农村初中作文教学的现状和困境(合集)

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第一篇:农村初中作文教学的现状和困境

农村初中作文教学的困境及对策

【摘要】《全日制义务教育语文课程标准》对语文课程的性质进行了新的定位:“语文是最重要的交际工具,是人类文化的重要组成部分。工具性与人文性的统一,是语文课程的基本特点。”作为语文课程的重要组成部分的写作课程,过去重在强调文学性。从新课程准可以看出现在的写作课程则强调文学性、认识性、实用性的统一。

〖关键词〗作文教学中学语文困境对策

作文教学是语文教学的重要组成部分,随着语文新课标的深入贯彻,以及中考作文比重的加大,作文教学在语文教学中的地位日显重要,但农村初中作文教学效果却极不理想,陷入了困境。作文课上,学生们愁眉不展、抓耳挠腮,其愁苦之状苦不堪言,哪里去要求高水平高质量的学生习作呢?不会写、没有内容可写、言不及义写不出心中所想等成了阻碍学生写作的主要问题。因此,改进作文教学,提高作文质量,激发学生写作兴趣,也就成了语文教学的当务之急了。

我认为当前作文教学存在以下几个问题:

(一)、作文教学存在的问题。

1、作文教学观念滞后,教学方法陈旧,模式固定。一方面,在目前的语文教科书中,作文单元训练中很少有具体的易懂的作文理论知识,几个字或几句简述,学生很难从中掌握写作知识,也无法实际运用。另一方面,语文教学在指导写作的技巧理念也过于机械,一般模式为:出题——讲授写作技巧(审题、立意、构思、选材、组材等)——学生写作——批改——评讲。由始至终是老师的一条龙服务,很少有学生的能动展现。这样,学生的思路就陷入教师设计的框框之中,产生心理依赖,抹杀自己的思路,学习独立作文能力,思维创新能力,写作信心受到压抑。

2、写作题目单一‘枯燥,压抑了学生的 写作兴趣和写作思路,教师设计的题目通常是在上课之前想出或单纯参考作文训练来命题,缺乏计划性、整体性、阶梯性,一个题目可以被初中生在三年学习中重复翻抄,写作水平的提高就成了一句空话。

3、教学评价单向化。体现在作文教学中,就是教师对学生作文评价标准和手段的不合理。语文新课程标准提出“评价的本质功能在于促进发展”,强调更要关注学生在语文活动中所表现出来的能力、情感与态度等方面的发展,帮助学生认识自我,建立信心。而我们对学生作文的评价标准很大程度只看重其文学性,只重视写作技巧。评价手段更不合理,只有教师单向打分,以教师的评价标准为唯一标准,学生自始至终没有参与评价

(二)、学生写作训练上存在的问题。

首先是学生对写作兴趣不大。前不久我对我们学校七年级四个班的学生进行抽样调查,只有22.65%的学生对写作感兴趣;50%左右的学生是惧怕写作。如何将学生从写作的惧怕心理中解放出来是所有语文教师迫在眉睫的事。

其次学生作文“共性”多而“个性”少。表现在很多同学的作文,写作材料司空见惯、千人一面;构思墨守成规、平庸无奇;立意苍白乏力、肤浅无神;行文更是如潭死水、呆板无趣„„前次我校七年级月考,出了个话题作文“感动”,近三成的同学写自己感冒,爸妈送其上医院。而在送往医院这一事件上又有近五成的同学写那天刚好下雨,爸妈为了儿女把自己淋湿。

再次学生评改作文能力有待提高。长期以来,我们的作文教学进行得很艰辛,因为其收效甚微,不能快速的转化为“反映老师教学水平的学生的分数”而往往被老师所忽视。作文教学是语文教学的半边天也只是停留在口头上。我们的作文教学出路在哪儿?下面我就如何做好初中教学谈几点粗浅的认识。

一、激发学生作文兴趣,让学生乐写作文

1、培养写作兴趣,激发写作动机。教师应从学习、生活上关爱、激励、启发学生,时时感动学生,滋润学生的心灵,让学生拥有写作的欲望。

2、降低写作要求,分解写作难度。作文教学中根据学生的实际写作能力和水平,确立作文教学目标,从学生身边和与他们生活密切相关的事情写起,进行作文训练,可以适当进行仿写、片段训练,逐步提高写作要求,给学生适应的空间。

3、指导观察生活,感受体悟生活。新课标明确提出:多角度地观察生活,发现生活的丰富多彩,捕捉事物的特征,力求有创意地表达。因此,作文教学光从文本上指导学生是不够的,更重要是引领学生深入生活,观察生活,并在生活中学会思考。作文的素材来源于生活,来源于对生活的观察、思考。教给学生观察的方法,指导学生观察自然和社会生活,感受人生的美好,产生美好的情愫,产生自己的见解,培育学生作文的本与源。

4、运用成就激励,促进长足发展。作文教学中要善于把握时机,对学生写作上的点滴进步都要予以表扬,对有畏难情绪的学生更要及时鼓励。帮助学生在报刊或网络上发表作品,鼓励他们积极参加作文竞赛,让他们感受成功的喜悦,树立写作的信心。

二、教给写作方法,让学生会写作。对初中学生来说,特别是农村初中学生,并没有掌握多少写作方法,要为他们的长远发展考虑,教给他们布局谋篇等基本的写作方法是很有必要的。掌握了基本的写作规范才能在不断地写作实践中创新和提高。

三、拓展丰富积累,让学生能写作文。

1、提倡积累素材,让作文血肉丰满。写作需要厚积薄发,积累一定量的写作素材是必

须的。要想让初中学生在写作中避免生搬硬造,要让他们写出有血有肉鲜活充实的作文来,就必须教给学生积累素材的方法,帮助他们积累一定的写作素材。农村初中学生经济条件有限,手头资料少,网络资源受限,教师要发挥主观能动性,想方设法充实学生的素材库。

2、拓展课外阅读,储蓄源头活水。农村初中学生的学习、生活空间毕竟是狭小的,我们还要积极向课外拓展,丰富学生生活。读书破万卷,下笔如有神。阅读不仅可以为学生提供写作素材与写作方法,还可以丰富滋养学生的心灵,提高学生的语文素养,为学生的作文插上腾飞的翅膀。进行课外阅读需记住一条:不动笔墨不读书。阅读的同时要做好读书笔记,并对感触深刻的文章写好读后感。

四、做到当堂评展,让学生会改作文。我们常说,好作文是改出来的。既然如此,那么我们首先应该让学生知道自己的作文有哪些问题和不足,然后再教会学生怎样改作文。要实现这一点,就要力求做到当堂评展学生的作文。农村初中作文教学中严重背离了这一点:学生习作完成后,教师最少用一周的时间批改作文,作文发到学生手中时,自己的写作过程和构思都忘干净了,教师的一两句评语能起到什么作用呢?教师在写作前可以从几个方面予以简单的规定,写作过程中教师巡回了解写作情况并予以指导,及时批阅最先完成的部分文章,全体同学完成后,同学们可分组按照事先规定互批作文,批完后对优秀习作进行泛读展评,教师和参与批阅作文的同学谈习作中的优缺点,如果时间充裕,可以当堂就某几篇问题习作进行修改或请优秀习作者谈创作体会。在这样的课堂上才会让学生重视作文、对作文感兴趣,才能真正提升学生的作文水平。

五、制定初中三年一贯制作文训练目标,逐步提高学生写作能力和作文水平。农村初中的语文教师应静下心来认真研读语文课程标准,最起码一所初中的语文教师要能够坐到一起探讨研究制定整个初中学段的作文训练计划,该计划要在分析研究初一新生的实际写作水平的基础上并结合中考要求达到的写作水平来制定,本着阶梯上升、逐步提高的原则,为学生写作能力的稳步发展铺好道路。初中各年级的作文教学都以本计划为纲,纠正随意性与盲目性,避免重复,提高效率。

六、不拘一格强化作文训练,重视作文运用,体现其实用价值,让写作成为学生的生活需要,逐步变“要我写”为“我要写”。

我们知道,作文教学应该是一个长期的系统工程,不可能凭借每学期6-8篇课堂作文就能一蹴而就完成达标任务并提升了学生的写作水平。课堂提供给作文教学的时间极其有限,但我们可以积极向课外拓展:课堂教给方法,课外紧锣密鼓的进行写作实践。写日记、周记不失为作文训练的好方法,既能够积累素材,加深学生对生活的观察和感悟,又能锻炼学生的写作水平。

