方根,即得出验证所需审查记录的生产日天数,但所选天数不得少于12天。
• 将所选的天数分配到生产的各个月。
• 在同一个月内应选取最不良状况下的生产日期。
在开始审查记录时,如果遇到重大问题,验证人员应从发现问题的期间大量选取记录,一直到确定了问题所涉及的范围及问题得到解决时为止。在审查记录中要对出现的问题加以分析,从而对问题发生的偶然性或属违法事件做出判断 • 监控记录的审查 • 纠偏记录的审查
• 验证记录的审查
• 虚假记录的审查
• 复印记录
7.审查企业的卫生监控
• 官方验证人员在审查评价被验证食品生产加工企业的卫生标准操作程序(SSOP)时,主要对卫生监控、卫生纠正、监控和纠正的记录保持等进行核查,核查的内容至少包括前面讲到的SSOP的八个方面。
8.违反HACCP的报告
• 主要对涉及安全卫生和HACCP计划方面的问题应特别注意。
• 美国FDA海产品HACCP法规(21CFR 123)等。填写不符合项的要求
• 属实,即实际观察到的。不受个人意见和假设影响。报告实际的结论,不能报告未经本人证实的不可靠的结论。
• 以简明和直接的方式书写,书写应使接收表格的人员容易理解。
• 与观察到的潜在问题有显著关联,潜在问题应有 理由可能发生。
• 简洁,归纳相似的现象以防累赘,重要的是事项(不符合项)的显著性而非数量。对不是显著的缺陷,可以以口头方式建议,不必记入报告。
• 不要写入相关法规、规定的内容。
• 当观察记录特别长的时候,应首先将缺陷或问题放在观察记录的开头部分。这样可以直接突出问题而不是把它放在长篇累牍之中。
如何判断被验证企业是否合格?
• 验证中要树立体系观念。看被验证企业是否在体系上存在重大问题?
• 是否是严重地违反法规或安全卫生问题?
• 验证人员的经验非常重要
• 小组讨论的结果
• 为避免误判、错判,应尽可能地多收集证据,从各个方面、各个角度去论证
第五篇:美国FDA药品质量控制实验室检查指南1 9 9 3年
美国FDA 药品质量控制实验室
检查指南 1 9 9 3年 1.导言
药品质量控制实验室是药品生产及管理的最重要的职能部门之一。现行药品生产质量管理规范(21CFR211)中很多篇章均与质量控制实验和产品检验有关。类似的概念也适用于原料药。
本检查指南增补了—些含在其他机构检查指南文件中的内容。例如要求新药批准前进行的新药申请或简略的新药申请检查的7346·832号文件中,含有进行产品新药申请或简略的新药申请检查审计的—般指导,以衡量是否符合新药申请和现行药品生产质量管理规范的要求。这些要求包括对半成品和成品检验实验室的检查。
2.目的
检查之前应当讲明该检查的特别目的。对实验室的检查可以限定在—些特定的方面,也可以围绕实验室是否符合现行药品生产质量管理规范方面进行—次综合评价。每个药品质量控制实验验室至少第二年要进行一次这样的综合评价,以此作为法定检查职责的一部分。
——般来说这些检查包括:
一—将用于新产品检验的特殊方法;
—一实验室是否符合药品生产质量管理规范的全面评价;
——特定的实验室操作。
3.检查前的准备
FDA的检查指南是建立在组队检查方式基础上的。我们对实验室的检查也是如此。为了力求获得相关—致的检查结果,我们希望由—位具有专业知识并有实践经验的实验室分析专家对复杂的、高技术的、专门的化验设备、化验程序、数据处理及科学化实验室操作进行评价。检查人员的委派由地区主管部门确定,然而我们希望,调查人员、分析人员和其他人员能组成—个检查组,并在需要时为了完成—项有意义的检查,可建议主管部门增加有关方面的专家。
参加新药审批前检查的小组成员必须阅读并熟悉7346·832号文件即审批前检查或调查文件的内容。检查前应当审查新药申请或简略的新药申请的有关部分,如果该申请书不能从别的来源得到,可对由公司提供的副本进行审查。