文章源于生活,是社会生活的另一种形式反映,是生活触动作者的心灵时的感悟和倾吐。生活时时处处都有文章,作文教学应还原其本来面目,让写作成为学生生活的需要。学校日常活动中,可以鼓励学生作活动计划书和写倡议书、通知、意见书、表扬信、时评等小文章;举行国旗下的讲话、演讲等活动时,鼓励学生写演讲稿、发言稿等文稿;家长会之前,鼓励学生每人给家长写一封信,感恩父母、汇报学习情况。长此以往,就会培养起学生自觉写作的习惯。

七、发挥农村初中的优势,让学生走近自然,接受熏陶,写出灵性;感受农村生活,体悟乡民的淳朴自然,写出本真。灵性和本真是大自然馈赠给农村孩子最美好的礼物。农村初中的语文教师应引领学生崇尚自然、师法自然,书写人生的瑰丽文章。

八、对于农村初中语文教师方面的问题思考。

1、随着国家的富强、经济文化的发展,农村师资教育状况很快就会有所改观。随着城市反哺农村时代的到来,有志青年也会拥抱农村这片热土,农村语文教师队伍也会不断更换新鲜血液。我们更要呼吁国人认识语文这一基础学科的作用,认识作文教学的重要性,引起相关教育部门的重视。

2、我们广大农村初中语文教师也不能停止探索的脚步,走出去、请进来,积极丰富自己,对学生负责,跟上时代的步伐,创造性地进行作文教学,别让农村孩子输在人生的起跑线上。

总之,作文是一种综合性,创造性很强的语言活动。这种活动必将长期贯穿于整个作文教学实践中,教师应转变教学理念,创设平等、互动、民主、和谐的学习气氛,坚持赏识教育和成功教育。让学生开放心态,张扬个性,放飞心灵,自由写作,他们就会笔下生风,写出富有创意的文章来。

参考文献

1、中华人民共和国教育部制订:全日制义务教育《语文课程标准》,北京师范在学出版社,2001年7月第1版。

2、中华人民共和国教育部制订:九年义务教育全日制初级中学《语文教学大纲》,人民教育出版社出版,2000年3月第3版

3、全国中学语文教学研究会主编:《叶圣陶、吕叔湘、张志公语文教育论文选》,开明出版社,1996年版。

4、陈玉秋主编:《语文课程与教学论》,桂林,广西师范大学出版社,2004年5月第1版。

5、韦志成:《作文教学论》,广西民族出版社,1998年11月第1版。

6、李顺昌:《中考作文素质练习》,广西民族出版社,1999年9月第1版。

7、作文导报首都师范大学

8、语文教学与研究2010.01.04

第二篇:农村初中作文教学现状思考及对策

成功作文

——农村初中作文教学现状思考及对策

贵州习水三岔河中学 母建林

内容摘要:农村初中作文教学普遍存在重视不够,方法陈旧,故而学生头疼,教者堪忧,效果欠佳;认真反思,不难发现我们现实作文教学中存在的种种弊端;众多教师也在潜心思索、苦苦找寻提高作文教学效果的灵丹妙药。只要教者安排有序,指导有方,训练有术,学生勇于作文,乐于作文,善于作文,相信师生会走进作文教学的阳关大道。关键词:农村初中作文教学现状改进措施

时下农村初中学生中,颇为流行这样一句顺口溜:“学生有三怕,即一怕文言文,二怕周树人,三怕写作文。”这虽然是一句戏谑之言,但一定程度上却反映出中学生对作文的烦厌心理。因为怕写作文,所以初中学生大多对作文深感头痛;因为教师指导无序,所以中学生的作文水平难有长足进步。

一、写作现状与分析

初中作文教学效果不佳,令人堪忧,其中重要归因在学生。学生写作究竟存在着什么问题,其原因又何在呢?

1、书写不“规范”,文面“惨不忍睹”

文面,就是文章的“面貌”,它涉及到方方面面,如行款格式,标点停顿,文字书写以及行文中某些“习惯用法”,直接影响着文章表情达意。学生作文中,字迹潦草难以阅读,不讲究行款格式,随心所欲使用和书写标点,乱写错别字的现象普遍存在。此类现象既说明学生缺乏基本写作常识,更反映出学生尚未形成良好的写作习惯。俄国教育家乌申斯基说:良好的习惯乃是人在其神经系统中存放的资本,这个资本在不断地增值,而人在其一生中就享受着它的利息。遗憾的是,我们的老师、同学对这些基本常识、写作习惯重视不够。

2、兴趣不浓厚,作文“敷衍应付”

“作文作文,一提头疼”。这一口头禅形象说明了学生对写作“一怕二厌三应付”的态度。每当教师布置作文,较多学生唉声叹气,愁容满面。苏霍姆林斯基说:所有智力方面的工作都要依赖于兴趣。只有学生的兴趣调动起来了,才能激发起作文的灵感,学生才会产生强烈的“我想写”的动机,其对写作的满腔热情才能触发文思泉涌,逐渐造就坚韧的写作意志和顽强的写作毅力,满怀信心地去克服重重困难,走向作文成功之路。

“兴趣是最好的教师”,这个道理大家都懂。可在实际教学中,许多老师并未在激发学生写作兴趣上花功夫,他们只顾一味布置作文,收取作文。很多学生写出来的作文平淡无奇,甚至味同嚼蜡,难有成功的体验,写作兴趣一点点被磨灭。久而久之,学生自然头疼、逃避作文。

3、语言运用能力偏低,不能准确表情达意

“语文就应该姓‘语’,语文课一定要重视语言文字的教学与训练。”福楼拜曾经对莫泊桑说:一定要仔细观察从你眼前走过的每一个人,然后分别用最恰当的词语去描述他们。“最恰当的词语”即是要尽可能准确精练表达自己的意思。而实际呢,一方面因为学生词汇积累不足,另一方面教师又缺乏对学生遣词造句系统的训练,学生语感自然不强,语言运用能力自然偏低,作文不仅文采欠缺,而且作文中滥用误用词语、前言不达后语、表达欠严密等毛病比比皆是。学生作文时常出现“心会而口难传,意有而笔不 1

达”的尴尬处境。

4、教学“重文轻语”,“文”妙而“语”拙

叶圣陶先生在解释“语文”概念时说:“‘语’就是口头语言,‘文’就是书面语言,将口头语言和书面语言连在一起就是‘语文’。”在现实生活中,由于“应试”的需要,学生的写作存在着“重文轻语”的现象,一些学生的书面作文写得不错,但其口头作文

却让人不敢恭维。目前中学生口头作文基本是一种静态的言语活动,学生从教师的命题

出发,力争用清晰的语言、准确的字眼、流畅的语调“说”一篇东西出来,但却不考虑

对谁说,为什么说,怎么说,因而总是采用固定模式“说”文,这种“口头作文”拿到

社会实际生活中去,其交际功能无疑要大打折扣。

5、作文“闭门造车”,文品与人品反差强烈

叶圣陶先生说:“生活就如泉源,文章犹如溪水,泉源丰盈而不枯竭,溪水自然活

泼泼地流个不歇。”农村初中学生,生活圈子有限,交际范围狭窄,“泉源枯竭”,又怎

能“溪水流个不歇”呢?

“质胜于辞,情胜于文。”刘勰也说“情者文之经”。如果学生不关心社会,不到生

活中实践,心中烈火般的激情就得不到激发,他们对生活必漠然置之;如反映在习作里,试想,这种离开社会实情、脱离生活实际的孤陋寡情之作能感动人吗?

对生活缺乏了解,缺乏体验,也造成了当今许多中学生作文虚构的现象。虚构,本

是一种想象能力的表现。但我们的一些学生却在感情上违心虚构,产生了许多矫情枉作。

如果我们的教师视若罔闻,无视于学生这种感情上的虚构,担忧学生将来走上社会,与

人真诚相处、团结协作就成问题。

二、教学现状与分析

教育的关键在教师。教师的水平决定着学生的水平。泰兴市洋思中学有句名言:只

有教不好的老师,没有教不好的学生。学生作文中的毛病归因还得在教师身上。教师的教学存在着什么问题呢?

1、教学随意性强,缺乏系统安排

写作能力是一种综合能力,它的形成和发展有一个循序渐进的过程。因此,作文教

学必须立足实际,制订方案,以便分阶段分步骤实施。这个计划不仅应包括整个中学阶

段作文教学的全程训练目标,而且更要落实到每学期的阶段目标以及每堂课的训练重点

和要求。很多老师在开学初制订教学计划时,只是笼统地订一个语文教学计划,作文教

学只是“蜻蜓点水”,有的甚至完全不提,更不必说制订整个初中的作文训练方案。在具体的操作过程中,作文教学的随意性也很大。一学期有只做一、二篇作文的,有做足

数作文但只批二、三篇的,有临时有事,便到班上随便布置一下作文题目的,还有平时

不做作文,等到学校或上级来人检查时突击布置作文的„„如此等等,都说明了目前许

多老师作文教学上的无序性,这种无规律的“蜻蜓点水”、“突击备战”式作文教学根本

违背了学生的认知规律,学生自然而然地就会产生惰性或应付心态。

2、命题脱离实际,缺乏真情实感

作文教学计划的盲目无序,必然导致命题的盲目随意。有临时出题目的,有照本宣

科出题的,有拨高性出题的,出的题目不符合学生的生活实际,没有与学生的心理发展

同步,没有与学生生活实际接轨,也没有体现由低而高整体训练的作文教学规律,命题

缺乏科学性、实用性、艺术性。这种命题所要求的生活经历与学生的实际生活相去甚远,学生没有亲切感,也找不出动情点。这样的结果,必然是应付式的交差或虚构一番,这

是与“说真话、抒真情”相悖的。如果我们老师深思熟虑,掌握学生身心的发展变化,把握其心态,适时从其喜怒哀乐中捕捉兴奋处、动情点,设计命题,就能为学生创设积

极作文的氛围,学生也能自觉地投入命题规定的范围,最终完成作文。

3、批改欠科学,高耗而低效

“一百个读者就有一百个哈姆雷特”。有多少个教师,就有多少个批改标准。一些

教师在批改作文时,常常忘记自己面对的是一群十几岁的初中学生,往往要求过高,无

视学生认知能力、思维能力、审美能力的实际。有经验的老师则完全会根据学生的实际

情况确定自己的批改标准。钱梦龙先生在接手一个“双差班”后布置的第一篇作文是《我的家》。其要求就两项:(1)、标题必须写在第一行的正中;(2)、文章要分段,家里有

几个人就分几段,每段起始必须空两格。结果,这些平常吃惯了30分、40分的学生,一下子得到了“优秀成绩”,少则80分,多则90多分,学生一下子就有了强烈的成就

感。这种低起点的批改标准无疑值得我们借鉴。

作文批改周期长,也是当前作文教学中一个突出的问题。这主要有老师精批细改的缘故。叶圣陶先生向来不主张由教师对学生的作文进行精批细改,他说:“学生不明白

为什么改,你改了也没有用,有的根本不认真看,真叫做劳而无功,至少是劳而不得。”

杨初春老师的“快速作文法”提倡“评阅浏览自改法”,学生在短时间完成后,老师立

即抓紧时间把全班作文浏览一下,发现普遍性和倾向性的问题,及时在全班讲评和进行

个别指导,然后让学生互相修改或自改。这样,不但能把老师从繁琐的作文批改中解放

出来,而且能有效地加大作文的训练量,提高学生的写作水平和鉴赏能力。

4、缺“成功教育”,伤学生自信

苏霍姆林斯基说:“成功的快乐是一种巨大的情绪力量,它可以促进学生学习。”学

生作文不可能十全十美,也不可能一无是处。对好作文,尚可“鸡蛋里挑骨头”;对较

差的作文,则应力求找出其“闪光点”,哪怕就一丁点的进步,都应毫不吝啬地加以肯

定。“数子十过,不如奖子一长。”这样容易增强学生写好作文的信心。轻易在作文本

上写上“一塌糊涂”“一窍不通”等,无疑是一盆盆泼向学生的凉水,浇灭着学生作文的希望之花。

作文评讲,很多老师只读评优秀之作,而忽视了大部分学生的微小“闪光点”。如

果老师讲评时注意对“差生”倾斜,褒扬他们作文中的小小优点,这样那些原来作文成绩不理想的学生,在受到成功激励后,内心的喜悦难以言喻,作文积极性就会倍增,作

文训练形成良性循环,作文水平自会得到提高。

5、脱离生活,闭门造车

语文学习的外延和生活的外延相等。刘国正先生说:“语文天然是与生活联系在一

起的„„语文一旦与生活联系,马上就生动活泼起来。”学生只有投身于生活,在生活

中学习语文,运用语文,写作积累过程中时刻注入社会生活的活水,作文教学这棵树才

会枝繁叶茂,结出丰硕的果实。一些老师脱离生活的纯技巧作文指导,实在是事倍功半。

因为即使有再绝妙的技巧而没有丰富的生活积累,也是不可能激起写作的冲动,产生写

作灵感的。

“写作的根源在于自身的生活,脱离生活,写就无从说起。”叶圣陶先生的这句话

我们应该谨记。

6、重文轻道,跛足而行

语文教育自古以来就很重视“文道”结合。只可惜为了应试,一些老师只注重培养

学生的写作技能,认为技能提高了内容是可以随意填塞的。于是,对学生作文中出现的一些不健康思想也不进行疏导教育,忘记了自己作为教师“教书育人”的职责。

7、重教轻写,纸上谈兵

叶圣陶先生说:“教师善读善写,深知甘苦,左右逢源,则为学生引路,可以事半

功倍。”可见,教师经常“下水”可以有效地指导学生的写作。但现实却不容乐观。语

文教师虽具备一定的写作技能,但写作作为一种技能,必须在反复实践中才能形成,才

能提高。不大动笔的教师和经常“下水”的教师在指导写作时,取向和心态有很大差异。前者由于缺乏对写作心理的深刻体验和把握,往往更多的是居高临下的理论知识的灌输,更多的是对技法的迷信,更多的是束缚灵性和创造的教条,写作显得生涩、神秘,让学生望而生畏。后者把自己写作的体验推及到学生身上,往往更能把握住写作的关键,将写作化难为易,化苦为乐。

三、改进现状 提高效率

现实的作文教学中确实存在诸多不足,我们应敢于面对,立足农村实际,积极寻找对策,致力于作文教学研究,投身于作文教学改革,极力扭转作文教学中“高耗低效”之弊端。

1、引领学生走进生活,不断积累丰富素材

没有丰富的生活,哪有精彩的作文?语文的外延就是生活。语文老师应积极引导学生热爱生活,全面体验生活,感受生活的点点滴滴。引导学生热爱大自然,用心感受大自然;启迪学生留心学校、家庭、社会人与事;指导多观察,多思考,多记载,并及时建立“生活素材库”,以备作文时搜寻提取甚至信手拈来。

2、加强学生练笔训练,有序提高写作水平

语文课程标准要求:初中学生每学年作文一般不少于14万字,其他练笔不少于1万字。学生练笔包括读书笔记、美文摘抄、日记周记等多种形式。教师应指导学生大量阅读美文,既培养学生审美能力,更能让学生学习优美词句,逐渐丰富自己的文采。新教材每篇课文后都有“读一读,写一写”,教师可以利用这一内容大做文章。那些需要掌握的词语不仅要求学生正确朗读,正确书写,更重要就是要灵活运用。怎样运用?最好的办法就是连词成句,连句成段,连段成篇。这样可谓一举多得。

3、作文命题,力求灵活宽泛,促进有“话”可说

言之无物是学生作文的一大弊病。为何如此?大多因为作文题目学生生疏,没有亲切感,学生没有写作激情,未能触动创作灵感,自然不可能“文思泉涌”。如果拟题灵活宽泛些,学生有了更大的选择空间,就可以选择熟悉的可感的题目作文。学生有话可说,内容自然充实有力。

4、作文指导,变教师说教为学生各抒己见

半个多世纪来的作文指导,都是一读范文,二给命题(材料),三作讲解(从审题立意到选材安排),四提要求。这四步曲,唱腻了,师生双方都没有兴趣。如此指导,学生写出的作文从立意到构思,甚至遣词造句,都大同小异,千篇一律。如果改为学生各抒己见,情况大不一样。所谓各抒己见,就是教师少指导,学生先思考,然后各自谈谈自己的见解,这样一个学生的见解可以启发其他同学的思维,同时不同的思维相互交流、碰撞,就会产生智慧的火花,不同学生就会写出不同的作文,甚至有见地的作文。