如果可能的话,小组成员在检查之前就应当集中,以讨论检查方法,明确每位组员的角色,并确定目标以完成委派的任务。检查前还要确定负责起草各报告,包括准备FDA483文件的责任。
药品评价和研究中心(CDER)可能已经发出有关缺陷信件,列举出存在的各种问题。要求受检企业必须在新药申请或简略的新药申请和补充文件被批准前予以改正。希望检查组审查这些已经在FDA地区办公室归档的信件,并向药厂要求了解这些信件的内容。检查组还要评价药厂对这些信件的答复,以确保数据的准确和真实。即使药厂没有对这些信件作出答复,或者认为药厂的答复不充分,也应当完成这项检查工作。
4.检查方法
A.总则
除了采用对药品进行现行药品生产质量管理规范的—般检查方法之外,对实验室的检查还要采用观察实验操作和检查原始数据的方法,以评价其符合现行药品生产质量管理规范的情况,以及实现申请书中或者药品工艺档案中约定的义务。对实验室进行综合检查时,应评价实验室操作的各个方面。
实验室记录和实验记录本是不可缺少的资料来源,从这些资料中可以全面了解从业人员的技术能力和全部质量控制程序。标准操作程序应当是全面而恰当的,实验室的操作应当与书面的规程相—致。规格标准和分析程序应当合适,而且也符合申请中记载的内容及法定方法的要求。
要评价原始实验数据、实验程序和方法、实验室设备,包括设备的维护和校正,以及实验方法的验证数据,以确定实验室操作的总体质量和符合现行药品生产质量管理规范的能力。检查色谱和光谱图谱以发现是否存在杂质、是否存在操作失当或者有仪器未校正的情况的证据。
大多数生产企业具有对实验室不合格检验结果进行调查的体系。通常这些调查结果记录在某种实验记录本上。要求查看几批不符合规格标准产品的测试结果。审查几批被复检、报废或返工的产品的分析数据。对于某些批次的产品,当实验室结果表明该产品不能满足规格标准而被发放时,应当评价该发放决定并查明由准决定发放了这些批次的产品。
B.审批前检查
有关产品处方、原料药的合成、产品规格标准、产品分析和其他方面的文件在总部审查工艺过程时进行检查。然而这些检查和评价依赖那些能真正代表产品的准确而又真实的数据。
审批前检查是为了确定药厂在申请中提供的数据是否真实和准确,以及申请中所列出的程序是否是实际上用来产生这些数据的程序。此外,审批前的检查也是为了进—步证实药厂(包括质量控制实验室)是否符合现行药品生产质量管理规范的要求。
药物申请的分析部分通常只包含化验结果和用来获得这些结果的方法,并不要求负责人提交所有的化验数据,因为这样做会使提交的资料体积太大,并可导致提供过多不必要的资料。负责人可能有意无意地选择并报告那些能显示药物安全有效并能得到批准的数据,而不报告那些证明该产品不能满足预先制定的规格标准的数据。检查组必须确定这样做是否存在有效的、科学的解释。
企业总部与生产现场的协调一致对完成药物申请和药厂的全面审查是必不可少的。当发现有关规格和标准的问题时,有经验的凋查人员和分析人员可以同参加审查的化学家联系(由合适的主管人员协助)。
检查时应将提交的分析结果与所生产的其他批次的分析结果比较。评价这些方法并且注意实际使用的程序或设备与申请中所列的程序和设备有无例外,要进—步证实申请中所列的方法与实际用的方法是相同的。希望分析人员评价对参检批次(小试与临床试验样品)所检验
得到的原始实验数据,并将该原始数据与申请中的数据比较。
5.不合格[不符合规格标准(Out—of—specification))的实验室结果
评价公司用来调查实验室检验结果不合格的系统。这些调查对于决定一种产品是被发放或是报废起着至关重要的作用,它也是复检、重新取样的基础。
在最近一次法院的裁决中,法官用术语“不符合规格标准(OOS)”的实验室结果代替FDA调查人员和检验人员更习惯的术语“产品不合格”。法官裁定,—项不符合规格标准结果如经调查或者经outlier检验(系指一数据超出一般偏差,为决定是否可以不采用而做的检验),发现是由实验室误差所致,或复检结果符合规定,则并不表示产品不合格。