5、作文批改,变孤笔批阅为群笔修改

作文批改,是语文教师的一大沉重负担,白天改不完晚上改,在校改不完回家改。教师花的精力和时间很多,学生所得却很少。如果变老师一支孤笔批阅为学生几十支笔修改,立即会出现崭新局面,立即会产生教学“共振”的最佳效果。语文课程标准明确指出:“要有计划地培养学生自己修改作文的能力和习惯,可指导他们自己修改,或组织他们互相批改。”变孤笔为群笔的具体做法是:小组内互改→小组间互改→分小组面批→二次创作→小组内互改→小组间互改→分小组面批→成功作文与佳作积累。

6、作文评讲,变一人点评为师生共赏

传统作文评讲是唱独脚戏,一人点评众人听:朗读优秀作文、剖析典型病例、指导修改等。这实际上是“满堂灌”、“填鸭式”在作文教学中的反映。结果,自然滋生厌恶情绪。为了充分调动学生的积极参与意识,无论是优秀习作,还是典型病例,都可以变

教师一个人评说为师生各抒己见,共同评析。

师生共赏评析是学生“显山露水”的好机会,也是品评和接受品评的好方法。人人动脑筋,个人显其能,大家有长进,鉴别能力、欣赏能力和表达能力就能普遍获得提高。

四、主打话题作文,进行系统训练。

参照“话题作文100题演练”,从第五周起,力争每周训练一个话题,指导学生写成功作文,走阶段性“一劳永逸”,三年后“以不变应万变”的作文成功之路。

实践表明,只要教师安排有序,指导有方,训练有术,学生勇于作文,乐于作文,善于作文,我们的作文教学自然事半功倍,低耗而高效。

(作者:联系电话*** 邮编564601)

第三篇:农村初中英语听力教学现状分析

CONTENT

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………..i 摘 要…………………………………………………………………………………………….ii 1.Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………1 2.Current situation of English listening teaching in rural areas………………………………… 2 3.Listening problem of junior middle school students in rural areas…………………………….2 3.1 The pronunciation problem....................................................................................2 3.2 Vocabulary problem...............................................................................................4 3.3 The lack of grammar knowledge.............................................................................4 3.4.Inadequate background knowledge.........................................................................4 3.5 Psychological problem...........................................................................................5 3.6 Inappropriate listening habits..................................................................................6 4.Strategies for helping students solve listening problem 6 4.1 To explore efficient method of listening teaching.......................................................6 4.1.1 Choosing the appropriate materials.................................................................7 4.1.2 Creating a harmonious atmosphere of teaching................................................7 4.1.3 Paying attention to teaching art......................................................................7 4.1.4 Making a variety of classroom activities.........................................................8 4.1.5 Organizing extra-curricular activities..............................................................8 4.1.6 Setting the scene..........................................................................................8 4.2 To strengthen students‟phonology...........................................................................8 4.3 To combine the four skills.......................................................................................9 4.3.1 Combination of intensive listening and extensive listening................................9 4.3.2 Combination of listening and speaking............................................................9 4.3.3 Combination of listening and reading.............................................................9 4.3.4 Combination of listening and writing............................................................10 4.4 To enhance cultural knowledge of English language.................................................10 4.5 To develop the independent awareness of studying about rural students......................10 4.6 To improve teaching facilities of English in rural area...............................................11 4.7 Other strategies....................................................................................................11 4.7.1 Expanding scope of reading..........................................................................11 4.7.2 Mastering skills..........................................................................................11 5.Conclusion 12 Bibliography 14

1.Introduction

The object of English teaching is to develop the ability of students‟ acquiring information and communicating with others.During the English teaching, it is true that listening, speaking, reading, and writing are four basic skills.However, listening is very important part of English teaching, and listening is basis for developing other skills and provides a basis for language learning.But it is also the most difficult of all the learning skills for learners to master.When listening, listeners follow the speaker, thinking about what the speaker is saying and what is going on in the mind of the speaker, guessing the speaker‟s opinions and attitudes and catching the true meaning of the speaker‟s words.Listening itself accounts for almost half of the commutative activities in one‟s daily life.In addition, learners should have the knowledge of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar.According to the status quo, on the other hand, the level of listening teaching is decreasing in the countryside.Many learners are afraid of listening, looking on it as more difficult than any other skills and pay much attention to training their ability to speak, read and write.The Result if this causing directly affects the activeness of students who study English listening after, and increase the difficulties of learning to listen.With the deepening if reform and open-up in our country, the distance between the poor and the rich is becoming more and more bigger.At the mostly rural countries, English listening class start with the junior middle school.It is believed that this is a key point that students are encouraged to exercise their ability to listen from this time.From now on, students must accumulate basic knowledge in case they cannot catch up with others after learning roads, for instance, in college.In view of this situation, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of English listening in rural country.In this article, we start with conditions of the middle school listening teaching, point out some problems and design some activities in the beginning of the class.Then we focus on some activities of teaching English listening and insist that the activities should be emphasized on the process of listening, rather than the result of listening.What‟s more, students should attach more great importance to the elementary knowledge, such as phonetics,assimilation, enough vocabulary, etc.In this paper, listening problem and strategies of junior middle school in rural area.We will discuss them in details in the follow parts: 2.Current situation of English listening teaching in rural areas China is a developing country.Its economic development is not balanced and production and living standard of rural are very low.Especially in rural country, lack of modern teaching facilities and making structure of teacher-resource unreasonable which affect directly or indirectly students‟ listening.And the pursuit of short-term examinations also influences English listening.Even most excellent teachers go to developed regions rather than staying at work in the countryside.3.Listening problem of junior middle school students in rural areas Listening is an important mean of language learning.It is one of the significant ways in English language communication.However,(RenXiaoping,2001:1-2)puts forward some statistics show that nearly fifty percent students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations.in the following parts ,listening problem of junior middle school students in rural areas will be explored.3.1 The pronunciation problem It is clear that “ Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonetic medium of language”, Dai Weidong proposed.(WangQiang,2002:35).If students want to listen and understand the general language materials, they must make every effort to listen and understand each word, which is very important.English, as a new language for Chinese students, usually appears some problems exactly on phonetics, such as the mistakes on pronunciation, intonation, and all kinds of skill like word stress, assimilation, etc.For instance, the phrase “tinned meat”, in the informal occasion, its pronunciation is described as /tin`mi: t/.-Ed among tinned is omitted.The pronunciation of n assimilates /m/ just as following examples: That boy—thap boy

Ten people—tem people In English, Many short words have two or more than kinds of pronunciation: accented mode and one or more than one weak stress.The word in non-stress position of sentence usually appears with mode of weak stress.However, the word in stress position mainly appears with stress mode.But there are many exceptions, sometimes stress appears in position on non-stress Such as the following dialogue: A: You had better give him the key.B: I am going to do it.These two sentences in the pronunciation as follows: “Him” appears with weak stress.On the other hand, it is assimilated by give so that the pronunciation of these two words changes.But in the second sentence, “going to ”and “do” also appear with the form of weak stress.These changes of pronunciation caused the difficulties for the listener.Sentence stress is the relative strength or key point of words on pronouncing among sentence.When people speak, not every word is stressed.All in all, notional words are stressed, but functional words appear with weak stress unless the speaker intended for being emphasized.Good understanding function of sentences can help learners understand implied meaning of sentences in the process of listening comprehension.The following dialogue will serve to illustrate the point:(Man)Is anyone coming to class today?(woman)Relax.It is „barely „two.Question: What does the woman mean?

a.Only two people came to class so far.b.The man should take a nap.c.It is not very late.d.The teacher is too strict.The correct answer is c.The lady emphasizes “barely” and “two” in the dialogue.But some students think that he emphasize the reached number.In fact, the woman wants to express this meaning that it is too early to worry about the students‟ present situation.3.2 Vocabulary problem English has a wide vocabulary and it is a very flexible language.Size of English vocabulary, the proficiency of grasping and phenomenon of polysemy and homonym bring about a certain difficulties for students' listening comprehension.During the process of listening comprehension, listener should not only do the exercises of sound recognition, but also learn more vocabularies.As(Li Guanyi,2008:2-3)put forward that “Some English words have a common root but are used in very different senses.Consider human and humane, for example.Their origin is the same and their meanings are related, but their usage is distinct.A human action is not the same thing as a humane action.We cannot speak of a Declaration of Humane Rights —There is a weapon called a humane killer, but it is not a human killer.” For example, the following two sentences: a:She was fast asleep.b: She ran fast.“Fast” has different meanings in the different contexts.However, students usually make a wrong conclusion according to familiar words which they master.Sometimes using different words can express the different meaning.For example, “Dianti”, British use “lift”, but American use “elevator”;“Ren Xingdao”, British use “pavement”, But American use “sidewalk”.Besides, for instance, first floor, it represents the second floor in Britain, but in American it represents the first floor.3.3 The lack of grammar knowledge Some students have not solid grammar skills and idioms in listening so that they misunderstand the original meaning of sentence with fuzzy concept or misunderstanding grammatical structure of sentences.As the following examples: “It is unnecessary for you to go there.” In this sentence, if students do not know that unnecessary is antonyms of necessary, they will misunderstand this sentence, even the opposition to the meaning.So grammar can help students catch the implication of the vocal sounds, and understand them well, and it is also the essential condition of a whole passage comprehension.3.4.Inadequate background knowledge

Language is the medium of culture, and special culture produces different characteristics of the language background.In China, English is a foreign language(EFL), not a second language(ESL).Both students and teachers are doing their jobs under their condition which quit different from that such as in the US.Even most of articles on English listening textbooks were written by European or American.If students do know the social system, customs, way of thinking and values and so on about western countries, they will be difficult to understand the materials while listening.Consider an ignorant of foreigners for Chinese culture at all, for example.When he or she hears of moon cakes, dumplings, and couplets among Chinese traditional culture, we can hardly ask him or her to have a correct understanding for these.For example, the implication of Chunjie and Dizhu cannot be represented by the Spring Festival Landlord completely.Plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum is to Chinese what cowboy is to American.The core of culture is the spirit, including social system, customs, way of thinking and values and so on.China and the western countries including Britain and America, due to the difference of the geographical location, the existing social system, cultural formation and developing process, there are fundamental differences in this aspect.The different values construct different styles of communication and language behavior patterns between the East and West.3.5 Psychological problem

The process of listening comprehension is a very complicated psychological one.So it is very important of students to have a good state while listening.But linguists tell us that it is easy for one to produce frightens when he is at his nervousness.If students meet some words or sentences they do not understand by chance, they will have the fidgets, even some students are afraid of listening at the very beginning.It has designed a variety of obstacles about the important information, and lowered the degree of listening comprehension.On the other hand, the loudness and the articulating of the sounds, the noise made by inside or outside factors, etc, 6

may become barriers affecting the students‟ listening well.(ZhangQi,1996.10:1)put forward that “Psychological linguistics regards listening is involved with the perception of a language: Perception is to turn the voice into meanings, and it is an analysis of the language signal perception.The process of the language perception is an activity of the short-time memorization.”

How do the students overcome psychological factors? Firstly, teachers should attempt to organize their classes in English, what‟s the most important point, students can concentrate on their attention while listening.Secondly, using the first five minutes efficiently before the class, or the revision time, ask students to listen to the radios in English.Never be afraid of it.Psychological quality is quite important to do everything, so does listening comprehension.3.6 Inappropriate listening habits The main purpose of listening is to understand the general idea of the material.During the listening process, students should try their best to catch the main contents which the key point.For instance, some students cannot directly understand materials in English, but with the help Chinese, experienced the process of a heart translation.Besides, students usually do their utmost to get the meaning of each word, each sentences.Once they meet a new word or a difficult sentence, they will stop to think so that they cannot catch up with the speed any more.In fact, it is unnecessary to understand every word, every sentence, only should catch the main idea, that‟ enough.Therefore, it is necessary for teacher to point out the bad habits and then help the student from good habits.4.Strategies for helping students solve listening problem 4.1 To explore efficient method of listening teaching Teaching methods are an important part of improving the level of students‟ English listening.Students need to be instructed by teachers in the class.Then teachers should motivate students‟ activeness and stimulate students‟ enthusiasm for listening English.Meantime students should study pronouncing rules, listening skills and background of relative culture, etc.There are five ways in listening activities for teachers: choosing the appropriate materials, creating a harmonious atmosphere of teaching, paying attention to teaching art, variety of classroom activities, organizing extra-curricular activities, which will discuss in detail as follow: 4.1.1 Choosing the appropriate materials Before having the class, teachers must choose and analysis the materials.(Jeremy Harmer,2000:100)put forward that “Teachers need to listen the tape all the way through.That way, they will be prepared for any problems, noises, accents etc.That way they can judge whether students will be able to cope with the tape and the tasks that go with it.” By doing so, the teacher will know the length of the materials, the difficult points and the focus of the materials, so the teacher can decide in advance how to go with the teaching in class.4.1.2 Creating a harmonious atmosphere of teaching One kind of democratic, harmonious, loose classroom atmosphere let the students be at one kind of best study state.In the classroom a teacher's look or smile can bring certain influence to the student.Teacher is teaching with English.The teacher must use some body language according to the text content for letting students understand.Teachers should let students Participate in actively and initiatively to build up confidence.4.1.3 Paying attention to teaching art Another way is that the teacher can use some simple tools to stimulate students‟ interest for listening.First of all, it is crucial point that students‟ need must be met many tools which teachers use, including colored chalks on the blackboard, multimedia classroom and so on.These tools can create a vivid situation of English learning, and Stimulate and the cultivate students' interest for English learning.Taking advantage of multimedia technologies can make remote and strange environment convert colorful teaching situation so that students can get better comprehending and make students do their best to avoid the disturbances of mother tongue.Then the teacher should let the students speak English with beautiful pictures and melodious music.In a word, letting the student learn English in a state of happy is very

important.4.1.4 Making a variety of classroom activities Teenagers‟ hyperactivity and naughty is a normal psychological phenomenon.In English class, the teacher should grab the students‟ individuality to urge them to learn.In particular, it is very

important that the teacher organize class activities.(Wangqiang,2002:90)put forward that “This type of activity works very well as an information gap activity between pairs of students.” For example, one student draws a simple picture and then tells his or her partner how to draw it in English.Neither partner can look at each other‟s drawing during the task.After they have completed the task, they can compare their pictures to see how similar they are.4.1.5 Organizing extra-curricular activities Listening is not only trained in the class.The teacher should let students get out of classroom to contact outside environment instead of staying inside.So the extra-curricular activities are important mean of teaching, and it is good for increasing knowledge and opening horizons.Extracurricular activities organized purposeful can make students learn lively independently, and can also stimulate students‟ enthusiasm for learning.4.1.6 Setting the scene Another type of activity is to set the scene for the students.For example: picture, video, TV etc.Listening to passages in the classroom can be more difficult than listening in real life due to the lack of context.So the teacher can help provide the background information to activate learners‟ schema or illustrate the picture to help students to understand the main idea, so they will be better prepared to understand what they hear.4.2 To strengthen students’ phonology Teachers should strengthen students‟ basic training of phonology.On the other hand, students should study to distinguish vowels and consonants within words, to identify stress, weak stress and tone.And teachers should let students more contact with listening exercises of phonology and tone to eliminate the obstacles for phonology.All Ears made by Zhejiang Education Press is valuable training material

for listening.4.3 To combine the four skills 4.3.1 Combination of intensive listening and extensive listening Intensive listening and extensive listening are indispensible in the listening training.Intensive listening is to let students listen some materials again and again until students understand completely.For instance, the student takes measures to listen each sentence among the college entrance examination English listening in these years.Then they check and correct errors.Or the student can repeat material contents after listening, and answer relative questions in order to let teachers know the students‟ degree of mastering for materials.The purpose of extensive listening is to catch main idea, to listen different tones, to develop good sensitivity and clear and fluent speed of language and to enlarge knowledge.The teacher must cope with their relation between these.To sum up, extensive listening is the basis of intensive listening, and intensive listening is the deepening of extensive listening.What's more, using extensive listening drives intensive listening.4.3.2 Combination of listening and speaking.Listening and speaking are indispensible.The student must listen to understand in order to say.Only do students understand, they can say after that.Therefore, The teacher should organize actively students to use every chance to say English, and to use English to show themselves.However, the student should make full use of English Corner to exercise their oral English.Different tones in oral English can express different emotion, attitudes and meanings.Only do students more exercise, they can grasp that different tones show different feelings in the context.Furthermore, more exercises on oral English can make students better distinguish different tones which express different meanings.To conclude, speaking can improve listening, and listening can drive speaking.4.3.3 Combination of listening and reading Reading can develop the language sensitivity and the flow of speech while listening.The combination of listening and reading can make tong, structure and meaning get together, and reduce errors of judging.For teachers, they should let