不符合规格标准结果可以分成三类:
一——实验室误差;
——一非生产工艺性误差或者称为操作者误差;
———和生产工艺有关的误差或者称为生产工艺误差;
A.实验室误差
实验室误差产生于下列情况:化验员未能正确地按分析方法操作;使用不正确的标准和(或)简单地算错了数据。实验室误差必须通过一项调查来确定,以便鉴定不符合规格标准的原因。—旦不符合规格标准结果的性质被确定了,就可以把它归入上述三类中的一类。由于调查的目的不一样,查询可能很不相同。
B.实验室调查
要确定化验员误差或差错的确切原因是困难的,同时希望化验员误差总能确定和记录下来是不现实的。然而,一项实验室调查并不仅限于进行复试,无法有把握地鉴别误差原因会影响复检的程序,而不影响对最初的不符合规格标准结果所要求的调查询问。
药厂化验员应当遵循书面的调查程序,如同完成分析过程—样,核对每一操作步骤。
我们希望实验室检验数据能直接记在记录本上,避免使用纸片或活页纸。这些常识性方法可以增强数据的准确性和完整性。
审查和评价实验室用于进行产品不合格调查的标准操作程序,对单一和多个不符合规格标准结果的调查应遵循不同的程序。对单一不符合规格标准结果,调查应包括下列步骤,并且这些调查应当在该样品被复检之前进行:
进行检验的化验员应向主管人报告不符合规格标准结果;
化验员和主管人应进行一次非正式的实验室调查。
调查范围如下:
(1)讨论检验程序;
(2)讨论汁算过程;
(3)检查仪器;
(4)审查包含不符合规格标准结果的记录本。
如果对不合格结果的凋查不能查明原因,—种可以使最初的不符合规格标准结果归于无效的变通方法是outliertest。但是使用这种检验应有特别的限制:
(1)公司不能经常以此为基础否定化验结果;
(2)美国药典标准规定outlier test只用于特定的情况;
(3)该检验不适用于化学分析结果”;
(4)以统计为基础的检验(如含量均匀度和溶出度检验)不能用outliertest。
确定药厂是否使用outliertest,并评价其不符合规格标准。
确定对多个不符合规格标准结果是否做了全面的查询,这种查询不仅与实验室工作人员有关,也涉及到质量控制和质量保证人员,以便确定误差是否与生产工艺有关。
当实验室调查不能得出结论(误差原因不明)时,该药厂:
(1)不得进行两次复检和根据三次化验的平均值对产品进行发放;
(2)不能用。outlinertest做化学检验;
(3)不能用重复取样的办法假定取样或制备过程误差;
(4)当确认可以复检时(见另外的标准),可以取同一样品中的不同药片做复检。
C.正式调查
超出厂实验室范围的正式调查,必须依照一个提纲进行,并要特别注意整改措施。
公司应当:
(1)阐明调查的理由;
(2)提供可能引起问题的生产工艺的各个步骤;
(3)提出必要的可保留该批药品,并防止类似问题再发生的整改措施;
(4)列出其他可能受影响的批次和产品,对这些批次和产品的调查结果及各项整改措施,特别是检查由临时工或代用机器生产的其他批次产品,检查临时加工或操作生产的其他产品;
(5)保存好所有曾参加调查及批准使用再检后返工物料的生产和质量控制人员的评语和签字。
D.调查记录
化验员的差错,如未被发现的计算误差,应当详细说明并提供证据。调查及取得的结论要以书面文件形式保存,文件中应列出调查的每一步。如有评估、结论和整改措施的话,应当保存在调查报告里,并存人中心档案。
E.调查时限
全部对不合格结果的调查应当在问题产生起20个工作日内完成,并且要记录和写进对不合格结果的调查报告中去:
6.产品不合格