student develop good habits of reading half hour each day while listening.All in all, whatever the materials of listening and reading are texts or passages, the student start with recording with words, then they can read with recording without words.At last, the student can be read synchronously with sensitivity and reading.4.3.4 Combination of listening and writing.The exercises of listening and writing are very important for improving the level of listening.Listening and writing are the process of brain labor that need needs the high attention of concentration with limited time and stimulates actively students‟ whole language knowledge.In the process of listening and writing, the student only understand directly and memorize, which can make the whole contents write down completely while listening.When a student can better take down contents which he or she listen, he or she will understand the content, hat‟s not a question.4.4 To enhance cultural knowledge of English language In communicative habits, a nation's cultural characteristics in language reflects mainly sentences with words and tone of Voice, therefore, must be considered the cultural factors in the language.Due to students' growth in rural area, so their knowledge of English culture is relatively scarce with information block.In view of this, the teacher must instruct consciously students know politics, geography, history, social system and so on.4.5 To develop the independent awareness of studying about rural students.The success of English teaching in college relies on students‟ independent awareness of studying.And the differences of student's individuality also require students to promote corresponding training in listening, speaking, reading, writing according to their specific conditions.Therefore, the independent training can help students' listening comprehension improve.Nevertheless, how should students do in junior middle school? Specifically speaking, teachers‟ duty is very important.As people, playing is children‟ nature, they are very active, especially junior middle school.They are hard to calm down if teachers do not stop them properly.So teachers should make reasonable plans in order to meet students‟ taste, and help them carry out plans.Gradually the student will form good habit after class.4.6 To improve teaching facilities of English in rural area It is true that listening teaching has taken place changes fundamentally for modern multimedia languages which make computer, VCR, recorder, projector, network and teaching software of listening, etc.put together and make images, audio, video, storage and transmission integrate.With the development of modern educational technologies, multimedia computer as the core of the foreign language teaching has become the developing direction of foreign language teaching reform.Therefore, national education sector and rural secondary school should change with the times, and attach importance to the English teaching of rural junior school.At the same time, they also increase investment in rural country, and improve teaching facilities, and recruit excellent teachers.4.7 Other strategies 4.7.1 Expanding scope of reading.Now listening is related to reading.The more students read, the higher rates of lexical reiteration become.Moreover, the student can avoid the process of a heart translation to digest directly material contents of listening.Generally speaking, if a student has few scope of reading, his or her speed of reading will be low.So their sped of listening is not fast, and their understanding is not deep.For teachers, they must make a point of reading training to improve speed of reading.Even they should guide students to avoid deliberating one by one word.It is proper that students can only catch main idea and grasp important details within limited time.The improvement of reading speed can promote acceleration of thinking tempo.In this circumstance, the student can keep up with speed of listening.4.7.2 Mastering skills Using listening exercises improves skills of listening and changeable abilities which is an effective way for English listening.At the beginning stage of listening training, the student can take notes.For instance, they should put down name, place, time, Age and so on in the materials.The objective of doing this is to regard these information gotten down as references.On the basis of this, students then use their

brain to memorize.Now students must pay attention to the training of micro-skills on listening, and catch the beginning and ending of articles to make their every effort to grasp theme and key sentence.At last, students should browse options on questions, and then predict the content and genre in the listening materials.For some implied problems, the student must make the most of their imagination and experience to understand, guess, promote, and notice the background knowledge and usage of English.If necessary, the student can use PaiChuFa to eliminate impossible answer.5.Conclusion In the final analysis, on one hand, we all know some problems which exist in the English listening are phonetics, stress , weak stress, etc.On the other hand, we also put forward some solutions to deal with these problems.Just as teachers change their practice activity they gain new insights about the learning potentials of their students.(Zhang Jianzhong,1999:290-297), “These success have encouraged teachers to preserve in their effort to design learning experiences that provide multiple entry and exit points for their students.” In fact, teachers did not teach the phonetics and phonology in the junior middle school.Main practice on listening is about the textbook which has a small part for training listening.But the listening teaching is limited, It must add some activities.In the listening activities, according to the certain purpose, it can choose different skills: scientific training on listening, harmonious atmosphere in the class, paying attention to teaching art, making a variety of classroom activities, organizing extra-curricular activities and so on.These types of activities can be designed into games, which are popular for student.Above all, we make a point of teachers‟ role.More importantly, we also cannot ignore students‟ importance.In most cases, students should even take the initiative to exercise listening.For instance, students should master skills, including cultural knowledge of English language, developing abilities of reading and writing, etc.Besides there‟s no exception that the government should make a point of education concerning rural country, for the government must provide substantial financial support and teaching equipment.In short, teachers play a important role of supervision, students play a

dominant role, and the government play a role of adjuvant in the junior middle school in the countryside for the improvement of listening level.If we excellently cope with the relationships between students‟ role, teachers‟ role and the government, we will not worry about improving the level of English listening.If they can perform their duties, the improvement of listening will not prove to be a problem in the junior middle school in the countryside.Bibliography

[1].Jeremy Harmer.How to teach English〔M〕.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.6:100 [2].Ren Xiaoping.Listening Barriers Among Chinese Students and Training Tactics〔J〕.延安教育学院学报,2001:1-2 [3].Zhang Qi.Psychological analysis in listening teaching and radio programs teaching〔J〕.云南教育学院报,1996.10:1 [4].戴炜冻 A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English〔Z〕.上海:上海外语教

[5].李观仪 新编英语教程〔Z〕.上海:上海外语教育出版社2008.8 [6].王蔷 A course in English language teaching〔Z〕上海:高等教育出版社,2002.5:90 [7].章兼中 外语教育学〔Z〕.浙江.浙江教育出版社,1999.15

第四篇:初中物理教学论文 农村初中物理实验教学如何走出困境.doc

探究性实验对于农村学生的重要性

摘要:现在中考实验试题从题型从传统的实验变成以探究实验,题型主要包括实验操作型、科学探究型、数据分析型、项目设计型、实验开放型以及实验测定型等几种。从实验能力上主要考查学生的测量和训练性实验能力、验证实验能力、探索性实验能力和设计性实验能力。对于农村学生来说,新题型的改变,学生束手无策,失分较严重.直接影响学生的中考总分成绩。

关键词: 科学探究实验

现状:在近年的中考物理试卷中,实验试题所占分值越来越大,一般都在20%~30%之间,实验试题的答题情况将直接决定中考物理的成绩档次,尤其是农村中学的学生在实验方面失分较严重。这与农村中学老师教学思想有直接的关联。农村中学老师教学一直认为实验题不是很重要背背书本实验就可以考高分,这样造成能不做的实验尽量不做,分组实验用演示实验代替,老师是实验的主体。教师的思维代替学生的思维被动的接受。学生的思维变狭窄了,遇到新颖的实验题就很难准确解答。学生只有记忆实验能力没有应变, 分析归纳能力.从而大大降低做题的正确率.这就要求老师要转变观念研读新课标改变旧的传统思想,把传承学生实验变为探究学生实验。我们需从两方面来改变我们教学理念,提高学生实验能力和提高学生解答实验题能力。一要研究新课标科学探究实验内容 , 二是科学探究实验具体做法及策略。

一 研读新课标中科学探究,研透科学探究的七个环节。我们一要知道什么是科学探究,科学探究的重要性二要知道科学探究实验的七个环节的内容及深层次应用。科学探究性实验重在科学探究的过程,其结果往往是具有不唯一性,有时甚至可能得不出结果,即使得不出结果,也不一定就说该探究是失败的。它旨在发展学生对科学探索的兴趣,使学生在了解和认识自然的过程中有满足感及兴奋感,获得成功的喜悦。而学生分组实验的结果往往都是确定的,它具有明确的目的、原理、步骤。如何进行数据处理,结果误差等都是预先设计好了的。学生在实验过程中只需要按照实验报告上的要求去做,就一定能达到预期的结果。它重在学生实验结果的获得。

科学探究的七个环节是 提出问题,猜想与假设,设计实验与制定计划,进行实验与收集证据,分析与论证,评估,交流与合作。这几种程序可依次进行,可穿插配合使用,也可单独进行。1.提出问题

我们要尽可能地引导、激发学生的想象能力,从而使他们会发现问题和提出问题。探究是从问题开始的,发现和提出问题是学习的开端。问题情境的设置就是要促使学生在原有知识与掌握的新知识之间发生激烈冲突,激化学生意识中的矛盾。教师在教学中要善于创设问题情境,使学生在阅读、观察、调查中对自然现象、生活现象或实验现象产生好奇,发现或提出一些有探究价值的问题。