—个不符合规格标准实验室结果如果被证明为实验室误差所致,就可以被认定为无效。然而,由于操作者的差错、设备(实验室设备除外)故障、欠缺的生产工艺(如不恰当的混合时间)等引起的与生产工艺无关和有关的误差,则意味着产品不合格。用上述指南第五部分作指导,检查调查结果,评估对产品的发放、复检或返工的决定。
7.复检
评价公司复检的标准操作规程是否依照了科学上正确、合适的程序。最近的一次法庭判决所做出的重要裁决提供了一套程序用来指导复检项目。这项地方法院的裁决为评价药品实验室的某些方面提供了出色的指导,但该裁决尚不能被视为法律、法规或有约束力的法律判例。法庭认为公司应具备一套预先确定的检验程序,应确定检验终止和产品评估的时间,如果结果不令人满意,产品将被拒收。
此外,公司应根据该产品一切记录文件考虑所有复检结果,包括该产品的历史数据、所进行的检验类型、以及生产过程中检验的结果。不能单纯因为药品含量均匀度的结果可以接受,就无视不合格的含量测定结果。
在药厂得出结论,认为一项无法解释的不符合规格标准结果无效或产品不能予以接受之所进行的复检次数是个科学判断的问题。复检的目的是为了剔除不符合规格标准结果,但不能无限制地复检。
至于与生产工艺有关和无关的差错,复检值得怀疑。因为在这些情况下,最初的检验是真实的,附加检验本身无益于产品的质量。法庭承认某些复检可能是在与生产工艺有关或无关的误差发现之前进行的。尽管如此,以测定产品是否符合规格标准与目的的附加复检是不能接受的。
例如在为检测混料或片剂的差异性而设计的含量均匀度检验中,合格和不合格的检验结果在本质上并非毫不相关,经过数次复检而获得过的结果并不排除一种可能性,即这批药品不均匀。作为调查的—部分,药厂应参照前几个批次的记录,因为不同批次中相似或相关的不合格结果也许是由同一原因所致。
法庭认为对不符合规格标准结果进行的复检只有在此种情况下才是适合的,即对不合格的调查正在进行且该调查部分地决定厂复检是否合适。当调查发现不符合规格标准结果确由化验员误差所致或对化验员工作的复查是“无结论性的(inconclusive)”情况下,复检是合适的。而对于众所周知,没有争议的与生产过程有关或无关的错误,复检是不合适的。
对于复检,法庭规定:
必须使用原样品,不得用其他样品;
可以使用与第一等份式样同一来源样品中的第二等份试样;
可以使用以前为实验目的而取的同—个样品中的一部分。
8.再取样
药厂不得依赖再取样来发放经检验和复检均不合格的产品,除非对不合格结果的调查查出证据表明原样品不具有代表性或准备不当。
评价每次再取样活动是否遵照厂本指南。
9.平均分析结果
当考察的对象是全批产品的含量测定时,平均法不失为一种合理的、有效的方法。但作为—般性原则,应避免使用平均法,因为平均数掩盖厂每个测试结果的差异性。当检验既得出不符合规格标准结果,也有单个合格的结果,而平均结果又合乎规格标准时,这种现象特别麻烦,这里,不对单个不符合规格标准结果进行审查和解释就信任平均数,极易造成误导,而且是不能接受的。
含量均匀度和溶出度结果不允许采用平均法以获得通过。
至于含量测定的微生物浊度分析法和培养皿分析法,美国药典优先采用平均值,在这种
情况下,将不符合规格标准结果包括在平均数内较好,除非outliertest(微生物法含量测定)表明不符合规格标准结果异常。
10.混料的取样和检验
实验室极其重要的一项功能就是检验混料,在提高发现劣等产品批次的可能性方面,混料检验必不可少。不能因偏好于依赖对成品的检验而放弃对混料均匀度的检验,因为成品检验有其局限性。
某法庭规定,因取样量影响最终混料检验的结果,取样量应与制剂取样量相当,其他任何做法只会混淆混料各部分之间的区别,从而无法达到检验目的。如果样品的首次取样量必须大于使用的单位量,则应仔细取出与制剂取样量相当的等份用于检验、复检及留样。显然,最初的大用量样品在等份被取出前不易另行搅拌或处理,否则会掩盖样品的非均匀性。用作混料均匀度测试的数个样品,如果采自不同区域,则相互之间不得混合,除非在以含量测定为目的而不是为了考察其差异性的情况下,才允许混合。