2、猜想假设

猜想与假设是学生运用已有物理实验和实践经验,对问题的可能答案进行猜测,尝试性地提出自己的见解和想法。这一环节有利于调动学生参与学习的积极性和主动性,有利于促进学生思维能力、创造能力的发展。在教学中可根据具体的内容,采用多种方式,鼓励每位学生大胆说出自己的想法。

3、设计实验

针对探究的目的和条件,设计明确、具体的操作步骤,达到预期目标。教学中教师应根据探究问题的难易程度,在设计实验方案时给学生必要的方法指导,注意实验设计的层次性和典型性,使学生逐步掌握统筹问题、分析问题及控制变量的意识。

4、进行实验、收集数据。

通过实验,获取事实与证据;正确操作,确保实验顺利进行;科学记录实验现象及数据。

5、分析论证得出结论

引导学生对实验进行解释并通过理性分析形成结论,这是实验的目标。教学中注意引导学生逐步学会用报告形式将实验进行总结,包括:实验的目的、方法、步骤、注意事项、结果、分析和讨论,学生通过比较、分类、归纳、概括等方法,对事实与证据进行简单的加工、整理、归纳、处理和分析,得出正确的结论。

二 科学探究实验具体做法 要求我们从以下几点进行把学生变为实验的主体,老师作为组织者,引导者,管理者,聆听者,评价者,欣赏者。努力提高学生的实验思维,学生的动手,动脑,观察,归纳分析能力。

1、重视课程改革,掌握探究性实验的特点和设计要求

传统的学生实验都是在新课学习之后安排时间进行的,属于验证性物理实验,且都只强调对实验基本技能的培养。在新课程改革目标中,尤为重视对学生探究能力的培养,致力于改善学生的智能结构,激发学生的创造精神。

探究性物理实验教学有如下特点:一是探究物理规律并培养学生基本的实验操作能力;二是让学生经历探究过程,学习科学研究的思想和方法,对学生进行情感教育;三是能充分体现课堂教学中学生的主体地位,教师的主导作用。

探究性实验的要求是在教师的提示启发下,学生自己研究课文,确定实验课题,进行猜想,设计实验方案,选择实验器材,进行实验和对实验结果进行分析、推理,最后得出结论。为此,教师事前要做好安排,准备可供选择的实验器材。

2、从“提”、“学”、“练”三个环节入手,做好探究性物理实验 中学物理应培养学生的实验能力,具体表现在以下几个方面:

(1)实验的基本技能 ①明确要求,准确选用仪器进行实验的能力;②从实验中观察物理现象的能力;③测量和分析、处理数据的能力;④从实验中抽象出物理规律和验证理论的能力。

(2)实验的初步设计、探究能力 ①发现问题,进行科学猜想的能力;②合作讨论,对猜想和假设进行初步的分析能力;③根据需要,进行实验方案设计的能力。

为了使学生更好地从实验观察中形成概念,认识规律和培养能力,我们经多年的教学实践,体会到必须抓好“提”、“学”、“练”几个环节有目的、有计划、有步骤地做好探究性物理实验教学。

所谓“提”,就是根据目标,提问能激发学生兴趣和思维的疑点;提供可选择的仪器;提示实验手段、思路。

所谓“学”,就是在教师指导下学生预习、阅读课文,进行思考。明确要进行探究的实验课题、实验原理,了解器材性能、使用,进行猜想或假设,设计实验方案。这些环节还包括教师的引导、小组分组讨论。所谓“练”,即学生动手实验,这是实验课的中心环节。要求学生正确安装、安全操作并了解和掌握“控制条件、变量”,以找到各种因素之间的必然联系的思想方法和实验手段;正确观察、量度和整理、分析数据,从复杂多变的过程中剖析现象之间的因果关系,从而认识现象的本质特征,并抽象出物理规律。

3、物理探究性实验教学还应注意的问题

(一)要立足于学生的发展,努力体现“探究”的过程性

实验探究重点强调的是“探究”,而不是验证。要大胆放手,让学生独立思考、积极动手、动脑、动口,相互交流合作,全身心的参与到学习活动中去,这样学生才能真正理解、掌握知识技能。学习的情感各意志,学生的主动性、独立性,严谨的科学态度,及勇于探索和坚持真理的精神才能得到培养。教学实践会面临着探究时间的问题,为了完成教学任务,学生总是匆忙做完实验,在实验的过程中没有思考、发问和批判的时间,那么我们可以在教学中根据探究的内容设置两课时或多课时。第一课时,创设情境激发学生发现并提出所要探究的问题让学生提出猜想、假设、充分讨论并引发学生通过实验和讨论发现新的问题。(二)要恰当地运用分组讨论,努力体现教学的全体性 课堂讨论是实验探究教学中的重要环节,也是促进师生双向交流,培养学生创新能力的有效学习方式。在全班集体讨论时往往可能有一部分同学没有发言的机会均等,这就需要通过分组讨论来弥补。分组讨论时,教师针对不同的学生的实际情况采用同一层次的与不同一层次的分组方式交叉进行,使全体学生受益。

(三)要积极营造融洽、合作的教学氛围,努力体现课堂的民主性。

教师要关爱每个学生的成长和发展,宽容大度,摒弃师道尊严,努力成为学生的良师益友。和谐的师生关系、活跃的课堂气氛、高涨的学习情绪、竞争的学习机制,已成为现代教育理论新要求的教学过程要素。在课堂上我们要允许学生随时打断老师的讲话,提出自己的观点,哪怕是浅显的、可笑的、古怪的、甚至是故意刁难的。对那些一时无法解释清楚的可以课后回答,对学生的错误或是故意刁难的也要用诚恳的善意的语调指出其不足,同时也要肯定其合理的部分,让学生消除探索学习中的恐惧心理,有一个安全感。这样才能创造良好的“合作交流”氛围,促进学生间相互学习和借鉴,有利于培养学生的团队精神。

应该说在实验探究的过程中,我们既要重视探究的过程,又要重视结果,重视对实验结果的收集、处理以及评估。在实验深究中,学生处于主体地位,教师既是组织者、参与者,又是指导者、评估者,同时也是学习者。只要我们加强学习,努力实践,认真总结,让实验探究贯穿于物理教学之中,鼓励学生积极参与,那么,学生就不仅能更好地掌握物理基础知识和基本技能,而且,学生的科学探究能力、实事求是的科学态度和敢于创新的探索精神也能够得到训练。

三 物理探究性实验教学的策略

1、创设问题情境

学生 探究实验学习的积极性、主动性,往往来自于一个对于学习者来讲充满疑问和问题的情境.创设问题情境,就是在教材内容和学生求知心理之间制造一种“不协调”,把学生引入一种与问题有关的情境的过程.通过问题情境的创设,使学生明确探究目标,给思维以方向;同时产生强烈的探究欲望,给思维以动力。

如我在教密度知识后创设问题情境让学生猜想,如果我们教室的空气能压缩到一个口袋里,你能背的动吗?请学生分组量一量,算一算。计算的结果让学生大吃一惊。在上电阻的大小跟哪些因素有关的实验探究中,我采用了两种不同规格的灯泡“220V,100W”和“220V,15W”,先让学生观察灯丝的粗细,正常工作时电灯的亮暗。初步思考造成这一结果的原因,设计了四个不同的问题情景。让学生去猜想导体的电阻还可能与哪些因素有关。最后分组进行该项的实验,收到了非常好的效果。

2、鼓励学生自主探究

自主探究就是让每个学生根据自己的体验,用自己的思维方式自由地、开放地去探究,去发现物理知识的形成过程。自主意义建构就是学生是以原有的知识经验为基础,对新的知识信息进行加工、理解,由此建构起新知识的意义,而不是被动接受新的知识。在新知识学习过程中,教师无法代替学生自己的思考,更代替不了几十个有差异的学生的思维.通过学生动手“学物理”、动脑去“想物理”,使他们自主探究的体验获得知识形成过程的积极的情感体验。自主探究的目的,不仅在于获得物理知识本身,更在于让学生在自主探究的学习过程中获得科学探究的方法,从而增强学生的自主学习意识,培养学生的主动探索精神和创造能力。

如:在学习串联电路和并联电路一节时,老师可发给学生两只灯泡及其它器材,让学生连接电路。提问:两只灯泡有几种不同的连接方式,各有何特点?学生分组讨论、设计实验方案、画电路图,动手实验,并让灯泡发光。通过探究得出:有两种方式,即一种是顺次连接,一个灯泡损坏,另一个不工作;另一种是并排连接,一个损坏,另一个照样发光。随后,老师告诉学生串联电路、并联电路这两种最基本的连接方式。为了让学生加深对两种方式的理解,老师还可提出,现有三只不同灯泡又有几种不同的连接方法呢?让同学们去探究。学生在学过通电线圈在磁场里转动的实验后,老师可提问:如何才能让线圈持续转动下去呢?让学生课外去探究。(老师可发给学生小型电动机模型),查阅资料,从而明确换向器的作用,使学生在探究活动中取得成功感。