如果药厂的样品不是取自混合器,则应通过验证证明其取样技术能反映混料各个部分和总体的特征。也就是说,这些样品必须能够代表生产中可能发生问题的位点,如混料中的薄弱点或过热点。
11.微生物方面
对制剂产品微生物学数据的审查最好由微生物学家(化验员)完成。应审查的数据包括防腐剂的有效性测试、生物负荷数据以及特定产品的微生物检验及其方法。
从细菌内毒素与无菌性两方面审查过滤前和(或)灭菌前产品的生物负荷状况。对于原料药检验实验室,要评价其方法验证以及无菌性和细菌内毒素检验、环境监测、滤器及过滤方法验证的原始数据。此外,还要评价实验室检验及确定生物负荷量所采用的方法。
参考《微生物学检验指南》,以便获取更多关于检查微生物实验室的资料。
12.取样
在药品审批前检查时采集样品。依照CP7346.832第三部分,第五、六页上关于取样的指导进行取样。
13.实验室记录和文件
审查化验员保存的实验室个人分析记录,并将其与工作单及总实验室记录比较。为厂准确与可靠起见,准备检查所有记录与工作单,核实确已保留下来的原始数据,以便保证从实验室结果中得出的结论。
参照生产日期的顺序审查实验室记录的分析顺序。检验的日期应与样品确实存在于实验室的日期相符合。如果使用电脑数据库,应确定改变数据的方案,对数据变更应建立跟踪审计程序。
我们希望原始实验数据能成册保存(避免散乱或用零碎纸张记录),或以书本、或以事先编号可以计数的化验单的形式保存。大多数生产企业复印的多套记录或“原始数据”中,不乏未标明页码的散纸片。一些公司使用磁盘或磁带记录并储存原始数据,只要表述明确(原始数据予以标明),且经过验证,这样的系统是可以接受的。
仔细检查并评价实验室工作记录、工作单和其他记录,其中包括诸如称量、稀释、仪器状态、计算等原始数据。注意原始数据有无遗失,记录是否经过改写,是否使用厂涂改液来掩盖失误。结果变更必须有解释。将被更改过的数据互相参照以证实其真实性。未经凋查得出科学的、有效的依据,不得随意将不符合规格标准的实验室结果贴上“实验误差”的标签,产品不得以此种方式“被检验合乎要求”。
不得只抄录检验结果而不保留原记录,也不得有选择地记录检验结果。例如有调查发现药厂用散页纸有选择地抄录理想数据代替化验单和(或)工作记录薄的作法,有的吸收度值和计算数字竟然写在台历上。
对没有进针显示的剪切下的图表、在直接数据输入系统中的对文件的删除、未经验证就间接输入的数据以及无视程序特征而改变计算机程序的行为应仔细检查。这些作法应引起对数据整体质量的怀疑。
药厂应对遗失的进针记录,尤其是应对从正式的工作单或卷宗内遗失连续的进针记录作出书面解释。多次记录下的进针记录必须保存于连续的文件内,并具有连续记录的时间。
希望看到对各种文件的删除作出的书面的正确解释。
确定药厂的检验程序是否充分,是否能保证药厂在原辅料的接受、生产过程、成品和保留的稳定性样品等方面已考虑过所有有效的实验数据。对照实验室工作记录和文件可能会发现某些数据被药厂删除了,药厂决定发放产品而对表明产品不符合规格标准的检验结果又不能做出任何令人满意的解释。对这种无视检验结果(表明产品不符合规格标准)的行为所作的解释进行评价。
14.实验室标准溶液
确定(实验室)是否使用了适当的标准品,如在有效期内且保存适当。检查是否未确定其稳定性就再次使用储备液。储备液通常存放于实验室冰箱内。检查实验室冰箱内的溶液,核对区别标记是否适当。审查制备标准溶液的记录以确信文件完整而准确。任何药厂几乎都不可能“准确地、始终如一地称量到”同样的微克数。因此,反映这种水平的标准化或模式的数据值得怀疑,应予以仔细调查。
15.检验方法的验证
对检验方法验证资料的评价应仔细考察其完整性、准确性和可靠性。尤其是当有—种法定方法存在,而药厂却采用其他方法时,应将两种方法进行比较,并证明所用内控方法与正式程序相比,其效果相当,甚至更佳。药厂还应证明法定方法是在实际使用条件下使用的。