3、在合作交流进行探究

所谓合作交流,是指在学生自主独立探究的基础上,让学生在小组内或班级集体范围内,充分展示自己的思维方法及过程,揭示知识间内在规律和解决问题的方法、途径。在合作交流中学会相互帮助,实现学习互补,增强合作意识,提高合作能力,分享探究性学习的成果。

如在教完热传递这个知识点后,学生对生活中许多物理现象很感兴趣,因此我就组织了一个物理兴趣小组,分成5组,选择一个课题研究:“保温瓶的保温性能”。该课题需要进行原理分析、实验、测量、总结交流。各组得出的结论虽有不同,但基本上都达到了我们预期的目的,培养了学生自主独立探究的能力。

4、引导探究,创新提高

引导探究,就是将所学的知识在教师的引导下,运用于解决问题的探究实践之中,全面培养学生综合运用所学知识的能力、搜集和处理信息的能力.重点强调学生解决问题是一个探索的过程,不是一个简单地用现成的模式解决问题的过程。让学生在自主探究的实践中了解实际问题中的各种关系,这对培养和提高学习实践能力和创新精神具有重要意义。教学中主要让学生动脑、动手、动口,引导他们自己得出结论,这样不仅重视知识的获得,而且更重视学生获取知识的过程及方法,更加突出了学生的学,学生学得主动,学得积极。课堂气氛比较活跃,真正体现了“教为引导,学为主体”的思想,提高学习实践能力能力。

“好玩” 科学探究课堂提高学习实践能力,培养学生创新精神,课堂气氛活跃内容生动,静态课堂变为动态课堂,把被动的接受变为主动探究,课堂气氛活跃内容生动,学生乐于学老师乐于传授,我想这就是科学探究核心思想。然而 农村中学存在着教学资源不足 , 教学理念陈旧,这就要求我们转变思想,潜心研究新课标中每个实验,动脑筋办法总比困难多,利用身边的小瓶小罐自制教具,“瓶瓶罐罐”做实验,让科学探究实验的春风吹进每位学生的心灵。

摘要 初中物理新课标

第五篇:农村小学作文教学困境及解决方法初探

农村小学作文教学困境及解决方法初探

作文写作一直是农村小学语文教学过程中的一大难题,每每一提上作文课,学生们都望而生畏。且不仅是学生畏惧,老师们也不好受,常常是努力付出不少,收效不见多少。因此作为课上就经常出现老师抓头发、学生咬笔杆的尴尬现象。为什么会出现这样一种现象,通过在农村执教多年,我大致总结出主要是由于以下几方面的不足:

1、阅历不足

农村小学生受生活环境、家庭条件等客观因素限制,见得少、听得少,大部分学生生活圈子单调狭窄,很少去经历一些新事物,接受新思想,因此写其作文来,往往千篇一律,常常出现雷同或重复,大多数属记流水帐。学生作文完全是在一种脱离实际生活经验的情况下,拼凑或抄袭而成,让人看后啼笑皆非。这样的作文根本就达不到提高的目的。

2、阅读不足

农村学校由于缺少阅读书籍,学生阅读量根本上不去,一些学校的所谓“阅览室”根本就是个为了应付上级检查的摆设。而靠家庭阅读往往很多家长又没这方面的意识,觉得作文写不好那是老师的责任,本来就写不好了,还花钱买那多“闲书”干嘛?总总原因使得农村小学的学生书籍阅读甚至不足城市学生的一半,知识面不广,词汇量又少,视野不开阔,写作内容往往就是刻意模仿课本或者一些作为书里的素材,假话、套话,屡见不鲜,使得农村学生写作能力越趋萎缩。

3、实践不足

农村小学的学生往往就是学校——家里两点一线的生活,除了课堂教学外,学校很少组织校外活动,学生除了看看电视,帮家里干点农活,也很少参与其它的社会实践活动。这种封闭式作文训练下行程的思维局限,时间久了学生们自然也很少积极去主动接触生活,导致小学生作文无话可说,假话连篇,东拼西凑,总写不出一篇好的文章。缺乏了真实的感受与体验,作文就像失去了源头的死水,写出来的东西苍白无力,毫无生趣。

通过总结以上农村作文教学中三方面的不足,我们可以看出,一些问题是客观存在,只能交由社会发展进步来逐步解决提高。但我们也不能把一切都交予时间,利于一切可以利于的条件,我们也可以尝试着做一些方面的转变和改善。根据我在农村多年的执教经验,我认为可从如下几个方面进行改观:

1、自然而然

农村学生或许比不上城市学生条件优越、见多识广,但我们也不是一无是处。优美的自然风景,浓浓的乡土气息,活泼的田野生活,这都是学生们取之不尽的写作素材,只是我们常年身处其中所以有些麻木罢了。城市学生可以参观动物园、科技馆、纪念碑什么的,而农村的学生上树掏鸟蛋、下河摸鱼虾、捕蝴蝶、逮蝈蝈,这些也是城市学生无法接触的野趣。更何况农村周边植被丰茂,动物繁多,学生们在跟随家长下田的过程中早有接触,只是我们缺少一颗发现美的心,不能把这些野趣风光变成多彩的生活感受,并最终在作文里表达出来罢了。因此农村作文教师,要学会引导学生,去走进大自然、感受大自然,最后表达大自然,让作文写作不再是硬着头皮凑字数,让一切转变的自然而然。

2、日“记”月累

学生们在整体的写作布局上一时无法把握到位,这个时候就要从一些观察片段开始练起,也就是要重视日记的作用。上面说了,农村生活也不是一无是处,照样多姿多彩,因此教师就要学会让学生把平日里看见的、听到的、想到的点点滴滴亲自把它记录下来。并且无论写什么,都不能笼统的概述,力求具体实在。只有这样东西才是最感人的,也只有这样的练习才最能达到锻炼人的效果。让学生们从小就学会从去自己身边发觉素材,从小事挖掘意义,做生活的有心人,通过这样的基础训练,学生们再写成篇的作文时就不会再觉得无话可说了,而是当做一件快乐是事情来做。

3、生动活泼

改变以往总是依靠课堂和书本的小圈子。教师应积极组织在校园、班级内多开展丰富多彩的活动,让学生有事可做,有事可写。小学生天性还是好动的,不时的带着他们走出校园,走进田野风光,引导学生去观察去思考;不定期的组织一些诸如演讲

比赛、朗诵比赛之类的事情,让学生们主动去背诵一些名篇名段名句,积累文学素材。总之,不要局限于一种方式,要顺应小学生活泼好动的天性,让学习变成一件生动活泼的事情,并在过程中提高学生兴趣,增加写作素材。

4、“思”海无涯

爱因斯坦说过:“想象比知识更重要”。小孩子由于思维还没有形成定性,具有很大可塑性。教师应充分利用这一特性,利用一切条件去丰富学生的想象力。因为丰富的想象力是写好作文的不竭源泉。没有想象力的作文,注定会内容空洞,没有新意。童年的想象力对于整个人生来说,都是最多姿多彩的年纪,教师应积极引导,让学生把这种多姿多彩的想象变成可表达的具体语言,让学生的作文,由此生成自己的“灵魂”。

5、持之以恒

上面谈了不少措施和方法,有些或许别的老师早已想到并且付诸过实践,但我想说的是,无论是采取的哪种方法,关键的问题是要持之以恒。无论是写日记、多实践、开发想象力,都要根据教学过程中的实际情况,制定可行的教学方案,从细微的事情抓起,循序渐进,持之以恒,时刻留心改变过程中一些可能的偏差,将学生引导到正确良好的作文习惯上来。

总之,作文教学不是件容易的事,对农村学校的老师和学生来说,更是如此。但“宝剑锋从磨砺出,梅花香自苦寒来”,农村的孩子并不比其它地方的笨,我们虽然不能比谁的条件更好,但我们可以比谁更能吃苦。一个合格的农村教师,就要学会充分的利用农村的有效资源,科学引导,积极探索,大胆创新,让农村小学生的作文写出属于自己的特色,做一名学习和生活中的有心人。

二〇一三年五月二日

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