有几种途径可以验证检验方法。美国药典中的方法被视为已经过验证;被批准的简略的新药申请方法也视为经过验证。药厂也可以对他们的方法进行验证研究,但系统适应性数据本身不足以也不构成对方法的验证。
在审查方法验证数据时,希望复检的数据具有一致性,受检溶液的浓度变化应能够得出线性结果。现在,许多含量分析和杂质检验都使用高效液相色谱仪,在系统适当性检验中,这些分析的精确性应等同于或低于RSD的精度,美国药典第22章(1225页)列举的分析参数,标题为“法定方法的验证”可以用作确定方法验证中的分析参数(如准确性、精密度、线性、可靠性等)的指导。
16.仪器设备
检查实验室设备的使用、维护状况、校正记录、维修记录及维护的标准操作规程。确认是否备有在分析方法中使用的专用设备,注意其状况。核实当检验各批次产品时,所用仪器确实存在并处于良好的工作状态。确定仪器是否使用正确。
除此之外,如果某仪器参与了临床试验样品或小试样品的分析,则应核实该仪器在所有使用中是否均处于良好的工作状态,因为人们会怀疑从一台失灵的仪器中得出的数据。所以,继续使用该仪器并据此发放产品是对现行药品生产质量管理规范的严重违反。
17.原料检验
有的调查还包括原料药生产厂。制剂的安全性与有效性在很大程度上取决于原料药的纯度与质量,考查原料药分析的原始数据,其中包括纯度检验、图表等。核查用于小试和临床试验样品的原料药杂质分析结果,以确定其是否与生产整批产品所用的原料药结果相同。确定生产厂家是否有审查原料药分析证书的项目规程,如果有,考查这些检验结果。如发现杂质分析结果与其他检测结果有实质上的区别,应给以报告。
一些老的法定测试方法可能测不出产品的杂质含量,而杂质含量的分析又是控制生产过程所不可缺少的。已经研究出—些新测试法可以检测这些产品。这些新方法必须经验证以确保它们能满足对控制和验证原料药生产过程进行分析的目的。药品生产企业必须完全了解生产过程和最终产品中可能出现的潜在杂质。没有一种适当的、经过验证的方法就无法评价这些杂质。
物理检测,比如原料的粒径、膏药的粘连测试、注射剂挤压测试等对于保证生产和控制系统的连续操作,保证产品的质量与药效来说是必不可少的。这些检测右的已列入新药申请文件中,其他的可以通过药品生产方案来建立。对这些检测力法的验证,与对药物的化学特性的检测同等重要。
物理性能的检测经常要求有专门的设备和方法规程,这些检测在其他实验室可能不能重复。因此,有必要进行现场评价。
18.生产过程控制及规格标准
评价在生产区域或实验室内完成的生产过程检测结果,看其是否符合制定的取样、检验方案、分析方法和规格标准,例如评价重量差异、硬度和脆度。这些检测可以在压片或装胶囊过程中每15或30分钟进行一次。各项检测应遵循现行药品生产质量管理规范的要求。
药品申请书中可能包括某些生产过程检测计划,其中包括检测方法及规格标准。调查必须核实生产过程中的检测已按计划进行,且检测结果符合规格标准。对较长时间检测的实验室工作也应予以审查。
生产过程中检测所用的方法可能不同于药品发放检测方法。一般说来,无论方法异同,生产过程中检测的规格标准可能更严格些。如某产品发放的含量检测标准90.0%-110.0%,而其生产过程中的混料规格标准可能需限制在95.0%-105.0%之间。生产过程中所做的检验也可能不同于发放检验。例如药厂可以把崩解测试作为生产过程中检测,而将溶出测试作为发放检测。
希望各批次内部和基于同一处方或生产工艺的不同批次之间(包括研制批次与样品批次)的生产过程中检测的结果具有一致性。如果检测结果之间并无一致性,希望看到科学的数据对其中的差异能作出合理的解释。
19.稳定性
必须用一种能显示稳定性的方法来检测产品的样品,如果没有显示稳定性的含量测定方法,则应采用其他方法,如薄层层析,作为一般含量测定方法的补充。应提供证据表明该方法可以显示产品的稳定性,法定方法也不例外。生产企业可能会被要求做产品的加速或强迫分解试验,以表明该项测试可以显示产品的稳定性。在某些情况下,简略的新药申请的负责人可以查找文献,找到关于某种特殊方法的背景数据。这方面的资料也可从原料药供应商处得到,这样验证就变得相对简单明了了。在美国药典的第1225节还列出了验证可应用的法定方法的典型参数。
评价生产商关于稳定性测试的验证报告,同时还应复审原始实验数据和在不同地方进行检测所得出的结果,核实实际报告的数据是否与现场记录的数据相符。
评价用于审报文件的原始数据,从而了解所用检测方法是否能显示产品的稳定性并厂解杂质含量。
20.计算机实验数据获取系统
使用计算机实验数据获取系统不是什么新事物,以下几处现行药品生产质量管理规范指导文件中均有闸述。
《政策遵循指南〉7132a.07”计算机化药品生产:输入与输出检验”;
《政策遵循指南》7132a.03“计算机化药品生产:批生产与控制记录中“人”的识别;
《政策遵循指南》7132a.11“计算机化药品生产:现行药品生产质量管理规范应用硬件和软件”;
《政策遵循指南≥7132a.12“计算机化药品生产:供应商的责任”;
《政策遵循指南》7132a.15“计劈:机化药品生产:生产控制应用程序源码”;
《药品生产过程计算机系统检查指南》。
对于计算机系统和非计算机系统来说,很重要的是要限定收集数据的范围、收集程序和证明其准确性的方法。同样重要的是审计数据和计划以及纠正误差的程序。评价计算机化实验室系统时,应注意的事项包括数据收集、处理、数据的完整性和可靠性。
只有在数据可靠、原始数据未遗失及数据不能被篡改的情况下,处理过程才被认为是充分的。该计算机系统必须确保原始数据得到储存并切实地处理。
制定规章,做到只有经过授权的人才能输入数据;
数据条目不得删除,只能以修正的形式改动;
数据库应尽可能具有防篡改功能;
标准操作程序应描述确保数据有效性的方法。
对实验室计算机化数据获取系统进行验证的一个基本方面,就是将由基本一分析仪器得到的数据与通过系统电子传递和打印机上显示的同—数据进行比较。为保证计算机系统得出连贯的、有效的结果,应在足够长的时间内进行数据比较,只有以此为前提,定期进行的数据比较才是充分的。
21.实验室管理
对实验室的工作和实验室人员的全面管理及对分析结果的评价是评价质控实验室的重要内容。主管人员的职责范围、人员的素质、化验贝的调整,以及实验室的责任范围等,都是决定全面管理和工作监督质量所要考察的重要事项。只有在这些因素单独或整体地致使现行药品生产质量管理规范所要求的工作任务无法完成时,它们才可成为实验室管理不合格的依据。
审查实验室日记,以确定分析顺序和生产顺序的符合情况。检查实验室记录和日记,以了解有关职员的技术水平及实验室质量控制程序的重要信息。
观察化验员按照申请书中描述的操作演示,没有其他方法能代替亲眼观看操作并注意化验员是否技术良好。不应站在化验员身旁,可以在稍远处观察并评价其操作。
有时候,公司的职员因缺乏足够的训练或时间,意识不到实验中存在需要进一步调查和解释的问题。他们会不经努力去鉴别无法解释的色谱峰就加以接受。他们也许会接受药品稳定性分析中,随着时间的推移含量明显递增的检测结果,却不提出任何明确的疑问。同样,在进行高效液相色谱分析时,当系统稳定几小时后,重复能力衰减的现象也会被不加思索地接受。
药品生产质量管理规范要求有积极的培训计划及对化验员培训的书面评价。
删除文件的权力和越过计算机系统的权力应当被严格审查。评估对计算程序加以更改的历史数据。有些更改可能要求管理者对已发放产品的数据进行重新审查。
(美国食品药物管理局
法规事务办公室
地方业务办公室
现场调查部)
(朱
艳、朱世斌译
赖婉枫校)